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Engmann B. Social issues relating to Vladimir Bekhterev's concept of reflexology: a hitherto underestimated aspect of his work. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY 2024:957154X241254224. [PMID: 38863269 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x241254224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This article investigates the diversity of social and political assertions in the work of Vladimir M Bekhterev. Its findings reveal that he drew social and political conclusions based on his doctrine of reflexology. Moreover, he propagated the use of statistical investigations by scientific and governmental institutions to estimate the social and healthcare needs of the population. These conclusions accord with Bekhterev's desire for a transformation of society that would bring continued progress to people's social and living conditions. Additionally, the findings of this research work also support the idea that Bekhterev should be regarded as an important protagonist of neuroethics, a relatively recent field of research.
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Illes J. Reflecting on the Past and Future of Neuroethics: The Brain on a Pedestal. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:223-226. [PMID: 36999786 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2188282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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3
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Jwa AS, Shim J, Choi S, Eom J, Kim S, Ryu YJ. An XYZ-axis Matrix Approach for the Integration of Neuroscience and Neuroethics. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:8-19. [PMID: 36919332 PMCID: PMC10017846 DOI: 10.5607/en22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent, unprecedented advancement in neuroscience has led to new discoveries about the human brain and its function. Yet at the same time, it has spurred novel ethical and regulatory issues, and the field of neuroethics has emerged as an interdisciplinary endeavor to address these issues. Across the globe, extensive efforts have been underway to achieve the integration of neuroscience and Neuroethics, with active engagement not only from academia but also from the government, the public, and industry. However, in some countries, integrating neuroscience and neuroethics has proved to be a particularly challenging task. For example, in South Korea, the government has primarily driven the integration effort, and only a small group of researchers is properly trained for conducting an interdisciplinary evaluation of ethical, legal, social, and cultural implications (ELSCI) of neurotechnology. On the basis of the last few years of experience pursuing a government-funded neuroethics project in South Korea, we developed a new operational framework to provide practical guidance on ELSCI research. This framework consists of the X, Y, and Z axes; the X-axis represents a target neurotechnology, the Y-axis represents different developmental stages of the technology, and the Z-axis represents ELSCI issues that may arise from the development and use of the neurotechnology. Here we also present a step-by-step workflow to apply this matrix framework, from organizing a panel for a target neurotechnology to facilitating stakeholder discussion through public hearings. This framework will enable meaningful integration of neuroscience and neuroethics to promote responsible innovation in neuroscience and neurotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Jwa
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Philosophy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Sinu Choi
- Institute of Liberal Art, Pukyoung National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juhee Eom
- Department of Law, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Division of Communication & Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ryu
- Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Humanities, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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4
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The ethical and legal landscape of brain data governance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273473. [PMID: 36580464 PMCID: PMC9799320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research is producing big brain data which informs both advancements in neuroscience research and drives the development of advanced datasets to provide advanced medical solutions. These brain data are produced under different jurisdictions in different formats and are governed under different regulations. The governance of data has become essential and critical resulting in the development of various governance structures to ensure that the quality, availability, findability, accessibility, usability, and utility of data is maintained. Furthermore, data governance is influenced by various ethical and legal principles. However, it is still not clear what ethical and legal principles should be used as a standard or baseline when managing brain data due to varying practices and evolving concepts. Therefore, this study asks what ethical and legal principles shape the current brain data governance landscape? A systematic scoping review and thematic analysis of articles focused on biomedical, neuro and brain data governance was carried out to identify the ethical and legal principles which shape the current brain data governance landscape. The results revealed that there is currently a large variation of how the principles are presented and discussions around the terms are very multidimensional. Some of the principles are still at their infancy and are barely visible. A range of principles emerged during the thematic analysis providing a potential list of principles which can provide a more comprehensive framework for brain data governance and a conceptual expansion of neuroethics.
