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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38366037 PMCID: PMC11199107 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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van Heyningen V. Stochasticity in genetics and gene regulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230476. [PMID: 38432316 PMCID: PMC10909507 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Development from fertilized egg to functioning multi-cellular organism requires precision. There is no precision, and often no survival, without plasticity. Plasticity is conferred partly by stochastic variation, present inherently in all biological systems. Gene expression levels fluctuate ubiquitously through transcription, alternative splicing, translation and turnover. Small differences in gene expression are exploited to trigger early differentiation, conferring distinct function on selected individual cells and setting in motion regulatory interactions. Non-selected cells then acquire new functions along the spatio-temporal developmental trajectory. The differentiation process has many stochastic components. Meiotic segregation, mitochondrial partitioning, X-inactivation and the dynamic DNA binding of transcription factor assemblies-all exhibit randomness. Non-random X-inactivation generally signals deleterious X-linked mutations. Correct neural wiring, such as retina to brain, arises through repeated confirmatory activity of connections made randomly. In immune system development, both B-cell antibody generation and the emergence of balanced T-cell categories begin through stochastic trial and error followed by functional selection. Aberrant selection processes lead to immune dysfunction. DNA sequence variants also arise through stochastic events: some involving environmental fluctuation (radiation or presence of pollutants), or genetic repair system malfunction. The phenotypic outcome of mutations is also fluid. Mutations may be advantageous in some circumstances, deleterious in others. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van Heyningen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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3
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Huang A, Xu T, Lu X, Ma L, Ma H, Yu Y, Yao L. Shh-Gli2-Runx2 inhibits vascular calcification. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:305-316. [PMID: 37451818 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), vascular calcification (VC) is common and is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Shh, one ligand for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, participates in osteogenesis and several cardiovascular diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Shh is implicated in the development of VC. METHODS Inorganic phosphorus 2.6 mM was used to induce vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification. Mice were fed with adenine diet supplement with 1.2% phosphorus to induce VC. RESULTS Shh was decreased in VSMCs exposed to inorganic phosphorus, calcified arteries in mice fed with an adenine diet, as well as radial arteries from patients with CKD presenting VC. Overexpression of Shh inhibited VSMCs ostosteoblastic differentiation and calcification, whereas its silencing accelerated these processes. Likewise, mice treated with smoothened agonist (SAG; Hh signaling agonist) showed alleviated VC, and mice treated with cyclopamine (CPN; Hh signaling antagonist) exhibited severe VC. Additionally, overexpression of Gli2 significantly reversed the pro-calcification effect of Shh silencing on VSMCs, suggesting that Shh inhibited VC via Gli2. Mechanistically, Gli2 interacted with Runx2 and promoted its ubiquitin proteasomal degradation, therefore protecting against VC. Of interest, the pro-degradation effect of Gli2 on Runx2 was independent of Smurf1 and Cullin4B. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided deeper insight to the pathogenesis of VC, and Shh might be a novel potential target for VC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoran Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Shenyang Engineering Technology R&D Center of Cell Therapy Co. Ltd, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Ali S, Abrar M, Hussain I, Batool F, Raza RZ, Khatoon H, Zoia M, Visel A, Shubin NH, Osterwalder M, Abbasi AA. Identification of ancestral gnathostome Gli3 enhancers with activity in mammals. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:75-88. [PMID: 37925606 PMCID: PMC10841732 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the transcriptional regulator and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway effector Gli3 is known to trigger congenital disease, most frequently affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and the limbs. Accurate delineation of the genomic cis-regulatory landscape controlling Gli3 transcription during embryonic development is critical for the interpretation of noncoding variants associated with congenital defects. Here, we employed a comparative genomic analysis on fish species with a slow rate of molecular evolution to identify seven previously unknown conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in Gli3 intronic intervals (CNE15-21). Transgenic assays in zebrafish revealed that most of these elements drive activities in Gli3 expressing tissues, predominantly the fins, CNS, and the heart. Intersection of these CNEs with human disease associated SNPs identified CNE15 as a putative mammalian craniofacial enhancer, with conserved activity in vertebrates and potentially affected by mutation associated with human craniofacial morphology. Finally, comparative functional dissection of an appendage-specific CNE conserved in slowly evolving fish (elephant shark), but not in teleost (CNE14/hs1586) indicates co-option of limb specificity from other tissues prior to the divergence of amniotes and lobe-finned fish. These results uncover a novel subset of intronic Gli3 enhancers that arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes and whose sequence components were likely gradually modified in other species during the process of evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fatima Batool
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Rabail Zehra Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Multidisciplinary Studies, National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hizran Khatoon
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Matteo Zoia
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Neil H. Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
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5
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Yang X, Pu S, Xiang B, Tang X, Chen J. A novel smoothed (SMO) point mutation in congenital tibial hemimelia: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:424. [PMID: 37626311 PMCID: PMC10463978 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital tibial hemimelia (CTH [MIM: 275220]) is a rare congenital limb deficiency that manifests as a shortened, curved, dysplastic or absent tibia with polydactyly. In previous studies, mutations of a distant sonic hedgehog (SHH) cis-regulator (ZRS) and a Shh repressor (GLI3) were identified. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we admitted a 20-month-old boy who manifested with right tibial deformity, varus foot, ankle dislocation, and ipsilateral preaxial polydactyly. After genetic sequencing and data analysis, the results revealed a 443 A > G mutation in the father and a 536 C > T mutation in the mother in exon 2 of the Smoothed (SMO) gene at 7q32.1, with the coexistence of both mutant alleles in the proband/patient. CONCLUSIONS Our report suggests that even though not previously reported, SMO mutations may be associated with limb anomalies such as tibial hemimelia via Hh signaling in humans and has implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Siyu Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueyang Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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6
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Vlok M, Maloney T, Dilkes-Hall IE, Oktaviana AA, Setiawan P, Priyatno AAD, Ririmasse M, Geria IM, Effendy MAR, Istiawan B, Atmoko FT, Adhityatama S, Moffat I, Joannes-Boyau R, Brumm A, Aubert M. Reply to: Common orthopaedic trauma may explain 31,000-year-old remains. Nature 2023; 615:E15-E18. [PMID: 36922613 PMCID: PMC10017509 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melandri Vlok
- Sydney Southeast Asian Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tim Maloney
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
- Research into Deer Genetics and Environment, RIDGE Group Inc, Ascot, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - India Ella Dilkes-Hall
- Archaeology, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adhi Agus Oktaviana
- School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- BRIN, OR Arkeologi, Bahasa dan Sastra, Pusat Riset Arkeometri, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pindi Setiawan
- Faculty of Art and Design, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Marlon Ririmasse
- BRIN, OR Arkeologi, Bahasa dan Sastra, Pusat Riset Arkeometri, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - I Made Geria
- BRIN, OR Arkeologi, Bahasa dan Sastra, Pusat Riset Arkeometri, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Budy Istiawan
- Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | | | - Shinatria Adhityatama
- School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Moffat
- Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renaud Joannes-Boyau
- Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Research Group (GARG), Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam Brumm
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxime Aubert
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Research Group (GARG), Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Happ JT, Arveseth CD, Bruystens J, Bertinetti D, Nelson IB, Olivieri C, Zhang J, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Bröckel JW, Vu L, King CC, Ruiz-Perez VL, Ge X, Veglia G, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Myers BR. A PKA inhibitor motif within SMOOTHENED controls Hedgehog signal transduction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:990-999. [PMID: 36202993 PMCID: PMC9696579 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) cascade is central to development, tissue homeostasis and cancer. A pivotal step in Hh signal transduction is the activation of glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO). How SMO activates GLI remains unclear. Here we show that SMO uses a decoy substrate sequence to physically block the active site of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and extinguish its enzymatic activity. As a result, GLI is released from phosphorylation-induced inhibition. Using a combination of in vitro, cellular and organismal models, we demonstrate that interfering with SMO-PKA pseudosubstrate interactions prevents Hh signal transduction. The mechanism uncovered echoes one used by the Wnt cascade, revealing an unexpected similarity in how these two essential developmental and cancer pathways signal intracellularly. More broadly, our findings define a mode of GPCR-PKA communication that may be harnessed by a range of membrane receptors and kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Corvin D Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bruystens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Isaac B Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristina Olivieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob L Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jan W Bröckel
