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Carey ME, Thi Nguyen TN, Tran DHN, Dyson ZA, Keane JA, Pham Thanh D, Mylona E, Nair S, Chattaway M, Baker S. The origins of haplotype 58 (H58) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Commun Biol 2024; 7:775. [PMID: 38942806 PMCID: PMC11213900 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to the clinical management of typhoid fever. AMR in Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) is commonly associated with the H58 lineage, a lineage that arose comparatively recently before becoming globally disseminated. To better understand when and how H58 emerged and became dominant, we performed detailed phylogenetic analyses on contemporary genome sequences from S. Typhi isolated in the period spanning the emergence. Our dataset, which contains the earliest described H58 S. Typhi organism, indicates that ancestral H58 organisms were already multi-drug resistant (MDR). These organisms emerged spontaneously in India in 1987 and became radially distributed throughout South Asia and then globally in the ensuing years. These early organisms were associated with a single long branch, possessing mutations associated with increased bile tolerance, suggesting that the first H58 organism was generated during chronic carriage. The subsequent use of fluoroquinolones led to several independent mutations in gyrA. The ability of H58 to acquire and maintain AMR genes continues to pose a threat, as extensively drug-resistant (XDR; MDR plus resistance to ciprofloxacin and third generation cephalosporins) variants, have emerged recently in this lineage. Understanding where and how H58 S. Typhi originated and became successful is key to understand how AMR drives successful lineages of bacterial pathogens. Additionally, these data can inform optimal targeting of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) for reducing the potential for emergence and the impact of new drug-resistant variants. Emphasis should also be placed upon the prospective identification and treatment of chronic carriers to prevent the emergence of new drug resistant variants with the ability to spread efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Carey
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- IAVI, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Zoe A Dyson
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline A Keane
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Elli Mylona
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Satheesh Nair
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, London, UK
| | - Marie Chattaway
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, London, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- IAVI, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Muturi P, Wachira P, Wagacha M, Mbae C, Kavai S, Mugo M, Muhammed M, González JF, Kariuki S, Gunn JS. Salmonella Typhi Haplotype 58 (H58) Biofilm Formation and Genetic Variation in Typhoid Fever Patients with Gallstones in an Endemic Setting in Kenya. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.03.24308409. [PMID: 38883710 PMCID: PMC11177912 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.24308409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The causative agent of typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is a human restricted pathogen. Human carriers, 90% of whom have gallstones in their gallbladder, continue to shed the pathogen after treatment. The genetic mechanisms involved in establishing the carrier state are poorly understood, but S. Typhi is thought to undergo specific genetic changes within the gallbladder as an adaptive mechanism. In the current study, we aimed to identify biofilm forming ability and the genetic differences in longitudinal clinical S. Typhi isolates from asymptomatic carriers with gallstones in Nairobi, Kenya. Whole genome sequences were analyzed from 22 S. Typhi isolates, 20 from stool and 2 from blood samples, all genotype 4.3.1 (H58). Nineteen strains were from four patients also diagnosed with gallstones, of whom, three had typhoid symptoms and continued to shed S. Typhi after treatment. All isolates had point mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) and only sub-lineage 4.3.1.2EA3 encoded multidrug resistance genes. There was no variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns among strains from the same patient/household. Non-multidrug resistant (MDR), isolates formed significantly stronger biofilms in vitro than the MDR isolates, p<0.001. A point mutation within the treB gene (treB A383T) was observed in strains isolated after clinical resolution from patients living in 75% of the households. Missense mutations in Vi capsular polysaccharide genes, tviE P263S was also observed in 18% of the isolates. This study provides insights into the role of typhoid carriage, biofilm formation, AMR genes and genetic variations in S. Typhi from asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muturi
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Cecilia Mbae
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Susan Kavai
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Michael Mugo
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Juan F. González
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Mylona E, Pham Thanh D, Keane JA, Dongol S, Basnyat B, Dolecek C, Voong Vinh P, Tran Vu Thieu N, Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Karkey A, Baker S. A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011864. [PMID: 38889189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Paratyphi A, one of the major etiologic agents of enteric fever, has increased in prevalence in recent decades in certain endemic regions in comparison to S. Typhi, the most prevalent cause of enteric fever. Despite this increase, data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. Paratyphi A remain generally scarce. Here, we analysed the whole genome sequences of 216 S. Paratyphi A isolates originating from Kathmandu, Nepal between 2005 and 2014, of which 200 were from patients with acute enteric fever and 16 from the gallbladder of people with suspected chronic carriage. By exploiting the recently developed genotyping framework for S. Paratyphi A (Paratype), we identified several genotypes circulating in Kathmandu. Notably, we observed an unusual clonal expansion of genotype 2.4.3 over a four-year period that spread geographically and systematically replaced other genotypes. This rapid genotype replacement is hypothesised to have been driven by both reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and genetic changes to virulence factors, such as functional and structural genes encoding the type 3 secretion systems. Finally, we show that person-to-person is likely the most common mode of transmission and chronic carriers seem to play a limited role in maintaining disease circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Mylona
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jacqueline A Keane
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Dongol
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Christiane Dolecek
- The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nga Tran Vu Thieu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Qureshi S, Maria N, Chawla T, Iqbal J, Kazi AM, Adnan M, Hotwani A, Rahman N, Sadiq MW, Charles R, Baker S, Qamar FN. The frequency and associated factors of typhoid carriage in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011775. [PMID: 38865361 PMCID: PMC11168639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi A, B, and C. It continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In highly endemic areas, children are disproportionately affected, and antimicrobial resistance reduces therapeutic options. It is estimated that 2-5% of enteric fever patients develop chronic asymptomatic infection. These carriers may act as reservoirs of infection; therefore, the prospective identification and treatment of carriers are critical for long-term disease control. We aimed to find the frequency of Salmonella Typhi carriers in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. We also compared the detection limit of culturing versus qPCR in detecting S. Typhi, performed a geospatial analysis of the carriers identified using this study, and evaluated the accuracy of anti-Vi and anti-YncE in identifying chronic typhoid carriage. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in two centers in Pakistan. Gallbladder specimens were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and serum samples were analyzed for IgG against YncE and Vi by ELISA. We also mapped the residential location of those with a positive qPCR result. FINDINGS Out of 988 participants, 3.4% had qPCR-positive gallbladder samples (23 S. Typhi and 11 S. Paratyphi). Gallstones were more likely to be qPCR positive than bile and gallbladder tissue. Anti-Vi and YncE were significantly correlated (r = 0.78 p<0.0001) and elevated among carriers as compared to qPCR negative controls, except for anti-Vi response in Paratyphi A. But the discriminatory values of these antigens in identifying carriers from qPCR negative controls were low. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of typhoid carriers observed in this study suggests that further studies are required to gain information that will help in controlling future typhoid outbreaks in a superior manner than they are currently being managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Noshi Maria
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tabish Chawla
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Momin Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Adnan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Aneeta Hotwani
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Wahhaab Sadiq
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Richelle Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Lv J, Geng L, Ye W, Gong S, Wu J, Ju T, Li L, Liu L, Zhang Y. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases in Shiyan, China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301388. [PMID: 38722868 PMCID: PMC11081320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a primary cause of foodborne diseases globally. Despite food contamination and clinical infections garnering substantial attention and research, asymptomatic Salmonella carriers, potential sources of infection, have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genetic profiles of archived Salmonella strains isolated from food (26), asymptomatic carriers (41), and clinical cases (47) in Shiyan City, China. Among the 114 Salmonella strains identified, representing 31 serotypes and 34 Sequence Types (STs), the most prevalent serovars included Typhimurium, Derby, Enteritidis, Thompson, and London, with the most predominant STs being ST11, ST40, ST26, ST34, and ST155. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that all strains were only sensitive to meropenem, with 74.6% showing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and 53.5% demonstrating multidrug resistance (MDR). Strains resistant to five and six classes of antibiotics were the most common. Pearson's chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of AMR (p = 0.105) or MDR (p = 0.326) among Salmonella isolates from the three sources. Our findings underscore associations and diversities among Salmonella strains isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical patients, emphasizing the need for increased vigilance towards asymptomatic Salmonella carriers by authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lingjun Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenlin Ye
