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Nouwen LV, Breeuwsma M, Zaal EA, van de Lest CHA, Buitendijk I, Zwaagstra M, Balić P, Filippov DV, Berkers CR, van Kuppeveld FJM. Modulation of nucleotide metabolism by picornaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012036. [PMID: 38457376 PMCID: PMC10923435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses actively reprogram the metabolism of the host to ensure the availability of sufficient building blocks for virus replication and spreading. However, relatively little is known about how picornaviruses-a large family of small, non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses-modulate cellular metabolism for their own benefit. Here, we studied the modulation of host metabolism by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the enterovirus genus, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a member of the cardiovirus genus, using steady-state as well as 13C-glucose tracing metabolomics. We demonstrate that both CVB3 and EMCV increase the levels of pyrimidine and purine metabolites and provide evidence that this increase is mediated through degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotide recycling, rather than upregulation of de novo synthesis. Finally, by integrating our metabolomics data with a previously acquired phosphoproteomics dataset of CVB3-infected cells, we identify alterations in phosphorylation status of key enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, providing insight into the regulation of nucleotide metabolism during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke V. Nouwen
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Breeuwsma
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A. Zaal
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Buitendijk
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Balić
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhdanov DD, Ivin YY, Shishparenok AN, Kraevskiy SV, Kanashenko SL, Agafonova LE, Shumyantseva VV, Gnedenko OV, Pinyaeva AN, Kovpak AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Archakov AI. Perspectives for the creation of a new type of vaccine preparations based on pseudovirus particles using polio vaccine as an example. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:253-280. [PMID: 37937429 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236905253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antiviral vaccines are currently created by inactivating the virus chemically, most often using formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. These approaches are not optimal since they negatively affect the safety of the antigenic determinants of the inactivated particles and require additional purification stages. The most promising platforms for creating vaccines are based on pseudoviruses, i.e., viruses that have completely preserved the outer shell (capsid), while losing the ability to reproduce owing to the destruction of the genome. The irradiation of viruses with electron beam is the optimal way to create pseudoviral particles. In this review, with the example of the poliovirus, the main algorithms that can be applied to characterize pseudoviral particles functionally and structurally in the process of creating a vaccine preparation are presented. These algorithms are, namely, the analysis of the degree of genome destruction and coimmunogenicity. The structure of the poliovirus and methods of its inactivation are considered. Methods for assessing residual infectivity and immunogenicity are proposed for the functional characterization of pseudoviruses. Genome integrity analysis approaches, atomic force and electron microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and bioelectrochemical methods are crucial to structural characterization of the pseudovirus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Ivin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Gnedenko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Pinyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kovpak
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Chen L, Yang L, Li Y, Liu T, Yang B, Liu L, Wu R. Autophagy and Inflammation: Regulatory Roles in Viral Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1454. [PMID: 37892135 PMCID: PMC10604974 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in eukaryotic organisms, playing an adaptive role in various pathophysiological processes throughout evolution. Inflammation is the immune system's response to external stimuli and tissue damage. However, persistent inflammatory reactions can lead to a range of inflammatory diseases and cancers. The interaction between autophagy and inflammation is particularly evident during viral infections. As a crucial regulator of inflammation, autophagy can either promote or inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory responses. In turn, inflammation can establish negative feedback loops by modulating autophagy to suppress excessive inflammatory reactions. This interaction is pivotal in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory roles of autophagy and inflammation in viral infections will significantly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying related diseases. Furthermore, it will provide new insights and theoretical foundations for disease prevention, treatment, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Limin Yang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Yingyu Li
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Tianrun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bolun Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
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4
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Whole-genome characterization of avian picornaviruses from diarrheic broiler chickens co-infected with multiple picornaviruses in Iran. Virus Genes 2023; 59:79-90. [PMID: 36239871 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms in poultry are caused by several factors, such as infecting viruses. Several avian picornaviruses can cause diarrhea in these valuable animals. Poultry flocks in Iran suffer from gastrointestinal diseases, and information on picornaviruses is limited. In this study, two genera of avian picornaviruses were isolated from poultry and identified by the viral metagenomics. Fecal samples were collected from broiler chicken flocks affected with diarrhea from Gilan province Iran. The results showed that Eastern chicken flocks carried two genera of picornaviridae belonging to Sicinivirus A (SiV A) and Megrivirus C (MeV C). The Western chicken flocks carried SiV A based on whole-genome sequencing data. SiV A had type II IRES and MeV C contained a type IVB IRES 5'UTR. Phylogenetic results showed that all these three picornaviruses were similar to the Hungarian isolates. Interestingly, two different picornavirus genera were simultaneously co-infected with Eastern flocks. This phenomenon could increase and facilitate the recombination and evolution rate of picornaviruses and consequently cause this diversity of gastrointestinal diseases in poultry. This is the first report and complete genome sequencing of Sicinivirus and Megrivirus in Iran. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of these picornaviruses.
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5
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Peischard S, Möller M, Disse P, Ho HT, Verkerk AO, Strutz-Seebohm N, Budde T, Meuth SG, Schweizer PA, Morris S, Mücher L, Eisner V, Thomas D, Klingel K, Busch K, Seebohm G. Virus-induced inhibition of cardiac pacemaker channel HCN4 triggers bradycardia in human-induced stem cell system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:440. [PMID: 35864219 PMCID: PMC9304080 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The enterovirus Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to be a major source for the development of cardiac dysfunctions like viral myocarditis (VMC) and dilatative cardiomyopathy (DCM), but also results in bradycardia and fatal cardiac arrest. Besides clinical reports on bradycardia and sudden cardiac death, very little is known about the influence of CVB3 on the activity of human cardiac pacemaker cells. Here, we address this issue using the first human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived pacemaker-like cells, in which the expression of a transgenic non-infectious variant of CVB3 can be controlled dose- and time-dependently. We found that CVB3 drastically changed hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) distribution and function in hiPSC-derived pacemaker-like tissue. In addition, using HCN4 cell expression systems, we found that HCN4 currents were decreased with altered voltage dependency of activation when CVB3 was expressed. Increased autophagosome formation and autophagosomal HCN4 insertion was observed in hiPSC-derived pacemaker-like cells under CVB3 expression as well. Individual effects of single, non-structural CVB3 proteins were analyzed and demonstrated that CVB3 proteins 2C and 3A had the most robust effect on HCN4 activity. Treatment of cells with the Rab7 inhibitor CID 106770 or the CVB3-3A inhibitor GW5074 led to the recovery of the cytoplasmatic HCN4 accumulation into a healthy appearing phenotype, indicating that malfunctioning Rab7-directed autophagosome transport is involved in the disturbed, cytoplasmatic HCN4 accumulation in CVB3-expressing human pacemaker-like cells. Summarizing, the enterovirus CVB3 inhibits human cardiac pacemaker function by reducing the pacemaker channel plasma membrane density, an effect that can be corrected by pharmacological intervention of endocytic vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Peischard
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melina Möller
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Huyen Tran Ho
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische-Wilhems Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick A Schweizer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Morris
- Institute for Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Mücher
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Busch
- Institute for Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Löscher W, Howe CL. Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870868. [PMID: 35615063 PMCID: PMC9125338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection ("early" or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery ("late" or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher,
| | - Charles L. Howe
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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7
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Lai Y, Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Tian B, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Pan L. DHAV-1 Blocks the Signaling Pathway Upstream of Type I Interferon by Inhibiting the Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:700434. [PMID: 34867836 PMCID: PMC8633874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.700434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), which mainly infects 1- to 4-week-old ducklings, has a fatality rate of 95% and poses a huge economic threat to the duck industry. However, the mechanism by which DHAV-1 regulates the immune response of host cells is rarely reported. This study examined whether DHAV-1 contains a viral protein that can regulate the innate immunity of host cells and its specific regulatory mechanism, further exploring the mechanism by which DHAV-1 resists the host immune response. In the study, the dual-luciferase reporter gene system was used to screen the viral protein that regulates the host innate immunity and the target of this viral protein. The results indicate that the DHAV-1 3C protein inhibits the pathway upstream of interferon (IFN)-β by targeting the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) protein. In addition, we found that the 3C protein inhibits the nuclear translocation of the IRF7 protein. Further experiments showed that the 3C protein interacts with the IRF7 protein through its N-terminus and that the 3C protein degrades the IRF7 protein in a caspase 3-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting the IFN-β-mediated antiviral response to promote the replication of DHAV-1. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for elucidating the mechanisms of DHAV-1 infection and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lai