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lily Vu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols,' Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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8
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Han X, Li B. The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113581. [PMID: 36037783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH), a conserved signaling pathway, is involved in embryo development, organogenesis, and other biological functions. Dysregulation and abnormal activation of HH are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. With the emergence of interest in noncoding RNAs, studies on their involvement in abnormal regulation of biological processes in tumors have been published one after another. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between noncoding RNAs and the HH pathway in tumors and elaborate the mechanisms by which long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs regulate or are regulated by HH signaling in cancer. We also discuss the interaction between noncoding RNAs and the HH pathway from the perspective of cancer hallmarks, presenting this complex network as concisely as possible and organizing ideas for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China. libo--
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9
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Shen X, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhou T, Rui Y. Two nonsense GLI3 variants are associated with polydactyly and syndactyly in two families by affecting the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1895. [PMID: 35218158 PMCID: PMC9000928 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polydactyly and syndactyly are congenital limb deformities, segregating in an autosomal‐dominant fashion. The variants in the GLI3 gene are closely related to congenital limb malformations. However, the causes underlying polydactyly and syndactyly are not well understood. Methods We conducted a whole‐exome sequencing on two four‐generation Chinese families with polydactyly and syndactyly. Then c.2374C>T and c.1728C>A mutant plasmids were transfected to HEK293T cells and mice limb bud cells to explore the functional consequences of these variants. Western blot and real‐time quantitative PCR were used to analyze the expression of GLI3 and Shh. Results In these two families, the known GLI3 variant (NM_000168.6:c.2374C>T) and the novel GLI3 variant (NM_000168.6:c.1728C>A) contributed to polydactyly and syndactyly. Additionally, the GLI3 c.2374C>T mutant plasmid led to truncated GLI3 protein, and the GLI3 c.1728C>A mutant plasmid led to degraded GLI3 protein. Simultaneously, we demonstrated that the GLI3‐mutant plasmids led to decreased Shh expression in mice limb bud cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that the novel GLI3 variant (c.1728C>A) and known GLI3 variant (c.2374C>T) contributed to the malformations in two four‐generation pedigrees with polydactyly and syndactyly by affecting SHH signaling. We demonstrated that the novel GLI3 variant (c.1728C>A) and known GLI3 variant (c.2374C>T) contributed to the malformations in two four‐generation pedigrees with polydactyly and syndactyly by affecting SHH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Shen
- Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research Unit, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Rui
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Garg C, khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG, Sharma VK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Implications of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Metabolic Disorders: Novel Target for Effective Treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Patel TN, Dhanyamraju PK. Role of aberrant Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in cancers and developmental anomalies. J Biomed Res 2021; 36:1-9. [PMID: 34963676 PMCID: PMC8894283 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Development is a sophisticated process maintained by various signal transduction pathways, including the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Several important functions are executed by the Hh signaling cascade such as organogenesis, tissue regeneration, and tissue homeostasis, among various others. Considering the multiple functions carried out by this pathway, any mutation causing aberrant Hh signaling may lead to myriad developmental abnormalities besides cancers. In the present review article, we explored a wide range of diseases caused by aberrant Hh signaling, including developmental defects and cancers. Finally, we concluded this mini-review with various treatment strategies for Hh-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti N Patel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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12
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Kim SE, Robles-Lopez K, Cao X, Liu K, Chothani PJ, Bhavani N, Rahman L, Mukhopadhyay S, Wlodarczyk BJ, Finnell RH. Wnt1 Lineage Specific Deletion of Gpr161 Results in Embryonic Midbrain Malformation and Failure of Craniofacial Skeletal Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:761418. [PMID: 34887903 PMCID: PMC8650154 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.761418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates multiple morphogenetic processes during embryonic neurogenesis and craniofacial skeletal development. Gpr161 is a known negative regulator of Shh signaling. Nullizygous Gpr161 mice are embryonic lethal, presenting with structural defects involving the neural tube and the craniofacies. However, the lineage specific role of Gpr161 in later embryonic development has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the Wnt1-Cre lineage specific role of Gpr161 during mouse embryonic development. We observed three major gross morphological phenotypes in Gpr161 cKO (Gpr161 f/f; Wnt1-Cre) fetuses; protrusive tectum defect, encephalocele, and craniofacial skeletal defect. The overall midbrain tissues were expanded and cell proliferation in ventricular zones of midbrain was increased in Gpr161 cKO fetuses, suggesting that protrusive tectal defects in Gpr161 cKO are secondary to the increased proliferation of midbrain neural progenitor cells. Shh signaling activity as well as upstream Wnt signaling activity were increased in midbrain tissues of Gpr161 cKO fetuses. RNA sequencing further suggested that genes in the Shh, Wnt, Fgf and Notch signaling pathways were differentially regulated in the midbrain of Gpr161 cKO fetuses. Finally, we determined that cranial neural crest derived craniofacial bone formation was significantly inhibited in Gpr161 cKO fetuses, which partly explains the development of encephalocele. Our results suggest that Gpr161 plays a distinct role in midbrain development and in the formation of the craniofacial skeleton during mouse embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Karla Robles-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristyn Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Pooja J Chothani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nikitha Bhavani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Braunstein JA, Robbins AE, Stewart S, Stankunas K. Basal epidermis collective migration and local Sonic hedgehog signaling promote skeletal branching morphogenesis in zebrafish fins. Dev Biol 2021; 477:177-190. [PMID: 34038742 PMCID: PMC10802891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish fins, like all vertebrate limbs, comprise a series of bones laid out in characteristic pattern. Each fin's distal bony rays typically branch to elaborate skeletal networks providing form and function. Zebrafish caudal fin regeneration studies suggest basal epidermal-expressed Sonic hedgehog (Shh) promotes ray branching by partitioning pools of adjacent pre-osteoblasts. This Shh role is distinct from its well-studied Zone of Polarizing Activity role establishing paired limb positional information. Therefore, we investigated if and how Shh signaling similarly functions during developmental ray branching of both paired and unpaired fins while resolving cellular dynamics of branching by live imaging. We found shha is expressed uniquely by basal epidermal cells overlying pre-osteoblast pools at the distal aspect of outgrowing juvenile fins. Lateral splitting of each shha-expressing epidermal domain followed by the pre-osteoblast pools precedes overt ray branching. We use ptch2:Kaede fish and Kaede photoconversion to identify short stretches of shha+basal epidermis and juxtaposed pre-osteoblasts as the Shh/Smoothened (Smo) active zone. Basal epidermal distal collective movements continuously replenish each shha+domain with individual cells transiently expressing and responding to Shh. In contrast, pre-osteoblasts maintain Shh/Smo activity until differentiating. The Smo inhibitor BMS-833923 prevents branching in all fins, paired and unpaired, with surprisingly minimal effects on caudal fin initial skeletal patterning, ray outgrowth or bone differentiation. Staggered BMS-833923 addition indicates Shh/Smo signaling acts throughout the branching process. We use live cell tracking to find Shh/Smo restrains the distal movement of basal epidermal cells by apparent 'tethering' to pre-osteoblasts. We propose short-range Shh/Smo signaling promotes these heterotypic associations to couple instructive basal epidermal collective movements to pre-osteoblast repositioning as a unique mode of branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Braunstein
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 273 Onyx Bridge, 1318 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1229, USA; Department of Biology, University of Oregon, 77 Klamath Hall, 1370 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1210, USA
| | - Amy E Robbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 273 Onyx Bridge, 1318 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1229, USA; Department of Biology, University of Oregon, 77 Klamath Hall, 1370 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1210, USA
| | - Scott Stewart
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 273 Onyx Bridge, 1318 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1229, USA
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 273 Onyx Bridge, 1318 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1229, USA; Department of Biology, University of Oregon, 77 Klamath Hall, 1370 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97403-1210, USA.
