1
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Birk MS, Walch P, Baykara T, Sefried S, Amelang J, Buerova E, Breuer I, Vervoots J, Typas A, Savitski MM, Mateus A, Selkrig J. Salmonella infection impacts host proteome thermal stability. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151448. [PMID: 39128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens hijack the protein machinery of infected host cells to evade their defenses and cultivate a favorable intracellular niche. The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium (STm) achieves this by injecting a cocktail of effector proteins into host cells that modify the activity of target host proteins. Yet, proteome-wide approaches to systematically map changes in host protein function during infection have remained challenging. Here we adapted a functional proteomics approach - Thermal-Proteome Profiling (TPP) - to systematically assess proteome-wide changes in host protein abundance and thermal stability throughout an STm infection cycle. By comparing macrophages treated with live or heat-killed STm, we observed that most host protein abundance changes occur independently of STm viability. In contrast, a large portion of host protein thermal stability changes were specific to infection with live STm. This included pronounced thermal stability changes in proteins linked to mitochondrial function (Acod1/Irg1, Cox6c, Samm50, Vdac1, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex proteins), as well as the interferon-inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats, Ifit1. Integration of our TPP data with a publicly available STm-host protein-protein interaction database led us to discover that the secreted STm effector kinase, SteC, thermally destabilizes and phosphorylates the ribosomal preservation factor Serbp1. In summary, this work emphasizes the utility of measuring protein thermal stability during infection to accelerate the discovery of novel molecular interactions at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène S Birk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Philipp Walch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Tarik Baykara
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sefried
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jan Amelang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Elena Buerova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ingrid Breuer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jörg Vervoots
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - André Mateus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 907 36, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå 907 36, Sweden.
| | - Joel Selkrig
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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2
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Oke MT, D’Costa VM. Functional Divergence of the Paralog Salmonella Effector Proteins SopD and SopD2 and Their Contributions to Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4191. [PMID: 38673776 PMCID: PMC11050076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in humans and is responsible for millions of cases annually. A critical strategy for the survival of this pathogen is the translocation of bacterial virulence factors termed effectors into host cells, which primarily function via protein-protein interactions with host proteins. The Salmonella genome encodes several paralogous effectors believed to have arisen from duplication events throughout the course of evolution. These paralogs can share structural similarities and enzymatic activities but have also demonstrated divergence in host cell targets or interaction partners and contributions to the intracellular lifecycle of Salmonella. The paralog effectors SopD and SopD2 share 63% amino acid sequence similarity and extensive structural homology yet have demonstrated divergence in secretion kinetics, intracellular localization, host targets, and roles in infection. SopD and SopD2 target host Rab GTPases, which represent critical regulators of intracellular trafficking that mediate diverse cellular functions. While SopD and SopD2 both manipulate Rab function, these paralogs display differences in Rab specificity, and the effectors have also evolved multiple mechanisms of action for GTPase manipulation. Here, we highlight this intriguing pair of paralog effectors in the context of host-pathogen interactions and discuss how this research has presented valuable insights into effector evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosopefoluwa T. Oke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vanessa M. D’Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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3
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Singh MK, Kenney LJ. Visualizing the invisible: novel approaches to visualizing bacterial proteins and host-pathogen interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1334503. [PMID: 38415188 PMCID: PMC10898356 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1334503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions play a critical role in infectious diseases, and understanding the underlying mechanisms is vital for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The visualization and characterization of bacterial proteins within host cells is key to unraveling the dynamics of these interactions. Various protein labeling strategies have emerged as powerful tools for studying host-pathogen interactions, enabling the tracking, localization, and functional analysis of bacterial proteins in real-time. However, the labeling and localization of Salmonella secreted type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors in host cells poses technical challenges. Conventional methods disrupt effector stoichiometry and often result in non-specific staining. Bulky fluorescent protein fusions interfere with effector secretion, while other tagging systems such as 4Cys-FLaSH/Split-GFP suffer from low labeling specificity and a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Recent advances in state-of-the-art techniques have augmented the existing toolkit for monitoring the translocation and dynamics of bacterial effectors. This comprehensive review delves into the bacterial protein labeling strategies and their application in imaging host-pathogen interactions. Lastly, we explore the obstacles faced and potential pathways forward in the realm of protein labeling strategies for visualizing interactions between hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moirangthem Kiran Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Linda J. Kenney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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4
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Göser V, Sander N, Schulte M, Scharte F, Franzkoch R, Liss V, Psathaki OE, Hensel M. Single molecule analyses reveal dynamics of Salmonella translocated effector proteins in host cell endomembranes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1240. [PMID: 36870997 PMCID: PMC9985595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica remodels the host endosomal system for survival and proliferation inside host cells. Salmonella resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and by Salmonella-induced fusions of host endomembranes, the SCV is connected with extensive tubular structures termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella critically depends on effector proteins translocated into host cells. A subset of effectors is associated with, or integral in SCV and SIF membranes. How effectors reach their subcellular destination, and how they interact with endomembranes remodeled by Salmonella remains to be determined. We deployed self-labeling enzyme tags to label translocated effectors in living host cells, and analyzed their single molecule dynamics. Translocated effectors diffuse in membranes of SIF with mobility comparable to membrane-integral host proteins in endomembranes. Dynamics differ between various effectors investigated and is dependent on membrane architecture of SIF. In the early infection, host endosomal vesicles are associated with Salmonella effectors. Effector-positive vesicles continuously fuse with SCV and SIF membranes, providing a route of effector delivery by translocation, interaction with endosomal vesicles, and ultimately fusion with the continuum of SCV/SIF membranes. This mechanism controls membrane deformation and vesicular fusion to generate the specific intracellular niche for bacterial survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göser
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nathalie Sander
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marc Schulte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia E Psathaki
- iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,CellNanOs - Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany. .,CellNanOs - Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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5
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Fang Z, Méresse S. Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in Salmonella infection. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:24-41. [PMID: 35127930 PMCID: PMC8796136 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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6
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Chao TC, Thapa S, Hansmeier N. Affinity Enrichment of Salmonella-Modified Membranes from Murine Macrophages for Proteomic Analyses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2456:263-273. [PMID: 35612748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2124-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting host-pathogen interaction requires the ability to specifically enrich distinct proteins along with their co-assembled constituents or complexes. Affinity technologies leverage specificity of reagents to desired targets and help to enrich proteins of interests along with specifically associated proteins. Coupled with mass-spectrometry-based proteomics, this technology has become a powerful tool to explore pathogen compartments of diverse facultative and obligate intracellular pathogens. Here, we describe the process from infection of macrophages with Salmonella enterica to the affinity enrichment of Salmonella-modified membranes from murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Samina Thapa
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
- Luther College at University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
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7
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Fang Z, Fallet M, Moest T, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. The Salmonella effector SifA initiates a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment process mirroring that mediated by Arl8a/b. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273658. [PMID: 34878110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When intracellular, pathogenic Salmonella reside in a membrane compartment composed of interconnected vacuoles and tubules, the formation of which depends on the translocation of bacterial effectors into the host cell. Cytoskeletons and their molecular motors are prime targets for these effectors. In this study, we show that the microtubule molecular motor KIF1Bß, a member of the kinesin-3 family, is a key element for the establishment of the Salmonella replication niche as its absence is detrimental to the stability of bacterial vacuoles and the formation of associated tubules. Kinesin-3 interacts with the Salmonella effector SifA but also with SKIP, a host protein complexed to SifA. The interaction with SifA is essential for the recruitment of kinesin-3 on Salmonella vacuoles while that with SKIP is incidental. In the non-infectious context, however, the interaction with SKIP is essential for the recruitment and activity of kinesin-3 on a part of lysosomes. Finally, our results show that in infected cells, the presence of SifA establishes a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment pathway that is analogous to and functions independently of that mediated by the Arl8a/b GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Tomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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8
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Self-Labeling Enzyme Tags for Translocation Analyses of Salmonella Effector Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32894488 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0791-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen with a highly sophisticated intracellular lifestyle. Invasion and intracellular proliferation are dependent on the translocation of effector proteins by two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SS) into the host cell. To unravel host-pathogen interactions, dedicated imaging techniques visualizing Salmonella effector proteins during the infection are essential. Here we describe a new approach utilizing self-labeling enzyme (SLE) tags as a universal labeling tool for tracing effector proteins. This method is able to resolve the temporal and spatial dynamics of effector proteins in living cells. The method is applicable to conventional confocal fluorescence microscopy, but also to tracking and localization microscopy (TALM), and super-resolution microscopy (SRM) of single molecules, allowing the visualization of effector proteins beyond the optical diffraction limit.