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Geisler A, Hazini A, Heimann L, Kurreck J, Fechner H. Coxsackievirus B3-Its Potential as an Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050718. [PMID: 33919076 PMCID: PMC8143167 DOI: 10.3390/v13050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents one of the most advanced strategies to treat otherwise untreatable types of cancer. Despite encouraging developments in recent years, the limited fraction of patients responding to therapy has demonstrated the need to search for new suitable viruses. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a promising novel candidate with particularly valuable features. Its entry receptor, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and heparan sulfate, which is used for cellular entry by some CVB3 variants, are highly expressed on various cancer types. Consequently, CVB3 has broad anti-tumor activity, as shown in various xenograft and syngeneic mouse tumor models. In addition to direct tumor cell killing the virus induces a strong immune response against the tumor, which contributes to a substantial increase in the efficiency of the treatment. The toxicity of oncolytic CVB3 in healthy tissues is variable and depends on the virus strain. It can be abrogated by genetic engineering the virus with target sites of microRNAs. In this review, we present an overview of the current status of the development of CVB3 as an oncolytic virus and outline which steps still need to be accomplished to develop CVB3 as a therapeutic agent for clinical use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Geisler
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmet Hazini
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Lisanne Heimann
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-31-47-21-81
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9
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Han Y, Xie J, Xu S, Bi Y, Li X, Zhang H, Idris A, Bai J, Feng R. Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2. J Virol 2021; 95:e01590-20. [PMID: 33328314 PMCID: PMC8094936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are critical for modulating host-virus responses, and indeed, viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize this pathway. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, which causes myocarditis, encephalitis, neurological disease, reproductive disorders, and diabetes in pigs. This study aims to understand how EMCV interacts with the IFN pathway. EMCV circumvents the type I IFN response by expressing proteins that antagonize cellular innate immunity. Here, we show that EMCV VP2 is a negative regulator of the IFN-β pathway. This occurs via the degradation of the MDA5-mediated cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) antiviral sensing RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway. We show that structural protein VP2 of EMCV interacts with MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 through its C terminus. In addition, we found that EMCV VP2 could significantly degrade RLRs by the proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. For the first time, EMCV VP2 was shown to play an important role in EMCV evasion of the type I IFN signaling pathway. This study expands our understanding that EMCV utilizes its capsid protein VP2 to evade the host antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Encephalomyocarditis virus is an important pathogen that can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, neurological diseases, and reproductive disorders. It also causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Innate immunity plays an important role in defending the host from pathogen infection. Understanding pathogen microorganisms evading the host immune system is of great importance. Currently, whether EMCV evades cytosolic RNA sensing and signaling is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that viral protein VP2 antagonized the RLR signaling pathway by degrading MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 protein expression to facilitate viral replication in HEK293 cells. The findings in this study identify a new mechanism for EMCV evading the host's innate immune response, which provide new insights into the virus-host interaction and help develop new antiviral approaches against EMCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jialin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Robinson KS, Teo DET, Tan KS, Toh GA, Ong HH, Lim CK, Lay K, Au BV, Lew TS, Chu JJH, Chow VTK, Wang DY, Zhong FL, Reversade B. Enteroviral 3C protease activates the human NLRP1 inflammasome in airway epithelia. Science 2020; 370:eaay2002. [PMID: 33093214 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune sensor proteins are critical to the function of the human innate immune system. The full repertoire of cognate triggers for human immune sensors is not fully understood. Here, we report that human NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 1 (NLRP1) is activated by 3C proteases (3Cpros) of enteroviruses, such as human rhinovirus (HRV). 3Cpros directly cleave human NLRP1 at a single site between Glu130 and Gly131 This cleavage triggers N-glycine-mediated degradation of the autoinhibitory NLRP1 N-terminal fragment via the cullinZER1/ZYG11B complex, which liberates the activating C-terminal fragment. Infection of primary human airway epithelial cells by live human HRV triggers NLRP1-dependent inflammasome activation and interleukin-18 secretion. Our findings establish 3Cpros as a pathogen-derived trigger for the human NLRP1 inflammasome and suggest that NLRP1 may contribute to inflammatory diseases of the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Robinson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science, Technological and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Daniel Eng Thiam Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Gee Ann Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chrissie Kaishi Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science, Technological and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Bijin Veonice Au
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Tian Sheng Lew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tak Kwong Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Franklin L Zhong
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science, Technological and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science, Technological and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
- The Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Zhang X, Wang H, Sun Y, Qi M, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Enterovirus A71 Oncolysis of Malignant Gliomas. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1533-1546. [PMID: 32304669 PMCID: PMC7264442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, the most lethal type of primary brain tumor, continue to be a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we found that enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can be developed as a novel oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas. EV-A71 preferentially infected and killed malignant glioma cells relative to normal glial cells. The virus receptor human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1)-mediated cell death were involved in EV-A71-induced oncolysis. In mice with implanted subcutaneous gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, in mice bearing intracranial orthotopic gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 substantially prolonged survival. By insertion of brain-specific microRNA-124 (miR124) response elements into the viral genome, we improved the tumor specificity of EV-A71 oncolytic therapy by reducing its neurotoxicity while maintaining its replication potential and oncolytic capacity in gliomas. Our study reveals that EV-A71 is a potent oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas and may have a role in treating this tumor in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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The VP3 protein of duck hepatitis A virus mediates host cell adsorption and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16783. [PMID: 31727985 PMCID: PMC6856352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes an infectious disease that mainly affects 1- to 4-week-old ducklings, resulting in considerable loss to the duck industry. Although there have been many studies on DHAV in recent years, the effects on host infection and pathogenesis of DHAV-1 remain largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of the DHAV-1 structural protein VP3 on DHAV-1 virus adsorption and apoptosis to explore the role of VP3 in the viral life cycle. The effects of DHAV-1 VP3 and an antibody against the protein on virion adsorption was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the virus copy number for the rabbit anti-VP3 IgG-treated group was significantly lower than that for the negative control group but higher than that for the rabbit anti-DHAV-1 IgG-treated group. This result indicates that VP3 mediates DHAV-1 virus adsorption but that it is not the only protein that involved in this process. In addition, a eukaryotic recombinant plasmid, pCAGGS/VP3, was transfected into duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), and the apoptotic rate was determined by DAPI staining, the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry. DAPI staining showed nucleus fragmentation and nuclear edge shifting. TUNEL assay results revealed yellow nuclei, and flow cytometry indicated a significant increase in the apoptotic rate. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed increased in the transcriptional levels of the apoptotic caspase-3, −8 and −9, with the largest increase for caspase-3, followed by caspase-9 and caspase-8. Enzyme activity analysis confirmed these results. Furthermore, the VP3 protein decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the transcriptional levels of the proapoptotic factors Bak, Cyt c and Apaf-1 in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were significantly upregulated. These data suggest that expression of VP3 in DEFs induces apoptosis and may primarily activate caspase-3-induced apoptosis through mitochondrion-mediated intrinsic pathways. The findings provide scientific data to clarify DHAV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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13
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Hepatitis C Virus Downregulates Core Subunits of Oxidative Phosphorylation, Reminiscent of the Warburg Effect in Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111410. [PMID: 31717433 PMCID: PMC6912740 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) mainly infects liver hepatocytes and replicates its single-stranded plus strand RNA genome exclusively in the cytoplasm. Viral proteins and RNA interfere with the host cell immune response, allowing the virus to continue replication. Therefore, in about 70% of cases, the viral infection cannot be cleared by the immune system, but a chronic infection is established, often resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Induction of cancer in the host cells can be regarded to provide further advantages for ongoing virus replication. One adaptation in cancer cells is the enhancement of cellular carbohydrate flux in glycolysis with a reduction of the activity of the citric acid cycle and aerobic oxidative phosphorylation. To this end, HCV downregulates the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex core subunits quite early after infection. This so-called aerobic glycolysis is known as the “Warburg Effect” and serves to provide more anabolic metabolites upstream of the citric acid cycle, such as amino acids, pentoses and NADPH for cancer cell growth. In addition, HCV deregulates signaling pathways like those of TNF-β and MAPK by direct and indirect mechanisms, which can lead to fibrosis and HCC.