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Young MJ, Bernat JL. Emerging Subspecialties in Neurology: Neuroethics: An Emerging Career Path in Neurology. Neurology 2022; 98:505-508. [PMID: 35101909 PMCID: PMC8967332 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential to responsible practice and progress in neurology and neuroscience research is robust engagement with associated ethical dimensions and challenges. By virtue of the privileged relationship between personhood and the brain, and the importance of properties of the nervous system to what for most makes life worth living, conditions that affect neurologic function introduce a growing host of novel ethical and philosophical issues. Rather than serving a reactionary role, it is important for neurologists to anticipate such issues and develop familiarity with ethical analysis to inform quality medical practice and to safeguard neuroscience research. The field of neuroethics is an emerging career path devoted to identifying and evaluating such issues with the aim of informing optimal clinical practice and responsible neuroscience research. This article describes the past, present, and future of neuroethics, informed by an interview with one of the field's key founders and luminaries, Dr. James Bernat, with specific focus on training and career opportunities for neurologists in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Young
- From the Department of Neurology (M.J.Y.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.L.B.), Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
| | - James L Bernat
- From the Department of Neurology (M.J.Y.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.L.B.), Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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Saha S, Mamun KA, Ahmed K, Mostafa R, Naik GR, Darvishi S, Khandoker AH, Baumert M. Progress in Brain Computer Interface: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:578875. [PMID: 33716680 PMCID: PMC7947348 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.578875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCI) provide a direct communication link between the brain and a computer or other external devices. They offer an extended degree of freedom either by strengthening or by substituting human peripheral working capacity and have potential applications in various fields such as rehabilitation, affective computing, robotics, gaming, and neuroscience. Significant research efforts on a global scale have delivered common platforms for technology standardization and help tackle highly complex and non-linear brain dynamics and related feature extraction and classification challenges. Time-variant psycho-neurophysiological fluctuations and their impact on brain signals impose another challenge for BCI researchers to transform the technology from laboratory experiments to plug-and-play daily life. This review summarizes state-of-the-art progress in the BCI field over the last decades and highlights critical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanto Saha
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khondaker A. Mamun
- Advanced Intelligent Multidisciplinary Systems (AIMS) Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khawza Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raqibul Mostafa
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ganesh R. Naik
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam Darvishi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ahsan H. Khandoker
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Martinez-Martin N, Dasgupta I, Carter A, Chandler JA, Kellmeyer P, Kreitmair K, Weiss A, Cabrera LY. Ethics of Digital Mental Health During COVID-19: Crisis and Opportunities. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e23776. [PMID: 33156811 PMCID: PMC7758081 DOI: 10.2196/23776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the adoption and implementation of digital mental health tools. Psychiatry and therapy sessions are being conducted via videoconferencing platforms, and the use of digital mental health tools for monitoring and treatment has grown. This rapid shift to telehealth during the pandemic has given added urgency to the ethical challenges presented by digital mental health tools. Regulatory standards have been relaxed to allow this shift to socially distanced mental health care. It is imperative to ensure that the implementation of digital mental health tools, especially in the context of this crisis, is guided by ethical principles and abides by professional codes of conduct. This paper examines key areas for an ethical path forward in this digital mental health revolution: privacy and data protection, safety and accountability, and access and fairness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martinez-Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Biomedical Ethics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ishan Dasgupta
- Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adrian Carter
- School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Chandler
- Faculty of Law, Centre for Health Law, Policy & Ethics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Philipp Kellmeyer
- Neuroethics and AI Ethics Lab Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karola Kreitmair
- Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anthony Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura Y Cabrera
- Center for Ethics & Humanities in the Life Sciences, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Saniotis A, Kumaratilake J. Amphetamines, Cognitive Enhancement and their Implications for Medical Military Ethics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15027570.2020.1776479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Saniotis
- Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Cabrera LY, Brandt M, McKenzie R, Bluhm R. Online comments about psychiatric neurosurgery and psychopharmacological interventions: Public perceptions and concerns. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ciliberti R, Alfano L, Baldelli I, De Stefano F, Bonsignore A. Self-determination, healthcare treatment and minors in Italian clinical practice: ethical, psychological, juridical and medical-legal profiles. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 89:34-40. [PMID: 29633740 PMCID: PMC6357619 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i1.6368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim: The social role of the minor, as indeed that of the physician, has changed markedly. This transformation has given rise to new patterns and responsibilities in the management of healthcare procedures that involve minors. Discussion: According to international legislation, in the clinical setting, as in other areas of social life, minors have the right to be heard and to have their opinions taken into consideration as an increasingly determining factor, in accordance with their age and degree of maturity and discernment. The authors describe the right to information and the decision-making process when the patient is a minor and underline the role of the parties involved (physicians, parents, under-age patient, judge) in various circumstances. Specifically, the paper analyzes the ethical and legal issues relating to the entitlement to decisions concerning the medical treatment of children and assesses the importance that Italian law attaches to the will of minors in the healthcare choices that affect them. Conclusions: Healthcare workers are called upon to face new challenges in order to ensure that healthcare services are able to safeguard the interests of minors while, at the same time, respecting their will. How to evaluate children’s competence to consent and how to balance the autonomy of parents and minors are crucial questions which the law courts in the various countries are increasingly being asked to address. These issues require close collaboration among various figures (parents, doctors, psychologists, judges) and imply the ethical need to undergo continuous training. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Algahtani H, Bajunaid M, Shirah B. Unethical human research in the field of neuroscience: a historical review. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:829-834. [PMID: 29460160 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the historical foundations of ethics in human research are key to illuminating future human research and clinical trials. This paper gives an overview of the most remarkable unethical human research and how past misconducts helped develop ethical guidelines on human experimentation such as The Nuremberg Code 1947 following WWII. Unethical research in the field of neuroscience also proved to be incredibly distressing. Participants were often left with life-long cognitive disabilities. This emphasizes the importance of implicating strict rules and ethical guidelines in neuroscience research that protect participants and respects their dignity. The experiments conducted by German Nazi in the concentration camps during WWII are probably the most inhumane and brutal ever conducted. The Nuremberg Code of 1947, one of the few positive outcomes of the Nazi experiments, is often considered the first document to set out ethical regulations of human research. It consists of numerous necessary criteria, to highlight a few, the subject must give informed consent, there must be a concrete scientific basis for the experiment, and the experiment should yield positive results that cannot be obtained in any other way. In the end, we must remember, the interest of the patient must always prevail over the interest of science or society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Algahtani
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box: 12723, Jeddah, 21483, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Bajunaid
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Shirah
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Hensel D, Iorga A, Wolter L, Znanewitz J. Conducting neuromarketing studies ethically-practitioner perspectives. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1320858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Hensel
- Institute of Marketing, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Judith Znanewitz
- Institute of Marketing, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Ramos KM, Rommelfanger KS, Greely HT, Koroshetz WJ. Neuroethics and the NIH BRAIN Initiative. JOURNAL OF RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION 2017; 5:122-130. [PMID: 30854409 PMCID: PMC6405257 DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2017.1319035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative is focused on developing new tools and neurotechnologies to revolutionize our understanding of how the brain functions in health and disease, in large part to address the growing societal impact of neurological, mental health, and substance abuse disorders. Recent advances in neurotechnology are delivering unprecedented ways to interrogate and modulate brain function, and the BRAIN Initiative is focused on translation for human medical uses over the next decade. Since its inception, the NIH component of the BRAIN Initiative has utilized an iterative model of integrating ethics into the scientific trajectory of the Initiative, most recently with the creation of a Neuroethics Division of the NIH BRAIN Initiative Multi-Council Working Group. The Division serves as a resource of expertise, to help the BRAIN Initiative navigate issues involving ethics. Here we discuss the BRAIN Initiative, and its implications and aspirations for neuroethics. We also discuss new opportunities for collaboration and for integrating stakeholder voices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khara M Ramos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 31 Center Dr, MSC 2540, Bethesda, MD 20892, 301-594-2614,
| | - Karen S Rommelfanger
- Emory University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory Center for Ethics Neuroethics Program, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 727-1150,
| | - Henry T Greely
- Stanford University, Stanford Law School, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, CA 94305-8610, (650) 723-2517,
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 31 Center Dr, MSC 2540, Bethesda, MD 20892, 301-496-3167,
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Massaro S, Pecchia L. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis: A Methodology for Organizational Neuroscience. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116681072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the application of neuroscience methods and findings to the study of organizational phenomena has gained significant interest and converged in the emerging field of organizational neuroscience. Yet, this body of research has principally focused on the brain, often overlooking fuller analysis of the activities of the human nervous system and associated methods available to assess them. In this article, we aim to narrow this gap by reviewing heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which is that set of methods assessing beat-to-beat changes in the heart rhythm over time, used to draw inference on the outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In addition to anatomo-physiological and detailed methodological considerations, we discuss related theoretical, ethical, and practical implications. Overall, we argue that this methodology offers the opportunity not only to inform on a wealth of constructs relevant for management inquiries but also to advance the overarching organizational neuroscience research agenda and its ecological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Massaro
- Warwick Business School—Behavioural Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
| | - Leandro Pecchia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
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Broer T, Pickersgill M, Deary IJ. The Movement of Research from the Laboratory to the Living Room: a Case Study of Public Engagement with Cognitive Science. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2016; 9:159-171. [PMID: 27429669 PMCID: PMC4927588 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-016-9259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Media reporting of science has consequences for public debates on the ethics of research. Accordingly, it is crucial to understand how the sciences of the brain and the mind are covered in the media, and how coverage is received and negotiated. The authors report here their sociological findings from a case study of media coverage and associated reader comments of an article ('Does bilingualism influence cognitive aging?') from Annals of Neurology. The media attention attracted by the article was high for cognitive science; further, as associates/members of the Centre where it was produced, the authors of the research reported here had rare insight into how the scientists responsible for the Annals of Neurology article interacted with the media. The data corpus included 37 news items and 228 readers' comments, examined via qualitative thematic analysis. Media coverage of the article was largely accurate, without merely copying the press release. Analysis of reader comments showed these to be an important resource for considering issues of import to neuroethics scholars, as well as to scientists themselves (including how science communication shapes and is shaped by ethical, epistemic, and popular discourse). In particular, the findings demonstrate how personal experiences were vital in shaping readers' accounts of their (dis)agreements with the scientific article. Furthermore, the data show how scientific research can catalyse political discussions in ways likely unanticipated by scientists. The analysis indicates the importance of dialogue between journalists, laboratory scientists and social scientists in order to support the communication of the messages researchers intend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Broer