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14
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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15
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Ali S, Arif I, Iqbal A, Hussain I, Abrar M, Khan MR, Shubin N, Abbasi AA. Comparative genomic analysis of human GLI2 locus using slowly evolving fish revealed the ancestral gnathostome set of early developmental enhancers. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:669-683. [PMID: 33381902 PMCID: PMC9292287 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zinc finger‐containing transcription factor Gli2, is a key mediator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and participates in embryonic patterning of various organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and limbs. Abnormal expression of Gli2 can impede the transcription of Hh target genes through disruption of proper balance between Gli2 and Gli3 functions. Therefore, delineation of enhancers that are required for complementary roles of Glis would allow the interrogation of those pathogenic variants that cause gene dysregulation, and a corresponding abnormal phenotype. Previously, we reported tissue‐specific enhancers for Gli family including Gli2 through direct tetrapod‐teleost comparisons. Results Here, we employed the sequence alignments of slowly evolving spotted gar and elephant shark and have identified six novel conserved noncoding elements in human GLI2 containing locus. Zebrafish‐based transgenic assays revealed that combined action of these autonomous CNEs reflects many aspects of Gli2 specific endogenous transcriptional activity, including CNS and pectoral fins. Conclusion Taken together with our previous findings, this study suggests that Hh‐signaling controlled deployment of Gli2 activity in embryonic patterning arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes. These GLI2 specific cis‐regulatory modules will help to identify DNA variants that probably reside outside of coding intervals and are associated with congenital anomalies. We performed a phylogenetic footprint analyses of human GLI2 containing locus by incorporating relatively slowly evolving gar and elephant shark genomes and have identified multiple novel conserved non‐coding elements (CNEs) that were not predicted by direct human‐teleostcomparisons. Comparative analyses suggest that majority of the GLI2 associated CNEs identified in the present data and reported previously arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes but lost in teleosts, presumably because of fast teleost sequence evolution. Functional testing of GLI2 associated CNEs by employing zebrafish based transgenic reporter assays revealed their tissue specific cis‐regulatory potential that corresponds with the results based on whole‐mount in situ hybridization analysis of gli2 mRNA in zebrafish. The delineated set of GLI2 associated enhancers can be further interrogated to determine their role in canonical Hh signaling, gene dysregulation, and a corresponding congenital anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irum Arif
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Iqbal
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Neil Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Abstract
Determining whether and how a gene is transcribed are two of the central processes of life. The conceptual basis for understanding such gene regulation arose from pioneering biophysical studies in eubacteria. However, eukaryotic genomes exhibit vastly greater complexity, which raises questions not addressed by this bacterial paradigm. First, how is information integrated from many widely separated binding sites to determine how a gene is transcribed? Second, does the presence of multiple energy-expending mechanisms, which are absent from eubacterial genomes, indicate that eukaryotes are capable of improved forms of genetic information processing? An updated biophysical foundation is needed to answer such questions. We describe the linear framework, a graph-based approach to Markov processes, and show that it can accommodate many previous studies in the field. Under the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, we introduce a language of higher-order cooperativities and show how it can rigorously quantify gene regulatory properties suggested by experiment. We point out that fundamental limits to information processing arise at thermodynamic equilibrium and can only be bypassed through energy expenditure. Finally, we outline some of the mathematical challenges that must be overcome to construct an improved biophysical understanding of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wong
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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17
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Little JC, Garcia-Garcia E, Sul A, Kalderon D. Drosophila hedgehog can act as a morphogen in the absence of regulated Ci processing. eLife 2020; 9:61083. [PMID: 33084577 PMCID: PMC7679133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Hedgehog (Hh) proteins induce transcriptional changes in target cells by inhibiting the proteolytic processing of full-length Drosophila Ci or mammalian Gli proteins to nuclear transcriptional repressors and by activating the full-length Ci or Gli proteins. We used Ci variants expressed at physiological levels to investigate the contributions of these mechanisms to dose-dependent Hh signaling in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Ci variants that cannot be processed supported a normal pattern of graded target gene activation and the development of adults with normal wing morphology, when supplemented by constitutive Ci repressor, showing that Hh can signal normally in the absence of regulated processing. The processing-resistant Ci variants were also significantly activated in the absence of Hh by elimination of Cos2, likely acting through binding the CORD domain of Ci, or PKA, revealing separate inhibitory roles of these two components in addition to their well-established roles in promoting Ci processing. Morphogens play a crucial role in determining how cells are organized in developing organisms. These chemical signals act over a wide area, and the amount of signal each cell receives typically initiates a sequence of events that spatially pattern the multiple cells of an organ or tissue. One of the most well-studied groups of morphogens are the hedgehog proteins, which are involved in the development of many animals, ranging from flies to humans. In fruit flies, hedgehog proteins kickstart a cascade of molecular changes that switch on a set of 'target' genes. They do this by ultimately altering the activity of a protein called cubitus interruptus, which comes in two lengths: a long version called Ci-155 and a short version called Ci-75. When hedgehog is absent, Ci-155 is kept in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, where it is slowly converted into its shorter form, Ci-75: this repressor protein is then able to access the nucleus, where it switches ‘off’ the target genes. However, when a hedgehog signal is present, the processing of Ci into its shorter form is inhibited. Instead, Ci-155 becomes activated by a separate mechanism that allows the long form protein to enter the nucleus and switch ‘on’ the target genes. But it was unclear whether hedgehog requires both of these mechanisms in order to act as a morphogen and regulate the activity of developmental genes. To answer this question, Little et al. mutated the gene for Ci in the embryo of fruit flies, so that the Ci-155 protein could no longer be processed into Ci-75. Examining the developing wings of these flies revealed that the genes targeted by hedgehog are still activated in the correct pattern. In some parts of the wing, Ci-75 is required to switch off specific sets of genes. But when Little et al. blocked these genes, by adding a gene that constantly produces the Ci repressor in the presence or absence of hedgehog, the adult flies still developed normally structured wings. This suggests that hedgehog does not need to regulate the processing of Ci-155 into Ci-75 in order to perform its developmental role. Previous work showed that when one of the major mechanisms used by hedgehog to activate Ci-155 is blocked, fruit flies are still able to develop normal wings. Taken together with the findings of Little et al., this suggests that the two mechanisms induced by hedgehog can compensate for each other, and independently regulate the development of the fruit fly wing. These mechanisms, which are also found in humans, have been linked to birth defects and several common types of cancer, and understanding how they work could help the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Little
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Elisa Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Amanda Sul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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18
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Larsen LJ, Møller LB. Crosstalk of Hedgehog and mTORC1 Pathways. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102316. [PMID: 33081032 PMCID: PMC7603200 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and mTOR signaling, essential for embryonic development and cellular metabolism, are both coordinated by the primary cilium. Observations from cancer cells strongly indicate crosstalk between Hh and mTOR signaling. This hypothesis is supported by several studies: Evidence points to a TGFβ-mediated crosstalk; Increased PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity leads to increased Hh signaling through regulation of the GLI transcription factors; increased Hh signaling regulates mTORC1 activity positively by upregulating NKX2.2, leading to downregulation of negative mTOR regulators; GSK3 and AMPK are, as members of both signaling pathways, potentially important links between Hh and mTORC1 signaling; The kinase DYRK2 regulates Hh positively and mTORC1 signaling negatively. In contrast, both positive and negative regulation of Hh has been observed for DYRK1A and DYRK1B, which both regulate mTORC1 signaling positively. Based on crosstalk observed between cilia, Hh, and mTORC1, we suggest that the interaction between Hh and mTORC1 is more widespread than it appears from our current knowledge. Although many studies focusing on crosstalk have been carried out, contradictory observations appear and the interplay involving multiple partners is far from solved.
