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de Hoog S, Tang C, Zhou X, Jacomel B, Lustosa B, Song Y, Kandemir H, A Ahmed S, Zhou S, Belmonte-Lopes R, Quan Y, Feng P, A Vicente V, Kang Y. Fungal primary and opportunistic pathogens: an ecological perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae022. [PMID: 39118380 PMCID: PMC11409879 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal primary pathogenicity on vertebrates is here described as a deliberate strategy where the host plays a role in increasing the species' fitness. Opportunism is defined as the coincidental survival of an individual strain in host tissue using properties that are designed for life in an entirely different habitat. In that case, the host's infection control is largely based on innate immunity, and the etiologic agent is not transmitted after infection, and thus fungal evolution is not possible. Primary pathogens encompass two types, depending on their mode of transmission. Environmental pathogens have a double life cycle, and tend to become enzootic, adapted to a preferred host in a particular habitat. In contrast, pathogens that have a host-to-host transmission pattern are prone to shift to a neighboring, immunologically naive host, potentially leading to epidemics. Beyond these prototypical life cycles, some environmental fungi are able to make large leaps between dissimilar hosts/habitats, probably due to the similarity of key factors enabling survival in an entirely different niche, and thus allowing a change from opportunistic to primary pathogenicity. Mostly, such factors seem to be associated with extremotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren de Hoog
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214GP Hilversum, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, China
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University of Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Tang
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510630 Guangzhou, China
| | - Bruna Jacomel
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
- Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Lustosa
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital,100034 Beijing, China
| | - Hazal Kandemir
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Center, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214GP Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Shaoqin Zhou
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, China
| | - Ricardo Belmonte-Lopes
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yu Quan
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214GP Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Peiying Feng
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510630 Guangzhou, China
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, China
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Micocci KC, Moreira AC, Sanchez AD, Pettinatti JL, Rocha MC, Dionizio BS, Correa KCS, Malavazi I, Wouters FC, Bueno OC, Souza DHF. Identification, cloning, and characterization of a novel chitinase from leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens: An enzyme with antifungal and insecticidal activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130249. [PMID: 36183893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin, a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi, yeast, and internal structures of other vertebrates. Although chitinases isolated from bacteria, fungi and plants have been reported to have antifungal or insecticide activities, chitinases from insects with these activities have been seldomly reported. In this study, a leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens DNA fragment containing 1623 base pairs was amplified and cloned into a vector to express the protein (AsChtII-C4B1) in Pichia pastoris. AsChtII-C4B1, which contains one catalytic domain and one carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), was secreted to the extracellular medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by nickel column chromatography. AsChtII-C4B1 showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 55 °C when tested against colloidal chitin substrate and maintained >60% of its maximal activity in different temperatures during 48 h. AsChtII-C4B1 decreased the survival of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae fed with an artificial diet that contained AsChtII-C4B1. Our results have indicated that AsChtII-C4B1 has a higher effect on larva-pupa than larva-larva molts. AsChtII-C4B1 activity targets more specifically the growth of filamentous fungus than yeast. This work describes, for the first time, the obtaining a recombinant chitinase from ants and the characterization of its insecticidal and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli C Micocci
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariele C Moreira
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda D Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Pettinatti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina C Rocha
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Dionizio
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia C S Correa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Odair C Bueno