- />Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Martyn Pickersgill
- />Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- />Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Bewernick B, Schlaepfer TE. Update on Neuromodulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression. F1000Res 2015; 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1389. [PMID: 26918135 PMCID: PMC4754006 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6633.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
About 30% of patients suffering from a major depressive disorder do not respond sufficiently to established pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, or somatic treatments. Advances in technology and emerging knowledge about the dysfunctional brain circuits underlying depression have led to the development of different neuromodulation techniques. The aim of the present review is to give an update on noninvasive techniques, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and invasive techniques requiring brain surgery, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). First, the clinical relevance for therapy-resistant depression, including the current level of evidence, are presented. Neuroethics is concerned with the ethical, legal and social policy implications of neuroscience. A second focus of the review is the application of fundamental ethical principles, such as patient autonomy, patient well-being and justice to neuromodulation therapies. Due to reduced availability and lacking long-term efficacy data, most patients with treatment-resistant depression face a trial-and-error approach to therapeutics. This contravenes the ethical criteria of patient autonomy and justice. In order to raise the level of evidence, financial support of long-term studies, including large samples and randomized control trials, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bewernick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schlaepfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
- Departments of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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McKendrick R, Parasuraman R, Ayaz H. Wearable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): expanding vistas for neurocognitive augmentation. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:27. [PMID: 25805976 PMCID: PMC4353303 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provide a growing base of evidence for enhancing cognition through the non-invasive delivery of weak electric currents to the brain. The main effect of tDCS is to modulate cortical excitability depending on the polarity of the applied current. However, the underlying mechanism of neuromodulation is not well understood. A new generation of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems is described that are miniaturized, portable, and include wearable sensors. These developments provide an opportunity to couple fNIRS with tDCS, consistent with a neuroergonomics approach for joint neuroimaging and neurostimulation investigations of cognition in complex tasks and in naturalistic conditions. The effects of tDCS on complex task performance and the use of fNIRS for monitoring cognitive workload during task performance are described. Also explained is how fNIRS + tDCS can be used simultaneously for assessing spatial working memory. Mobile optical brain imaging is a promising neuroimaging tool that has the potential to complement tDCS for realistic applications in natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McKendrick
- Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology, and Cognition (CENTEC), George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology, and Cognition (CENTEC), George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shook JR, Galvagni L, Giordano J. Cognitive enhancement kept within contexts: neuroethics and informed public policy. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:228. [PMID: 25538573 PMCID: PMC4256981 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurothics has far greater responsibilities than merely noting potential human enhancements arriving from novel brain-centered biotechnologies and tracking their implications for ethics and civic life. Neuroethics must utilize the best cognitive and neuroscientific knowledge to shape incisive discussions about what could possibly count as enhancement in the first place, and what should count as genuinely "cognitive" enhancement. Where cognitive processing and the mental life is concerned, the lived context of psychological performance is paramount. Starting with an enhancement to the mental abilities of an individual, only performances on real-world exercises can determine what has actually been cognitively improved. And what can concretely counts as some specific sort of cognitive improvement is largely determined by the classificatory frameworks of cultures, not brain scans or laboratory experiments. Additionally, where the public must ultimately evaluate and judge the worthiness of individual performance enhancements, we mustn't presume that public approval towards enhancers will somehow automatically arrive without due regard to civic ideals such as the common good or social justice. In the absence of any nuanced appreciation for the control which performance contexts and public contexts exert over what "cognitive" enhancements could actually be, enthusiastic promoters of cognitive enhancement can all too easily depict safe and effective brain modifications as surely good for us and for society. These enthusiasts are not unaware of oft-heard observations about serious hurdles for reliable enhancement from neurophysiological modifications. Yet those observations are far more common than penetrating investigations into the implications to those hurdles for a sound public understanding of cognitive enhancement, and a wise policy review over cognitive enhancement. We offer some crucial recommendations for undertaking such investigations, so that cognitive enhancers that truly deserve public approval can be better identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Shook
- Philosophy Department and Graduate School of Education, University at BuffaloBuffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - James Giordano
- Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians UniversitätMunich, Germany
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Abstract
There is dynamic interplay between the disciplines of law and ethics, and the result is often laws and regulation that impact the practice of clinical neurology. This chapter explores how the disciplines of law and ethics inform and intersect with each other, and how resulting law impacts the everyday work of the clinical neurologist. Examples of how the core bioethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice are manifest in legislative, common, and administrative laws are presented. Examples of how these laws, in turn, impact the practice of neurology through protection of patient privacy, the avoidance of conflict of interest, and informed consent and other issues are offered.