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19
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Hurle JM. Cell death in the developing vertebrate limb: A locally regulated mechanism contributing to musculoskeletal tissue morphogenesis and differentiation. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:1236-1247. [PMID: 32798262 PMCID: PMC8451844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim is to critically review current knowledge of the function and regulation of cell death in the developing limb. We provide a detailed, but short, overview of the areas of cell death observed in the developing limb, establishing their function in morphogenesis and structural development of limb tissues. We will examine the functions of this process in the formation and growth of the limb primordia, formation of cartilaginous skeleton, formation of synovial joints, and establishment of muscle bellies, tendons, and entheses. We will analyze the plasticity of the cell death program by focusing on the developmental potential of progenitors prior to death. Considering the prolonged plasticity of progenitors to escape from the death process, we will discuss a new biological perspective that explains cell death: this process, rather than secondary to a specific genetic program, is a consequence of the tissue building strategy employed by the embryo based on the formation of scaffolds that disintegrate once their associated neighboring structures differentiate. We examine the functions of cell death in the formation and growth of the limb primordia. We analyze the plasticity of the cell death program by focusing on the developmental potential of progenitors prior to death. Considering the prolonged plasticity of progenitors to escape from the death process and the absence of defined genetic program in their regulation we propose that cell death is a consequence of the tissue building strategy employed by the embryo regulated by epigenetic factors .
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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20
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Amano T. Gene regulatory landscape of the sonic hedgehog locus in embryonic development. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:334-342. [PMID: 32343848 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The organs of vertebrate species display a wide variety of morphology. A remaining challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to elucidate how vertebrate lineages acquire distinct morphological features. Developmental programs are driven by spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression controlled by hundreds of thousands of cis-regulatory elements. Changes in the regulatory elements caused by the introduction of genetic variants can confer regulatory innovation that may underlie morphological novelties. Recent advances in sequencing technology have revealed a number of potential regulatory variants that can alter gene expression patterns. However, a limited number of studies demonstrate causal dependence between genetic and morphological changes. Regulation of Shh expression is a good model to understand how multiple regulatory elements organize tissue-specific gene expression patterns. This model also provides insights into how evolution of molecular traits, such as gene regulatory networks, lead to phenotypic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Amano
- Next Generation Human Disease Model Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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Chen KQ, Tahara N, Anderson A, Kawakami H, Kawakami S, Nishinakamura R, Pandolfi PP, Kawakami Y. Development of the Proximal-Anterior Skeletal Elements in the Mouse Hindlimb Is Regulated by a Transcriptional and Signaling Network Controlled by Sall4. Genetics 2020; 215:129-141. [PMID: 32156750 PMCID: PMC7198279 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate limb serves as an experimental paradigm to study mechanisms that regulate development of the stereotypical skeletal elements. In this study, we simultaneously inactivated Sall4 using Hoxb6Cre and Plzf in mouse embryos, and found that their combined function regulates development of the proximal-anterior skeletal elements in hindlimbs. The Sall4; Plzf double knockout exhibits severe defects in the femur, tibia, and anterior digits, distinct defects compared to other allelic series of Sall4; Plzf We found that Sall4 regulates Plzf expression prior to hindlimb outgrowth. Further expression analysis indicated that Hox10 genes and GLI3 are severely downregulated in the Sall4; Plzf double knockout hindlimb bud. In contrast, PLZF expression is reduced but detectable in Sall4; Gli3 double knockout limb buds, and SALL4 is expressed in the Plzf; Gli3 double knockout limb buds. These results indicate that Plzf, Gli3, and Hox10 genes downstream of Sall4, regulate femur and tibia development. In the autopod, we show that Sall4 negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling, which allows for development of the most anterior digit. Collectively, our study illustrates genetic systems that regulate development of the proximal-anterior skeletal elements in hindlimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Sho Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 860-0811
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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22
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Ma C, Khederzadeh S, Adeola AC, Han XM, Xie HB, Zhang YP. Whole genome resequencing reveals an association of ABCC4 variants with preaxial polydactyly in pigs. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:268. [PMID: 32228435 PMCID: PMC7106734 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polydactyly is one of the most common congenital limb dysplasia in many animal species. Although preaxial polydactyly (PPD) has been comprehensively studied in humans as a common abnormality, the genetic variations in other animal species have not been fully understood. Herein, we focused on the pig, as an even-toed ungulate mammal model with its unique advantages in medical and genetic researches, two PPD families consisting of four affected and 20 normal individuals were sequenced. Results Our results showed that the PPD in the sampled pigs were not related to previously reported variants. A strong association was identified at ABCC4 and it encodes a transmembrane protein involved in ciliogenesis. We found that the affected and normal individuals were highly differentiated at ABCC4, and all the PPD individuals shared long haplotype stretches as compared with the unaffected individuals. A highly differentiated missense mutation (I85T) in ABCC4 was observed at a residue from a transmembrane domain highly conserved among a variety of organisms. Conclusions This study reports ABCC4 as a new candidate gene and identifies a missense mutation for PPD in pigs. Our results illustrate a putative role of ciliogenesis process in PPD, coinciding with an earlier observation of ciliogenesis abnormality resulting in pseudo-thumb development in pandas. These results expand our knowledge on the genetic variations underlying PPD in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adeniyi C Adeola
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xu-Man Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hai-Bing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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Cabaud O, Roubin R, Comte A, Bascunana V, Sergé A, Sedjaï F, Birnbaum D, Rosnet O, Acquaviva C. Mutation of FOP/FGFR1OP in mice recapitulates human short rib-polydactyly ciliopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3377-3391. [PMID: 29982567 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of bone and cartilage disorders. A total of 436 skeletal dysplasias are listed in the 2015 revised version of the nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders, of which nearly 20% are still genetically and molecularly uncharacterized. We report the clinical and molecular characterization of a lethal skeletal dysplasia of the short-rib group caused by mutation of the mouse Fop gene. Fop encodes a centrosomal and centriolar satellite (CS) protein. We show that Fop mutation perturbs ciliogenesis in vivo and that this leads to the alteration of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Fop mutation reduces CSs movements and affects pericentriolar material composition, which probably participates to the ciliogenesis defect. This study highlights the role of a centrosome and CSs protein producing phenotypes in mice that recapitulate a short rib-polydactyly syndrome when mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cabaud
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Régine Roubin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Comte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Bascunana
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Fatima Sedjaï
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rosnet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Acquaviva
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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24
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Lam WL, Oh JDH, Johnson EJ, Pertinez SP, Stephens C, Davey MG. Experimental evidence that preaxial polydactyly and forearm radial deficiencies may share a common developmental origin. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2019; 44:43-50. [PMID: 29587601 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418762959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly is a congenital hand anomaly predominantly of sporadic occurrence, which is frequently associated with abnormalities of the Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway. In experimentally induced preaxial polydactyly, radial aplasia is also frequently observed. To determine if there is a correlation between preaxial polydactyly and radial aplasia, we induced ectopic Sonic hedgehog signalling during chicken limb development with application of a smoothened-agonist (SAG) or retinoic acid. Application of SAG caused malformations in 71% limbs including preaxial polydactyly (62%) and forearm abnormalities (43%). Retinoic acid application induced malformations in 56% of limb including preaxial polydactyly (45%) and forearm abnormalities (50%). Radial dysplasia and ulnar dimelia were observed in both experimental conditions. We demonstrate that ectopic Sonic hedgehog signalling may cause both preaxial polydactyly and predictable forearm anomalies and that these conditions could potentially be classified as one embryological group. We propose a unifying model based on known models of ectopic Sonic hedgehog signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee L Lam
- 1 Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julia D H Oh
- 1 Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.,2 Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. In collaboration with Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology (RICE)
| | - Edward J Johnson
- 2 Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. In collaboration with Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology (RICE)
| | - Sandra Poyatos Pertinez
- 2 Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. In collaboration with Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology (RICE)
| | - Chloe Stephens
- 2 Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. In collaboration with Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology (RICE)
| | - Megan G Davey
- 2 Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. In collaboration with Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology (RICE)
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25
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Yip RK, Chan D, Cheah KS. Mechanistic insights into skeletal development gained from genetic disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 133:343-385. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Hirsch N, Eshel R, Bar Yaacov R, Shahar T, Shmulevich F, Dahan I, Levaot N, Kaplan T, Lupiáñez DG, Birnbaum RY. Unraveling the transcriptional regulation of TWIST1 in limb development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007738. [PMID: 30372441 PMCID: PMC6233932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor TWIST1 plays a vital role in mesoderm development, particularly in limb and craniofacial formation. Accordingly, haploinsufficiency of TWIST1 can cause limb and craniofacial malformations as part of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. However, the molecular basis of TWIST1 transcriptional regulation during development has yet to be elucidated. Here, we characterized active enhancers in the TWIST1-HDAC9 locus that drive transcription in the developing limb and branchial arches. Using available p300 and H3K27ac ChIP-seq data, we identified 12 enhancer candidates, located both within and outside the coding sequences of the neighboring gene, Histone deacetyase 9 (HDAC9). Using zebrafish and mouse enhancer assays, we showed that eight of these candidates have limb/fin and branchial arch enhancer activity that resemble Twist1 expression. Using 4C-seq, we showed that the Twist1 promoter region interacts with three enhancers (eTw-5, 6, 7) in the limb bud and branchial arch of mouse embryos at day 11.5. Furthermore, we found that two transcription factors, LMX1B and TFAP2, bind these enhancers and modulate their enhancer activity. Finally, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we showed that homozygous deletion of eTw5-7 enhancers reduced Twist1 expression in the limb bud and caused pre-axial polydactyly, a phenotype observed in Twist1+/- mice. Taken together, our findings reveal that each enhancer has a discrete activity pattern, and together comprise a spatiotemporal regulatory network of Twist1 transcription in the developing limbs/fins and branchial arches. Our study suggests that mutations in TWIST1 enhancers could lead to reduced TWIST1 expression, resulting in phenotypic outcome as seen with TWIST1 coding mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Hirsch