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14
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Slow Infection due to Lowering the Amount of Intact versus Empty Particles Is a Characteristic Feature of Coxsackievirus B5 Dictated by the Structural Proteins. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01130-19. [PMID: 31375587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01130-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B species typically cause a rapid cytolytic infection leading to efficient release of progeny viruses. However, they are also capable of persistent infections in tissues, which are suggested to contribute to severe chronic states such as myocardial inflammation and type 1 diabetes. In order to understand the factors contributing to differential infection strategies, we constructed a chimera by combining the capsid proteins from fast-cytolysis-causing echovirus 1 (EV1) with nonstructural proteins from coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), which shows persistent infection in RD cells. The results showed that the chimera behaved similarly to parental EV1, leading to efficient cytolysis in both permissive A549 and semipermissive RD cells. In contrast to EV1 and the chimera, CVB5 replicated slowly in permissive cells and showed persistent infection in semipermissive cells. However, there was no difference in the efficiency of uptake of CVB5 in A549 or RD cells in comparison to the chimera or EV1. CVB5 batches constantly contained significant amounts of empty capsids, also in comparison to CVB5's close relative CVB3. During successive passaging of batches containing only intact CVB5, increasing amounts of empty and decreasing amounts of infective capsids were produced. Our results demonstrate that the increase in the amount of empty particles and the lowering of the amount of infective particles are dictated by the CVB5 structural proteins, leading to slowing down of the infection between passages. Furthermore, the key factor for persistent infection is the small amount of infective particles produced, not the high number of empty particles that accumulate.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses cause several severe diseases, with lytic infections that lead to rapid cell death but also persistent infections that are more silent and lead to chronic states of infection. Our study compared a cytolytic echovirus 1 infection to persistent coxsackievirus B5 infection by making a chimera with the structural proteins of echovirus 1 and the nonstructural proteins of coxsackievirus B5. Coxsackievirus B5 infection was found to lead to the production of a high number of empty viruses (empty capsids) that do not contain genetic material and are unable to continue the infection. Coinciding with the high number of empty capsids, the amount of infective virions decreased. This characteristic property was not observed in the constructed chimera virus, suggesting that structural proteins are in charge of these phenomena. These results shed light on the mechanisms that may cause persistent infections. Understanding events leading to efficient or inefficient infections is essential in understanding virus-caused pathologies.
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15
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Hsu HW, Chiu MC, Shih CJ, Matsuura K, Yang CCS. Apoptosis as a primary defense mechanism in response to viral infection in invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Virology 2019; 531:255-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Ma L, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Li X, Liu Y. The Strategy of Picornavirus Evading Host Antiviral Responses: Non-structural Proteins Suppress the Production of IFNs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2943. [PMID: 30619109 PMCID: PMC6297142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system to produce interferons (IFNs), which play important role in host antiviral responses. Co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has favored development of various strategies to evade the effects of IFNs, enabling viruses to survive inside host cells. One such strategy involves inhibition of IFN signaling pathways by non-structural proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of host signaling pathways inducing IFN production and their suppression by picornavirus non-structural proteins. Using this strategy, picornaviruses can evade the host immune response and replicate inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Ma XX, Ma LN, Chang QY, Ma P, Li LJ, Wang YY, Ma ZR, Cao X. Type I Interferon Induced and Antagonized by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1862. [PMID: 30150977 PMCID: PMC6099088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system, serving as the first line of defense, and are characterized by the production of type I interferon (IFN). Type I IFN is expressed in a broad spectrum of cells and tissues in the host and includes various subtypes (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-δ, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, IFN-τ, IFN-ω, IFN-ν, and IFN-ζ). Since the discovery of type I IFN, our knowledge of the biology of type I IFN has accumulated immensely, and we now have a substantial amount of information on the molecular mechanisms of the response and induction of type I IFN, as well as the strategies utilized by viruses to evade the type I IFN response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can selectively alter cellular pathways to promote viral replication and evade antiviral immune activation of type I IFN. RNA molecules generated by FMDV are sensed by the cellular receptor for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). FMDV preferentially activates different sensor molecules and various signal transduction pathways. Based on knowledge of the virus or RNA pathogen specificity as well as the function-structure relationship of RNA sensing, it is necessary to summarize numerous signaling adaptors that are reported to participate in the regulation of IFN gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jie Li
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ren Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Uhde AK, Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Hensel N, Claus P, Beckstette M, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Jung K, Huehn J, Beineke A. Intact interleukin-10 receptor signaling protects from hippocampal damage elicited by experimental neurotropic virus infection of SJL mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6106. [PMID: 29666403 PMCID: PMC5904160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection represents an experimental mouse model to study hippocampal damage induced by neurotropic viruses. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with profound anti-inflammatory properties, which critically controls immune homeostasis. In order to analyze IL-10R signaling following virus-induced polioencephalitis, SJL mice were intracerebrally infected with TMEV. RNA-based next generation sequencing revealed an up-regulation of Il10, Il10rα and further genes involved in IL-10 downstream signaling, including Jak1, Socs3 and Stat3 in the brain upon infection. Subsequent antibody-mediated blockade of IL-10R signaling led to enhanced hippocampal damage with neuronal loss and increased recruitment of CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells and an up-regulation of Il1α mRNA. Increased expression of Tgfβ and Foxp3 as well as accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and arginase-1+ macrophages/microglia was detected in the hippocampus, representing a potential compensatory mechanism following disturbed IL-10R signaling. Additionally, an increased peripheral Chi3l3 expression was found in spleens of infected mice, which may embody reactive regulatory mechanisms for prevention of excessive immunopathology. The present study highlights the importance of IL-10R signaling for immune regulation and its neuroprotective properties in the context of an acute neurotropic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Lötzerich M, Roulin PS, Boucke K, Witte R, Georgiev O, Greber UF. Rhinovirus 3C protease suppresses apoptosis and triggers caspase-independent cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29449668 PMCID: PMC5833640 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and programmed necrosis (necroptosis) determine cell fate, and antagonize infection. Execution of these complementary death pathways involves the formation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) containing complexes. RIPK1 binds to adaptor proteins, such as TRIF (Toll-IL-1 receptor-domain-containing-adaptor-inducing interferon-beta factor), FADD (Fas-associated-protein with death domain), NEMO (NF-κB regulatory subunit IKKγ), SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1/p62), or RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3), which are involved in RNA sensing, NF-κB signaling, autophagosome formation, apoptosis, and necroptosis. We report that a range of rhinoviruses impair apoptosis and necroptosis in epithelial cells late in infection. Unlike the double-strand (ds) RNA mimetic poly I:C (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid), the exposure of dsRNA to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in rhinovirus-infected cells did not lead to apoptosis execution. Accordingly, necroptosis and the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) were not observed late in infection, when RIPK3 was absent. Instead, a virus-induced alternative necrotic cell death pathway proceeded, which led to membrane rupture, indicated by propidium iodide staining. The impairment of dsRNA-induced apoptosis late in infection was controlled by the viral 3C-protease (3Cpro), which disrupted RIPK1-TRIF/FADD /SQSTM1 immune-complexes. 