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Brunelin J, Levasseur-Moreau J, Fecteau S. Is it ethical and safe to use non-invasive brain stimulation as a cognitive and motor enhancer device for military services? A reply to Sehm and Ragert (). Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 7:874. [PMID: 24379777 PMCID: PMC3863719 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Brunelin
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada ; Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615 Bron, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Levasseur-Moreau
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada ; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Levasseur-Moreau J, Brunelin J, Fecteau S. Non-invasive brain stimulation can induce paradoxical facilitation. Are these neuroenhancements transferable and meaningful to security services? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:449. [PMID: 23966923 PMCID: PMC3743213 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For ages, we have been looking for ways to enhance our physical and cognitive capacities in order to augment our security. One potential way to enhance our capacities may be to externally stimulate the brain. Methods of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have been recently developed to modulate brain activity. Both techniques are relatively safe and can transiently modify motor and cognitive functions outlasting the stimulation period. The purpose of this paper is to review data suggesting that NIBS can enhance motor and cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. We frame these findings in the context of whether they may serve security purposes. Specifically, we review studies reporting that NIBS induces paradoxical facilitation in motor (precision, speed, strength, acceleration endurance, and execution of daily motor task) and cognitive functions (attention, impulsive behavior, risk-taking, working memory, planning, and deceptive capacities). Although transferability and meaningfulness of these NIBS-induced paradoxical facilitations into real-life situations are not clear yet, NIBS may contribute at improving training of motor and cognitive functions relevant for military, civil, and forensic security services. This is an enthusiastic perspective that also calls for fair and open debates on the ethics of using NIBS in healthy individuals to enhance normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Levasseur-Moreau
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Brunelin
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon IVilleurbanne, Bron, France
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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26
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Calvert J. Collaboration as a Research Method? Navigating Social Scientific Involvement in Synthetic Biology. EARLY ENGAGEMENT AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES: OPENING UP THE LABORATORY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7844-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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27
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Sobrido MJ, Cacheiro P, Carracedo A, Bertram L. Databases for neurogenetics: introduction, overview, and challenges. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1311-4. [PMID: 22890789 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance for research and clinical utility of mutation databases, as well as the issues and difficulties entailed in their construction, is discussed within the Human Variome Project. While general principles and standards can apply to most human diseases, some specific questions arise when dealing with the nature of genetic neurological disorders. So far, publically accessible mutation databases exist for only about half of the genes causing neurogenetic disorders; and a considerable work is clearly still needed to optimize their content. The current landscape, main challenges, some potential solutions, and future perspectives on genetic databases for disorders of the nervous system are reviewed in this special issue of Human Mutation on neurogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Jesús Sobrido
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Abstract
A number of studies seek to integrate leadership research with the field of neuroscience, arguing that neuroscience can aid scholars and practitioners to identify and develop leaders with what I refer to as socially desirable brain characteristics, whereas those leaders not equipped with such characteristics can be subjected to interventions based on neuroscientific principles or methods. Scrutinizing an emerging body of research, I argue that many leadership scholars and practitioners overlook the wider ethical implications of neuroscientific approaches to identifying and developing effective leaders. Given the mounting interest in the topic, I also outline a number of useful sources and debates to better respond ethically to the use of neuroscience in leadership research.
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"Do octopuses have a brain?" Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards neuroscience at school. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47943. [PMID: 23082231 PMCID: PMC3474737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study contributes to the question of school literacy about the brain, with an original survey conducted on Italian students from the 3rd to 10th grades (n = 508). The main goal was to test student's knowledge, attitudes, and interests about neuroscience, to assess needs, prospects, and difficulties in teaching about the brain from elementary to high school. A written questionnaire, maintaining anonymity, asked 12 close-ended multiple choice questions on topics related to human and animal brains, plus one facultative open-ended question about interests and curiosities on brain topics. The results show that respondents have a fragmentary level of basic knowledge about the brain, with aspects related to brain functions and consciousness the most challenging. As expected, degrees of performance improve with school level; elementary school students answered correctly an average number of 5.3 questions, middle school 6.5, and high school 7.4. Overall, students show great interest in the brain, as shown by the large number of questions gathered through the open-ended question (n = 384). Other topics are addressed, mostly related to brain structure/functions and the role of the brain in the everyday life. The survey indicates the need of more thorough school programs on this subject, reinforced by interdisciplinary teaching where comparative anatomy and evolutionary aspects of brain development are covered.
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Frost CJ, Lumia AR. The ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics: a phenomenological-existential approach. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2012; 18:457-474. [PMID: 23054668 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-012-9388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the neurosciences have many implications for a collective understanding of what it means to be human, in particular, notions of the self, the concept of volition or agency, questions of individual responsibility, and the phenomenology of consciousness. As the ability to peer directly into the brain is scientifically honed, and conscious states can be correlated with patterns of neural processing, an easy--but premature--leap is to postulate a one-way, brain-based determinism. That leap is problematic, however, and emerging findings in neuroscience can even be seen as compatible with some of the basic tenets of existentialism. Given the compelling authority of modern "science," it is especially important to question how the findings of neuroscience are framed, and how the articulation of research results challenge or change individuals' perceptions of themselves. Context plays an essential role in the emergence of human identity and in the sculpting of the human brain; for example, even a lack of stimuli ("nothing") can lead to substantial consequences for brain, behavior, and experience. Conversely, advances in understanding the brain might contribute to more precise definitions of what it means to be human, including definitions of appropriate social and moral behavior. Put another way, the issue is not simply the ethics involved in framing neurotechnology, but also the incorporation of neuroscientific findings into a richer understanding of human ethical (and existential) functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Frost
- Psychology and Religious Studies, St. Joseph's College, New York, 155 West Roe Boulevard, Patchogue, NY 11772, USA.