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9
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Kehl A, Noster J, Hensel M. Eat in or Take out? Metabolism of Intracellular Salmonella enterica. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:644-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Kehl A, Göser V, Reuter T, Liss V, Franke M, John C, Richter CP, Deiwick J, Hensel M. A trafficome-wide RNAi screen reveals deployment of early and late secretory host proteins and the entire late endo-/lysosomal vesicle fusion machinery by intracellular Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008220. [PMID: 32658937 PMCID: PMC7377517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella enterica is characterized by the formation of a replication-permissive membrane-bound niche, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). As a further consequence of the massive remodeling of the host cell endosomal system, intracellular Salmonella establish a unique network of various Salmonella-induced tubules (SIT). The bacterial repertoire of effector proteins required for the establishment for one type of these SIT, the Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), is rather well-defined. However, the corresponding host cell proteins are still poorly understood. To identify host factors required for the formation of SIF, we performed a sub-genomic RNAi screen. The analyses comprised high-resolution live cell imaging to score effects on SIF induction, dynamics and morphology. The hits of our functional RNAi screen comprise: i) The late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, consisting of STX7, STX8, VTI1B, and VAMP7 or VAMP8, which is, in conjunction with RAB7 and the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) tethering complex, a complete vesicle fusion machinery. ii) Novel interactions with the early secretory GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, providing a potential link to coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles and reinforcing recently identified ties to the endoplasmic reticulum. iii) New connections to the late secretory pathway and/or the recycling endosome via the GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, and RAB8B and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4. iv) An unprecedented involvement of clathrin-coated structures. The resulting set of hits allowed us to characterize completely new host factor interactions, and to strengthen observations from several previous studies. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induces the reorganization of the endosomal system of mammalian host cells. This activity is dependent on translocated effector proteins of the pathogen. The host cell factors required for endosomal remodeling are only partially known. To identify such factors for the formation and dynamics of endosomal compartments in Salmonella-infected cells, we performed a live cell imaging-based RNAi screen to investigate the role of 496 mammalian proteins involved in cellular logistics. We identified that endosomal remodeling by intracellular Salmonella is dependent on host factors in the following functional classes: i) the late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, ii) the early secretory pathway, represented by regulator GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, iii) the late secretory pathway and/or recycling endosomes represented by GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, RAB8B, and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4, and iv) clathrin-coated structures. The identification of these new host factors provides further evidence for the complex manipulation of host cell transport functions by intracellular Salmonella and should enable detailed follow-up studies on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
| | - Vera Göser
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reuter
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franke
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christopher John
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Deiwick
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
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11
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Knuff-Janzen K, Tupin A, Yurist-Doutsch S, Rowland JL, Finlay BB. Multiple Salmonella-pathogenicity island 2 effectors are required to facilitate bacterial establishment of its intracellular niche and virulence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235020. [PMID: 32584855 PMCID: PMC7316343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium depends on the
bacterium’s ability to survive and replicate within host cells. The formation
and maintenance of a unique membrane-bound compartment, termed the
Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), is essential for
S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. SCV-bound S.
Typhimurium induces formation of filamentous tubules that radiate outwards from
the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). SIF
formation is concomitant with the onset of replication within host epithelial
cells. SIF biogenesis, formation and maintenance of the SCV, and the
intracellular positioning of the SCV within the host cell requires translocation
of bacterial proteins (effectors) into the host cell. Effectors secreted by the
type III secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity
island 2 (T3SS2) function to interfere with host cellular processes and promote
both intracellular survival and replication of S. Typhimurium.