3Cpro and 3C precursors were found to coimmuno-precipitate with RIPK1, cleaving the RIPK1 death-domain, and generating N-terminal RIPK1 fragments. The depletion of RIPK1 or chemical inhibition of its kinase at the N-terminus did not interfere with virus progeny formation or cell fate. The data show that rhinoviruses suppress apoptosis and necroptosis, and release progeny by an alternative cell death pathway, which is controlled by viral proteases modifying innate immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lötzerich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Pascal S Roulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Boucke
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Georgiev
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kaundal N, Sarkate P, Prakash C, Rishi N. Environmental surveillance of polioviruses with special reference to L20B cell line. Virusdisease 2017; 28:383-389. [PMID: 29291229 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the eradication of poliovirus, the focus has now shifted to environmental surveillance of poliovirus to determine the circulating polioviruses in an area. L20B and RD cell lines are used for isolation of polioviruses. It is imperative to study the efficacy of these cell line in isolating polioviruses from environmental samples. The present study was carried out to determine the sensitivity and specificity of L20B cell line for isolation of polioviruses from environmental samples. L20B and RD cell lines are used for isolation of polioviruses. Molecular characterization was done by using real time RT-PCR. A total of 432 sewage samples from Delhi and Punjab were processed for the isolation of polioviruses during Jan-Dec 2015. 96.76% of the samples were positive in either of the cell lines. Non-polio enteroviruses were obtained in 50 samples on primary isolation. On RT-PCR, 347 (94.29%) samples yielded polioviruses and the rest (21) non-polio enteroviruses or non-enteroviruses. A total of 703 isolates were obtained. 635 isolates were found polioviruses by PCR (90.33%), 20 isolates were found to be NPEV (2.84%) and 48 (6.83%) were found to be NEV. Out of the 20 NPEV isolates, 14 were from RLR (RD-L20B-RD) route and six isolates were from LR (L20B-RD) route. All 48 NEV isolates were from LR route. Thus L20B cell line is more sensitive as compared to RD cell line for isolation of polioviruses however it is not absolutely specific for polioviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kaundal
- Virology-1 Laboratory, Microbiology Division, National Centre for Disease Control, 22-Shamnath Marg, Civil Lines, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Purva Sarkate
- Microbiology Division, National Centre for Disease Control, 22-Shamnath Marg, Civil Lines, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Charu Prakash
- Microbiology Division, National Centre for Disease Control, 22-Shamnath Marg, Civil Lines, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Narayan Rishi
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Sector 125, Distt. Gautam Budha Nagar, Noida, 201313 India
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21
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Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Uhde AK, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Cytotoxic CD8 + T cell ablation enhances the capacity of regulatory T cells to delay viral elimination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:349-368. [PMID: 28452087 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) of susceptible mouse strains is a commonly used infectious animal model for multiple sclerosis. The study aim was to test the hypothesis whether cytotoxic T cell responses account for the limited impact of regulatory T cells on antiviral immunity in TME virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) resistant C57BL/6 mice. TME virus-infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with (i) interleukin-2/-anti-interleukin-2-antibody-complexes to expand regulatory T cells ("Treg-expansion"), (ii) anti-CD8-antibodies to deplete cytotoxic T cells ("CD8-depletion") or (iii) with a combination of Treg-expansion and CD8-depletion ("combined treatment") prior to infection. Results showed that "combined treatment", but neither sole "Treg-expansion" nor "CD8-depletion," leads to sustained hippocampal infection and virus spread to the spinal cord in C57BL/6 mice. Prolonged infection reduces myelin basic protein expression in the spinal cord together with increased accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein in axons, characteristic of myelin loss and axonal damage, respectively. Chronic spinal cord infection upon "combined treatment" was also associated with increased T and B cell recruitment, accumulation of CD107b+ microglia/macrophages and enhanced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, data revealed that the suppressive capacity of Treg on viral elimination is efficiently boosted by CD8-depletion, which renders C57BL/6 mice susceptible to develop chronic neuroinfection and TMEV-IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Floess
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Micro-organisms and higher organisms have evolved together and interact in complex ways. Only a small percentage of microbes are inherently pathogenic. Pathogenicity, the ability of infectious agents to cause disease, must be interpreted in the context of the properties of both transmissible agent and host. Understanding this interplay is important to developing methods to prevent infection and reduce the severity of disease. The initial step in infection is usually adherence, mediated by the interaction of surface structures on the pathogen with host cell membrane proteins or carbohydrates. This often presents excellent targets for immunity. Intracellular pathogens have evolved methods to neutralize the cellular defenses that can destroy invaders.
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The Transcriptome of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells Infected with Cytolytic and Non-Cytolytic Variants of Coxsackievirus B2 Ohio-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164548. [PMID: 27760161 PMCID: PMC5070843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptomes of cells infected with lytic and non-lytic variants of coxsackievirus B2 Ohio-1 (CVB2O) were analyzed using next generation sequencing. This approach was selected with the purpose of elucidating the effects of lytic and non-lytic viruses on host cell transcription. Total RNA was extracted from infected cells and sequenced. The resulting reads were subsequently mapped against the human and CVB2O genomes. The amount of intracellular RNA was measured, indicating lower proportions of human RNA in the cells infected with the lytic virus compared to the non-lytic virus after 48 hours. This may be explained by reduced activity of the cellular transcription/translation machinery in lytic enteroviral replication due to activities of the enteroviral proteases 2A and/or 3C. Furthermore, differential expression in the cells infected with the two virus variants was identified and a number of transcripts were singled out as possible answers to the question of how the viruses interact with the host cells, resulting in lytic or non-lytic infections.