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shide Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tingting Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shiyan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Amare A, Asnakew F, Asressie Y, Guadie E, Tirusew A, Muluneh S, Awoke A, Assefa M, Ferede W, Getaneh A, Lemma M. Prevalence of multidrug resistance Salmonella species isolated from clinical specimens at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital Northwest Ethiopia: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301697. [PMID: 38713729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem globally. The disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, but there have been limited recent studies about the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from various clinical specimens. OBJECTIVE Aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, northwestern Ethiopia. METHOD A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated from all clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Salmonella Comprehensive Specialised Hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 3rd, 2022. A total of 26,154 data points were collected using a checklist of records of laboratory registration. Clinical specimens were collected, inoculated, and incubated for about a week with visual inspection for growth and gram staining. The isolates were grown on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Pure colonies were identified with a conventional biochemical test, and those unidentified at the species level were further identified by the analytical profile index-20E. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates was identified using the criteria set by Magiorakos. Finally, the data was cleaned and checked for completeness and then entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Then the results were displayed using tables and figures. RESULTS Of the total 26,154 Salmonella suspected clinical samples, 41 (0.16%) Salmonella species were isolated. Most of the Salmonella isolates, 19 (46.3%), were in the age group of less than 18 years, followed by the age group of 19-44 years, 11 (26.8%). In this study, S. enterica subsp. arizonae accounts for the highest 21 (51%), followed by S. paratyphi A 9 (22%). Of the Salmonella isolates, S. typhi were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, each accounting for 83.3%. Furthermore, S. paratyphi A was resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.9%), and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The overall multi-drug resistance prevalence was 22 (53.7%; 95% CI: 39.7-61). Accordingly, S. paratyphi A was 100% multidrug-resistant, followed by S. typhi (66.6%). CONCLUSION A low prevalence of Salmonella species was observed in the past six years. Moreover, most S. typhi and S. paratyphi strains in the study area were found to be resistant to routinely recommended antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, compared to what was reported earlier. In addition, all isolates of S. paratyphi A and the majority of S. typhi were multidrug resistant. Therefore, health professionals should consider antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use antibiotics with caution for Salmonellosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azanaw Amare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Asnakew
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Asressie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetie Guadie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Tirusew
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Silenat Muluneh
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebew Awoke
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluneh Assefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Ferede
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Getaneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulualem Lemma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Desai SK, Zhou Y, Dilawari R, Routh AL, Popov V, Kenney LJ. RpoS activates formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms and drives persistence in the gall bladder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564249. [PMID: 37961640 PMCID: PMC10634867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies for targeting the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi in chronic typhoid patients has suffered owing to our basic lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable the formation of S. Typhi biofilms. Traditionally, studies have relied on cholesterol-attached biofilms formed by a closely related serovar, Typhimurium, to mimic multicellular Typhi communities formed on human gallstones. In long-term infections, S. Typhi adopts the biofilm lifestyle to persist in vivo and survive in the carrier state, ultimately leading to the spread of infections via the fecal-oral route of transmission. In the present work, we studied S. Typhi biofilms directly, applied targeted as well as genome-wide genetic approaches to uncover unique biofilm components that do not conform to the CsgD-dependent pathway established in S. Typhimurium. We undertook a genome-wide Tn5 mutation screen in a highly successful parental lineage of S. Typhi, strain H58, in gallstone-mimicking conditions. We generated New Generation Sequencing libraries based on the ClickSeq technology to identify the key regulators, IraP and RpoS, and the matrix components as Sth fimbriae, Vi capsule and lipopolysaccharide. We discovered that the starvation sigma factor, RpoS, was required for the transcriptional activation of matrix-encoding genes in vitro, and for S. Typhi colonization in persistent infections in vivo, using a heterologous fish larval model. An rpoS null mutant failed to colonize the gall bladder in chronic zebrafish infections. Overall, our work uncovered a novel RpoS-driven paradigm for the formation of cholesterol-attached Typhi biofilms, and emphasized the role(s) of stress signaling pathways for adaptation in chronic infections. Our identification of the biofilm regulators in S. Typhi paves the way for the development of drugs against typhoid carriage, which will ultimately control the increased incidence of gall bladder cancer in typhoid carriers.
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Weyant C, Hooda Y, Munira SJ, Lo NC, Ryckman T, Tanmoy AM, Kanon N, Seidman JC, Garrett D, Saha SK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Saha S, Andrews JR. Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction strategies in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2024; 42:2867-2876. [PMID: 38531727 PMCID: PMC11033679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Typhoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh plans to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) in its expanded program on immunization (EPI) schedule. However, the optimal introduction strategy in addition to the costs and benefits of such a program are unclear. METHODS We extended an existing mathematical model of typhoid transmission to integrate cost data, clinical incidence data, and recently conducted serosurveys in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. In our primary analysis, we evaluated the status quo (i.e., no vaccination) and eight vaccine introduction strategies including routine and 1-time campaign strategies, which differed by age groups targeted and geographic focus. Model outcomes included clinical incidence, seroincidence, deaths, costs, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for each strategy. We adopted a societal perspective, 10-year model time horizon, and 3 % annual discount rate. We performed probabilistic, one-way, and scenario sensitivity analyses including adopting a healthcare perspective and alternate model time horizons. RESULTS We projected that all TCV strategies would be cost saving compared to the status quo. The preferred strategy was a nationwide introduction of TCV at 9-12 months of age with a single catch-up campaign for children ages 1-15, which was cost saving compared to all other strategies and the status quo. In the 10 years following implementation, we projected this strategy would avert 3.77 million cases (95 % CrI: 2.60 - 5.18), 11.31 thousand deaths (95 % CrI: 3.77 - 23.60), and save $172.35 million (95 % CrI: -14.29 - 460.59) compared to the status quo. Our findings were broadly robust to changes in parameter values and willingness-to-pay thresholds. CONCLUSIONS We projected that nationwide TCV introduction with a catch-up campaign would substantially reduce typhoid incidence and very likely be cost saving in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weyant
- Department of Health Policy and Center for Health Policy, Stanford School of Medicine and Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Theresa Ryckman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Naito Kanon
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Department of Health Policy and Center for Health Policy, Stanford School of Medicine and Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Marchant P, Vivanco E, Silva A, Nevermann J, Fuentes I, Barrera B, Otero C, Calderón IL, Gil F, Fuentes JA. β-lactam-induced OMV release promotes polymyxin tolerance in Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1389663. [PMID: 38591031 PMCID: PMC10999688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global concern, leading to a renewed reliance on older antibiotics like polymyxins as a last resort. Polymyxins, cationic cyclic peptides synthesized nonribosomally, feature a hydrophobic acyl tail and positively charged residues. Their antimicrobial mechanism involves initial interaction with Gram-negative bacterial outer-membrane components through polar and hydrophobic interactions. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nano-sized proteoliposomes secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, play a crucial role in tolerating harmful molecules, including cationic peptides such as polymyxins. Existing literature has documented environmental changes' impact on modulating OMV properties in Salmonella Typhimurium. However, less information exists regarding OMV production and characteristics in Salmonella Typhi. A previous study in our laboratory showed that S. Typhi ΔmrcB, a mutant associated with penicillin-binding protein (PBP, a β-lactam antibiotic target), exhibited hypervesiculation. Consequently, this study investigated the potential impact of β-lactam antibiotics on promoting polymyxin tolerance via OMVs in S. Typhi. Our results demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of β-lactams increased bacterial survival against polymyxin B in S. Typhi. This phenomenon stems from β-lactam antibiotics inducing hypervesiculation of OMVs with higher affinity for polymyxin B, capturing and diminishing its biologically effective concentration. These findings suggest that β-lactam antibiotic use may inadvertently contribute to decreased polymyxin effectivity against S. Typhi or other Gram-negative bacteria, complicating the effective treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the influence of β-lactam antibiotics on the interaction between OMVs and other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marchant
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erika Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Silva
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan Nevermann