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31
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Zimmerman E, Racine E. Ethical issues in the translation of social neuroscience: a policy analysis of current guidelines for public dialogue in human research. Account Res 2012; 19:27-46. [PMID: 22268503 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2012.650949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Social neuroscience and its potential implications create an interesting case study for examining human research ethics policies on the topic of public communication of research. We reviewed mainstream national and international human research ethics guidelines and policies on issues of public communication of research. Our analysis relied on five thematic nets to capture the interactions between research and the public: public understanding, knowledge translation, public participation, social outcomes, and dual use. Coverage of these topics is sparse and inconsistent in mainstream policies and guidelines. We identify three options to address these gaps and analyze their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Zimmerman
- Neuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Heinrichs JH. The promises and perils of non-invasive brain stimulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:121-129. [PMID: 22261319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation promises innovative experimental possibilities for psychology and neuroscience as well as new therapeutic and palliative measures in medicine. Because of its good risk-benefit ratio, non-invasiveness and reversibility as well as its low effort and cost it has good chances of becoming a widespread tool in science, medicine and even in lay use. While most issues in medical and research ethics such as informed consent, safety, and potential for misuse can be handled with manageable effort, the real promise of brain stimulation does raise one prominent moral worry: it may lay the foundation of reliable, precise and stable manipulations of the mind. This article addresses this worry and concludes that it is not the possibility of manipulation, but the shift in our understanding of our mind which stands in need of careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Heinrichs
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 8: Ethics in the Neurosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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34
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Field of Dreams: A Social History of Neuroethics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/s1057-6290(2011)0000013017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Robillard JM, Federico CA, Tairyan K, Ivinson AJ, Illes J. Untapped ethical resources for neurodegeneration research. BMC Med Ethics 2011; 12:9. [PMID: 21635769 PMCID: PMC3127846 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research community has a mandate to discover effective treatments for neurodegenerative disorders. The ethics landscape surrounding this mandate is in a constant state of flux, and ongoing challenges place ever greater demands on investigators to be accountable to the public and to answer questions about the implications of their work for health care, society, and policy. METHODS We surveyed US-based investigators involved in neurodegenerative diseases research about how they value ethics-related issues, what motivates them to give consideration to those issues, and the barriers to doing so. Using the NIH CRISP database we identified 1,034 researchers with relevant, active grants and invited them to complete an online questionnaire. We received 193 responses. We used exploratory factor analysis to transform individual survey questions into a smaller set of factors, and linear regression to understand the effect of key variables of interest on the factor scores. RESULTS Ethics-related issues clustered into two groups: research ethics and external influences. Heads of research groups viewed issues of research ethics to be more important than the other respondents. Concern about external influences was related to overall interest in ethics. Motivators clustered into five groups: ensuring public understanding, external forces, requirements, values, and press and public. Heads of research groups were more motivated to ensure public understanding of research than the other respondents. Barriers clustered into four groups: lack of resources, administrative burden, relevance to the research, and lack of interest. Perceived lack of ethics resources was a particular barrier for investigators working in drug discovery. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that senior level neuroscientists working in the field of neurodegeneration (ND), and drug discovery specifically, are motivated to consider ethics issues related to their work, but the perceived lack of ethics resources thwarts their efforts. With bioethics centres at more than 50% of the institutions at which these respondents reside, the neuroscience and bioethics communities appear to be disconnected. Dedicated ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) programs, such as those fully integrated into genetics and regenerative medicine, provide models for achieving meaningful partnerships not yet adequately realized for scholars and trainees interested in drug discovery for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Robillard