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Yu H, Huang L, Zhang Y, Hu L, Wang S, Li J, Cai X, Cui S, Weng C. An attenuated EMCV-HB10 strain acts as a live viral vector delivering a foreign gene. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2280-2290. [PMID: 27392429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully constructed a full-length cDNA infectious clone of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) HB10 strain and obtained a partially attenuated rEMCV-C9 virus with a shorter poly(C) tract. Our results showed that the length of the EMCV-HB10 poly(C) tract was related to the pathogenicity of the EMCV-HB10 strain in vivo. Using pEMCV-C9 as the backbone, we constructed the novel viral vector pC9-MCS-∆2A by inserting a cDNA fragment containing a 127 amino acid deletion in the 2A protein, a primary cleavage cassette, a FLAG tag and a multiple cloning site (MCS) at the junction of VP1 and ∆2A. Additionally, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was cloned into the MCS of pC9-MCS-∆2A to test its capacity to express foreign proteins. Insertion of the egfp gene did not affect viral replication, and a decrease in EGFP expression was observed within five serial passages. Furthermore, we found that rC9-EGFP-∆2A was avirulent in vivo, induced neutralizing antibody production and conferred protective immune responses against lethal challenge with EMCV in mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that we had constructed an attenuated live vector based on an EMCV-HB10 strain with two modified critical virulence factors (the poly(C) tract and 2A protein) that could be used as a candidate live vaccine and a potential live viral vector for foreign antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
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25
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Vázquez-Calvo Á, Caridi F, González-Magaldi M, Saiz JC, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. The Amino Acid Substitution Q65H in the 2C Protein of Swine Vesicular Disease Virus Confers Resistance to Golgi Disrupting Drugs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:612. [PMID: 27199941 PMCID: PMC4846857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a porcine pathogen and a member of the species Enterovirus B within the Picornaviridae family. Brefeldin A (BFA) is an inhibitor of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Arf proteins that induces Golgi complex disassembly and alters the cellular secretory pathway. Since BFA has been shown to inhibit the RNA replication of different enteroviruses, including SVDV, we have analyzed the effect of BFA and of golgicide A (GCA), another Golgi disrupting drug, on SVDV multiplication. BFA and GCA similarly inhibited SVDV production. To investigate the molecular basis of the antiviral effect of BFA, SVDV mutants with increased resistance to BFA were isolated. A single amino acid substitution, Q65H, in the non-structural protein 2C was found to be responsible for increased resistance to BFA. These results provide new insight into the relationship of enteroviruses with the components of the secretory pathway and on the role of SVDV 2C protein in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavia Caridi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM) Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid, Spain
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26
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Haryanto A, Ermawati R, Wati V, Irianingsih SH, Wijayanti N. Analysis of viral protein-2 encoding gene of avian encephalomyelitis virus from field specimens in Central Java region, Indonesia. Vet World 2016; 9:25-31. [PMID: 27051180 PMCID: PMC4819345 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.25-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease which can infect various types of poultry, especially chicken. In Indonesia, the incidence of AE infection in chicken has been reported since 2009, the AE incidence tends to increase from year to year. The objective of this study was to analyze viral protein 2 (VP-2) encoding gene of AE virus (AEV) from various species of birds in field specimen by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification using specific nucleotides primer for confirmation of AE diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 13 AEV samples are isolated from various species of poultry which are serologically diagnosed infected by AEV from some areas in central Java, Indonesia. Research stage consists of virus samples collection from field specimens, extraction of AEV RNA, amplification of VP-2 protein encoding gene by RT-PCR, separation of RT-PCR product by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing and data analysis. Results: Amplification products of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV by RT-PCR methods of various types of poultry from field specimens showed a positive results on sample code 499/4/12 which generated DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp. Sensitivity test of RT-PCR amplification showed that the minimum concentration of RNA template is 127.75 ng/µl. The multiple alignments of DNA sequencing product indicated that positive sample with code 499/4/12 has 92% nucleotide homology compared with AEV with accession number AV1775/07 and 85% nucleotide homology with accession number ZCHP2/0912695 from Genbank database. Analysis of VP-2 gene sequence showed that it found 46 nucleotides difference between isolate 499/4/12 compared with accession number AV1775/07 and 93 nucleotides different with accession number ZCHP2/0912695. Conclusions: Analyses of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV with RT-PCR method from 13 samples from field specimen generated the DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp from one sample with sample code 499/4/12. The sensitivity rate of RT-PCR is to amplify the VP-2 gene of AEV until 127.75 ng/µl of RNA template. Compared to Genbank databases, isolate 499/4/12 has 85% and 92% nucleotide homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Ermawati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vera Wati
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Disease Investigation Center Wates, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
| | - Sri Handayani Irianingsih
- Division of Virology, Animal Disease Investigation Center Wates, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
| | - Nastiti Wijayanti
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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27
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Wen X, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen X. Recent advances from studies on the role of structural proteins in enterovirus infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1529-42. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a large group of small nonenveloped viruses that cause common and debilitating illnesses affecting humans and animals worldwide. The capsid composed by viral structural proteins packs the RNA genome. It is becoming apparent that structural proteins of enteroviruses play versatile roles in the virus–host interaction in the viral life cycle, more than just a shell. Furthermore, structural proteins to some extent may be associated with viral virulence and pathogenesis. Better understanding the roles of structural proteins in enterovirus infection may lead to the development of potential antiviral strategies. Here, we discuss recent advances from studies on the role of structural proteins in enterovirus infection and antiviral therapeutics targeted structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Engineering & Technology Center for Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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28
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Shubin AV, Demidyuk IV, Lunina NA, Komissarov AA, Roschina MP, Leonova OG, Kostrov SV. Protease 3C of hepatitis A virus induces vacuolization of lysosomal/endosomal organelles and caspase-independent cell death. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:4. [PMID: 25886889 PMCID: PMC4355371 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3C proteases, the main proteases of picornaviruses, play the key role in viral life cycle by processing polyproteins. In addition, 3C proteases digest certain host cell proteins to suppress antiviral defense, transcription, and translation. The activity of 3C proteases per se induces host cell death, which makes them critical factors of viral cytotoxicity. To date, cytotoxic effects have been studied for several 3C proteases, all of which induce apoptosis. This study for the first time describes the cytotoxic effect of 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus (3Cpro), the only proteolytic enzyme of the virus. RESULTS Individual expression of 3Cpro induced catalytic activity-dependent cell death, which was not abrogated by the pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) and was not accompanied by phosphatidylserine externalization in contrast to other picornaviral 3C proteases. The cell survival was also not affected by the inhibitors of cysteine proteases (z-FA-fmk) and RIP1 kinase (necrostatin-1), critical enzymes involved in non-apoptotic cell death. A substantial fraction of dying cells demonstrated numerous non-acidic cytoplasmic vacuoles with not previously described features and originating from several types of endosomal/lysosomal organelles. The lysosomal protein Lamp1 and GTPases Rab5, Rab7, Rab9, and Rab11 were associated with the vacuolar membranes. The vacuolization was completely blocked by the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) and did not depend on the activity of the principal factors of endosomal transport, GTPases Rab5 and Rab7, as well as on autophagy and macropinocytosis. CONCLUSIONS 3Cpro, apart from other picornaviral 3C proteases, induces caspase-independent cell death, accompanying by cytoplasmic vacuolization. 3Cpro-induced vacuoles have unique properties and are formed from several organelle types of the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. The data obtained demonstrate previously undocumented morphological characters of the 3Cpro-induced cell death, which can reflect unknown aspects of the human hepatitis A virus-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Shubin
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Nataliya A Lunina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Komissarov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Marina P Roschina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Olga G Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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29
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Environmental surveillance of poliovirus in sewage water around the introduction period for inactivated polio vaccine in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1859-64. [PMID: 25556189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03575-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental virus surveillance was conducted at two independent sewage plants from urban and rural areas in the northern prefecture of the Kyushu district, Japan, to trace polioviruses (PVs) within communities. Consequently, 83 PVs were isolated over a 34-month period from April 2010 to January 2013. The frequency of PV isolation at the urban plant was 1.5 times higher than that at the rural plant. Molecular sequence analysis of the viral VP1 gene identified all three serotypes among the PV isolates, with the most prevalent serotype being type 2 (46%). Nearly all poliovirus isolates exhibited more than one nucleotide mutation from the Sabin vaccine strains. During this study, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was introduced for routine immunization on 1 September 2012, replacing the live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Interestingly, the frequency of PV isolation from sewage waters declined before OPV cessation at both sites. Our study highlights the importance of environmental surveillance for the detection of the excretion of PVs from an OPV-immunized population in a highly sensitive manner, during the OPV-to-IPV transition period.