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Eshel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Bar Yaacov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Shahar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fania Shmulevich
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Idit Dahan
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Levaot
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tommy Kaplan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Darío G. Lupiáñez
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Y. Birnbaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Center for Evolutionary Genomics and Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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27
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Pietak A, Levin M. Bioelectrical control of positional information in development and regeneration: A review of conceptual and computational advances. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:52-68. [PMID: 29626560 PMCID: PMC10464501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Positional information describes pre-patterns of morphogenetic substances that alter spatio-temporal gene expression to instruct development of growth and form. A wealth of recent data indicate bioelectrical properties, such as the transmembrane potential (Vmem), are involved as instructive signals in the spatiotemporal regulation of morphogenesis. However, the mechanistic relationships between Vmem and molecular positional information are only beginning to be understood. Recent advances in computational modeling are assisting in the development of comprehensive frameworks for mechanistically understanding how endogenous bioelectricity can guide anatomy in a broad range of systems. Vmem represents an extraordinarily strong electric field (∼1.0 × 106 V/m) active over the thin expanse of the plasma membrane, with the capacity to influence a variety of downstream molecular signaling cascades. Moreover, in multicellular networks, intercellular coupling facilitated by gap junction channels may induce directed, electrodiffusive transport of charged molecules between cells of the network to generate new positional information patterning possibilities and characteristics. Given the demonstrated role of Vmem in morphogenesis, here we review current understanding of how Vmem can integrate with molecular regulatory networks to control single cell state, and the unique properties bioelectricity adds to transport phenomena in gap junction-coupled cell networks to facilitate self-assembly of morphogen gradients and other patterns. Understanding how Vmem integrates with biochemical regulatory networks at the level of a single cell, and mechanisms through which Vmem shapes molecular positional information in multicellular networks, are essential for a deep understanding of body plan control in development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, USA; Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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28
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Guéro S. Developmental biology of the upper limb. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2018; 37:265-274. [PMID: 30041930 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide hand surgeons with current knowledge on the developmental biology of the upper limb. It will review positioning, limb bud emergence and formation of the apical ectodermal ridge. The development of the limb bud is analyzed in its three axes: proximal-distal, anteroposterior and dorsoventral. The signaling center and primary morphogens that initiate and stimulate the development of each axis will be described. For the proximal-distal axis, the apical ectodermal ridge stimulates the production of FGFs in the underlying distal mesoderm. The anteroposterior (or radio-ulnar) differentiation is a function of the zone of polarizing activity via the small Sonic hedgehog protein, which diffuses in a decreasing concentration gradient from the ulnar to the radial side of the bud. This gradient is essential to digit identity and numbers. For the dorsoventral differentiation, the signaling center is the dorsal ectoderm, which secretes WNT7A. Limb segmentation is described in three parts (arm, forearm and hand) along with the formation of the digital rays until finger separation. An example of congenital anomalies is provided for each step. To keep the length of this lecture within reason, the embryogenesis of nerves, blood vessels, muscles and tendons will not be discussed. On the other hand, the singularity of the thumb relative to the other fingers will be described. With a better understanding of developmental biology, surgeons should have better insight into congenital anomalies of the upper limb. This approach is the basis for the new OMT classification used by the IFFSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guéro
- Institut de la Main, Clinique Bizet, 22, rue Georges-Bizet, 75116 Paris, France; Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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29
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Gao W, Ding J, Zhou Z. [Recent progress in research of congenital polydactyly]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:827-831. [PMID: 30129303 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is still the main treatment for congenital polydactyly, and the aim of surgical reconstruction is to obtain a thumb with excellent function and appearance. A systematic assessment of polydactyly is required prior to surgery, including bone stress lines, joint deviation, joint activity and joint instability, size and development of finger and nail. Bone shape, joint incongruency, and abnormal tendon insertions must be corrected completely, in order to obtain good function and to avoide secondary surgery. Bilhault-Cloquet procedure can reconstruct the size of the finger and nails. Fine manipulation can improve the postoperative nail deformity, so that the reconstructed nail reaches a satisfactory aesthetic score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Gao
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, 325027,
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, 325027, P.R.China
| | - Zongwei Zhou
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, 325027, P.R.China
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30
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Lettice LA, Devenney P, De Angelis C, Hill RE. The Conserved Sonic Hedgehog Limb Enhancer Consists of Discrete Functional Elements that Regulate Precise Spatial Expression. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1396-1408. [PMID: 28793263 PMCID: PMC5561167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the limb bud is regulated by an enhancer called the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS), which, in evolution, belongs to an ancient group of highly conserved cis regulators found in all classes of vertebrates. Here, we examined the endogenous ZRS in mice, using genome editing to establish the relationship between enhancer composition and embryonic phenotype. We show that enhancer activity is a consolidation of distinct activity domains. Spatial restriction of Shh expression is mediated by a discrete repressor module, whereas levels of gene expression are controlled by large overlapping domains containing varying numbers of HOXD binding sites. The number of HOXD binding sites regulates expression levels incrementally. Substantial portions of conserved sequence are dispensable, indicating the presence of sequence redundancy. We propose a collective model for enhancer activity in which function is an integration of discrete expression activities and redundant components that drive robust expression. The ancient vertebrate enhancer, the ZRS, shows sequence plasticity Discrete regulatory activities are assigned to specific sites in the enhancer The number of HOXD binding sites determines the level of Shh expression Robust expression is a collective of regulatory and redundant information
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Paul Devenney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carlo De Angelis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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31
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Fish EW, Parnell SE, Sulik KK, Baker LK, Murdaugh LB, Lamson D, Williams KP. Preaxial polydactyly following early gestational exposure to the smoothened agonist, SAG, in C57BL/6J mice. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:49-54. [PMID: 27801979 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pharmacological activation of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway may have therapeutic benefits for developmental and adult diseases, its teratogenic potential is of concern. The membrane molecule Smoothened (SMO) transduces HH signaling and can be acutely modulated by antagonists and agonists. The objective of the current experiments was to determine how maternal treatment with the Smo agonist, SAG, affects the developing limb. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6J mice received a single injection of SAG (15, 17, or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) or its vehicle on gestational day (GD) 9.25, the time of limb bud induction. Embryos were examined on GD 15 for gross dysmorphology and skeletal staining was performed to visualize the number and type of digits on the fore- and hindlimbs. Additionally, in situ hybridization was performed 4 hr after GD 9.25 SAG administration to determine SAG's effects on Gli1 and Gli2 mRNA expression. RESULTS The most prevalent effect of SAG was the dose-dependent induction of pre-axial polydactyly; defects ranged from a broad thumb to the duplication of two finger-like digits on the preaxial side of the thumb. The highest SAG dose was effective in ca. 80% of the embryos and increased Gli1 and Gli2 mRNA expression in the limb bud, with Gli1 mRNA being the most upregulated. CONCLUSION Preaxial polydactyly can be caused in the developing embryo by acute maternal administration of a Smo agonist that activates HH signaling. These results are consistent with the preaxial polydactyly induced in developmental disorders associated with mutations in HH signaling genes.Birth Defects Research 109:49-54, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fish
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott E Parnell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen K Sulik
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lorinda K Baker
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura B Murdaugh
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David Lamson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
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32
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Suppressor of fused (Sufu) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114226-114238. [PMID: 29371981 PMCID: PMC5768398 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of fused is essential for the maximal activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling in development and tumorigenesis. However, the role of Sufu in cervical carcinoma remains unknown. Here, we report new findings of Sufu in regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the FoxM1 transcriptional modulation by 14-3-3ζ protein in cervical carcinoma. Sufu is overexpressed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its level in clinical tumor tissues is positively correlated with 14-3-3ζ. Functionanlly, siSufu remarkably prevents the cancer cell migration and invasion. We further demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of Sufu is increased by FoxM1, of which stability is promoted by 14-3-3ζ. Knockdown FoxM1 decreases the invasion of SiHa cells and reconstitution of Sufu rescues the invasion of these cells.Finally, overexpression of Sufu is significantly associated with differentiation grade, FIGO stage, Depth of stromal invasion and vascular cancer embolus. Our findings highlight a novel role for Sufu in cervical carcinogenesis.