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Boris Barrera
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L. Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Ashton PM, Chunga Chirambo A, Meiring JE, Patel PD, Mbewe M, Silungwe N, Chizani K, Banda H, Heyderman RS, Dyson ZA, MacPherson P, Henrion MYR, Holt KE, Gordon MA. Evaluating the relationship between ciprofloxacin prescription and non-susceptibility in Salmonella Typhi in Blantyre, Malawi: an observational study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e226-e234. [PMID: 38387472 PMCID: PMC10914669 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciprofloxacin is the first-line drug for treating typhoid fever in many countries in Africa with a high disease burden, but the emergence of non-susceptibility poses a challenge to public health programmes. Through enhanced surveillance as part of vaccine evaluation, we investigated the occurrence and potential determinants of ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility in Blantyre, Malawi. METHODS We conducted systematic surveillance of typhoid fever cases and antibiotic prescription in two health centres in Blantyre, Malawi, between Oct 1, 2016, and Oct 31, 2019, as part of the STRATAA and TyVAC studies. In addition, blood cultures were taken from eligible patients presenting at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, as part of routine diagnosis. Inclusion criteria were measured or reported fever, or clinical suspicion of sepsis. Microbiologically, we identified Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) isolates with a ciprofloxacin non-susceptible phenotype from blood cultures, and used whole-genome sequencing to identify drug-resistance mutations and phylogenetic relationships. We constructed generalised linear regression models to investigate associations between the number of ciprofloxacin prescriptions given per month to study participants and the proportion of S Typhi isolates with quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations in the following month. FINDINGS From 46 989 blood cultures from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, 502 S Typhi isolates were obtained, 30 (6%) of which had either decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility, or ciprofloxacin resistance. From 11 295 blood cultures from STRATAA and TyVAC studies, 241 microbiologically confirmed cases of typhoid fever were identified, and 198 isolates from 195 participants sequenced (mean age 12·8 years [SD 10·2], 53% female, 47% male). Between Oct 1, 2016, and Aug 31, 2019, of 177 typhoid fever cases confirmed by whole-genome sequencing, four (2%) were caused by S Typhi with QRDR mutations, compared with six (33%) of 18 cases between Sept 1 and Oct 31, 2019. This increase was associated with a preceding spike in ciprofloxacin prescriptions. Every additional prescription of ciprofloxacin given to study participants in the preceding month was associated with a 4·2% increase (95% CI 1·8-7·0) in the relative risk of isolating S Typhi with a QRDR mutation (p=0·0008). Phylogenetic analysis showed that S Typhi isolates with QRDR mutations from September and October, 2019, belonged to two distinct subclades encoding two different QRDR mutations, and were closely related (4-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) to susceptible S Typhi endemic to Blantyre. INTERPRETATION We postulate a causal relationship between increased ciprofloxacin prescriptions and an increase in fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility in S Typhi. Decreasing ciprofloxacin use by improving typhoid diagnostics, and reducing typhoid fever cases through the use of an efficacious vaccine, could help to limit the emergence of resistance. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute for Health and Care Research (UK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ashton
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Angeziwa Chunga Chirambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James E Meiring
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Niza Silungwe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Happy Banda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe A Dyson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter MacPherson
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marc Y R Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Sagas D, Adler A, Kasher C, Khamaysi K, Strauss M, Chazan B. The effect of the transition to molecular diagnosis on the epidemiology and the clinical characteristics of bacterial gastroenteritis in Northern Israel. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:157-163. [PMID: 37975631 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2282713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to PCR-based diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis (BGE) can increase the sensitivity but might reduce the clinical specificity. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the effect of the change from culture to PCR-based diagnostics on the reported incidence and positivity rates of BGE due to Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter species and (2) to compare the demographics, medical background, clinical characteristics and pre-analytic variables between cases with PCR-positive, culture-negative samples to cases with PCR-positive, culture-positive samples. METHODS The study was performed at the Emek Medical Centre that serves a population of 0.5 million people in Northern Israel. The study included two parts: (1) a retrospective cohort study, comparing the incidence and positivity rates of laboratory-diagnosed BGE from January 2016 until December 22nd, 2019 when culture was the sole method to January 2020 until April 2023 when PCR was used; (2) a prospective cohort study, conducted between November 2020 until April 2023 that compared the demographics and clinical characteristics of BGE cases that were diagnosed by PCR alone versus cases that were diagnosed by both PCR and culture. RESULTS The incidence rate between-periods comparability ratio was only 113% since the incidence rate did not increase during 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample positivity rate increased since 2020, with between-periods comparability ratio of 159%. In the second period, the sample positivity rates of culture vs. PCR alone differed between the pathogens and were 90.2%, 63.8% and 54.2% for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella species, respectively (p < 0.001). The following variables were identified as independent predictors of culture positivity: (1) Salmonella infection (O.R. = 10.6, 95% C.I. 3.6-31.1, p < 0.001); (2) Shigella infection (O.R. = 0.46, 95% C.I.0.23-0.93, p = 0.032); (3) time from sample submission to culture (O.R.=0.73, 95% C.I. 0.58-0.92, p = 0.008); (4) the presence of abdominal pain (O.R. = 1.98, 95% C.I. 1.04-3.79, p = 0.038) and the PCR mean Ct value (O.R. = 0.89, 95% C.I.0.85-0.94, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of PCR had led to improved sensitivity, without noticeable decrease in the clinical specificity. This was especially important in the case of the more fastidious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Sagas
- Clinical Microbiology, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Adler
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Clinical Microbiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmel Kasher
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
| | | | - Merav Strauss
- Clinical Microbiology, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
| | - Bibiana Chazan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Meiring JE, Khanam F, Basnyat B, Charles RC, Crump JA, Debellut F, Holt KE, Kariuki S, Mugisha E, Neuzil KM, Parry CM, Pitzer VE, Pollard AJ, Qadri F, Gordon MA. Typhoid fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 38097589 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection that causes a high burden of disease in Africa and Asia. Typhoid primarily affects individuals ranging from infants through to young adults. The causative organism, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, crossing the intestinal epithelium and disseminating to systemic and intracellular sites, causing an undifferentiated febrile illness. Blood culture remains the practical reference standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever, where culture testing is available, but novel diagnostic modalities are an important priority under investigation. Since 2017, remarkable progress has been made in defining the global burden of both typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance; in understanding disease pathogenesis and immunological protection through the use of controlled human infection; and in advancing effective vaccination programmes through strategic multipartner collaboration and targeted clinical trials in multiple high-incidence priority settings. This Primer thus offers a timely update of progress and perspective on future priorities for the global scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Meiring
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Mugisha
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Public Health Modelling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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15
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Joseph TM, Al-Hazmi HE, Śniatała B, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S. Nanoparticles and nanofiltration for wastewater treatment: From polluted to fresh water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117114. [PMID: 37716387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. Mitigating this issue requires effective treatment of domestic wastewater to convert waste into bio-fertilizers and gas. Neglecting liquid waste treatment carries severe consequences for health and the environment. This review focuses on intelligent technologies for water and wastewater treatment, targeting waterborne diseases. It covers pollution prevention and purification methods, including hydrotherapy, membrane filtration, mechanical filters, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and copper-zinc cleaning. The article also highlights domestic purification, field techniques, heavy metal removal, and emerging technologies like nanochips, graphene, nanofiltration, atmospheric water generation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-based cleaning. Emphasizing water cleaning's significance for ecosystem protection and human health, the review discusses pollution challenges and explores the integration of wastewater treatment, coagulant processes, and nanoparticle utilization in management. It advocates collaborative efforts and innovative research for freshwater preservation and pollution mitigation. Innovative biological systems, combined with filtration, disinfection, and membranes, can elevate recovery rates by up to 90%, surpassing individual primary (<10%) or biological methods (≤50%). Advanced treatment methods can achieve up to 95% water recovery, exceeding UN goals for clean water and sanitation (Goal 6). This progress aligns with climate action objectives and safeguards vital water-rich habitats (Goal 13). The future holds promise with advanced purification techniques enhancing water quality and availability, underscoring the need for responsible water conservation and management for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Bogna Śniatała
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1599637111, Iran.