Seven T3SS2-secreted effectors, SifA, SopD2, PipB2, SteA, SseJ, SseF, and SseG
have previously been implicated to play complementary, redundant, and/or
antagonistic roles with respect to SIF biogenesis, intracellular positioning of
the SCV, and SCV membrane dynamics modulation during infection. We undertook a
systematic study to delineate the contribution of each effector to these
processes by (i) deleting all seven of these effectors in a single
S. Typhimurium strain; and (ii) deleting combinations of
multiple effectors based on putative effector function. Using this deletion
mutant library, we show that each of SIF biogenesis, intracellular SCV
localization, intramacrophage replication, colonization, and virulence depends
on the activities of multiple effectors. Together, our data demonstrates the
complex interplay between these seven effectors and highlights the necessity to
study T3SS2-secreted effectors as groups, rather than studies of individual
effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Knuff-Janzen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Tupin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Yurist-Doutsch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Rowland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Alberdi L, Vergnes A, Manneville JB, Tembo DL, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Schroeder N, Dumont A, Lagier M, Bassereau P, Redondo-Morata L, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Regulation of kinesin-1 activity by the Salmonella enterica effectors PipB2 and SifA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs239863. [PMID: 32409568 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. The formation of its replication niche, which is composed of a vacuole associated with a network of membrane tubules, depends on the secretion of a set of bacterial effector proteins whose activities deeply modify the functions of the eukaryotic host cell. By recruiting and regulating the activity of the kinesin-1 molecular motor, Salmonella effectors PipB2 and SifA play an essential role in the formation of the bacterial compartments. In particular, they allow the formation of tubules from the vacuole and their extension along the microtubule cytoskeleton, and thus promote membrane exchanges and nutrient supply. We have developed in vitro and in cellulo assays to better understand the specific role played by these two effectors in the recruitment and regulation of kinesin-1. Our results reveal a specific interaction between the two effectors and indicate that, contrary to what studies on infected cells suggested, interaction with PipB2 is sufficient to relieve the autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Finally, they suggest the involvement of other Salmonella effectors in the control of the activity of this molecular motor.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Ziyan Fang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dumont
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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13
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Reuter T, Vorwerk S, Liss V, Chao TC, Hensel M, Hansmeier N. Proteomic Analysis of Salmonella-modified Membranes Reveals Adaptations to Macrophage Hosts. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:900-912. [PMID: 32102972 PMCID: PMC7196581 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic infection and proliferation of intracellular pathogens require the biogenesis of a growth-stimulating compartment. The gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica commonly forms highly dynamic and extensive tubular membrane compartments built from Salmonella-modified membranes (SMMs) in diverse host cells. Although the general mechanism involved in the formation of replication-permissive compartments of S. enterica is well researched, much less is known regarding specific adaptations to different host cell types. Using an affinity-based proteome approach, we explored the composition of SMMs in murine macrophages. The systematic characterization provides a broader landscape of host players to the maturation of Salmonella-containing compartments and reveals core host elements targeted by Salmonella in macrophages as well as epithelial cells. However, we also identified subtle host specific adaptations. Some of these observations, such as the differential involvement of the COPII system, Rab GTPases 2A, 8B, 11 and ER transport proteins Sec61 and Sec22B may explain cell line-dependent variations in the pathophysiology of Salmonella infections. In summary, our system-wide approach demonstrates a hitherto underappreciated impact of the host cell type in the formation of intracellular compartments by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Reuter
- CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephanie Vorwerk
- CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany; CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Luther College at University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
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14
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Göser V, Kehl A, Röder J, Hensel M. Role of the ESCRT‐III complex in controlling integrity of the
Salmonella
‐containing vacuole. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13176. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göser
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Kehl
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Institut für HygieneUniversität Münster Münster Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Jennifer Röder
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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15
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YshB Promotes Intracellular Replication and Is Required for Salmonella Virulence. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00314-19. [PMID: 31182500 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00314-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella virulence requires the initial invasion of host cells, followed by modulation of the intracellular environment for survival and replication. In an effort to characterize the role of small RNAs in Salmonella pathogenesis, we inadvertently identified a 5-kDa protein named YshB that is involved in the intracellular survival of Salmonella We show here that yshB expression is upregulated upon entry into macrophages. When yshB expression is upregulated before bacterial entry, invasion efficiency is inhibited. Lack of YshB resulted in reduced bacterial survival within the macrophages and led to reduced virulence in a mouse model of infection.IMPORTANCE Salmonella gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease, possibly affecting millions of people globally each year. Here we characterize the role of a novel small protein, YshB, in mediating Salmonella intracellular survival. This elucidation adds to the body of knowledge regarding how this bacterium achieves intracellular survival.
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16
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Noster J, Chao TC, Sander N, Schulte M, Reuter T, Hansmeier N, Hensel M. Proteomics of intracellular Salmonella enterica reveals roles of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 in metabolism and antioxidant defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007741. [PMID: 31009521 PMCID: PMC6497321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) deploy the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) for the massive remodeling of the endosomal system for host cells. This activity results in formation of an extensive interconnected tubular network of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) connected to the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Such network is absent in cells infected with SPI2-T3SS-deficient mutant strains such as ΔssaV. A tubular network with reduced dimensions is formed if SPI2-T3SS effector protein SseF is absent. Previous single cell live microscopy-based analyses revealed that intracellular proliferation of STM is directly correlated to the ability to transform the host cell endosomal system into a complex tubular network. This network may also abrogate host defense mechanisms such as delivery of antimicrobial effectors to the SCV. To test the role of SIFs in STM patho-metabolism, we performed quantitative comparative proteomics of STM recovered from infected murine macrophages. We infected RAW264.7 cells with STM wild type (WT), ΔsseF or ΔssaV strains, recovered bacteria 12 h after infection and determined proteome compositions. Increased numbers of proteins characteristic for nutritional starvation were detected in STM ΔsseF and ΔssaV compared to WT. In addition, STM ΔssaV, but not ΔsseF showed signatures of increased exposure to stress by antimicrobial defenses, in particular reactive oxygen species, of the host cells. The proteomics analyses presented here support and extend the role of SIFs for the intracellular lifestyle of STM. We conclude that efficient manipulation of the host cell endosomal system by effector proteins of the SPI2-T3SS contributes to nutrition, as well as to resistance against antimicrobial host defense mechanisms. The facultative intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to life inside a pathogen-containing vacuole in mammalian host cells. Intracellular Salmonella manipulate the host cell endosomal system resulting in formation of a complex network of tubular vesicles, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). We applied quantitative proteomics to intracellular Salmonella in murine macrophages and compared the wild-type strain to mutant strains with aberrant SIF architecture, or no capacity for induction of SIF. We determined that those mutant strains contain higher amounts of transporters for nutrient uptake, and lower amounts of proteins for central carbon metabolism. These observations indicate response to nutrient restriction in absence of fully established SIF. In addition, the mutant strain unable to induce SIF formation showed increased amounts of proteins required for response to antimicrobial factors of the host cells. These data show that the massive remodeling of the endosomal system of host cells by intracellular Salmonella serves to essential needs, i.e. to enable access to nutrients for efficient proliferation of the pathogen, and to withstand hostile conditions within the pathogen-containing vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Noster