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena F Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Morton CO, Griffiths JS, Loeffler J, Orr S, White PL. Defective antifungal immunity in patients with COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1080822. [PMID: 36531987 PMCID: PMC9750792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a huge strain on global healthcare and been a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in at-risk populations. This disease attacks the respiratory systems and causes significant immune dysregulation in affected patients creating a perfect opportunity for the development of invasive fungal disease (IFD). COVID-19 infection can instill a significant, poorly regulated pro-inflammatory response. Clinically induced immunosuppression or pro-inflammatory damage to mucosa facilitate the development of IFD and Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Candida infections have been regularly reported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Corticosteroids and immune modulators are used in the treatment of COVID-19. Corticosteroid use is also a risk factor for IFD, but not the only reason for IFD in COVID -19 patients. Specific dysregulation of the immune system through functional exhaustion of Natural killer (NK) cells and T cells has been observed in COVID-19 through the expression of the exhaustion markers NK-G2A and PD-1. Reduced fungicidal activity of neutrophils from COVID-19 patients indicates that immune dysfunction/imbalance are important risk factors for IFD. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the at-risk population for IFD. Even if the incidence of IFD is relatively low, the size of this new at-risk population will result in a substantial increase in the overall, annual number of IFD cases. It is important to understand how and why certain patients with COVID-19 developed increased susceptibility to IFD, as this will improve our understanding of risk of IFD in the face of future pandemics but also in a clinical era of increased clinical immuno-suppression/modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S. Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Selinda Orr
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - P. Lewis White
- Public Health Wales, Microbiology Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: P. Lewis White,
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Li L, Chen X, Lv M, Cheng Z, Liu F, Wang Y, Zhou A, Liu J, Zhao X. Effect of Platycodon grandiflorus Polysaccharide on M1 Polarization Induced by Autophagy Degradation of SOCS1/2 Proteins in 3D4/21 Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934084. [PMID: 35844489 PMCID: PMC9279577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
M1-polarized macrophages can improve the body’s immune function. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharide (PGPSt) degrading SOCS1/2 protein through autophagy and promoting M1 polarization in 3D4/21 cells. Immunoprecipitation, confocal laser scanning microscopy, flow cytometry, and intracellular co-localization were used to detect the expression of related phenotypic proteins and cytokines in M1-polarized cells. The results showed that PGPSt significantly promoted the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α and enhanced the protein expression of IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, CD80, and CD86, indicating that PGPSt promoted M1 polarization in 3D4/21 cells. Next, the effect of the PGPSt autophagy degradation of SOCS1/2 on the M1 polarization of 3D4/21 cells was detected. The results showed that PGPSt significantly downregulated the expression level of SOCS1/2 protein, but had no obvious effect on the mRNA expression level of SOCS1/2, indicating that PGPSt degraded SOCS1/2 protein by activating the lysosome system. Further research found that under the action of 3-MA and BafA1, PGPSt upregulated LC3B II and downregulated SOCS1/2 protein expression, which increased the possibility of LC3B, the key component of autophagy, bridging this connection and degrading SOCS1/2. The interaction between SOCS1/2 and LC3 was identified by indirect immunofluorescence and Co-IP. The results showed that the co-localization percentage of the two proteins increased significantly after PGPSt treatment, and LC3 interacted with SOCS1 and SOCS2. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGPSt in the treatment or improvement of diseases related to macrophage polarization by regulating the autophagy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
- Qingdao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Xufang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Meiyun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Aiqin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaona Zhao, ; Jianzhu Liu,
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaona Zhao, ; Jianzhu Liu,
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Achan B, Mboowa G, Kwizera R, Kateete DP, Kajumbula H, Bongomin F. Medical Mycology dissertation topics require prioritisation among Postgraduate Microbiology trainees of Makerere University, Uganda. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:261-264. [PMID: 35755461 PMCID: PMC9216442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Only 5 (3.3%) of the postgraduate dissertations were on medical mycology. Cryptococcal meningitis (40%, n = 2) was the most researched topic. The most common method for studying fungal diseases was culture (60%, n = 3). There is limited research on medical mycology at Makerere University, Uganda.