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33
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Peluso S, Douglas A, Hill A, De Angelis C, Moore BL, Grimes G, Petrovich G, Essafi A, Hill RE. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) prime the limb specific Shh enhancer for chromatin changes that balance histone acetylation mediated by E26 transformation-specific (ETS) factors. eLife 2017; 6:28590. [PMID: 28949289 PMCID: PMC5659820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the limb bud organizing centre called the zone of polarizing activity is regulated by the ZRS enhancer. Here, we examine in mouse and in a mouse limb-derived cell line the dynamic events that activate and restrict the spatial activity of the ZRS. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the distal limb primes the ZRS at early embryonic stages maintaining a poised, but inactive state broadly across the distal limb mesenchyme. The E26 transformation-specific transcription factor, ETV4, which is induced by FGF signalling and acts as a repressor of ZRS activity, interacts with the histone deacetylase HDAC2 and ensures that the poised ZRS remains transcriptionally inactive. Conversely, GABPα, an activator of the ZRS, recruits p300, which is associated with histone acetylation (H3K27ac) indicative of an active enhancer. Hence, the primed but inactive state of the ZRS is induced by FGF signalling and in combination with balanced histone modification events establishes the restricted, active enhancer responsible for patterning the limb bud during development. As an animal embryo develops, specific genes need to be switched on and off at the right time and place to ensure that the embryo’s tissues and organs form properly. Proteins called transcription factors control the activity of individual genes by binding to regions of DNA known as enhancers. Changes in the way DNA is packaged inside cells can affect the ability of transcription factors to access the enhancers, and therefore also influence when particular genes are switched on or off. Sonic hedgehog (or Shh for short) is a gene that helps to control various aspects of development including the formation of the limbs and brain. The limb forms from a structure in the embryo referred to as the limb bud. An enhancer called ZRS regulates the precise position within the limb bud where the Shh gene is active in a region designated as the “zone of polarizing activity”. Yet, it was not known how the enhancer is controlled to ensure this pattern is achieved. Peluso et al. investigated the events that lead to ZRS becoming active in mice embryos. The experiments show that the ZRS enhancer exists in three different states in cells across the limb bud: poised, active and inactive. The enhancer is poised in a broad region of the limb bud in cells that are potentially able to switch on the Shh gene. Proteins called fibroblast growth factors drive the enhancer to enter this poised state by altering the way the DNA containing the enhancer is packaged in the cell. Specific transcription factors are able to bind to the poised enhancer and it is the balance between these different transcription factors that activates the enhancer in the zone of polarizing activity. Furthermore in the region of the limb bud where the fibroblast growth factors are not present the ZRS is inactive. These findings show that fibroblast growth factors, in combination with other changes to the ZRS enhancer, restrict the area in which the enhancer is active to a particular region of the limb bud. Differences in enhancer elements are known to underlie a range of inherited characteristics and may influence whether an individual develops many common diseases. In the future, investigating how cells control the activity of enhancers may provide clues to identifying new targets for drugs to treat some of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peluso
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo De Angelis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Moore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Petrovich
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelkader Essafi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
An enhancer named MFCS1 regulates Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the posterior mesenchyme of limb buds. Several mutations in MFCS1 induce ectopic Shh expression in the anterior limb bud, and these result in preaxial polydactyly (PPD). However, the molecular basis of ectopic Shh expression remains elusive, although some mutations are known to disrupt the negative regulation of Shh expression in the anterior limb bud. Here, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of ectopic Shh expression in PPD including in a mouse mutation-hemimelic extra toes (Hx)-and in other MFCS1 mutations in different species. First, we generated transgenic mouse lines with a LacZ reporter cassette flanked with tandem repeats of 40 bp MFCS1 fragments harboring a mutation. The transgenic mouse line with the Hx-type fragment showed reporter expression exclusively in the anterior, but not in the posterior margins of limb buds. In contrast, no specific LacZ expression was observed in lines carrying the MFCS1 fragment with other mutations. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that the msh-like homeodomain protein, MSX1, bound specifically to the Hx sequence of MFCS1. Thus, PPD caused by mutations in MFCS1 has two major types of molecular etiology: loss of a cis-motif for negative regulation of Shh, and acquisition of a new cis-motif binding to a preexisting transcription factor, as represented by the Hx mutation.
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35
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Armas-López L, Zúñiga J, Arrieta O, Ávila-Moreno F. The Hedgehog-GLI pathway in embryonic development and cancer: implications for pulmonary oncology therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60684-60703. [PMID: 28948003 PMCID: PMC5601171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms closely control gene expression through diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. These include the development of germ layers and post-natal epithelial cell-tissue differentiation, as well as, involved with the induction, promotion and/or progression of human malignancies. Diverse studies have shed light on the molecular similarities and differences involved in the stages of embryological epithelial development and dedifferentiation processes in malignant tumors of epithelial origin, of which many focus on lung carcinomas. In lung cancer, several transcriptional, epigenetic and genetic aberrations have been described to partly arise from environmental risk factors, but ethnic genetic predisposition factors may also play a role. The classification of the molecular hallmarks of cancer has been essential to study and achieve a comprehensive view of the interaction networks between cell signaling pathways and functional roles of the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. This has in turn increased understanding on how these molecular networks are involved in embryo-layers and malignant diseases development. Ultimately, a major biomedicine goal is to achieve a thorough understanding of their roles as diagnostic, prognostic and treatment response indicators in lung oncological patients. Recently, several notable cell-signaling pathways have been studied based on their contribution to promoting and/or regulating the engagement of different cancer hallmarks, among them genome instability, exacerbated proliferative signaling, replicative immortality, tumor invasion-metastasis, inflammation, and immune-surveillance evasion mechanisms. Of these, the Hedgehog-GLI (Hh) cell-signaling pathway has been identified as a main molecular contribution into several of the abovementioned functional embryo-malignancy processes. Nonetheless, the systematic study of the regulatory epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms has remained mostly unexplored, which could identify the interaction networks between specific biomarkers and/or new therapeutic targets in malignant tumor progression and resistance to lung oncologic therapy. In the present work, we aimed to revise the most important up-to-date experimental and clinical findings in biology, embryology and cancer research regarding the Hh pathway. We explore the potential control of the transcriptional-epigenetic programming versus reprogramming mechanisms associated with its Hh-GLI cell signaling pathway members. Last, we present a summary of this information to systematically integrate the Hh signaling pathway to identify and propose novel compound strategies or better oncological therapeutic schemes for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Armas-López
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Cancer Epigenomics And Lung Diseases Laboratory (UNAM-INER), Mexico City, México
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Research Unit, Mexico City, México
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCAN), Thoracic Oncology Clinic, Mexico City, México
| | - Federico Ávila-Moreno
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Cancer Epigenomics And Lung Diseases Laboratory (UNAM-INER), Mexico City, México
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Research Unit, Mexico City, México
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36
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Will AJ, Cova G, Osterwalder M, Chan WL, Wittler L, Brieske N, Heinrich V, de Villartay JP, Vingron M, Klopocki E, Visel A, Lupiáñez DG, Mundlos S. Composition and dosage of a multipartite enhancer cluster control developmental expression of Ihh (Indian hedgehog). Nat Genet 2017; 49:1539-1545. [PMID: 28846100 PMCID: PMC5617800 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) often include non-coding sequence and putative enhancers but how these rearrangements induce disease is poorly understood. Here we investigate CNVs involving the regulatory landscape of Indian hedgehog (IHH), causing multiple, highly localised phenotypes including craniosynostosis and synpolydactyly1,2. We show through transgenic reporter and genome editing studies in mice that Ihh is regulated by a constellation of at least 9 enhancers with individual tissue specificities in the digit anlagen, growth plates, skull sutures and fingertips. Consecutive deletions show that they function in an additive manner resulting in growth defects of the skull and long bones. Duplications, in contrast, cause not only dose-dependent upregulation but also misexpression of Ihh, leading to abnormal phalanges, fusion of sutures and syndactyly. Thus, precise spatio-temporal control of developmental gene expression is achieved by complex multipartite enhancer ensembles. Alterations in the composition of such clusters can result in gene misexpression and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J Will
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulia Cova