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change & Society, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Nathalie Sander
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marc Schulte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reuter
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Change & Society, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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17
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Moest T, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Schüssler JM, Yan W, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Contribution of bacterial effectors and host proteins to the composition and function of Salmonella-induced tubules. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12951. [PMID: 30212607 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cells infected with Salmonella are characterised by the appearance of membrane tubular structures that stretch from the bacterial vacuole. The formation of these tubules requires the translocation of Salmonella effector proteins within the infected cell. Different types of Salmonella-induced tubules with varying host protein compositions have been identified. This variability probably reflects the ability of these tubules to interact with different host compartments. Membrane tubules decorated with effector proteins but essentially devoid of host proteins and named LAMP1-negative (LNT) were observed. LNTs wrap around LAMP1-positive vesicles and may promote recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to bacterial vacuole and the formation of a replication niche. We conducted a biochemical and functional characterisation of LNTs. We show that the effector proteins SseF and SseG are necessary for their formation. The absence of these tubules is associated with decreased recruitment of LAMP1 to SCVs, decreased intracellular replication of Salmonella, and decreased virulence in mice. We found that the process leading to the recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to tubules involves the C-terminal domain of the effector protein SifA and the GTPase Arl8b. Overall, these data suggest that Salmonella-induced tubules promote the establishment of the replication niche by promoting recruitment of host proteins to the bacterial vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Wen Yan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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18
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Yi YS. Regulatory Roles of the Caspase-11 Non-Canonical Inflammasome in Inflammatory Diseases. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e41. [PMID: 30619627 PMCID: PMC6312891 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response mediated by innate immune cells of tissues, against invading microbes and cellular stress. The hallmark of inflammatory responses is the activation of inflammasomes — multiprotein oligomers comprising intracellular pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory effectors — such as ASC and pro-cysteine-aspartic protease (pro-caspase)-1. Inflammasomes can be classified as canonical or non-canonical, and their activation in response to various ligands commonly induces caspase-1 activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD) processing, leading to caspase-1-mediated maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis through pore generation in cell membranes. Although inflammation protects the host from harmful stimuli, chronic inflammation is a critical risk factor for inflammatory diseases, and several studies have investigated the role of canonical inflammasomes in inflammatory responses and diseases, with emerging studies focusing on the role of non-canonical inflammasomes. This review discusses recent studies on the regulatory roles of the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Additionally, it provides an insight into the development of novel therapeutics based on targeting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome and its downstream effectors to prevent and treat human inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea
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19
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Tuli A, Sharma M. How to do business with lysosomes: Salmonella leads the way. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 47:1-7. [PMID: 30391777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have devised various strategies to alter the host endomembrane system towards building their replicative niche. This is aptly illustrated by Salmonella Typhimurium, whereby it remodels the host endolysosomal system to form a unique niche, also known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Decades of research using in vitro cell-based infection studies have revealed intricate details of how Salmonella effectors target endocytic trafficking machinery of the host cell to acquire membrane and nutrients for bacterial replication. Unexpectedly, Salmonella requires host factors involved in endosome-lysosome fusion for its intravacuolar replication. Understanding how Salmonella obtains selective content from lysosomes, that is nutrients, but not active hydrolases, needs further exploration. Recent studies have described heterogeneity in the composition and pH of lysosomes, which will be highly relevant to explore, not only in the context of Salmonella infection, but also for other intracellular pathogens that interact with the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tuli
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali, Punjab, India.
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20
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Abstract
More than a century ago, infections by Salmonella were already associated with foodborne enteric diseases with high morbidity in humans and cattle. Intestinal inflammation and diarrhea are hallmarks of infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, and these pathologies facilitate pathogen transmission to the environment. In those early times, physicians and microbiologists also realized that typhoid and paratyphoid fever caused by some Salmonella serovars could be transmitted by "carriers," individuals outwardly healthy or at most suffering from some minor chronic complaint. In his pioneering study of the nontyphoidal serovar Typhimurium in 1967, Takeuchi published the first images of intracellular bacteria enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles in the initial stages of the intestinal epithelium penetration. These compartments, called Salmonella-containing vacuoles, are highly dynamic phagosomes with differing biogenesis depending on the host cell type. Single-cell studies involving real-time imaging and gene expression profiling, together with new approaches based on genetic reporters sensitive to growth rate, have uncovered unprecedented heterogeneous responses in intracellular bacteria. Subpopulations of intracellular bacteria displaying fast, reduced, or no growth, as well as cytosolic and intravacuolar bacteria, have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo infection models. Recent investigations, most of them focused on the serovar Typhimurium, point to the selection of persisting bacteria inside macrophages or following an autophagy attack in fibroblasts. Here, we discuss these heterogeneous intracellular lifestyles and speculate on how these disparate behaviors may impact host-to-host transmissibility of Salmonella serovars.
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21
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Namakchian M, Kassler K, Sticht H, Hensel M, Deiwick J. Structure-based functional analysis of effector protein SifA in living cells reveals motifs important for Salmonella intracellular proliferation. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:84-96. [PMID: 28939436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica survives and replicates inside the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) of mammalian host cells. SifA is a key effector protein translocated by a type III secretion system and involved in formation of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), extensive tubular endosomal compartments. Recruitment of LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1)-positive membranes to SIF ensures integrity and dynamics of the membrane network. The binding of SifA to the host protein SKIP (SifA and kinesin interacting protein) was proposed as crucial for this function. Due to structural mimicry SifA has further been proposed to interact with G-proteins. We conducted a mutational study of SifA to identify domains and amino acid residues specifically relevant for intracellular replication and SIF formation. Mutations were designed based on the available structural data of SifA and its interface with SKIP, or modeled for SifA as putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor. We developed a live cell imaging-based approach for volume quantification of the SIF network that allowed determination of subtle changes in SIF network and performed a comprehensive analysis of mutant forms of SifA by this approach. We found that the SifA catalytic loop of WxxxE effectors is as important for SIF formation and intracellular proliferation as the SKIP interaction motif, or the CAAX motif for membrane anchoring of SifA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Kassler
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Jörg Deiwick
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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22
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Young AM, Palmer AE. Methods to Illuminate the Role of Salmonella Effector Proteins during Infection: A Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:363. [PMID: 28848721 PMCID: PMC5554337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens like Salmonella enterica use secretion systems, such as the Type III Secretion System, to deliver virulence factors into host cells in order to invade and colonize these cells. Salmonella virulence factors include a suite of effector proteins that remodel the host cell to facilitate bacterial internalization, replication, and evasion of host immune surveillance. A number of diverse and innovative approaches have been used to identify and characterize the role of effector proteins during infection. Recent techniques for studying infection using single cell and animal models have illuminated the contribution of individual effector proteins in infection. This review will highlight the techniques applied to study Salmonella effector proteins during infection. It will describe how different approaches have revealed mechanistic details for effectors in manipulating host cellular processes including: the dynamics of effector translocation into host cells, cytoskeleton reorganization, membrane trafficking, gene regulation, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, United States