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Rocha MC, Minari K, Fabri JHTM, Kerkaert JD, Gava LM, da Cunha AF, Cramer RA, Borges JC, Malavazi I. Aspergillus fumigatus Hsp90 interacts with the main components of the cell wall integrity pathway and cooperates in heat shock and cell wall stress adaptation. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13273. [PMID: 33010083 PMCID: PMC7855945 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of Aspergillus fumigatus infection occurs via dormant conidia deposition into the airways. Therefore, conidial germination and subsequent hyphal extension and growth occur in a sustained heat shock (HS) environment promoted by the host. The cell wall integrity pathway (CWIP) and the essential eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90 are critical for fungi to survive HS. Although A. fumigatus is a thermophilic fungus, the mechanisms underpinning the HS response are not thoroughly described and important to define its role in pathogenesis, virulence and antifungal drug responses. Here, we investigate the contribution of the CWIP in A. fumigatus thermotolerance. We observed that the CWIP components PkcA, MpkA and RlmA are Hsp90 clients and that a PkcAG579R mutation abolishes this interaction. PkcAG579R also abolishes MpkA activation in the short-term response to HS. Biochemical and biophysical analyses indicated that Hsp90 is a dimeric functional ATPase, which has a higher affinity for ADP than ATP and prevents MpkA aggregation in vitro. Our data suggest that the CWIP is constitutively required for A. fumigatus to cope with the temperature increase found in the mammalian lung environment, emphasising the importance of this pathway in supporting thermotolerance and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Karine Minari
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Joshua D Kerkaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Lisandra Marques Gava
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ferreira da Cunha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Júlio César Borges
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Hoving JC, Brown GD, Gómez BL, Govender NP, Limper AH, May RC, Meya DB. AIDS-Related Mycoses: Updated Progress and Future Priorities. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:425-428. [PMID: 32396822 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serious fungal infections continue to devastate people living with HIV and remain a leading cause of infection-related deaths in this population, second only to tuberculosis. The third AIDS-related mycoses workshop updated progress in the field over the last 3 years and highlighted six key action points for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Gordon D Brown
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Beatriz L Gómez
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases Research Group, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David B Meya
- Infectious Diseases Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Silva LN, de Mello TP, de Souza Ramos L, Branquinha MH, Dos Santos ALS. New and Promising Chemotherapeutics for Emerging Infections Involving Drug-resistant Non-albicans Candida Species. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2527-2553. [PMID: 31654512 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a veritable public health problem worldwide. The increasing number of patient populations at risk (e.g. transplanted individuals, cancer patients, and HIV-infected people), as well as the use of antifungal agents for prophylaxis in medicine, have favored the emergence of previously rare or newly identified fungal species. Indeed, novel antifungal resistance patterns have been observed, including environmental sources and the emergence of simultaneous resistance to different antifungal classes, especially in Candida spp., which are known for the multidrug-resistance (MDR) profile. In order to circumvent this alarming scenario, the international researchers' community is engaged in discovering new, potent, and promising compounds to be used in a near future to treat resistant fungal infections in hospital settings on a global scale. In this context, many compounds with antifungal action from both natural and synthetic sources are currently under clinical development, including those that target either ergosterol or β(1,3)-D-glucan, presenting clear evidence of pharmacologic/pharmacokinetic advantages over currently available drugs against these two well-known fungal target structures. Among these are the tetrazoles VT-1129, VT-1161, and VT-1598, the echinocandin CD101, and the glucan synthase inhibitor SCY-078. In this review, we compiled the most recent antifungal compounds that are currently in clinical trials of development and described the potential outcomes against emerging and rare Candida species, with a focus on C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. haemulonii, and C. rugosa. In addition to possibly overcoming the limitations of currently available antifungals, new investigational chemical agents that can enhance the classic antifungal activity, thereby reversing previously resistant phenotypes, were also highlighted. While novel and increasingly MDR non-albicans Candida species continue to emerge worldwide, novel strategies for rapid identification and treatment are needed to combat these life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Pereira de Mello
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Ramos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Van Dyke MCC, Teixeira MM, Barker BM. Fantastic yeasts and where to find them: the hidden diversity of dimorphic fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:55-63. [PMID: 31181385 PMCID: PMC11227906 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimorphic fungal pathogens are a significant cause of human disease worldwide. Notably, the dimorphic fungal pathogens within the order Onygenales are considered primary pathogens, causing disease in healthy hosts. Current changes in taxonomy are underway due to advances in molecular phylogenetics, population genetics, and new emerging dimorphic fungal pathogens causing human disease. In this review, we highlight evolutionary relationships of dimorphic fungal pathogens that cause human disease within the order Onygenales and provide rationale to support increased investment in studies understanding the evolutionary relationships of these pathogens to improve rapid diagnostics, help identify mechanisms of antifungal resistance, understand adaptation to human host, and factors associated with virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus M Teixeira
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Bridget M Barker
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States.