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30
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Diaz-San Segundo F, Dias CC, Moraes MP, Weiss M, Perez-Martin E, Salazar AM, Grubman MJ, de Los Santos T. Poly ICLC increases the potency of a replication-defective human adenovirus vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Virology 2014; 468-470:283-292. [PMID: 25216089 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. We have previously demonstrated that a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 vector carrying the FMDV capsid coding region of serotype A24 Cruzeiro (Ad5-CI-A24-2B) protects swine and cattle against FMDV challenge by 7 days post-vaccination. However, since relatively large amounts of Ad5-CI-A24-2B are required to induce protection this strategy could be costly for livestock production. Poly ICLC is a synthetic double stranded RNA that activates multiple innate and adaptive immune pathways. In this study, we have tested for the first time, the adjuvant effect of poly ICLC in combination with Ad5-CI-A24-2B in swine. We found that the combination resulted in a reduction of the vaccine protective dose by 80-fold. Interestingly, the lowest dose of Ad5-CI-A24-2B plus 1mg of poly ICLC protected animals against challenge even in the absence of detectable FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies at the time of challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Camila C Dias
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Mauro P Moraes
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Marcelo Weiss
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Eva Perez-Martin
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | | | - Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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Hou L, Ge X, Xin L, Zhou L, Guo X, Yang H. Nonstructural proteins 2C and 3D are involved in autophagy as induced by the encephalomyocarditis virus. Virol J 2014; 11:156. [PMID: 25178311 PMCID: PMC4161894 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) can infect a variety of animal species and humans. Although the EMCV infection is known to induce autophagy to promote its replication in host cells, the viral proteins that are responsible for inducing autophagy are unknown. Methods The recombinant plasmids that were expressing the EMCV proteins were constructed to analyze the role of each protein in the induction of autophagy. Autophagy inductions by the EMCV proteins in BHK-21 cells were investigated by confocal microscopy, Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. ER stress in BHK-21 cells was examined by detecting the marker molecules using western blotting and luciferase assays. Results This study presents the first demonstration that the nonstructural proteins 2C or 3D of EMCV were involved in inducing autophagy in BHK-21 cells that were expressing 2C or 3D, and we found that inhibiting Beclin1 expression influenced this autophagy induction process. Next, 2C and 3D were shown to be involved in inducing autophagy by activating the ER stress pathway. Finally, EMCV 2C or 3D were demonstrated to regulate the proteins associated with PERK and ATF6alpha pathway. Conclusions Our findings indicate that 2C and 3D are involved in EMCV-induced autophagy by activating ER stress molecules and regulating the proteins expression associated with UPR pathway, helping to better understand the EMCV-induced autophagy process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-156) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Sheng XD, Zhang WP, Zhang QR, Gu CQ, Hu XY, Cheng GF. Apoptosis induction in duck tissues during duck hepatitis A virus type 1 infection. Poult Sci 2014; 93:527-34. [PMID: 24604844 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of apoptosis in duck viral hepatitis pathogenesis, 4- and 21-d-old ducks were inoculated with duck hepatitis A virus serotype 1 and killed at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postinfection. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to detect apoptosis cells. Expression profiles of apoptosis-related genes including caspase-3, -8, -9, and Bcl-2 in spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver, and the quantity of virus in blood were examined using real-time PCR. The TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling analysis indicated there was a significant difference of apoptotic cells between treatments and controls. The same difference also appeared in virus amount variation in blood during infection. Gene expression analysis revealed that the apoptosis-related gene expression profile was different in the 2 groups, and also different between various organs. This study suggested that apoptosis may play an important role in duck hepatitis A virus serotype 1 infection, and apoptosis suppression might facilitate virus multiplication, resulting in the highest virus concentration in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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34
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Han B, Zhang L, Feng M, Fang Y, Li J. An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (Apis cerena) Sacbrood Disease. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1881-97. [DOI: 10.1021/pr301226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of
Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of
Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Feng
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of
Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of
Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of
Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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Adler FR, Kim PS. Models of contrasting strategies of rhinovirus immune manipulation. J Theor Biol 2013; 327:1-10. [PMID: 23485454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses, consisting of well over one hundred serotypes that cause a plurality of common colds, are completely cleared by the host immune system after causing minimal cell death, but often without inducing long-term immune memory. We develop mathematical models of two kinds of rhinoviruses, the major group and minor group, that use different receptors to enter target cells. Roughly the 90 serotypes in the major group bind to ICAM-1, a molecule that is upregulated on antigen-presenting cells, and alter the timing, location and type of the immune response. The 12 members of the minor group do not so modulate the response. Our model predicts similar virus dynamics for the major and minor groups but with quite different underlying mechanisms. Over a range of key parameters that quantify immune manipulation, disease outcomes lie within a triangle in the plane describing damage and memory, of which the major and minor group form two corners. This model of infection by a highly adapted and low virulence virus provides a starting point for understanding the development of asthma and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R Adler
- Department of Mathematics, 155 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Lan D, Tang C, Yue H, Sun H, Cui L, Hua X, Li J. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed transcripts in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with porcine sapelovirus as a model to study innate immune responses to enteric viruses. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1467-75. [PMID: 23417395 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The local intestinal mucosa, the largest mucosal immune system in animals, plays an important role in resistance against intestinal pathogen infection. However, the molecular antiviral mechanisms of the intestinal mucosa remain poorly understood. In this study, we screened and identified differentially expressed transcripts in (PSV) porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with porcine sapelovirus using microarray analysis. A total of 2298 differentially expressed genes were screened at four time points during PSV infection. These genes were involved in numerous physical systems and molecular pathways, and particularly, some innate immune-associated pathways were significant. The results showed that large amounts of type I interferon were induced, and the related interferon effect pathway was activated when IPEC-J2 cells were infected with PSV. Three pathways of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like, NOD-like, and RIG-I-like receptors, were also activated. The antigen was then processed and presented through the MHCI and MHCII pathways. Interestingly, we found that the secretion network of IgA was activated in the early stage of PSV infection. Two exogenous and endogenous apoptosis pathways were also activated during PSV infection. The results revealed changes in gene transcription, particularly those of innate immune pathway genes that were associated with PSV infection in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Lan
- Hi-tech Research and Development Base for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Ecological Conservation and Stock Farming, Southwest University for Nationality, Chengdu, China