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, United States
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23
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Jennings E, Thurston TL, Holden DW. Salmonella SPI-2 Type III Secretion System Effectors: Molecular Mechanisms And Physiological Consequences. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:217-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Knuff K, Finlay BB. What the SIF Is Happening-The Role of Intracellular Salmonella-Induced Filaments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:335. [PMID: 28791257 PMCID: PMC5524675 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A common strategy among intracellular bacterial pathogens is to enter into a vacuolar environment upon host cell invasion. One such pathogen, Salmonella enterica, resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) inside epithelial cells and macrophages. Salmonella hijacks the host endosomal system to establish this unique intracellular replicative niche, forming a highly complex and dynamic network of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). SIFs radiate outwards from the SCV upon onset of bacterial replication. SIF biogenesis is dependent on the activity of bacterial effector proteins secreted by the Salmonella-pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2) encoded type III secretion system. While the presence of SIFs has been known for almost 25 years, their precise role during infection remains elusive. This review summarizes our current knowledge of SCV maturation and SIF biogenesis, and recent advances in our understanding of the role of SIFs inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Knuff
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Liss V, Swart AL, Kehl A, Hermanns N, Zhang Y, Chikkaballi D, Böhles N, Deiwick J, Hensel M. Salmonella enterica Remodels the Host Cell Endosomal System for Efficient Intravacuolar Nutrition. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:390-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Santos JC, Enninga J. At the crossroads: communication of bacteria-containing vacuoles with host organelles. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:330-9. [PMID: 26762760 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Invasive bacterial pathogens are engulfed upon host cell entry in a vacuolar environment called the bacteria-containing vacuole (BCV). BCVs directly contact with numerous host compartments, mainly vesicles of the endocytic pathway, such as endosomes or lysosomes. In addition, they also interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and endomembranes of the secretory pathway. These connections between the pathogen and the host occur either through heterotypic membrane fusions or through membrane contact sites. The precise regulation of BCV contacts with host compartments defines the constitution of the intracellular bacterial niche. It emerges that the associated pathways may control the stability of the BCV resulting either in vacuolar or cytoplasmically growing bacteria. Here, we will portray how the usage of novel proteomics and imaging technologies allows comparison of the communication of different host cell compartments with four relevant intracellular human pathogens, namely Salmonella enterica, Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri and Francisella tularensis. The first two remain mainly within the BCV, and the latter two escape into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Santos
- Unit "Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions", Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Unit "Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions", Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Zhao Y, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Effector proteins support the asymmetric apportioning of Salmonella during cytokinesis. Virulence 2016; 7:669-78. [PMID: 27046257 PMCID: PMC4991364 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1173298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella-infected cells are characterized by the presence of intra-cellular membranous tubules that emerge from bacterial vacuoles and extend along microtubules. The formation of Salmonella-induced tubules depends on the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS-2) that translocates bacterial effector proteins inside host cells. Effector proteins have enzymatic activities or allow for hijacking of cellular functions. The role of Salmonella-induced tubules in virulence remains unclear but their absence is correlated with virulence defects. This study describes the presence of inter-cellular tubules that arise between daughter cells during cytokinesis. Inter-cellular tubules connect bacterial vacuoles originally present in the parent cell and that have been apportioned between daughters. Their formation requires a functional T3SS-2 and effector proteins. Our data establish a correlation between the formation of inter-cellular tubules and the asymmetric distribution of bacterial vacuoles in daughters. Thus, by manipulating the distribution of bacteria in cytokinetic cells, Salmonella T3SS-2 effector proteins may increase bacterial spreading and the systemic character of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Zhao
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2 , Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2 , Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille , France
| | - Stéphane Méresse
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2 , Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille , France
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28
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López-Montero N, Ramos-Marquès E, Risco C, García-Del Portillo F. Intracellular Salmonella induces aggrephagy of host endomembranes in persistent infections. Autophagy 2016; 12:1886-1901. [PMID: 27485662 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1208888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy has been studied in epithelial cells infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Distinct autophagy receptors target this pathogen to degradation after interacting with ubiquitin on the surface of cytosolic bacteria, and the phagophore- and autophagosome-associated protein MAP1LC3/LC3. Glycans exposed in damaged phagosomal membranes and diacylglycerol accumulation in the phagosomal membrane also trigger S. Typhimurium xenophagy. How these responses control intraphagosomal and cytosolic bacteria remains poorly understood. Here, we examined S. Typhimurium interaction with autophagy in fibroblasts, in which the pathogen displays limited growth and does not escape into the cytosol. Live-cell imaging microscopy revealed that S. Typhimurium recruits late endosomal or lysosomal compartments that evolve into a membranous aggregate connected to the phagosome. Active dynamics and integrity of the phagosomal membrane are requisite to induce such aggregates. This membranous structure increases over time to become an aggresome that engages autophagy machinery at late infection times (> 6 h postentry). The newly formed autophagosome harbors LC3 and the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 but is devoid of ubiquitin and the receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52. Live-cell imaging showed that this autophagosome captures and digests within the same vacuole the aggresome and some apposed intraphagosomal bacteria. Other phagosomes move away from the aggresome and avoid destruction. Thus, host endomembrane accumulation resulting from activity of intracellular S. Typhimurium stimulates a novel type of aggrephagy that acts independently of ubiquitin and CALCOCO2, and destroys only a few bacteria. Such selective degradation might allow the pathogen to reduce its progeny and, as a consequence, to establish persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia López-Montero
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Estel Ramos-Marquès
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- b Cell Structure Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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29
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens encode a wide variety of effectors and toxins that hijack host cell structure and function. Of particular importance are virulence factors that target actin cytoskeleton dynamics critical for cell shape, stability, motility, phagocytosis, and division. In addition, many bacteria target organelles of the general secretory pathway (e.g., the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex) and recycling pathways (e.g., the endolysosomal system) to establish and maintain an intracellular replicative niche. Recent research on the biochemistry and structural biology of bacterial effector proteins and toxins has begun to shed light on the molecular underpinnings of these host-pathogen interactions. This exciting work is revealing how pathogens gain control of the complex and dynamic host cellular environments, which impacts our understanding of microbial infectious disease, immunology, and human cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390;
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390;
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390;
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30