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hamilton R, Messing S, Chatterjee A. Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurology 2011; 76:187-93. [PMID: 21220723 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318205d50d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a growing body of evidence suggests that noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have the capacity to enhance neural function in both brain-injured and neurally intact individuals, the implications of their potential use for cosmetic self-enhancement have not been fully explored. We review 3 areas in which noninvasive brain stimulation has the potential to enhance neurologic function: cognitive skills, mood, and social cognition. We then characterize the ethical problems that affect the practice of cosmetic neurology, including safety, character, justice, and autonomy, and discuss how these problems may apply to the use of noninvasive brain stimulation for self-enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Illes J, Tairyan K, Federico CA, Tabet A, Glover GH. Reducing barriers to ethics in neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20953291 PMCID: PMC2955400 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethics is a growing interest for neuroscientists, but rather than signifying a commitment to the protection of human subjects, care of animals, and public understanding to which the professional community is engaged in a fundamental way, interest has been consumed by administrative overhead and the mission creep of institutional ethics reviews. Faculty, trainees, and staff (n = 605) in North America whose work involves brain imaging and brain stimulation completed an online survey about ethics in their research. Using factor analysis and linear regression, we found significant effects for invasiveness of imaging technique, professional position, gender, and local presence of bioethics centers. We propose strategies for improving communication between the neuroscience community and ethics review boards, collaborations between neuroscientists and biomedical ethicists, and ethics training in graduate neuroscience programs to revitalize mutual goals and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Illes
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Illes J, Moser MA, McCormick JB, Racine E, Blakeslee S, Caplan A, Hayden EC, Ingram J, Lohwater T, McKnight P, Nicholson C, Phillips A, Sauvé KD, Snell E, Weiss S. Neurotalk: improving the communication of neuroscience research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:61-9. [PMID: 19953102 PMCID: PMC2818800 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing pressure for neuroscientists to communicate their research and the societal implications of their findings to the public. Communicating science is challenging, and the transformation of communication by digital and interactive media increases the complexity of the challenge. To facilitate dialogue with the public in this new media landscape, we suggest three courses of action for the neuroscience community: a cultural shift that explicitly recognizes and rewards public outreach, the identification and development of neuroscience communication experts, and ongoing empirical research on the public communication of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Illes
- Canada Research Chair in Neuroethics, Professor of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 CANADA, Tel: 604.822.0746, neuroethicscanada.ca,
| | - Mary Anne Moser
- Director of Communications, Schulich School of Engineering, Director, Banff Science Communications Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 CANADA,
| | - Jennifer B. McCormick
- Assistant Professor of Biomedical Ethics, Departments of Medicine and Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, USA,
| | - Eric Racine
- Director, Neuroethics Research Unit, IRCM, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7 CANADA, ircm.qc.ca/neuroethics/en,
| | | | - Arthur Caplan
- Centre for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Market Street · Suite 320, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,
| | | | - Jay Ingram
- c/o CTV Inc., 9 Channel Nine Court, Scarborough, Ontario M1S 4B5 CANADA,
| | - Tiffany Lohwater
- Public Engagement Manager, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA,
| | - Peter McKnight
- Vancouver Sun, #1 - 200 Granville Street, Vancouver BC V6C 3N3 CANADA,
| | | | - Anthony Phillips
- Institute on Neuroscience, Mental Health and Addiction (INMHA), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), 2255 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1 CANADA
| | - Kevin D. Sauvé
- National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 CANADA,
| | - Elaine Snell
- European Dana Alliance for the Brain, Snell Communications Ltd, Science, Medicine and Health, PO Box 10461, London SW11 6ZJ UNITED KINGDOM,
| | - Sam Weiss
- Director, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Health Research Innovation Centre – Room 1A10, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 CANADA,
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Walter H, Berger M, Schnell K. Neuropsychotherapy: conceptual, empirical and neuroethical issues. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259 Suppl 2:S173-82. [PMID: 19876676 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article we suggest a working definition for the concept of "neuropsychotherapy" encompassing three areas: the identification of mediators and targets of psychotherapeutic effects, the determination of new therapeutic routes using neurotechnology, and the design of psychotherapeutic interventions based on neuroscientific knowledge. We review neuroimaging studies of the psychotherapy of depression and discuss some of the methodological limitations inherent in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and common fallacies perpetrated in interpreting fMRI studies. Finally, we discuss some neuroethical issues related to this new and active field of research. In sum, we argue that neuroscience harbors great potential and add-on value for improving psychotherapeutic practice and research if applied properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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41
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Krug H. [Neuroethics in clinical practice]. DER NERVENARZT 2009; 80:941-947. [PMID: 19271206 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-009-2683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the ability of neuroscience to identify and intervene in mental functions has progressed immensely, which raises several anthropologic and ethical questions. Meanwhile neuroethics arose as a new interdisciplinary field for critical analysis of neuroscientific actions and ethical reflection on the increasing knowledge of the human brain, with regard to society and politics. This article provides a survey of neuroethical implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Krug
- AG Bewegungsstörungen, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin.