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Pradhan J, Pradhan D, Sahu JK, Mishra S, Mallick S, Das S, Negi VD. A novel rspA gene regulates biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106432. [PMID: 37926364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although much has been known about Salmonella pathogenesis, the functional characterizations of certain genes are yet to be explored. The rspA (STM14_1818) is one such gene with putative dehydratase function, and its role in pathogenesis is unknown. The background information showed that rspA gene is upregulated in Salmonella when it resides inside macrophages, which led us to investigate its role in Salmonella pathogenesis. We generated the rspA knockout strain and complement strain in S. Typhimurium 14028. Ex-vivo and in-vivo infectivity was looked at macrophage and epithelial cell lines and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The mutant strain differentially formed the biofilm at different temperatures by altering the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli. Besides, the mutant strain is hyperproliferative intracellularly and showed increased bacterial burden in C. elegans. The mutant strain became more infectious and lethal, causing faster death of the worms than the wild type, and also modulates the worm's innate immunity. Thus, we found that the rspA deletion mutant was more pathogenic. In this study, we concluded that the rspA gene differentially regulates the biofilm formation in a temperature dependent manner by modulating the genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli and negatively regulates the Salmonella virulence for longer persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Diana Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Jugal Kishor Sahu
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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17
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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18
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Ou C, Dozois CM, Daigle F. Differential regulatory control of curli (csg) gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi requires more than a functional CsgD regulator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14905. [PMID: 37689734 PMCID: PMC10492818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with no known reservoir. Curli fimbriae are major components of biofilm produced by Salmonella and are encoded by the csg gene cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG). The role of curli in S. Typhi is unknown, although detection of anti-curli antibodies suggests they are produced during host infection. In this study, we investigated curli gene expression in S. Typhi. We demonstrated that the CsgD regulatory protein binds weakly to the csgB promoter. Yet, replacing S. Typhi csgD with the csgD allele from S. Typhimurium did not modify the curli negative phenotype on Congo Red medium suggesting that differential regulation of curli gene expression in S. Typhi is not dependent on modification of the CsgD regulator. The entire csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium was also cloned into S. Typhi, but again, despite introduction of a fully functional csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium, curli were still not detected in S. Typhi. Thus, in addition to intrinsic genomic differences in the csg gene cluster that have resulted in production of a modified CsgD protein, S. Typhi has likely undergone other changes independent of the csg gene cluster that have led to distinctive regulation of csg genes compared to other Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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19
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Chai Q, Lei Z, Liu CH. Pyroptosis modulation by bacterial effector proteins. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101804. [PMID: 37406548 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death featured with membrane pore formation that causes cellular swelling and allows the release of intracellular inflammatory mediators. This cell death process is elicited by the activation of the pore-forming proteins named gasdermins, and is intricately orchestrated by diverse regulatory factors in mammalian hosts to exert a prompt immune response against infections. However, growing evidence suggests that bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate host pyroptosis for evading immune clearance and establishing progressive infection. In this review, we highlight current understandings of the functional role and regulatory network of pyroptosis in host antibacterial immunity. Thereafter, we further discuss the latest advances elucidating the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens modulate pyroptosis through adopting their effector proteins to drive infections. A better understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying pyroptosis at the interface of host-bacterial interactions will shed new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and contribute to the development of promising therapeutic strategies against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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20
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Hoyer-Leitzel A, Iams S, Haslam-Hyde A, Zeeman M, Fefferman N. An immuno-epidemiological model for transient immune protection: A case study for viral respiratory infections. Infect Dis Model 2023; 8:855-864. [PMID: 37502609 PMCID: PMC10369473 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of infectious disease in a population critically involves both within-host pathogen replication and between host pathogen transmission. While modeling efforts have recently explored how within-host dynamics contribute to shaping population transmission, fewer have explored how ongoing circulation of an epidemic infectious disease can impact within-host immunological dynamics. We present a simple, influenza-inspired model that explores the potential for re-exposure during a single, ongoing outbreak to shape individual immune response and epidemiological potential in non-trivial ways. We show how even a simplified system can exhibit complex ongoing dynamics and sensitive thresholds in behavior. We also find epidemiological stochasticity likely plays a critical role in reinfection or in the maintenance of individual immunological protection over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hoyer-Leitzel
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - S.M. Iams
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA
| | - A.J. Haslam-Hyde
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, USA
| | - M.L. Zeeman
- Department of Mathematics, Bowdoin College, USA
| | - N.H. Fefferman
- Dept of Mathematics & Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & NIMBioS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
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21
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Reddy MP, Sulaiman ZI, Askar G. Vertebral discitis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo infection. IDCases 2023; 33:e01882. [PMID: 37680214 PMCID: PMC10480304 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide, manifesting as non-invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, and typhoid fever. It also rarely presents as Salmonella osteomyelitis in children with hemoglobinopathies and immunocompromised adults and even rarer osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent host without significant risk factors. Our case is of a 38-year-old immunocompetent male without significant risk factors presented with biopsy proven Salmonella vertebral discitis due to exposure to contaminated and undercooked poultry. It illustrates the importance of thorough and complete history taking even in immunocompetent patients and early recognition with prompt targeted treatment of Salmonella osteomyelitis/discitis to prevent unfavorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithri P. Reddy
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Internal Medicine Department, Fort Gordon, GA, USA
| | - Zoheb Irshad Sulaiman
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gina Askar
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Augusta, GA, USA
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22
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Walker GT, Gerner RR, Nuccio SP, Raffatellu M. Murine Models of Salmonella Infection. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e824. [PMID: 37478288 PMCID: PMC10372748 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Salmonella enterica encompasses a range of bacterial serovars that cause intestinal inflammation and systemic infections in humans. Mice are a widely used infection model due to their relative simplicity and versatility. Here, we provide standardized protocols for culturing the prolific zoonotic pathogen S. enterica serovar Typhimurium for intragastric inoculation of mice to model colitis or systemic dissemination, along with techniques for direct extraintestinal infection. Furthermore, we present procedures for quantifying pathogen burden and for characterizing the immune response by analyzing tissue pathology, inflammatory markers, and immune cells from intestinal tissues. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Murine colitis model utilizing oral streptomycin pretreatment and oral S. Typhimurium administration Basic Protocol 2: Intraperitoneal injection of S. Typhimurium for modeling extraintestinal infection Support Protocol 1: Preparation of S. Typhimurium inoculum Support Protocol 2: Preparation of mixed S. Typhimurium inoculum for competitive infection Basic Protocol 3: Assessment of S. Typhimurium burden Support Protocol 3: Preservation and pathological assessment of S. Typhimurium-infected tissues Support Protocol 4: Measurement of inflammatory marker expression in intestinal tissues by qPCR Support Protocol 5: Preparation of intestinal content for inflammatory marker quantification by ELISA Support Protocol 6: Immune cell isolation from Salmonella-infected intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Walker
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- School of Life Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Chiba University-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD-cMAV), La Jolla, California
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23
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Johnston PI, Bogue P, Chirambo AC, Mbewe M, Prakash R, Kandoole-Kabwere V, Lester R, Darton T, Baker S, Gordon MA, Meiring JE. Bacterial shedding and serologic responses following an outbreak of Salmonella Typhi in an endemic cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:416. [PMID: 37340341 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever. Salmonella Typhi may be transmitted through shedding in the stool, which can continue after recovery from acute illness. Shedding is detected by culturing stool, which is challenging to co-ordinate at scale. We hypothesised that sero-surveillance would direct us to those shedding Salmonella Typhi in stool following a typhoid outbreak. METHODS In 2016 a typhoid outbreak affected one in four residents of a Nursing School in Malosa, Malawi. The Department of Health asked for assistance to identify nursing students that might spread the outbreak to other health facilities. We measured IgG antibody titres against Vi capsular polysaccharide (anti-Vi IgG) and IgM / IgG antibodies against H:d flagellin (anti-H:d) three and six months after the outbreak. We selected participants in the highest and lowest deciles for anti-Vi IgG titre (measured at visit one) and obtained stool for Salmonella culture and PCR. All participants reported whether they had experienced fever persisting for three days or more during the outbreak (in keeping with the WHO definitions of 'suspected typhoid'). We tested for salmonellae in the Nursing School environment. RESULTS We obtained 320 paired serum samples from 407 residents. We cultured stool from 25 residents with high anti-Vi IgG titres and 24 residents with low titres. We did not recover Salmonella Typhi from stool; four stool samples yielded non-typhoidal salmonellae; one sample produced a positive PCR amplification for a Salmonella Typhi target. Median anti-Vi and anti-H:d IgG titres fell among participants who reported persistent fever. There was a smaller fall in anti-H:d IgG titres among participants who did not report persistent fever. Non-typhoidal salmonellae were identified in water sampled at source and from a kitchen tap. CONCLUSION High titres of anti-Vi IgG did not identify culture-confirmed shedding of Salmonella Typhi. There was a clear serologic signal of recent typhoid exposure in the cohort, represented by waning IgG antibody titres over time. The presence of non-typhoidal salmonellae in drinking water indicates sub-optimal sanitation. Developing methods to detect and treat shedding remains an important priority to complement typhoid conjugate vaccination in efforts to achieve typhoid elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Johnston