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10
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Ekeng BE, Olusoga OO, Oladele RO. AIDS-Related Mycoses in the Paediatric Population. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Bandara HMHN, Samaranayake LP. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management. Periodontol 2000 2019; 80:148-176. [PMID: 31090135 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For millions of years, microbiota residing within us, including those in the oral cavity, coexisted in a harmonious symbiotic fashion that provided a quintessential foundation for human health. It is now clear that disruption of such a healthy relationship leading to microbial dysbiosis causes a wide array of infections, ranging from localized, mild, superficial infections to deep, disseminated life-threatening diseases. With recent advances in research, diagnostics, and improved surveillance we are witnessing an array of emerging and re-emerging oral infections and orofacial manifestations of systemic infections. Orofacial infections may cause significant discomfort to the patients and unnecessary economic burden. Thus, the early recognition of such infections is paramount for holistic patient management, and oral clinicians have a critical role in recognizing, diagnosing, managing, and preventing either new or old orofacial infections. This paper aims to provide an update on current understanding of well-established and emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal infections manifesting in the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshman P Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Abstract
Fungal diseases are an increasingly recognized cause of mortality worldwide and often pose diagnostic challenges. This article focuses on common fungal diseases as they may present in the acute medical unit, looking at the initial investigation and management of four common diseases: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, candidaemia and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. There is an increase in morbidity and mortality if these conditions are not correctly diagnosed and thus appropriate therapy is delayed. A better understanding of the initial investigation and management of these conditions will improve the outcome of patients with fungal diseases presenting to the 'medical front door'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Wilson
- Specialty Registrar in Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunodeficiency Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Morven Wilkie
- Specialty Registrar in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee
| | - Nikolas Rae
- Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunodeficiency Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee
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13
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Rocha MC, Santos CA, Malavazi I. The Regulatory Function of the Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 in the Cell Wall Integrity of Pathogenic Fungi. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180820155807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different signaling cascades including the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI), the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) and the Ca2+/calcineurin pathways control the cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in fungi. Pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, greatly rely on these signaling circuits to cope with different sources of stress, including the cell wall stress evoked by antifungal drugs and the host’s response during infection. Hsp90 has been proposed as an important regulatory protein and an attractive target for antifungal therapy since it stabilizes major effector proteins that act in the CWI, HOG and Ca2+/calcineurin pathways. Data from the human pathogen C. albicans have provided solid evidence that loss-of-function of Hsp90 impairs the evolution of resistance to azoles and echinocandin drugs. In A. fumigatus, Hsp90 is also required for cell wall integrity maintenance, reinforcing a coordinated function of the CWI pathway and this essential molecular chaperone. In this review, we focus on the current information about how Hsp90 impacts the aforementioned signaling pathways and consequently the homeostasis and maintenance of the cell wall, highlighting this cellular event as a key mechanism underlying antifungal therapy based on Hsp90 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos Rocha
- Departmento de Genetica e Evolucao, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camilla Alves Santos
- Departmento de Genetica e Evolucao, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departmento de Genetica e Evolucao, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
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14
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Tudela JLR, Denning DW. Recovery from serious fungal infections should be realisable for everyone. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1111-1113. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Wang L, Hu S, Liu Q, Li Y, Xu L, Zhang Z, Cai X, He X. Porcine alveolar macrophage polarization is involved in inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1906-1915. [PMID: 28924090 PMCID: PMC5709573 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages acquire a distinct phenotypic and functional profile in response to microenvironmental signals. The classically and alternatively activated (M1 and M2, respectively)