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Encephalomyocarditis virus viroporin 2B activates NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002857. [PMID: 22916014 PMCID: PMC3415442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) comprise a large family of intracellular pattern- recognition receptors. Members of the NLR family assemble into large multiprotein complexes, termed the inflammasomes. The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is triggered by a diverse set of molecules and signals, and forms the NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent studies have indicated that both DNA and RNA viruses stimulate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 following the activation of caspase-1. We previously demonstrated that the proton-selective ion channel M2 protein of influenza virus activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the precise mechanism by which NLRP3 recognizes viral infections remains to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a positive strand RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae, activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse dendritic cells and macrophages. Although transfection with RNA from EMCV virions or EMCV-infected cells induced robust expression of type I interferons in macrophages, it failed to stimulate secretion of IL-1β. Instead, the EMCV viroporin 2B was sufficient to cause inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. While cells untransfected or transfected with the gene encoding the EMCV non-structural protein 2A or 2C expressed NLRP3 uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, NLRP3 was redistributed to the perinuclear space in cells transfected with the gene encoding the EMCV 2B or influenza virus M2 protein. 2B proteins of other picornaviruses, poliovirus and enterovirus 71, also caused the NLRP3 redistribution. Elevation of the intracellular Ca(2+) level, but not mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and lysosomal cathepsin B, was important in EMCV-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) did not reduce virus-induced IL-1β secretion. These results indicate that EMCV activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by stimulating Ca(2+) flux from intracellular storages to the cytosol, and highlight the importance of viroporins, transmembrane pore-forming viral proteins, in virus-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Grubman MJ, Diaz-San Segundo F, Dias CCA, Moraes MP, Perez-Martin E, de los Santos T. Use of replication-defective adenoviruses to develop vaccines and biotherapeutics against foot-and-mouth disease. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a replication-defective human adenovirus (Ad5) vectored foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine platform that protects both swine and cattle from subsequent challenge with homologous virus after a single immunization. This Ad5-FMD vaccine has undergone testing following the requirements of the Center for Veterinary Biologics of the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, and has recently been granted a conditional license for inclusion of the vaccine in the US National Veterinary Vaccine Stockpile. In this review, we will describe the approaches we have taken to improve the potency and efficacy of this vaccine platform. Furthermore, we will discuss the development of Ad5 vector-based biotherapeutics to generate rapid protection against FMD virus prior to vaccine-induced adaptive immunity and describe the use of a combination of these approaches to stimulate both fast and long-lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Camila CA Dias
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mauro P Moraes
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Ceva Biomune, 8906 Rosehill Rd, Shawnee Mission, KS 66215, USA
| | - Eva Perez-Martin
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Chiu YH, Chan YL, Tsai LW, Li TL, Wu CJ. Prevention of human enterovirus 71 infection by kappa carrageenan. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mutations that hamper dimerization of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3A protein are detrimental for infectivity. J Virol 2012; 86:11013-23. [PMID: 22787230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00580-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3A plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. In other picornaviruses, homodimerization of 3A has been shown to be relevant for its biological activity. In this work, FMDV 3A homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. A molecular model of the FMDV 3A protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the poliovirus 3A protein, predicted a hydrophobic interface spanning residues 25 to 44 as the main determinant for 3A dimerization. Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. These replacements also led to production of infective viruses that replaced the acidic residues introduced (E) by nonpolar amino acids, indicating that preservation of the hydrophobic interface is essential for virus replication. Replacements that favored (Q44R) or impaired (Q44D) the polar interactions predicted between residues Q44 and D32 did not abolish dimer formation of transiently expressed 3A, indicating that these interactions are not critical for 3A dimerization. Nevertheless, while Q44R led to recovery of viruses that maintained the mutation, Q44D resulted in selection of infective viruses with substitution D44E with acidic charge but with structural features similar to those of the parental virus, suggesting that Q44 is involved in functions other than 3A dimerization.
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Howe CL, Lafrance-Corey RG, Sundsbak RS, Lafrance SJ. Inflammatory monocytes damage the hippocampus during acute picornavirus infection of the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:50. [PMID: 22405261 PMCID: PMC3368782 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathology caused by acute viral infection of the brain is associated with the development of persistent neurological deficits. Identification of the immune effectors responsible for injuring the brain during acute infection is necessary for the development of therapeutic strategies that reduce neuropathology but maintain immune control of the virus. METHODS The identity of brain-infiltrating leukocytes was determined using microscopy and flow cytometry at several acute time points following intracranial infection of mice with the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Behavioral consequences of immune cell depletion were assessed by Morris water maze. RESULTS Inflammatory monocytes, defined as CD45hiCD11b++F4/80+Gr1+1A8-, and neutrophils, defined as CD45hiCD11b+++F4/80-Gr1+1A8+, were found in the brain at 12 h after infection. Flow cytometry of brain-infiltrating leukocytes collected from LysM: GFP reporter mice confirmed the identification of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in the brain. Microscopy of sections from infected LysM:GFP mice showed that infiltrating cells were concentrated in the hippocampal formation. Immunostaining confirmed that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were localized to the hippocampal formation at 12 h after infection. Immunodepletion of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils but not of neutrophils only resulted in preservation of hippocampal neurons. Immunodepletion of inflammatory monocytes also preserved cognitive function as assessed by the Morris water maze. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes rapidly and robustly responded to Theiler's virus infection by infiltrating the brain. Inflammatory monocytes preceded neutrophils, but both cell types were present in the hippocampal formation at a timepoint that is consistent with a role in triggering hippocampal pathology. Depletion of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils with the Gr1 antibody resulted in hippocampal neuroprotection and preservation of cognitive function. Specific depletion of neutrophils with the 1A8 antibody failed to preserve neurons, suggesting that inflammatory monocytes are the key effectors of brain injury during acute picornavirus infection of the brain. These effector cells may be important therapeutic targets for immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies aimed at reducing or preventing central nervous system pathology associated with acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Jiang H, Schwertz H, Schmid DI, Jones BB, Kriesel J, Martinez ML, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA, Kraiss LW. Different mechanisms preserve translation of programmed cell death 8 and JunB in virus-infected endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:997-1004. [PMID: 22328780 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.245324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translation initiation of eukaryotic mRNAs typically occurs by cap-dependent ribosome scanning mechanism. However, certain mRNAs are translated by ribosome assembly at internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). Whether IRES-mediated translation occurs in stressed primary human endothelial cells (ECs) is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed microarray analysis of polyribosomal mRNA from ECs to identify IRES-containing mRNAs. Cap-dependent translation was disabled by poliovirus (PV) infection and confirmed by loss of polysome peaks, detection of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G cleavage, and decreased protein synthesis. We found that 87.4% of mRNAs were dissociated from polysomes in virus-infected ECs. Twelve percent of mRNAs remained associated with polysomes, and 0.6% were enriched ≥2-fold in polysome fractions from infected ECs. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the microarray findings for 31 selected mRNAs. We found that enriched polysome associations of programmed cell death 8 (PDCD8) and JunB mRNA resulted in increased protein expression in PV-infected ECs. The presence of IRESs in the 5' untranslated region of PDCD8 mRNA, but not of JunB mRNA, was confirmed by dicistronic analysis. CONCLUSIONS We show that microarray profiling of polyribosomal mRNA transcripts from PV-infected ECs successfully identifies mRNAs whose translation is preserved in the face of stress-induced, near complete cessation of cap-dependent initiation. Nevertheless, internal ribosome entry is not the only mechanism responsible for this privileged translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimiao Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Enterovirus 71 disrupts interferon signaling by reducing the level of interferon receptor 1. J Virol 2012; 86:3767-76. [PMID: 22258259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06687-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infected millions of children and caused over 1,000 deaths. To date, neither an effective vaccine nor antiviral treatment is available for EV71 infection. Interferons (IFNs) have been successfully applied to treat patients with hepatitis B and C viral infections for decades but have failed to treat EV71 infections. Here, we provide the evidence that EV71 antagonizes type I IFN signaling by reducing the level of interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1). We show that the host cells could sense EV71 infection and stimulate IFN-β production. However, the induction of downstream IFN-stimulated genes is inhibited by EV71. Also, only a slight interferon response and antiviral effects could be detected in cells treated with recombinant type I IFNs after EV71 infection. Further studies reveal that EV71 blocks the IFN-mediated phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, Jak1, and Tyk2 by reducing IFNAR1. Finally, we identified the 2A protease encoded by EV71 as an antagonist of IFNs and show that the protease activity is required for reducing IFNAR1 levels. Taken together, our study for the first time uncovers a mechanism used by EV71 to antagonize type I IFN signaling and provides new targets for future antiviral strategies.