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Patrick Bogue
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Angeziwa Chunga Chirambo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Reenesh Prakash
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Rebecca Lester
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thomas Darton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James E Meiring
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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24
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Galli M, Oreni L, Ridolfo AL, Formenti A, Luconi E, Boracchi P, Antinori S, Biganzoli E, Vaglienti F. Milan's forgotten epidemic of summer 1629, a few months before the last great plague: An investigation into the possible cause. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279218. [PMID: 37289732 PMCID: PMC10249863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An epidemic not attributable to plague caused thousands of deaths in Milan in the summer of 1629, a time of war and famine that immediately preceded the even more fatal Great Plague of 1630 that killed an estimated ten of thousands of people. The 5,993 deaths of 1629 recorded in the Liber Mortuorum of Milan (a city with an estimated population of 130,000 inhabitants at the time) were 45.7% more than the average number recorded between 1601 and 1628. Registered deaths peaked in July, and 3,363 of the deaths (56,1%) were attributed to a febrile illness which, in most cases (2,964, 88%), was not associated with a rash or organ involvement. These deaths involved 1,627 males and 1,334 females and occurred at a median age of 40 years (range 0-95). In this paper, we discuss the possible cause of the epidemic, which may have been an outbreak of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Galli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Formenti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Luconi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of History and Historical Documentation Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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25
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Zhou K, Sun L, Zhang X, Xu X, Mi K, Ma W, Zhang L, Huang L. Salmonella antimicrobials inherited and the non-inherited resistance: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1176317. [PMID: 37303797 PMCID: PMC10249997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1176317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. Typhoid fever and enteritis caused by Salmonella enterica are associated with 16-33 million infections and 500,000 to 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. The eradication of Salmonella is becoming increasingly difficult because of its remarkable capacity to counter antimicrobial agents. In addition to the intrinsic and acquired resistance of Salmonella, increasing studies indicated that its non-inherited resistance, which commonly mentioned as biofilms and persister cells, plays a critical role in refractory infections and resistance evolution. These remind the urgent demand for new therapeutic strategies against Salmonella. This review starts with escape mechanisms of Salmonella against antimicrobial agents, with particular emphasis on the roles of the non-inherited resistance in antibiotic failure and resistance evolution. Then, drug design or therapeutic strategies that show impressive effects in overcoming Salmonella resistance and tolerance are summarized completely, such as overcoming the barrier of outer membrane by targeting MlaABC system, reducing persister cells by limiting hydrogen sulfide, and applying probiotics or predatory bacteria. Meanwhile, according to the clinical practice, the advantages and disadvantages of above strategies are discussed. Finally, we further analyze how to deal with this tricky problems, thus can promote above novel strategies to be applied in the clinic as soon as possible. We believed that this review will be helpful in understanding the relationships between tolerance phenotype and resistance of Salmonella as well as the efficient control of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Mi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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26
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Vasicek EM, Gunn JS. Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Lineage Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization Vary But Do Not Correlate Directly with Known Biofilm-Related Mutations. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0013523. [PMID: 37129526 PMCID: PMC10187132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars have a broad host range and cause gastroenteritis in humans. However, invasive NTS (iNTS) bloodstream infections have increased in the last decade, causing 60,000 deaths annually. Human-specific typhoidal Salmonella colonizes and forms biofilms on gallstones, resulting in chronic, asymptomatic infection. iNTS lineages are undergoing genomic reduction and may have adapted to person-to-person transmission via mutations in virulence, bile resistance, and biofilm formation. As such, we sought to determine the capacity of iNTS lineages for biofilm formation and the development of chronic infections in the gallbladder in our mouse model. Of the lineages tested (L1, L2, L3 and UK), only L2 and UK were defective for the rough, dry and red (RDAR) morphotype, correlating with the known bcsG (cellulose) mutation but not with csgD (curli) gene mutations. Biofilm-forming ability was assessed in vitro, which revealed a biofilm formation hierarchy of L3 > ST19 > UK > L1 = L2, which did not correlate directly with either the bcsG or the csgD mutation. By confocal microscopy, biofilms of L2 and UK had significantly less curli and cellulose, while L1 biofilms had significantly lower cellulose. All iNTS strains were able to colonize the mouse gallbladder, liver, and spleen in a similar manner, while L3 had a significantly higher bacterial load in the gallbladder and increased lethality. While there was iNTS lineage variability in biofilm formation, gallbladder colonization, and virulence in a chronic mouse model, all tested lineages were capable of colonization despite possessing biofilm-related mutations. Thus, iNTS strains may be unrecognized chronic pathogens in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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27
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Vanderslott S, Kumar S, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Qadri F, Zellweger RM. Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S47-S52. [PMID: 37274528 PMCID: PMC10236512 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions. Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization-prequalified vaccines are available to accelerate control in the shorter term. Meanwhile, water and sanitation interventions could be implemented in the longer term to sustainably prevent typhoid in low- and middle-income countries. This article first approaches typhoid control from a historical perspective, subsequently presents how vaccination could complement water and sanitation activities, and finally discusses the challenges and opportunities for impactful control of typhoid infection. It also addresses data blind spots and knowledge gaps to focus on for typhoid control and to ultimately progress towards elimination. This article presents a synthesis of discussions held in December 2021 during a roundtable session at the "12th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses".
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Vanderslott
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Supriya Kumar
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raphaël M Zellweger
- Correspondence: Raphaël M. Zellweger, MSc, PhD, Epidemiology , Public Health & Impact, International Vaccine Institute, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea. ()
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28
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Uwanibe JN, Kayode TA, Oluniyi PE, Akano K, Olawoye IB, Ugwu CA, Happi CT, Folarin OA. The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Healthy School-Aged Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040594. [PMID: 37111480 PMCID: PMC10140884 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern due to cases of mis-/overdiagnosis. Asymptomatic carriers play a role in the transmission and persistence of typhoid fever, especially among children, where limited data exist in Nigeria and other endemic countries. We aim to elucidate the burden of typhoid fever among healthy school-aged children using the best surveillance tool(s). In a semi-urban/urban state (Osun), 120 healthy school-aged children under 15 years were enrolled. Whole blood and fecal samples were obtained from consenting children. ELISA targeting the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-LPS antibodies of Salmonella Typhi, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to analyze the samples. At least one of the immunological markers was detected in 65.8% of children, with 40.8%, 37.5%, and 39% of children testing positive for IgM, IgG, and antigen, respectively. Culture, PCR, and NGS assays did not detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi in the isolates. This study demonstrates a high seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhi in these healthy children but no carriage, indicating the inability to sustain transmission. We also demonstrate that using a single technique is insufficient for typhoid fever surveillance in healthy children living in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Kayode
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B Olawoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
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29
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Abdul Lateef Khan K, Sheik Abdul Kader Z. Profiling of Humoral Immune Response in Typhoid Patients against Differentially Extracted Whole Cell Bacterial Protein Derived from S. typhi and S. spp. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4125588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a multiorgan infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through fecal oral route and can be fatal without proper treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis of typhoid fever is crucial. In the previous study, we have developed TYPHOIDYNE EIA, which showed excellent synergy between the genus conserved and species-specific antigens in the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. TYPHOIDYNE EIA can effectively detect and differentiate typhoid patients, typhoid vaccinated subjects, healthy subjects, and subjects with other febrile illnesses. Following the successful development of TYPHOIDYNE EIA, in this report, we further characterize the antigenic components of differentially extracted S. typhi and S. spp recognized by IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody isotypes in typhoid patients and possible typhoid carrier by the western blot (WB) assay. The WB characterization revealed a dynamic pattern of recognition, with significant variations in the number of antigenic bands observed between the differentially extracted arrays of antigens. The reactivity of patient’s sera was divided into 3 regions, with region 1 (≥55 kDa) showing the strongest reactivity followed by region 2 (54 kDa–34 kDa) and region 3 (<34 kDa). Overall, the good synergy expressed in these bands suggests the potential role of these proteins in differentiating typhoid patients with possible typhoid carrier. The antigenic bands highlighted in this study are also identified as prospective biomarkers for diagnostic use and vaccine development.
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Mahmoud A, Oluyemisi A, Uwishema O, Sun J, Jobran AW, David S, Wireko AA, Adanur I, Dost B, Onyeaka H. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of typhoid fever in Africa: A review. Int J Health Plann Manage 2023; 38:317-329. [PMID: 36457176 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, a classical disease of enteric origin caused by Salmonella species of bacteria, is among the most important diseases threatening public health in Africa. The African continent is a marker for both low resources within the healthcare system and poor disease control policy formulations in managing endemic infectious diseases. Since the colonial era, the Widal serological test has been used to confirm typhoid fever in Africa, however recent studies recommend blood culture, and when blood culture cannot be obtained, clinical findings, laboratory Widal test confirmation, and ruling out other febrile illnesses as confirmatory pathway to diagnose typhoid fever in Africa. Managing typhoid fever relies on antimicrobials. In 1980s chloramphenicol was the medication of choice. Years later, amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole were adopted. However, the instantaneous rise of resistant strains of Salmonella enterica confers an important challenge to treat the burdensome enteric fever. The current treatment algorithm of typhoid fever in Africa relies significantly on the use of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and cephalosporins. Developed nations have successfully addressed and controlled typhoid fever via improvement in accessing safe water and food, better sanitary and hygienic behaviours, and vaccines development. Nevertheless, there is significant evidence to infer improvement in the diagnosis management of typhoid fever over the last few decades, and efforts are underway to control the disease spread in Africa. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in typhoid fever diagnosis and management in Africa and provide key recommendations for a coordinated approach to mitigate typhoid in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mahmoud