macrophage phenotypes are defined by the specific molecular characteristics induced in response to prototypic pro- and anti-inflammatory cues. In this study, we used LPS/IFN-γ and IL-4 to stimulate porcine alveolar macrophages
(PAMs) in vitro and investigated the expression changes of several novel markers during macrophage polarization. Notably, we found that LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated PAMs express prototypical M1 molecules, whereas
IL-4-stimulated PAMs express M2 molecules. We also demonstrated that replication of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain HuN4 was effectively suppressed in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated
M1 PAMs (M1 type), but not IL-4 stimulated M2 PAMs. However, this was not observed with the classic, less pathogenic CH-1a strain. Moreover, we found that M2 marker expression gradually increased after PAM infection with PRRSV,
whereas no significant changes were found with M1 marker expression, suggesting that PRRSV infection may skew macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype. Finally, we found that anti-viral cytokine expression was significantly
higher in M1 macrophages than in M2 macrophages or nonpolarized controls. In summary, our results show that PRRSV replication was significantly impaired in M1 PAMs, which may serve as a foundation for further understanding of the
dynamic phenotypic changes during macrophage polarization and their effects on viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shouping Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yiru Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lu Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.,Department of Animal Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xijun He
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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16
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Harsanyi A, Conte A, Pichon L, Rabion A, Grenier S, Sandford G. One-Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Antifungal WHO Essential Medicine Flucytosine Using Fluorine. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antal Harsanyi
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Annelyse Conte
- Maison
Européenne
des Procédés Innovants (MEPI), Site Safran-Herakles,
Chemin de la Loge − CS 27813, F-31078 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Pichon
- Maison
Européenne
des Procédés Innovants (MEPI), Site Safran-Herakles,
Chemin de la Loge − CS 27813, F-31078 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Rabion
- Chemistry
and Biotechnology Department, Sanofi Aventis, Campus Val de Bievre, Gentilly France
| | - Sandrine Grenier
- Chemistry
and Biotechnology Department, Sanofi Aventis, 371 Rue Pr Blayac, Montpellier France
| | - Graham Sandford
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
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17
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Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Assessment of Immune Responses to Fungal Infections: Identification and Characterization of Immune Cells in the Infected Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1508:167-182. [PMID: 27837503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is important to protect the host from fungal infections. Diverse cell types belonging to the innate or adaptive branch of the immune system act in a tightly coordinated and tissue-specific manner. Experimental mouse models of fungal infections have proved essential for assessing the protective principles against different fungal pathogens. Besides pathological, histological, biochemical and molecular parameters, the analysis of phenotypic and functional aspects of immune cells in infected tissues is key for understanding the mechanisms of antifungal defense. In this chapter, we describe a method based on flow cytometry to assess innate and adaptive immune cells isolated from an in vivo context in a qualitative and quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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18
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Aspergillus fumigatus MADS-Box Transcription Factor rlmA Is Required for Regulation of the Cell Wall Integrity and Virulence. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2983-3002. [PMID: 27473315 PMCID: PMC5015955 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway is the primary signaling cascade that controls the de novo synthesis of the fungal cell wall, and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae this event is highly dependent on the RLM1 transcription factor. Here, we investigated the function of RlmA in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. We show that the ΔrlmA strain exhibits an altered cell wall organization in addition to defects related to vegetative growth and tolerance to cell wall-perturbing agents. A genetic analysis indicated that rlmA is positioned downstream of the pkcA and mpkA genes in the CWI pathway. As a consequence, rlmA loss-of-function leads to the altered expression of genes encoding cell wall-related proteins. RlmA positively regulates the phosphorylation of MpkA and is induced at both protein and transcriptional levels during cell wall stress. The rlmA was also involved in tolerance to oxidative damage and transcriptional regulation of genes related to oxidative stress adaptation. Moreover, the ΔrlmA strain had attenuated virulence in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Our results suggest that RlmA functions as a transcription factor in the A. fumigatus CWI pathway, acting downstream of PkcA-MpkA signaling and contributing to the virulence of this fungus.