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Castrejón-Jiménez NS, Leyva-Paredes K, Hernández-González JC, Luna-Herrera J, García-Pérez BE. The role of autophagy in bacterial infections. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:149-59. [PMID: 26166368 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process for the degradation of cytosolic components including damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular bacteria through a lysosome-dependent pathway. Autophagy can be induced in response to stress conditions. Furthermore, autophagy has been described as involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and several studies have shown that certain microorganisms can be eliminated by the autophagic route in a process known as xenophagy. However, several pathogens have developed different strategies to evade or exploit autophagy to ensure their survival. Here, we review the role of autophagy in response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N
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31
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Domingues L, Ismail A, Charro N, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Holden DW, Molina M, Cid VJ, Mota LJ. The Salmonella effector SteA binds phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate for subcellular targeting within host cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:949-69. [PMID: 26676327 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens use specialized secretion systems to deliver virulence effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. The function of these effectors depends on their localization within infected cells, but the mechanisms determining subcellular targeting of each effector are mostly elusive. Here, we show that the Salmonella type III secretion effector SteA binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P]. Ectopically expressed SteA localized at the plasma membrane (PM) of eukaryotic cells. However, SteA was displaced from the PM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in mutants unable to synthesize the local pool of PI(4)P and from the PM of HeLa cells after localized depletion of PI(4)P. Moreover, in infected cells, bacterially translocated or ectopically expressed SteA localized at the membrane of the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and to Salmonella-induced tubules; using the PI(4)P-binding domain of the Legionella type IV secretion effector SidC as probe, we found PI(4)P at the SCV membrane and associated tubules throughout Salmonella infection of HeLa cells. Both binding of SteA to PI(4)P and the subcellular localization of ectopically expressed or bacterially translocated SteA were dependent on a lysine residue near the N-terminus of the protein. Overall, this indicates that binding of SteA to PI(4)P is necessary for its localization within host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Domingues
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ahmad Ismail
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuno Charro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - David W Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Jaime Mota
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
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32
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Personnic N, Bärlocher K, Finsel I, Hilbi H. Subversion of Retrograde Trafficking by Translocated Pathogen Effectors. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:450-462. [PMID: 26924068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens subvert the endocytic bactericidal pathway to form specific replication-permissive compartments termed pathogen vacuoles or inclusions. To this end, the pathogens employ type III or type IV secretion systems, which translocate dozens, if not hundreds, of different effector proteins into their host cells, where they manipulate vesicle trafficking and signaling pathways in favor of the intruders. While the distinct cocktail of effectors defines the specific processes by which a pathogen vacuole is formed, the different pathogens commonly target certain vesicle trafficking routes, including the endocytic or secretory pathway. Recently, the retrograde transport pathway from endosomal compartments to the trans-Golgi network emerged as an important route affecting pathogen vacuole formation. Here, we review current insight into the host cell's retrograde trafficking pathway and how vacuolar pathogens of the genera Legionella, Coxiella, Salmonella, Chlamydia, and Simkania employ mechanistically distinct strategies to subvert this pathway, thus promoting intracellular survival and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Personnic
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Bärlocher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Finsel
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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33
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Lopez J, Bittame A, Massera C, Vasseur V, Effantin G, Valat A, Buaillon C, Allart S, Fox BA, Rommereim LM, Bzik DJ, Schoehn G, Weissenhorn W, Dubremetz JF, Gagnon J, Mercier C, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Blanchard N. Intravacuolar Membranes Regulate CD8 T Cell Recognition of Membrane-Bound Toxoplasma gondii Protective Antigen. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2273-86. [PMID: 26628378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii target effectors to and across the boundary of their parasitophorous vacuole (PV), resulting in host cell subversion and potential presentation by MHC class I molecules for CD8 T cell recognition. The host-parasite interface comprises the PV limiting membrane and a highly curved, membranous intravacuolar network (IVN) of uncertain function. Here, using a cell-free minimal system, we dissect how membrane tubules are shaped by the parasite effectors GRA2 and GRA6. We show that membrane association regulates access of the GRA6 protective antigen to the MHC I pathway in infected cells. Although insertion of GRA6 in the PV membrane is key for immunogenicity, association of GRA6 with the IVN limits presentation and curtails GRA6-specific CD8 responses in mice. Thus, membrane deformations of the PV regulate access of antigens to the MHC class I pathway, and the IVN may play a role in immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Lopez
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Amina Bittame
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Céline Massera
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Grégory Effantin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CEA, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions (UVHCI), Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Anne Valat
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Célia Buaillon
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Barbara A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Leah M Rommereim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David J Bzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CEA, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions (UVHCI), Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CEA, IBS, Grenoble 38044, France; CNRS, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions (UVHCI), Grenoble 38042, France
| | | | - Jean Gagnon
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Corinne Mercier
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
- CNRS, UMR 5163, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France.
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34
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Targeting of host organelles by pathogenic bacteria: a sophisticated subversion strategy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 14:5-19. [PMID: 26594043 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens have evolved the ability to subvert and exploit host functions in order to enter and replicate in eukaryotic cells. For example, bacteria have developed specific mechanisms to target eukaryotic organelles such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this Review, we highlight the most recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that bacterial pathogens use to target these organelles. We also discuss how these strategies allow bacteria to manipulate host functions and to ultimately enable bacterial infection.
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35
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Khatter D, Sindhwani A, Sharma M. Arf-like GTPase Arl8: Moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2015; 5:e1086501. [PMID: 27057420 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that not only mediate degradation of cellular substrates but also play critical roles in processes such as cholesterol homeostasis, plasma membrane repair, antigen presentation, and cell migration. The small GTPase Arl8, a member of Arf-like (Arl) family of proteins, has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of lysosome positioning and membrane trafficking toward lysosomes. Through interaction with its effector SKIP, the human Arl8 paralog (Arl8b) mediates kinesin-1 dependent motility of lysosomes on microtubule tracks toward the cell periphery. Arl8b-mediated kinesin-driven motility is also implicated in regulating lytic granule polarization in NK cells, lysosome tubulation in macrophages, cell spreading, and migration. Moreover, Arl8b regulates membrane traffic toward lysosomes by recruiting subunits of the HOPS complex, a multi-subunit tethering complex that mediates endo-lysosome fusion. Here we provide a brief review on this recently characterized lysosomal GTPase and summarize the studies focusing on its known functions in regulating lysosomal motility and delivery of endocytic cargo to the lysosomes. We also explore the role of human Arl8b and its orthologs upon infection by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Khatter
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
| | - Aastha Sindhwani
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
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36
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Salmonella Disrupts Host Endocytic Trafficking by SopD2-Mediated Inhibition of Rab7. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1508-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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37
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The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:559-73. [PMID: 26292640 DOI: 10.1038/nri3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton--actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement--have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence.