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College KCMUCo, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Adekunbi Oluyemisi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afnan Waleed Jobran
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Success David
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Awuah Wireko
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Burhan Dost
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hoffman SA, Sikorski MJ, Levine MM. Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011168. [PMID: 36952437 PMCID: PMC10035749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi), an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries, is transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated by feces or urine from individuals with acute or chronic S. Typhi infection. Most chronic S. Typhi carriers (shedding for ≥12 months) harbor infection in their gallbladder wherein preexisting pathologies, particularly cholelithiasis, provide an environment that fosters persistence. Much less appreciated is the existence of non-gallbladder hepatobiliary chronic S. Typhi carriers and urinary carriers. The former includes parasitic liver flukes as a chronic carriage risk factor. Chronic urinary carriers typically have pathology of their urinary tract, with or without renal or bladder stones. Even as the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant S. Typhi strains is rising, global implementation of highly effective typhoid vaccines is increasing. There is also renewed interest in identifying, monitoring, and (where possible) treating chronic carriers who comprise the long-term reservoir of S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Hoffman
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J Sikorski
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Yusuf K, Sampath V, Umar S. Bacterial Infections and Cancer: Exploring This Association And Its Implications for Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3110. [PMID: 36834525 PMCID: PMC9958598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are common in the etiology of human diseases owing to the ubiquity of bacteria. Such infections promote the development of periodontal disease, bacterial pneumonia, typhoid, acute gastroenteritis, and diarrhea in susceptible hosts. These diseases may be resolved using antibiotics/antimicrobial therapy in some hosts. However, other hosts may be unable to eliminate the bacteria, allowing them to persist for long durations and significantly increasing the carrier's risk of developing cancer over time. Indeed, infectious pathogens are modifiable cancer risk factors, and through this comprehensive review, we highlight the complex relationship between bacterial infections and the development of several cancer types. For this review, searches were performed on the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases encompassing the entirety of 2022. Based on our investigation, we found several critical associations, of which some are causative: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are associated with periodontal disease, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and Shigella are associated with gastroenteritis. Helicobacter pylori infection is implicated in the etiology of gastric cancer, and persistent Chlamydia infections present a risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma, especially in patients with the human papillomavirus (HPV) coinfection. Salmonella typhi infections are linked with gallbladder cancer, and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is implicated in lung cancer, etc. This knowledge helps identify the adaptation strategies used by bacteria to evade antibiotic/antimicrobial therapy. The article also sheds light on the role of antibiotics in cancer treatment, the consequences of their use, and strategies for limiting antibiotic resistance. Finally, the dual role of bacteria in cancer development as well as in cancer therapy is briefly discussed, as this is an area that may help to facilitate the development of novel microbe-based therapeutics as a means of securing improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kafayat Yusuf
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Burrows H, Antillón M, Gauld JS, Kim JH, Mogasale V, Ryckman T, Andrews JR, Lo NC, Pitzer VE. Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness. Vaccine 2023; 41:965-975. [PMID: 36586741 PMCID: PMC9880559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Models are useful to inform policy decisions on typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) deployment in endemic settings. However, methodological choices can influence model-predicted outcomes. To provide robust estimates for the potential public health impact of TCVs that account for structural model differences, we compared four dynamic and one static mathematical model of typhoid transmission and vaccine impact. All models were fitted to a common dataset of age-specific typhoid fever cases in Kolkata, India. We evaluated three TCV strategies: no vaccination, routine vaccination at 9 months of age, and routine vaccination at 9 months with a one-time catch-up campaign (ages 9 months to 15 years). The primary outcome was the predicted percent reduction in symptomatic typhoid cases over 10 years after vaccine introduction. For three models with economic analyses (Models A-C), we also compared the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), calculated as the incremental cost (US$) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Routine vaccination was predicted to reduce symptomatic cases by 10-46 % over a 10-year time horizon under an optimistic scenario (95 % initial vaccine efficacy and 19-year mean duration of protection), and by 2-16 % under a pessimistic scenario (82 % initial efficacy and 6-year mean protection). Adding a catch-up campaign predicted a reduction in incidence of 36-90 % and 6-35 % in the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Vaccine impact was predicted to decrease as the relative contribution of chronic carriers to transmission increased. Models A-C all predicted routine vaccination with or without a catch-up campaign to be cost-effective compared to no vaccination, with ICERs varying from $95-789 per DALY averted; two models predicted the ICER of routine vaccination alone to be greater than with the addition of catch-up campaign. Despite differences in model-predicted vaccine impact and cost-effectiveness, routine vaccination plus a catch-up campaign is likely to be impactful and cost-effective in high incidence settings such as Kolkata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Burrows
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Marina Antillón
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jillian S Gauld
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Public Health, Access, and Vaccine Epidemiology (PAVE) Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vittal Mogasale
- Policy and Economic Research Department, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Geteneh A, Tadesse S, Biset S, Girma L, Fissiha P. Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:649. [PMID: 36635427 PMCID: PMC9837061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever continued to be the key cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries with poor hygienic practices and limited access to safe drinking water. The Widal card agglutination test is the main diagnostic tool in Ethiopia, which is limited in differentiating the overlapping symptoms with other acute febrile illnesses such as malaria and viral enteritis. This eventually leds to unnecessary antibiotic use and eventual drug resistance. Therefore this study wants to assess the burden and associated potential risk factors of typhoid fever among suspected cases using the typhoid rapid stool antigen test in Northeast Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Gaint and Meket Shediho primary hospitals from May to July 2021. A total of 255 patients clinically suspected of typhoid fever, and willing to grant informed consent were included systematically. The demographic and hygiene-related variables were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The rapid stool antigenic test and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar (XLD) stool culture were evaluated for the level of agreement. The present study indicated that the prevalence of typhoid fever was 15.3%. This displayed that the human-restricted infectious disease, typhoid fever remained a challenge to Ethiopians. Washing hands with soap, history of typhoid fever, having previous history of hospitalization, and chronic underlying disease was the significant potential factor for typhoid fever. The higher agreement of the rapid stool antigenic test with the stool culture can indicate the factual burden of typhoid fever in the suspected population. This could minimize empiric treatment and the possible emergence of drug resistance. Thus, resource-poor settings may need to look for a rapid and reliable stool antigenic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alene Geteneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
| | - Selamyhun Tadesse
- grid.507691.c0000 0004 6023 9806Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Biset
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lencho Girma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mizan Aman College of Health Sciences, Aman, Ethiopia
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease: Retrospective Clinical and Genetic Study in Mexico. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:123-135. [PMID: 36044171 PMCID: PMC9428379 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired immunity against intracellular pathogens, such as mycobacteria, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine strains, and environmental mycobacteria in otherwise healthy individuals. Retrospective study reviewed the clinical, immunological, and genetic characteristics of patients with MSMD in Mexico. Overall, 22 patients diagnosed with MSMD from 2006 to 2021 were enrolled: 14 males (64%) and eight females. After BCG vaccination, 12 patients (70%) developed BCG infection. Furthermore, 6 (22%) patients developed bacterial infections mainly caused by Salmonella, as what is described next in the text is fungal infections, particularly Histoplasma. Seven patients died of disseminated BCG disease. Thirteen different pathogenic variants were identified in IL12RB1 (n = 13), IFNGR1 (n = 3), and IFNGR2 (n = 1) genes. Interleukin-12Rβ1 deficiency is the leading cause of MSMD in our cohort. Morbidity and mortality were primarily due to BCG infection.
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Gibbons E, Tamanna M, Cherayil BJ. The rpoS gene confers resistance to low osmolarity conditions in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279372. [PMID: 36525423 PMCID: PMC9757558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi are enteropathogens that differ in host range and the diseases that they cause. We found that exposure to a combination of hypotonicity and the detergent Triton X-100 significantly reduced the viability of the S. Typhi strain Ty2 but had no effect on the S. Typhimurium strain SL1344. Further analysis revealed that hypotonicity was the critical factor: incubation in distilled water alone was sufficient to kill Ty2, while the addition of sodium chloride inhibited killing in a dose-dependent manner. Ty2's loss of viability in water was modified by culture conditions: bacteria grown in well-aerated shaking cultures were more susceptible than bacteria grown under less aerated static conditions. Ty2, like many S. Typhi clinical isolates, has an inactivating mutation in the rpoS gene, a transcriptional regulator of stress responses, whereas most S. Typhimurium strains, including SL1344, have the wild-type gene. Transformation of Ty2 with a plasmid expressing wild-type rpoS, but not the empty vector, significantly increased survival in distilled water. Moreover, an S. Typhi strain with wild-type rpoS had unimpaired survival in water. Inactivation of the wild-type gene in this strain significantly reduced survival, while replacement with an arabinose-inducible allele of rpoS restored viability in water under inducing conditions. Our observations on rpoS-dependent differences in susceptibility to hypotonic conditions may be relevant to the ability of S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium to tolerate the various environments they encounter during the infectious cycle. They also have implications for the handling of these organisms during experimental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Gibbons