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Gaona-Flores VA, Campos-Navarro LA, Cervantes-Tovar RM, Alcalá-Martínez E. The epidemiology of fungemia in an infectious diseases hospital in Mexico city: A 10-year retrospective review. Med Mycol 2016; 54:600-4. [PMID: 27118806 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections has recently changed in immunosuppressed populations as a result of HIV infection, organ transplant, chemotherapy and in elderly patients. The diagnosis of invasive fungal infections by culture is prolonged since fungi grow slowly in vitro. we wanted to estimate the frequency of fungemia diagnoses established through the Clinical Mycology Laboratory over the past 10 years; through a retrospective study; data was obtained from the laboratory patient registry in the Infectious Disease Hospital's laboratory registry of patients with a systemic fungal isolate between 2005 and 2014. One hundred and thirty two (132) systemic fungal infections were identified. They were more prevalent in males, in the age group between 20 and 59 years and in patients with a diagnosis of AIDS. The most frequently isolated agents belonged to the genus Candida and others such as Histoplasma sp., Cryptococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., and Coccidioides sp. Of all blood and bone marrow cultures received 17.9% had fungal development; of these, in 70% of cases it was through blood cultures. In general, fungal agents were not diagnostically suspected. We identified that Sixty percent (60%) of fungemias developed in AIDS patients, followed by patients with sepsis. The most common agents belonged to the genus Candida, predominantly the albicans species. They were more frequently identified by blood culture than by bone marrow culture. Invasive fungal infections have not followed a usual clinical pattern and are not easily recognizable.
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20
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Multiple opportunistic fungal infections in an individual with severe HIV disease: A case report. Rev Iberoam Micol 2016; 33:118-21. [PMID: 26896884 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal infections have been commonly diagnosed in individuals with advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis, and histoplasmosis are the most frequent systemic mycoses in people suffering from HIV/AIDS. CASE REPORT We report a case of multiple fungal infections in an advanced AIDS-patient. A 33-year-old HIV-positive man from Brazil was hospitalized due to diarrhea, dyspnea, emaciation, hypoxemia, extensive oral thrush, and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 20cells/mm(3). Honeycombed-structures consistent with Pneumocystis jirovecii were observed by direct immunofluorescence in induced sputum. Cryptococcus neoformans was recovered from respiratory secretion and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Histopathology of the bone marrow also revealed the presence of Histoplasma capsulatum. Molecular assays were performed in a sputum sample. Nested-PCR confirmed the presence of P. jirovecii and H. capsulatum; qPCR multiplex was positive for C. neoformans and H. capsulatum. With the treatment of antifungal drugs the patient progressed satisfactorily. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of several systemic mycoses demonstrates the vulnerability of advanced AIDS-patients. Thus, the detection of AIDS cases in the early stages of infection is necessary for a prompt and adequate introduction of HAART therapy, and the use of prophylaxis to control opportunistic infections.