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38
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Santos JC, Duchateau M, Fredlund J, Weiner A, Mallet A, Schmitt C, Matondo M, Hourdel V, Chamot-Rooke J, Enninga J. The COPII complex and lysosomal VAMP7 determine intracellular Salmonella localization and growth. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1699-720. [PMID: 26084942 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella invades epithelial cells and survives within a membrane-bound compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). We isolated and determined the host protein composition of the SCV at 30 min and 3 h of infection to identify and characterize novel regulators of intracellular bacterial localization and growth. Quantitation of the SCV protein content revealed 392 host proteins specifically enriched at SCVs, out of which 173 associated exclusively with early SCVs, 124 with maturing SCV and 95 proteins during both time-points. Vacuole interactions with endoplasmic reticulum-derived coat protein complex II vesicles modulate early steps of SCV maturation, promoting SCV rupture and bacterial hyper-replication within the host cytosol. On the other hand, SCV interactions with VAMP7-positive lysosome-like vesicles promote Salmonella-induced filament formation and bacterial growth within the late SCV. Our results reveal that the dynamic communication between the SCV and distinct host organelles affects both intracellular Salmonella localization and growth at successive steps of host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Santos
- Unit of Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Fredlund
- Unit of Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Allon Weiner
- Unit of Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Plate-forme Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Plate-forme Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Unit of Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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39
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Herweg JA, Hansmeier N, Otto A, Geffken AC, Subbarayal P, Prusty BK, Becher D, Hensel M, Schaible UE, Rudel T, Hilbi H. Purification and proteomics of pathogen-modified vacuoles and membranes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:48. [PMID: 26082896 PMCID: PMC4451638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain pathogenic bacteria adopt an intracellular lifestyle and proliferate in eukaryotic host cells. The intracellular niche protects the bacteria from cellular and humoral components of the mammalian immune system, and at the same time, allows the bacteria to gain access to otherwise restricted nutrient sources. Yet, intracellular protection and access to nutrients comes with a price, i.e., the bacteria need to overcome cell-autonomous defense mechanisms, such as the bactericidal endocytic pathway. While a few bacteria rupture the early phagosome and escape into the host cytoplasm, most intracellular pathogens form a distinct, degradation-resistant and replication-permissive membranous compartment. Intracellular bacteria that form unique pathogen vacuoles include Legionella, Mycobacterium, Chlamydia, Simkania, and Salmonella species. In order to understand the formation of these pathogen niches on a global scale and in a comprehensive and quantitative manner, an inventory of compartment-associated host factors is required. To this end, the intact pathogen compartments need to be isolated, purified and biochemically characterized. Here, we review recent progress on the isolation and purification of pathogen-modified vacuoles and membranes, as well as their proteomic characterization by mass spectrometry and different validation approaches. These studies provide the basis for further investigations on the specific mechanisms of pathogen-driven compartment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ana Herweg
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna C Geffken
- Priority Area Infections, Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel, Germany
| | - Prema Subbarayal
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Priority Area Infections, Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Department of Medicine, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich Munich, Germany ; Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Baisón-Olmo F, Galindo-Moreno M, Ramos-Morales F. Host cell type-dependent translocation and PhoP-mediated positive regulation of the effector SseK1 of Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:396. [PMID: 25972862 PMCID: PMC4413795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica expresses two virulence-related type III secretion systems (T3SSs) encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI2, respectively. SseK1 is a poorly characterized substrate of the SPI2-encoded T3SS. Here, we show that this effector is essential to get full virulence both in oral and intraperitoneal mice infections, in spite of not having a role in invasion or intracellular proliferation in cultured mammalian cells. In vitro, expression of sseK1 was higher in media mimicking intracellular conditions, when SPI2 was induced, but it was also significant under SPI1 inducing conditions. A detailed analysis of translocation of SseK1 into host cells unveiled that it was a substrate of both, T3SS1 and T3SS2, although with different patterns and kinetics depending on the specific host cell type (epithelial, macrophages, or fibroblasts). The regulation of the expression of sseK1 was examined using lacZ and bioluminescent lux fusions. The two-component system PhoQ/PhoP is a positive regulator of this gene. A combination of sequence analysis, directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that phosphorylated PhoP binds directly to the promoter region of sseK1 and revealed a PhoP binding site located upstream of the predicted -35 hexamer of this promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baisón-Olmo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Galindo-Moreno
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
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41
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Liss V, Hensel M. Take the tube: remodelling of the endosomal system by intracellularSalmonella enterica. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:639-47. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Liss
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie; Universität Osnabrück; Barbarastr. 11 Osnabrück 49076 Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie; Universität Osnabrück; Barbarastr. 11 Osnabrück 49076 Germany
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42
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Zhang Y, Krieger V, Hensel M. Application of fluorescent nanoparticles to study remodeling of the endo-lysosomal system by intracellular bacteria. J Vis Exp 2015:e52058. [PMID: 25590656 DOI: 10.3791/52058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we introduce a method using gold-BSA-rhodamine NPs to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells and monitor manipulations of host cellular pathways by the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica. The NPs were readily internalized by HeLa cells and localized in late endosomes/lysosomes. Salmonella infection induced rearrangement of the vesicles and accumulation of NPs in Salmonella-induced membrane structures. We deployed the Imaris software package for quantitative analyses of confocal microscopy images. The number of objects and their size distribution in non-infected cells were distinct from the ones in Salmonella-infected cells, indicating extremely remodeling of the endo-lysosomal system by WT Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück
| | - Viktoria Krieger
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück;
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Abstract
During the intracellular phase of the pathogenic lifestyle, Salmonella enterica massively alters the endosomal system of its host cells. Two hallmarks are the remodeling of phagosomes into the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) as a replicative niche, and the formation of tubular structures, such as Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). To study the dynamics and the fate of these Salmonella-specific compartments, live cell imaging (LCI) is a method of choice. In this chapter, we compare currently used microscopy techniques and focus on considerations and requirements specific for LCI. Detailed protocols for LCI of Salmonella infection with either confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM) are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
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Rajashekar R, Liebl D, Chikkaballi D, Liss V, Hensel M. Live cell imaging reveals novel functions of Salmonella enterica SPI2-T3SS effector proteins in remodeling of the host cell endosomal system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115423. [PMID: 25522146 PMCID: PMC4270777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Salmonella enterica induce a massive remodeling of the endosomal system in infected host cells. One dramatic consequence of this interference is the induction of various extensive tubular aggregations of membrane vesicles, and tubules positive for late endosomal/lysosomal markers are referred to as Salmonella-induced filaments or SIF. SIF are highly dynamic in nature with extension and collapse velocities of 0.4-0.5 µm x sec-1. The induction of SIF depends on the function of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) and a subset of effector proteins. In this study, we applied live cell imaging and electron microscopy to analyze the role of individual effector proteins in SIF morphology and dynamic properties of SIF. SIF in cells infected with sifB, sseJ, sseK1, sseK2, sseI, sseL, sspH1, sspH2, slrP, steC, gogB or pipB mutant strains showed a morphology and dynamics comparable to SIF induced by WT Salmonella. SIF were absent in cells infected with the sifA-deficient strain and live cell analyses allowed tracking of the loss of the SCV membrane of intracellular sifA Salmonella. In contrast to analyses in fixed cells, in living host cells SIF induced by sseF- or sseG-deficient strains were not discontinuous, but rather continuous and thinner in diameter. A very dramatic phenotype was observed for the pipB2-deficient strain that induced very bulky, non-dynamic aggregations of membrane vesicles. Our study underlines the requirement of the study of Salmonella-host interaction in living systems and reveals new phenotypes due to the intracellular activities of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Rajashekar