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mehbooba Tamanna
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Sciences Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bobby J. Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Wiradiputra MRD, Khuntayaporn P, Thirapanmethee K, Chomnawang MT. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: A Key Role on Persister Formation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5813-5829. [PMID: 36213766 PMCID: PMC9541301 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s378157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin and antitoxin modules in bacteria consist of a toxin molecule that has activity to inhibit various cellular processes and its cognate antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin. This system is considered taking part in the formation of persister cells, which are a subpopulation of recalcitrant cells able to survive antimicrobial treatment without any resistance mechanisms. Importantly, persisters have been associated with long-term infections and treatment failures in healthcare settings. It is a public health concern since persisters can be involved in the evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance amidst the aggravating spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and insufficient novel antimicrobial therapy to tackle this issue. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes in the world and is a leading cause of food-borne salmonellosis. S. Typhimurium has been known to cause persistent infection and a wealth of investigations on Salmonella persisters indicates that toxin and antitoxin modules play a role in mediating the phenotypic switch of persisters, rendering its survival ability in the presence of antimicrobial agents. In this review, we discuss findings regarding mechanisms that underly persistence in S. Typhimurium, especially the involvement of toxin and antitoxin modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Rai Dwitya Wiradiputra
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Biopharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyatip Khuntayaporn
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krit Thirapanmethee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mullika Traidej Chomnawang
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Correspondence: Mullika Traidej Chomnawang, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand, Tel +66 2 644 8692, Email
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Nampota-Nkomba N, Nyirenda OM, Khonde L, Mapemba V, Mbewe M, Ndaferankhande JM, Msuku H, Masesa C, Misiri T, Mwakiseghile F, Patel PD, Patel P, Johnson-Mayo I, Pasetti MF, Heyderman RS, Tracy JK, Datta S, Liang Y, Neuzil KM, Gordon MA, Laurens MB. Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1326-e1335. [PMID: 35961356 PMCID: PMC9380257 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is a substantial public health problem in Africa, yet there are few clinical trials of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV). We assessed immunogenicity and safety of Typbar TCV in Malawi. METHODS This substudy was nested within a phase 3, double-blind, parallel design, randomised controlled trial of TCV in children from Ndirande Health Centre in Ndirande township, Blantyre, Malawi. To be eligible, participants had to be aged between 9 months and 12 years with no known immunosuppression or chronic health conditions, including HIV or severe malnutrition; eligible participants were enrolled into three strata of approximately 200 children (9-11 months, 1-5 years, and 6-12 years), randomly assigned (1:1) to receive TCV or control (meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine [MCV-A]) intramuscularly. Serum was collected before vaccination and at 28 days and 730-1035 days after vaccination to measure anti-Vi antibodies by ELISA. Because of COVID-19, day 730 visits were extended up to 1035 days. This nested substudy evaluated reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity by age stratum. Safety outcomes, analysed in the intention-to-treat population, included solicited adverse events within 7 days of vaccination (assessed on 3 separate days) and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days of vaccination. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03299426. FINDINGS Between Feb 22 and Sept 6, 2018, 664 participants were screened, and 631 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned (320 to the TCV group and 311 to the MCV-A group). 305 participants in the TCV group and 297 participants in the MCV-A group were vaccinated. Among TCV recipients, anti-Vi IgG geometric mean titres increased more than 500 times from 4·2 ELISA units (EU)/mL (95% CI 4·0-4·4) at baseline to 2383·7 EU/mL (2087·2-2722·3) at day 28, then decreased to 48·0 EU/mL (39·9-57·8) at day 730-1035, remaining more than 11 times higher than baseline. Among MCV-A recipients, anti-Vi IgG titres remained unchanged: 4·3 EU/mL (4·0-4·5) at baseline, 4·4 EU/mL (4·0-4·7) on day 28, and 4·6 EU/mL (4·2-5·0) on day 730-1035. TCV and MCV-A recipients had similar solicited local (eight [3%] of 304, 95% CI 1·3-5·1 and three [1%] of 293, 0·4-3·0) and systemic (27 [9%] of 304, 6·2-12·6 and 27 [9%] of 293, 6·4-13·1) reactogenicity. Related unsolicited adverse events occurred similarly in TCV and MCV-A recipients in eight (3%) of 304 (1·3-5·1) and eight (3%) of 293 (1·4-5·3). INTERPRETATION This study provides evidence of TCV safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity up to 730-1035 days in Malawian children aged 9 months to 12 years. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osward M Nyirenda
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lameck Khonde
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Victoria Mapemba
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John M Ndaferankhande
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Harrison Msuku
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Clemens Masesa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Theresa Misiri
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Felistas Mwakiseghile
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Priyanka D Patel
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Pratiksha Patel
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ifayet Johnson-Mayo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Infection, Division of Infectious Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Kathleen Tracy
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shrimati Datta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew B Laurens
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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40
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Barai L, Hasan MR, Haq JA, Ahsan CR. Salmonellacidal antibody response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in enteric fever and after vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 121:120-125. [PMID: 35568365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serum salmonellacidal (bactericidal) antibody could be used to detect functional capacity of antibody in patients with enteric fever and after typhoid vaccination. METHODS Salmonellacidal antibody response was measured by colorimetric serum salmonellacidal assay from 70 acute and 11 convalescence sera of patients infected with Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A and also from 15 control and 6 Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccinated volunteer's sera. RESULTS Sera from patients with typhoid and paratyphoid A showed significant (p < 0.05) levels of salmonellacidal antibody titer (549.9 ± 108.5 and 528.7 ± 187.3) compared with control (0.133 ± 0.1). Moreover, this titer increased significantly (p <0.05) in sera collected between 7 and 10 days and between 11 and 25 days of fever (titer 535.7 ± 119.2 and 794.6 ± 235.6) compared with sera collected from patients with fever for less than 7 days (136.4 ± 52.7). The mean titer significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to 5.5 ± 2.1 after 6-8 weeks onset of illness. Although, very low salmonellacidal titers (2.5 ± 1.5 and 2.3 ± 1.5) were detected after Vi CPS vaccine among the human volunteers, but mean titer was raised 15-fold from pre- to postvaccinated sera (0.166-2.5). CONCLUSION The serum salmonellacidal antibody by colorimetric salmonellacidal assay could be used to detect acute typhoidal cases and also to monitor immune response of typhoid vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Barai
- Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Rokibul Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mechanisms for the Invasion and Dissemination of Salmonella. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:2655801. [PMID: 35722038 PMCID: PMC9203224 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2655801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a gastroenteric Gram-negative bacterium that can infect both humans and animals and causes millions of illnesses per year around the world. Salmonella infections usually occur after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Infections with Salmonella species can cause diseases ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever. Salmonella has developed multiple strategies to invade and establish a systemic infection in the host. Different cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and M cells, are important in the infection process of Salmonella. Dissemination throughout the body and colonization of remote organs are hallmarks of Salmonella infection. There are several routes for the dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium. This review summarizes the current understanding of the infection mechanisms of Salmonella. Additionally, different routes of Salmonella infection will be discussed. In this review, the strategies used by Salmonella enterica to establish persistent infection will be discussed. Understanding both the bacterial and host factors leading to the successful colonization of Salmonella enterica may enable the rational design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Jahan F, Chinni SV, Samuggam S, Reddy LV, Solayappan M, Su Yin L. The Complex Mechanism of the Salmonella typhi Biofilm Formation That Facilitates Pathogenicity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126462. [PMID: 35742906 PMCID: PMC9223757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) is an intracellular pathogen belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, where biofilm (aggregation and colonization of cells) formation is one of their advantageous traits. Salmonella typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever in the human body and is exceptionally host specific. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route by consuming contaminated food or water. This subspecies is quite intelligent to evade the innate detection and immune response of the host body, leading to systemic dissemination. Consequently, during the period of illness, the gallbladder becomes a harbor and may develop antibiotic resistance. Afterwards, they start contributing to the continuous damage of epithelium cells and make the host asymptomatic and potential carriers of this pathogen for an extended period. Statistically, almost 5% of infected people with Salmonella typhi become chronic carriers and are ready to contribute to future transmission by biofilm formation. Biofilm development is already recognized to link with pathogenicity and plays a crucial role in persistency within the human body. This review seeks to discuss some of the crucial factors related to biofilm development and its mechanism of interaction causing pathogenicity. Understanding the connections between these things will open up a new avenue for finding therapeutic approaches to combat pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia; (F.J.); (S.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Suresh V. Chinni
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia; (F.J.); (S.S.); (M.S.)
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience, and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.V.C.); (L.S.Y.); Tel.: +60-124362324 (S.V.C.)
| | - Sumitha Samuggam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia; (F.J.); (S.S.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Maheswaran Solayappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia; (F.J.); (S.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Lee Su Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia; (F.J.); (S.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.V.C.); (L.S.Y.); Tel.: +60-124362324 (S.V.C.)