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21
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Medici NP, Del Poeta M. New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:966-73. [PMID: 26602871 PMCID: PMC4708015 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha P Medici
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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22
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Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Corcoran C, Dlamini S, Prozesky H, Burton R, Mendelson M, Taljaard J, Lehloenya R, Calligaro G, Colebunders R, Kenyon C. Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes of Disseminated Emmonsiosis: A Retrospective Case Series. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1004-12. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Macrophage involvement in viral infections and antiviral states is common. However, this involvement has not been well-studied in the paradigm of macrophage polarization, which typically has been categorized by the dichotomy of classical (M1) and alternative (M2) statuses. Recent studies have revealed the complexity of macrophage polarization in response to various cellular mediators and exogenous stimuli by adopting a multipolar view to revisit the differential process of macrophages, especially those re-polarized during viral infections. Here, through examination of viral infections targeting macrophages/monocytic cells, we focus on the direct involvement of macrophage polarization during viral infections. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are critical in regulation of viral pathogenesis and host antiviral infection; thus, we propose to incorporate IFN-mediated antiviral states into the framework of macrophage polarization. This view is supported by the multifunctional properties of type I IFNs, which potentially elicit and regulate both M1- and M2-polarization in addition to inducing the antiviral state, and by the discoveries of viral mechanisms to adapt and modulate macrophage polarization. Indeed, several recent studies have demonstrated effective prevention of viral diseases through manipulation of macrophage immune statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Frank Blecha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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24
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Reis de Sá LF, Toledo FT, de Sousa BA, Gonçalves AC, Tessis AC, Wendler EP, Comasseto JV, Dos Santos AA, Ferreira-Pereira A. Synthetic organotelluride compounds induce the reversal of Pdr5p mediated fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:201. [PMID: 25062749 PMCID: PMC4222501 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to fluconazole, a commonly used azole antifungal, is a challenge for the treatment of fungal infections. Resistance can be mediated by overexpression of ABC transporters, which promote drug efflux that requires ATP hydrolysis. The Pdr5p ABC transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-known model used to study this mechanism of antifungal resistance. The present study investigated the effects of 13 synthetic compounds on Pdr5p. Results Among the tested compounds, four contained a tellurium-butane group and shared structural similarities that were absent in the other tested compounds: a lateral hydrocarbon chain and an amide group. These four compounds were capable of inhibiting Pdr5p ATPase activity by more than 90%, they demonstrated IC50 values less than 2 μM and had an uncompetitive pattern of Pdr5p ATPase activity inhibition. These organotellurides did not demonstrate cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes or S. cerevisiae mutant strains (a strain that overexpress Pdr5p and a null mutant strain) even in concentrations above 100 μM. When tested at 100 μM, they could reverse the fluconazole resistance expressed by both the S. cerevisiae mutant strain that overexpress Pdr5p and a clinical isolate of Candida albicans. Conclusions We have identified four organotellurides that are promising candidates for the reversal of drug resistance mediated by drug efflux pumps. These molecules will act as scaffolds for the development of more efficient and effective efflux pump inhibitors that can be used in combination therapy with available antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alcindo A Dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil.
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25
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Hogan D, Wheeler RT. The complex roles of NADPH oxidases in fungal infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1156-67. [PMID: 24905433 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases play key roles in immunity and inflammation that go beyond the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). The past decade has brought a new appreciation for the diversity of roles played by ROS in signalling associated with inflammation and immunity. NADPH oxidase activity affects disease outcome during infections by human pathogenic fungi, an important group of emerging and opportunistic pathogens that includes Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Here we review how alternative roles of NADPH oxidase activity impact fungal infection and how ROS signalling affects fungal physiology. Particular attention is paid to roles for NADPH oxidase in immune migration, immunoregulation in pulmonary infection, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, autophagy and inflammasome activity. These recent advances highlight the power and versatility of spatiotemporally controlled redox regulation in the context of infection, and point to a need to understand the molecular consequences of NADPH oxidase activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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26
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Armstrong-James D, Meintjes G, Brown GD. A neglected epidemic: fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:120-7. [PMID: 24530175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of HIV-related mortality globally. Despite widespread rollout of combined antiretroviral therapy, there are still up to 1 million deaths annually from IFIs, accounting for 50% of all AIDS-related death. A historic failure to focus efforts on the IFIs that kill so many HIV patients has led to fundamental flaws in the management of advanced HIV infection. This review, based on the EMBO AIDS-Related Mycoses Workshop in Cape Town in July 2013, summarizes the current state of the-art in AIDS-related mycoses, and the key action points required to improve outcomes from these devastating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Armstrong-James
- Imperial Fungal Diseases Group, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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