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Liebl
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deepak Chikkaballi
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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45
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Vorwerk S, Krieger V, Deiwick J, Hensel M, Hansmeier N. Proteomes of host cell membranes modified by intracellular activities of Salmonella enterica. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:81-92. [PMID: 25348832 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens need to establish a growth-stimulating host niche for survival and replication. A unique feature of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is the creation of extensive membrane networks within its host. An understanding of the origin and function of these membranes is crucial for the development of new treatment strategies. However, the characterization of this compartment is very challenging, and only fragmentary knowledge of its composition and biogenesis exists. Here, we describe a new proteome-based approach to enrich and characterize Salmonella-modified membranes. Using a Salmonella mutant strain that does not form this unique membrane network as a reference, we identified a high-confidence set of host proteins associated with Salmonella-modified membranes. This comprehensive analysis allowed us to reconstruct the interactions of Salmonella with host membranes. For example, we noted that Salmonella redirects endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane trafficking to its intracellular niche, a finding that has not been described for Salmonella previously. Our system-wide approach therefore has the potential to rapidly close gaps in our knowledge of the infection process of intracellular pathogens and demonstrates a hitherto unrecognized complexity in the formation of Salmonella host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vorwerk
- From the ‡Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Krieger
- From the ‡Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jörg Deiwick
- From the ‡Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- From the ‡Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- From the ‡Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Asrat S, de Jesús DA, Hempstead AD, Ramabhadran V, Isberg RR. Bacterial Pathogen Manipulation of Host Membrane Trafficking. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:79-109. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seblewongel Asrat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111; , , , ,
| | - Dennise A. de Jesús
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111; , , , ,
| | - Andrew D. Hempstead
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111; , , , ,
| | - Vinay Ramabhadran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and
| | - Ralph R. Isberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and
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The Salmonella effector SteA contributes to the control of membrane dynamics of Salmonella-containing vacuoles. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2923-34. [PMID: 24778114 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01385-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a bacterial pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and a typhoid-like systemic disease in mice. S. Typhimurium virulence is related to its capacity to multiply intracellularly within a membrane-bound compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), and depends on type III secretion systems that deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. Here, we analyzed the cellular function of the Salmonella effector SteA. We show that, compared to cells infected by wild-type S. Typhimurium, cells infected by ΔsteA mutant bacteria displayed fewer Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs), an increased clustering of SCVs, and morphologically abnormal vacuoles containing more than one bacterium. The increased clustering of SCVs and the appearance of vacuoles containing more than one bacterium were suppressed by inhibition of the activity of the microtubule motor dynein or kinesin-1. Clustering and positioning of SCVs are controlled by the effectors SseF and SseG, possibly by helping to maintain a balanced activity of microtubule motors on the bacterial vacuoles. Deletion of steA in S. Typhimurium ΔsseF or ΔsseG mutants revealed that SteA contributes to the characteristic scattered distribution of ΔsseF or ΔsseG mutant SCVs in infected cells. Overall, this shows that SteA participates in the control of SCV membrane dynamics. Moreover, it indicates that SteA is functionally linked to SseF and SseG and suggests that it might contribute directly or indirectly to the regulation of microtubule motors on the bacterial vacuoles.
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48
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Grützke J, Rindte K, Goosmann C, Silvie O, Rauch C, Heuer D, Lehmann MJ, Mueller AK, Brinkmann V, Matuschewski K, Ingmundson A. The spatiotemporal dynamics and membranous features of the Plasmodium liver stage tubovesicular network. Traffic 2014; 15:362-82. [PMID: 24423236 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For membrane-bound intracellular pathogens, the surrounding vacuole is the portal of communication with the host cell. The parasitophorous vacuole (PV) harboring intrahepatocytic Plasmodium parasites satisfies the parasites' needs of nutrition and protection from host defenses to allow the rapid parasite growth that occurs during the liver stage of infection. In this study, we visualized the PV membrane (PVM) and the associated tubovesicular network (TVN) through fluorescent tagging of two PVM-resident Plasmodium berghei proteins, UIS4 and IBIS1. This strategy revealed previously unrecognized dynamics with which these membranes extend throughout the host cell. We observed dynamic vesicles, elongated clusters of membranes and long tubules that rapidly extend and contract from the PVM in a microtubule-dependent manner. Live microscopy, correlative light-electron microscopy and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching enabled a detailed characterization of these membranous features, including velocities, the distribution of UIS4 and IBIS1, and the connectivity of PVM and TVN. Labeling of host cell compartments revealed association of late endosomes and lysosomes with the elongated membrane clusters. Moreover, the signature host autophagosome protein LC3 was recruited to the PVM and TVN and colocalized with UIS4. Together, our data demonstrate that the membranes surrounding intrahepatic Plasmodium are involved in active remodeling of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Grützke
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Hu X, Yu J, Zhou X, Li Z, Xia Y, Luo Z, Wu Y. Synergism between upregulation of Rab7 and inhibition of autophagic degradation caused by mycoplasma facilitates intracellular mycoplasma infection. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:793-800. [PMID: 24452847 PMCID: PMC3926517 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following fusion of a mycoplasma with a host cell membrane, the inserted components of mycoplasma may then be transported through the endocytic pathway. However, the effects of mycoplasmas on the host cell endomembrane system are largely unknown. In this study, mycoplasma-induced changes in the dynamics of endocytic and autophagic systems were investigated. Endocytosis and autophagy are two major processes involved in the survival of intracellular prokaryotic pathogens. It was found that, immediately following infection, mycoplasmas induce endocytosis in the host cell; however, in the long term the mycoplasmas suppress turnover of the components of the endocytic pathway. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that Rab7 and LC3-II are recruited to the intracellular mycoplasma-containing compartments. Western blot analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that mycoplasmas increase expression of Rab7 by upregulating transcription, but increase levels of LC3-II and p62 by post-translational regulation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mycoplasma infection causes inhibition of autophagic degradation of LC3-II and p62. In addition, it was found that upregulation of Rab7 and inhibition of autophagic degradation synergistically contributes to intracellular mycoplasma accumulation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that mycoplasmas may manipulate host cell endosomal and autophagic systems in order to facilitate intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- First People's Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330300, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- The Fifth Hospital of Huangshi City, Huangshi, Hubei 435004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yaqun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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50
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Zhang Y, Hensel M. Evaluation of nanoparticles as endocytic tracers in cellular microbiology. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9296-9309. [PMID: 23942623 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of pathogen interactions with eukaryotic host cells requires the introduction of fluorescent probes to visualize processes such as endocytosis, intracellular transport or host cell manipulation by the pathogen. Here, three types of fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs), i.e. Rhodamine-labeled polymethacrylate (PMA) NPs, silica NPs and gold NPs, were employed to label the host cellular endolysosomal system and monitor manipulations by the pathogen Salmonella enterica. Using live cell imaging, we investigated the performance of NPs in cellular uptake, labeling of endocytic vesicles and lysosomes, as well as interaction with the pathogen. We show that fluorescent gold and silica, but not PMA NPs appropriately label host cell structures and efficiently track rearrangements of the host endosomal system by the activities of intracellular Salmonella. Silica NPs slightly aggregated and located in Salmonella-induced compartments as isolated dots, while gold NPs distributed uniformly inside such structures. Both silica and gold NPs exhibited no adverse impact on either host cells or pathogens, and are versatile tools for infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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