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43
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Göksel Ş, Akçelik N, Özdemir C, Akçelik M. The Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Salmonella Biofilms. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gupta S, Allegretti JR. Mimics of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2022; 51:241-269. [PMID: 35595413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Associated symptoms can vary based on the severity of disease, extent of involvement, presence of extraintestinal manifestations, and development of complications. Diagnosis is based on a constellation of findings. Many diseases can mimic Crohn's disease and lead to diagnostic conundrums. These include entities associated with the gastrointestinal luminal tract, vascular disease, autoimmune processes, various infections, malignancies and complications, drug- or treatment-induced conditions, and genetic diseases. Careful consideration of possible causes is necessary to establish the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 850 Boyslton Street, Suite 201, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica R Allegretti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 850 Boyslton Street, Suite 201, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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45
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Yadav VB, Nath G. Bacteriophage therapy of human restricted Salmonella Species- A study in a surrogate bacterial and animal model. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:422-430. [PMID: 35610761 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi has been an important human restricted pathogen from time immemorial, and unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has induced the emergence of Multidrug-resistance in S. Typhi. Bacteriophage therapy may be a possible alternative in countering antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the efficacy of bacteriophages in treating acute and chronic S. Typhimurium infection in the mouse as a surrogate model. We isolated bacteriophages against S. Typhimurium and selected three different bacteriophages for the in vivo experiments. The lethal dose of S. Typhimurium was decided for Swiss albino mice, and acute infection was developed. Further, bacteriophage therapy by daily intraperitoneal injection of phage cocktail was given for 14 days. While the chronic carrier state of S. Typhimurium in Swiss albino mice was developed by inoculating intraperitoneally sequential 10 fold increasing doses of the bacterium. On the successful establishment of carrier state, oral feeding of phage cocktail at a high count was given, which completely cured the carrier state in 7 days of feeding. These experiments confirmed that the phage cocktail could eradicate the S. Typhimurium from the mice in both types of infections, i.e., acute and chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Bahadur Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
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Heithoff DM, Pimienta G, Mahan SP, Yang WH, Le DT, House JK, Marth JD, Smith JW, Mahan MJ. Coagulation factor protein abundance in the pre-septic state predicts coagulopathic activities that arise during late-stage murine sepsis. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103965. [PMID: 35349828 PMCID: PMC8965145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sepsis accounts for 1 in 5 deaths globally, few molecular therapies exist for this condition. The development of effective biomarkers and treatments for sepsis requires a more complete understanding of host responses and pathogenic mechanisms at early stages of disease to minimize host-driven pathology. METHODS An alternative to the current symptom-based approach used to diagnose sepsis is a precise assessment of blood proteomic changes during the onset and progression of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) murine sepsis. FINDINGS A distinct pattern of coagulation factor protein abundance was identified in the pre-septic state- prior to overt disease symptoms or bacteremia- that was predictive of the dysregulation of fibrinolytic and anti-coagulant activities and resultant consumptive coagulopathy during ST murine sepsis. Moreover, the changes in protein abundance observed generally have the same directionality (increased or decreased abundance) reported for human sepsis. Significant overlap of ST coagulopathic activities was observed in Gram-negative Escherichia coli- but not in Gram-positive staphylococcal or pneumococcal murine sepsis models. Treatment with matrix metalloprotease inhibitors prevented aberrant inflammatory and coagulopathic activities post-ST infection and increased survival. Antibiotic treatment regimens initiated after specific changes arise in the plasma proteome post-ST infection were predictive of an increase in disease relapse and death after cessation of antibiotic treatment. INTERPRETATION Altered blood proteomics provides a platform to develop rapid and easy-to-perform tests to predict sepsis for early intervention via biomarker incorporation into existing blood tests prompted by patient presentation with general malaise, and to stratify Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections for appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are less effective in microbial clearance when initiated after the onset of altered blood proteomics as evidenced by increased disease relapse and death after termination of antibiotic therapy. Treatment failure is potentially due to altered bacterial / host-responses and associated increased host-driven pathology, providing insight into why delays in antibiotic administration in human sepsis are associated with increased risk for death. Delayed treatment may thus require prolonged therapy for microbial clearance despite the prevailing notion of antibiotic de-escalation and shortened courses of antibiotics to improve drug stewardship. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, U.S. Army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Genaro Pimienta
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Scott P. Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Won Ho Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea,Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dzung T. Le
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - John K. House
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Jamey D. Marth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Smith
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J. Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA.
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47
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Inflammatory Monocytes Promote Granuloma-Mediated Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0007022. [PMID: 35311578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00070-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections generally involve a complex balance between protective immunity and immunopathology. We used a murine model to investigate the role of inflammatory monocytes in immunity and host defense against persistent salmonellosis. Mice exhibit increased susceptibility to persistent infection when inflammatory monocytes cannot be recruited into tissues or when they are depleted at specific stages of persistent infection. Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the pathology of persistent salmonellosis and cluster with other cells in pathogen-containing granulomas. Depletion of inflammatory monocytes during the chronic phase of persistent salmonellosis causes regression of already established granulomas with resultant pathogen growth and spread in tissues. Thus, inflammatory monocytes promote granuloma-mediated control of persistent salmonellosis and may be key to uncovering new therapies for granulomatous diseases.
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Development of small molecules that work cooperatively with ciprofloxacin to clear salmonella biofilms in a chronic gallbladder carriage model. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114203. [PMID: 35219950 PMCID: PMC8930541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars cause millions of infections each year that result either in typhoid fever or salmonellosis. Among those serovars that cause typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica subspecies Typhi can form biofilms on gallstones in the gallbladders of acutely-infected patients, leading to chronic carriage of the bacterium. These biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic-mediated eradication, leading to chronic fecal shedding of the bacteria, which results in further disease transmission. Herein, we report the synthesis and anti-biofilm activity of a 55-member library of small molecules based upon a previously identified hit that both inhibits and disrupts S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium (a nontyphoidal model serovar for S. Typhi) biofilms. Lead compounds inhibit S. Typhimurium biofilm formation in vitro at sub-micromolar concentrations, and disperse biofilms with five-fold greater potentency than the parent compound. Three of the most promising compounds demonstrated synergy with ciprofloxacin in a murine model of chronic Salmonella carriage. This work furthers the development of effective anti-biofilm agents as a promising therapeutic avenue for the eradication of typhoidal Salmonella.
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49
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Xiong D, Zhou Y, Song L, Liu B, Matchawe C, Chen X, Pelle R, Jiao X, Pan Z. Development of a Duplex TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Accurate Identification and Quantification of Salmonella Enteritidis from Laboratory Samples and Contaminated Chicken Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050742. [PMID: 35267375 PMCID: PMC8909838 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a major causative agent of foodborne illnesses worldwide. As the traditional serotyping and quantification methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, faster and more convenient molecular diagnostic methods are needed. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid duplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the accurate identification and quantification of S. enteritidis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on the S. enteritidis-specific gene lygD and the Salmonella genus-specific gene invA. The melt curve and gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the designed primers had potent specificity for the amplification of lygD and invA. The duplex real-time PCR specifically identified S. enteritidis from a panel of 40 Salmonella strains that represented 29 serovars and 12 non-Salmonella organisms. The duplex real-time PCR assay detected four copies of S. enteritidis DNA per reaction. The intra- and inter- assays indicated a high degree of reproducibility. The real-time PCR could accurately detect and quantify S. enteritidis in chicken organs after Salmonella infection. Furthermore, the assay identified 100% of the S. enteritidis and Salmonella genus isolates from chicken egg samples with superior sensitivity after 6 h of pre-enrichment compared to the traditional culture method. Additionally, the most-probable-number (MPN) combined with qPCR and a shortened incubation time (MPN-qPCR-SIT) method was developed for the population determination of S. enteritidis and compared with various enumeration methods. Thus, we have established and validated a new duplex real-time PCR assay and MPN-qPCR-SIT method for the accurate detection and quantification of S. enteritidis, which could contribute to meeting the need for fast detection and identification in prevention and control measures for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chelea Matchawe
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 4123, Cameroon
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Asakura H, Yamamoto S, Sasaki Y, Okada Y, Katabami S, Fujimori A, Munakata K, Shiraki Y, Nishibu H, Hisamoto C, Kawase J, Ojima Y, Kiyoshima A, Shiroma K. Bacterial Distribution and Community Structure in Beef Cattle Liver and Bile at Slaughter. J Food Prot 2022; 85:424-434. [PMID: 34818425 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, the distribution of hygienic indicator bacteria in cattle livers and bile was examined at slaughterhouses. One hundred twenty-seven cattle livers with gallbladders were carefully eviscerated from carcasses at 10 slaughterhouses. Microbiological examination revealed that nine bile samples (7.1% prevalence) and 19 liver parenchyma samples (15.0% prevalence) were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (EB) with means ± standard deviations of 3.68 ± 4.63 log CFU/mL and 1.59 ± 2.47 log CFU/g, respectively; thus, bacterial contamination was apparent even at the postevisceration stage. Subsequently, 70 cattle livers were obtained at the postprocessing and storage stage from 7 of the 10 slaughterhouses. Microbiological analysis revealed significantly higher levels of EB in the liver parenchyma (3.00 ± 3.89 log CFU/g, P = 0.011) than those at the postevisceration stage, suggesting that bacterial dissemination and/or replication occurred in the liver parenchyma during processing and storage. According to 16S rRNA ion semiconductor sequencing analysis of representative samples from 12 cattle, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were dominant in both the parenchyma and bile in which EB and Escherichia coli were predominant among livers with higher EB levels. These results suggest that bile plays a role as a vehicle for bacterial transmission to the liver parenchyma. This study is the first to evaluate bacterial distribution and community structure in the liver and biliary microecosystem of cattle at slaughter. Our data support the use of EB testing of bile to screen cattle livers contaminated with high levels of fecal indicator bacteria. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okada
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Katabami
- Towada Meat Inspection Office of Aomori Prefecture, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimori
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kanako Munakata
- Tou-sou Meat Inspection Office of Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shiraki
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Chie Hisamoto
- Meat Inspection Center of Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Kawase
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan
| | | | | | - Ken Shiroma
- Akune Meat Inspection Office of Kagoshima Prefecture, Kagoshima, Japan
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