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Activation of apoptotic signalling events in human embryonic stem cells upon Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Apoptosis 2011; 17:132-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhou JH, Zhang J, Chen HT, Ma LN, Ding YZ, Pejsak Z, Liu YS. The codon usage model of the context flanking each cleavage site in the polyprotein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1815-9. [PMID: 21801856 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the codon usage pattern of the contexts flanking 11 cleavage sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) polyprotein, the codon usage model of the corresponding codon position and the synonymous codon usage in the target contexts of 66 strains were characterized by two simple methods based on the relative synonymous codon usage value. The synonymous codons usage pattern was also compared between this virus and two species of hosts (cattle and domestic pig). It is indicated that FMDV bore a general resemblance to the hosts in terms of the synonymous codon usage pattern. This feature may help FMDV to utilize translational resources of host efficiently. The two amino acid residues constituting each cleavage site contain at least one conserved residue. It was noticed that the codon usage model with the strong bias appeared in some specific positions in the target contexts, and the under-represented synonymous codons, AUA for Ile, CUA for Leu, UUA for Leu and GUA for Val, are preferentially used in these positions. These under-represented synonymous codons likely play role in regulating the translation rate and influencing the secondary structure of the contexts flanking the cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, PR China
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Gulbahar MY, Kabak YB, Karayigit MO, Yarim M, Guvenc T, Parlak U. The expressions of HSP70 and αB-crystallin in myocarditis associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus in lambs. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:65-73. [PMID: 21368565 PMCID: PMC3053469 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the expression of heat shock protein70 (HSP70) and alpha-basic-crystallin (α-BC) and their association with apoptosis and some related adaptor proteins in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-induced myocarditis in lambs. HSP70 was generally overexpressed in the myocardial tissues and inflammatory cells of FMDV-induced myocarditis with differential accumulation and localization in same hearts when compared to non-foot-and-mouth disease control hearts. α-BC immunolabeling showed coarse aggregations in the Z line of the cardiomyocytes in FMDV-infected hearts in contrast to control hearts. Overall, the results of this study show that the anti-apoptotic proteins, HSP70 and α-BC, were overexpressed with increased apoptosis in FMDV-infected heart tissues. Both proteins failed to protect the cardiomyocytes from apoptosis as defense mechanisms to the FMDV during the infection, suggesting that the virus is able to increase apoptosis via both downregulation and/or upregulation of these anti-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yavuz Gulbahar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Abstract
We describe a method for preparing brain infiltrating leukocytes (BILs) from mice. We demonstrate how to infect mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) via a rapid intracranial injection technique and how to purify a leukocyte-enriched population of infiltrating cells from whole brain. Briefly, mice are anesthetized with isoflurane in a closed chamber and are free-hand injected with a Hamilton syringe into the frontal cortex. Mice are then killed at various times after infection by isoflurane overdose and whole brains are extracted and homogenized in RPMI with a Tenbroeck tissue grinder. Brain homogenates are centrifuged through a continuous 30% Percoll gradient to remove the myelin and other cell debris. The cell suspension is then strained at 40 μm, washed and centrifuged on a discontinuous Ficoll-Paque Plus gradient to select and purify the leukocytes. The leukocytes are then washed and resuspended in appropriate buffers for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry reveals a population of innate immune cells at the early stages of infection in C57BL/6 mice. At 24 hours post infection, multiple subsets of immune cells are present in the BILs, with an enriched population of Gr1(+), CD11b(+) and F4/80(+)cells. Therefore, this method is useful in characterizing the immune response to acute infection in the brain.
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48
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Apoptotic and antiapoptotic activity of L protein of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Virol 2011; 85:7177-85. [PMID: 21561911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00009-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular apoptosis induced by viral genes can play a critical role in determining virulence as well as viral persistence. This form of cell death has been of interest with respect to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) because the GDVII strain and members of the GDVII subgroup are highly neurovirulent, while the DA strain and members of the TO subgroup induce a chronic progressive inflammatory demyelination with persistence of the virus in the central nervous system. The TMEV L protein has been identified as important in the pathogenesis of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). We now show that DA L is apoptotic following transfection of L expression constructs or following DA virus infection of HeLa cells; the apoptotic activity depends on the presence of the serine/threonine domain of L, especially a serine at amino acid 57. In contrast, GDVII L has little apoptotic activity following transfection of L expression constructs in HeLa cells and is antiapoptotic following GDVII infection of HeLa cells. Of note, both DA and GDVII L cleave caspase-3 in BHK-21 cells, although neither implements the full apoptotic machinery in this cell type as manifested by the induction of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The differences in apoptotic activities of DA and GDVII L in varied cell types may play an important role in TMEV subgroup-specific disease phenotypes.
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49
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Development of postinfection epilepsy after Theiler's virus infection of C57BL/6 mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:1210-9. [PMID: 21107134 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ffc420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system can lead to long-term neurologic defects, including increased risk for the development of epilepsy. We describe the development of the first mouse model of viral-induced epilepsy after intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Mice were monitored with long-term video-electroencephalogram at multiple time points after infection. Most mice exhibited short-term symptomatic seizures within 3 to 7 days of infection. This was followed by a distinct latent period in which no seizures were observed. Prolonged video-electroencephalogram recordings at 2, 4, and 7 months after the initial infection revealed that a significant proportion of the mice developed profound, spontaneous epileptic seizures. Neuropathologic examination revealed hippocampal sclerosis in animals with epilepsy. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected C57BL/6 mice represent a novel "hit-and-run" model to investigate mechanisms underlying viral-induced short-term symptomatic seizures, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy. Importantly, this model will also be useful to investigate novel therapies for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy.
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George CX, Li Z, Okonski KM, Toth AM, Wang Y, Samuel CE. Tipping the balance: antagonism of PKR kinase and ADAR1 deaminase functions by virus gene products. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:477-87. [PMID: 19715457 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase regulated by RNA (PKR) and the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR1) are interferon-inducible enzymes that play important roles in biologic processes including the antiviral actions of interferons, signal transduction, and apoptosis. PKR catalyzes the RNA-dependent phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 alpha, thereby leading to altered translational patterns in interferon-treated and virus-infected cells. PKR also modulates signal transduction responses, including the induction of interferon. ADAR1 catalyzes the deamination of adenosine (A) to generate inosine (I) in RNAs with double-stranded character. Because I is recognized as G instead of A, A-to-I editing by ADAR1 can lead to genetic recoding and altered RNA structures. The importance of PKR and ADAR1 in innate antiviral immunity is illustrated by a number of viruses that encode either RNA or protein viral gene products that antagonize PKR and ADAR1 enzymatic activity, localization, or stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril X George
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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