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Wing-Lee Chan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Brieske
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Heinrich
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, INSERM, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Klopocki
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biocentre, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Visel
- MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Darío G Lupiáñez
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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37
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The Exon Junction Complex and Srp54 Contribute to Hedgehog Signaling via ci RNA Splicing in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017. [PMID: 28637711 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) regulates the Cubitus interruptus (Ci) transcription factor in Drosophila melanogaster by activating full-length Ci-155 and blocking processing to the Ci-75 repressor. However, the interplay between the regulation of Ci-155 levels and activity, as well as processing-independent mechanisms that affect Ci-155 levels, have not been explored extensively. Here, we identified Mago Nashi (Mago) and Y14 core Exon Junction Complex (EJC) proteins, as well as the Srp54 splicing factor, as modifiers of Hh pathway activity under sensitized conditions. Mago inhibition reduced Hh pathway activity by altering the splicing pattern of ci to reduce Ci-155 levels. Srp54 inhibition also affected pathway activity by reducing ci RNA levels but additionally altered Ci-155 levels and activity independently of ci splicing. Further tests using ci transgenes and ci mutations confirmed evidence from studying the effects of Mago and Srp54 that relatively small changes in the level of Ci-155 primary translation product alter Hh pathway activity under a variety of sensitized conditions. We additionally used ci transgenes lacking intron sequences or the presumed translation initiation codon for an alternatively spliced ci RNA to provide further evidence that Mago acts principally by modulating the levels of the major ci RNA encoding Ci-155, and to show that ci introns are necessary to support the production of sufficient Ci-155 for robust Hh signaling and may also be important mediators of regulatory inputs.
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38
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Abstract
Gene expression changes, the driving forces for cellular diversity in multicellular organisms, are regulated by a diverse set of gene regulatory elements that direct transcription in specific cells. Mutations in these elements, ranging from chromosomal aberrations to single-nucleotide polymorphisms, are a major cause of human disease. However, we currently have a very limited understanding of how regulatory element genotypes lead to specific phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the various methods of regulatory element identification, the different types of mutations they harbor, and their impact on human disease. We highlight how these variations can affect transcription of multiple genes in gene regulatory networks. In addition, we describe how novel technologies, such as massively parallel reporter assays and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, are beginning to provide a better understanding of the functional roles that these elements have and how their alteration can lead to specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantra Chatterjee
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
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39
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Saxena A, Towers M, Cooper KL. The origins, scaling and loss of tetrapod digits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0482. [PMID: 27994123 PMCID: PMC5182414 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the great morphologists of the nineteenth century marvelled at similarities between the limbs of diverse species, and Charles Darwin noted these homologies as significant supporting evidence for descent with modification from a common ancestor. Sir Richard Owen also took great care to highlight each of the elements of the forelimb and hindlimb in a multitude of species with focused attention on the homology between the hoof of the horse and the middle digit of man. The ensuing decades brought about a convergence of palaeontology, experimental embryology and molecular biology to lend further support to the homologies of tetrapod limbs and their developmental origins. However, for all that we now understand about the conserved mechanisms of limb development and the development of gross morphological disturbances, little of what is presented in the experimental or medical literature reflects the remarkable diversity resulting from the 450 million year experiment of natural selection. An understanding of conserved and divergent limb morphologies in this new age of genomics and genome engineering promises to reveal more of the developmental potential residing in all limbs and to unravel the mechanisms of evolutionary variation in limb size and shape. In this review, we present the current state of our rapidly advancing understanding of the evolutionary origin of hands and feet and highlight what is known about the mechanisms that shape diverse limbs.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Towers
- Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kimberly L. Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,e-mail:
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40
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Smith CA, Farlie PG, Davidson NM, Roeszler KN, Hirst C, Oshlack A, Lambert DM. Limb patterning genes and heterochronic development of the emu wing bud. EvoDevo 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 28031782 PMCID: PMC5168868 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The forelimb of the flightless emu is a vestigial structure, with greatly reduced wing elements and digit loss. To explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the evolution of vestigial wings and loss of flight in the emu, key limb patterning genes were examined in developing embryos. Methods Limb development was compared in emu versus chicken embryos. Immunostaining for cell proliferation markers was used to analyze growth of the emu forelimb and hindlimb buds. Expression patterns of limb patterning genes were studied, using whole-mount in situ hybridization (for mRNA localization) and RNA-seq (for mRNA expression levels). Results The forelimb of the emu embryo showed heterochronic development compared to that in the chicken, with the forelimb bud being retarded in its development. Early outgrowth of the emu forelimb bud is characterized by a lower level of cell proliferation compared the hindlimb bud, as assessed by PH3 immunostaining. In contrast, there were no obvious differences in apoptosis in forelimb versus hindlimb buds (cleaved caspase 3 staining). Most key patterning genes were expressed in emu forelimb buds similarly to that observed in the chicken, but with smaller expression domains. However, expression of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mRNA, which is central to anterior–posterior axis development, was delayed in the emu forelimb bud relative to other patterning genes. Regulators of Shh expression, Gli3 and HoxD13, also showed altered expression levels in the emu forelimb bud. Conclusions These data reveal heterochronic but otherwise normal expression of most patterning genes in the emu vestigial forelimb. Delayed Shh expression may be related to the small and vestigial structure of the emu forelimb bud. However, the genetic mechanism driving retarded emu wing development is likely to rest within the forelimb field of the lateral plate mesoderm, predating the expression of patterning genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0063-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Peter G Farlie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Nadia M Davidson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Claire Hirst
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - David M Lambert
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
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41
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underpinning vertebrate body plan evolution are beginning to be unravelled. In this issue of Cell, Kvon et al. spectacularly demonstrate how transplanting snake-specific genetic changes found uniquely in serpent enhancers leads to limb loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Villar
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Duncan T Odom
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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43
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Ali S, Amina B, Anwar S, Minhas R, Parveen N, Nawaz U, Azam SS, Abbasi AA. Genomic features of human limb specific enhancers. Genomics 2016; 108:143-150. [PMID: 27580967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate important cellular and molecular interactions that regulate patterning and skeletal development, vertebrate limbs served as a model organ. A growing body of evidence from detailed studies on a subset of limb regulators like the HOXD cluster or SHH, reveals the importance of enhancers in limb related developmental and disease processes. Exploiting the recent genome-wide availability of functionally confirmed enhancer dataset, this study establishes regulatory interactions for dozens of human limb developmental genes. From these data, it appears that the long-range regulatory interactions are fairly common during limb development. This observation highlights the significance of chromosomal breaks/translocations in human limb deformities. Transcriptional factor (TF) analysis predicts that the differentiation of early nascent limb-bud into future territories entail distinct TF interaction networks. Conclusively, an important motivation for annotating the human limb specific regulatory networks is to pave way for the systematic exploration of their role in disease and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Bibi Amina
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Saneela Anwar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Rashid Minhas
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Nazia Parveen
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Uzma Nawaz
- Department of Statistics, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Sikandar Azam
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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44
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Twigg SRF, Hufnagel RB, Miller KA, Zhou Y, McGowan SJ, Taylor J, Craft J, Taylor JC, Santoro SL, Huang T, Hopkin RJ, Brady AF, Clayton-Smith J, Clericuzio CL, Grange DK, Groesser L, Hafner C, Horn D, Temple IK, Dobyns WB, Curry CJ, Jones MC, Wilkie AOM. A Recurrent Mosaic Mutation in SMO, Encoding the Hedgehog Signal Transducer Smoothened, Is the Major Cause of Curry-Jones Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1256-1265. [PMID: 27236920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Curry-Jones syndrome (CJS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by patchy skin lesions, polysyndactyly, diverse cerebral malformations, unicoronal craniosynostosis, iris colobomas, microphthalmia, and intestinal malrotation with myofibromas or hamartomas. Cerebellar medulloblastoma has been described in a single affected individual; in another, biopsy of skin lesions showed features of trichoblastoma. The combination of asymmetric clinical features, patchy skin manifestations, and neoplastic association previously led to the suggestion that this could be a mosaic condition, possibly involving hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here, we show that CJS is caused by recurrent somatic mosaicism for a nonsynonymous variant in SMO (c.1234C>T [p.Leu412Phe]), encoding smoothened (SMO), a G-protein-coupled receptor that transduces Hh signaling. We identified eight mutation-positive individuals (two of whom had not been reported previously) with highly similar phenotypes and demonstrated varying amounts of the mutant allele in different tissues. We present detailed findings from brain MRI in three mutation-positive individuals. Somatic SMO mutations that result in constitutive activation have been described in several tumors, including medulloblastoma, ameloblastoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Strikingly, the most common of these mutations is the identical nonsynonymous variant encoding p.Leu412Phe. Furthermore, this substitution has been shown to activate SMO in the absence of Hh signaling, providing an explanation for tumor development in CJS. This raises therapeutic possibilities for using recently generated Hh-pathway inhibitors. In summary, our work uncovers the major genetic cause of CJS and illustrates strategies for gene discovery in the context of low-level tissue-specific somatic mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, MLC 4006, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kerry A Miller
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jude Craft
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stephanie L Santoro
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, MLC 4006, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, MLC 4006, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, MLC 4006, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Carol L Clericuzio
- Division of Genetics/Dysmorphology, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leopold Groesser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Marilyn C Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Abstract
Polydactyly, also known as hyperdactyly, is a common congenital limb defect, which can present with various morphologic phenotypes. Apart from cosmetic and functional impairments, it can be the first indication of an underlying syndrome in the newborn. Usually, it follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with defects occurring in the anteroposterior patterning of limb development. Although many mutations have been discovered, teratogens have also been implicated in leading to this anomaly, thus making it of multifactorial origin. There are three polydactyly subtypes (radial, ulnar, and central), and treatment options depend on the underlying feature.
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46
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The many lives of SHH in limb development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Brazel AJ, Vernimmen D. The complexity of epigenetic diseases. J Pathol 2015; 238:333-44. [PMID: 26419725 PMCID: PMC4982038 DOI: 10.1002/path.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, a plethora of pathogenic mutations affecting enhancer regions and epigenetic regulators have been identified. Coupled with more recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and epigenome‐wide association studies (EWAS) implicating major roles for regulatory mutations in disease, it is clear that epigenetic mechanisms represent important biomarkers for disease development and perhaps even therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss the diversity of disease‐causing mutations in enhancers and epigenetic regulators, with a particular focus on cancer. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe Jane Brazel
- The Roslin Institute, Developmental Biology Division, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Douglas Vernimmen
- The Roslin Institute, Developmental Biology Division, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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48
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Ibisler A, Hehr U, Barth A, Koch M, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Novel KIF7 Mutation in a Tunisian Boy with Acrocallosal Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:173-80. [PMID: 26648833 DOI: 10.1159/000439414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrocallosal syndrome (ACLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, facial dysmorphism, postaxial polydactyly of the hands as well as preaxial polydactyly of the feet, and developmental delay. Mutations in the KIF7 gene, encoding a molecule within the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, have been identified as causative for ACLS but also for the fatal hydrolethalus syndrome and some cases of Joubert syndrome. We report here on a Tunisian boy who shows the clinical characteristics of ACLS and was found to have a novel homozygous KIF7 nonsense mutation. Further, we summarize the current knowledge about the clinical spectrum associated with KIF7 mutations as well as genetic and/or phenotypic overlap with ciliopathies and other mutations in the SHH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Ibisler
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for and Department of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andre Barth
- Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Margarete Koch
- Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Jörg T Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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Vertii A, Bright A, Delaval B, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. New frontiers: discovering cilia-independent functions of cilia proteins. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1275-87. [PMID: 26358956 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, mitotic spindles and primary cilia arise from a common origin, the centrosome. In non-cycling cells, the centrosome is the template for primary cilia assembly and, thus, is crucial for their associated sensory and signaling functions. During mitosis, the duplicated centrosomes mature into spindle poles, which orchestrate mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and orientation of the cell division axis. Intriguingly, both cilia and spindle poles are centrosome-based, functionally distinct structures that require the action of microtubule-mediated, motor-driven transport for their assembly. Cilia proteins have been found at non-cilia sites, where they have distinct functions, illustrating a diverse and growing list of cellular processes and structures that utilize cilia proteins for crucial functions. In this review, we discuss cilia-independent functions of cilia proteins and re-evaluate their potential contributions to "cilia" disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alison Bright
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Perrault I, Halbritter J, Porath JD, Gérard X, Braun DA, Gee HY, Fathy HM, Saunier S, Cormier-Daire V, Thomas S, Attié-Bitach T, Boddaert N, Taschner M, Schueler M, Lorentzen E, Lifton RP, Lawson JA, Garfa-Traore M, Otto EA, Bastin P, Caillaud C, Kaplan J, Rozet JM, Hildebrandt F. IFT81, encoding an IFT-B core protein, as a very rare cause of a ciliopathy phenotype. J Med Genet 2015; 52:657-65. [PMID: 26275418 PMCID: PMC4621372 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) consists of two major protein complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B. In contrast to the IFT-B complex, all components of IFT-A have recently been linked to human ciliopathies when defective. We therefore hypothesised that mutations in additional IFT-B encoding genes can be found in patients with multisystemic ciliopathies. Methods We screened 1628 individuals with reno-ocular ciliopathies by targeted next-generation sequencing of ciliary candidate genes, including all IFT-B encoding genes. Results Consequently, we identified a homozygous mutation in IFT81 affecting an obligatory donor splice site in an individual with nephronophthisis and polydactyly. Further, we detected a loss-of-stop mutation with extension of the deduced protein by 10 amino acids in an individual with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-1. This proband presented with retinal dystrophy and brain lesions including cerebellar atrophy, a phenotype to which the IFT81 variant might contribute. Cultured fibroblasts of this latter affected individual showed a significant decrease in ciliated cell abundance compared with controls and increased expression of the transcription factor GLI2 suggesting deranged sonic hedgehog signalling. Conclusions This work describes identification of mutations of IFT81 in individuals with symptoms consistent with the clinical spectrum of ciliopathies. It might represent the rare case of a core IFT-B complex protein found associated with human disease. Our data further suggest that defects in the IFT-B core are an exceedingly rare finding, probably due to its indispensable role for ciliary assembly in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Perrault
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan D Porath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier Gérard
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France INSERM UMR 1163, Molecular bases of hereditary kidney diseases, Nephronophthisis and Hypodysplasia, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France INSERM UMR 1163, Molecular and Physiopathological bases of osteochondrodysplasia, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France INSERM UMR 1163, Embryology and genetics of human malformation, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France INSERM UMR 1163, Embryology and genetics of human malformation, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Taschner
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Schueler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lawson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traore
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France INSERM UMR 1163, Cell imaging platform, Paris, France
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, URA 2581, Paris, France
| | | | - Josseline Kaplan
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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