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42
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Hoop JG, Spellecy R. Philosophical and ethical issues at the forefront of neuroscience and genetics: an overview for psychiatrists. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009; 32:437-49. [PMID: 19486824 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review has touched upon some of the major ethical issues surrounding emerging technologies in neuroscience and genetics. Although at first glance these issues may seem somewhat peripheral to the clinical practice of psychiatry, we suggest that they may have unanticipated effects upon the care of patients with mental illness. Certainly, the philosophical issues surrounding free will are of tremendous consequence to persons who commit crimes while suffering severe symptoms of mental illness. In addition, the opening up of a lucrative new "enhancement" market for the sale of new therapies could divert commercial resources away from the development of therapies for mental illness, although it is also possible that some enhancements will have secondary benefits as treatments for disease. Social acceptance of enhancement therapies could have a beneficial, normalizing effect on public attitudes toward those who receive mental health treatment. On the other hand, a moral backlash against enhancements as "quick fixes" that deprive individuals of authenticity could have a secondary effect of increasing the stigma of mental health treatment. For all of these reasons, it has become increasingly important for psychiatrists to be informed about and active participants in the public conversation about neuroethics. Psychiatric patients appear to have much at stake in these ethical debates, and psychiatrists have valuable expertise to offer as professionals with intimate knowledge of the human mind, its limitations, and its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger G Hoop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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43
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Secko DM, Burgess M, O'Doherty K. Perspectives on engaging the public in the ethics of emerging biotechnologies: from salmon to biobanks to neuroethics. Account Res 2009; 15:283-302. [PMID: 18972267 DOI: 10.1080/08989620802388762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In anticipation of increasing interest in public engagement, this article seeks to expand the current discussion in the neuroethics literature concerning what public engagement on issues related to neuroscience might entail and how they could be envisioned. It notes that the small amount of available neuroethics literature related to public engagement has principally discussed only communication/education or made calls for dialogue without exploring what this might entail on a practical level. The article links across three seemingly disparate examples-salmon, biobanks, and neuroethics-to consider and clarify the need for public engagement in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Secko
- Department of Journalism, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Imaging and imagining: current positions on the epistemic priority of theoretical concepts and data in psychiatric neuroimaging. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008; 21:625-9. [PMID: 18852572 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328314b7a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To give an overview of recent developments in neuroimaging in psychiatry and on the current discussion about the relationship between theoretical concepts and data from neuroimaging studies. RECENT FINDINGS In psychiatric neuroimaging, broad concepts such as the self, well being, insight, empathy and volition form an integral part of the questions to be answered and cannot be avoided. Although, currently, the intradisciplinary discussion in neuroscience is mainly focused at the methodological and neurobiological level, psychological and philosophical theories are also needed for the interpretation of results. This raises questions regarding the epistemic priority of neuroimaging data and theories. SUMMARY In the current paper, we present the hypothesis that there is an interdependence of neuroimaging data and theoretical concepts. An approach to 'correlational neuroscience' with an awareness of this issue may help in avoiding misunderstandings and oversimplifications as well as building an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that is able to integrate findings from life sciences, mind sciences and humanities.
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Ravid R. Standard Operating Procedures, ethical and legal regulations in BTB (Brain/Tissue/Bio) banking: what is still missing? Cell Tissue Bank 2008; 9:151-67. [PMID: 18584309 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-008-9101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of human biological specimens in scientific research is the focus of current international public and professional concern and a major issue in bioethics in general. Brain/Tissue/Bio banks (BTB-banks) are a rapid developing sector; each of these banks acts locally as a steering unit for the establishment of the local Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and the legal regulations and ethical guidelines to be followed in the procurement and dissemination of research specimens. An appropriat Code of Conduct is crucial to a successful operation of the banks and the research application they handle. What are we still missing ? (1) Adequate funding for research BTB-banks. (2) Standard evaluation protocls for audit of BTB-bank performance. (3) Internationally accepted SOP's which will facilitate exchange and sharing of specimens and data with the scientific community. (4) Internationally accepted Code of Conduct. In the present paper we review the most pressing organizational, methodological, medico-legal and ethical issues involved in BTB-banking; funding, auditing, procurement, management/handling, dissemination and sharing of specimens, confidentiality and data protection, genetic testing, "financial gain" and safety measures. Taking into consideration the huge variety of the specimens stored in different repositories and the enormous differences in medico-legal systems and ethics regulations in different countries it is strongly recommend that the health-care systems and institutions who host BTB-Banks will put more efforts in getting adequate funding for the infrastructure and daily activities. The BTB-banks should define evaluation protocols, SOPs and their Code of Conduct. This in turn will enable the banks to share the collected specimens and data with the largest possible number of researchers and aim at a maximal scientific spin-off and advance in public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Ravid
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Royal Dutch Academy of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Neuroethics, in its modern form, investigates the impact of brain science in four basic dimensions: the self, social policy, practice and discourse. In this study, we analyzed a set of 461 peer-reviewed articles with neuroethics content, published by authors from 32 countries. We analyzed the data for: (1) trends in the development of international neuroethics over time, and (2) how challenges at the intersection of ethics and neuroscience are viewed in countries that are considered developed by International Monetary Fund (IMF) standards, and in those that are developing. Our results demonstrate a steady increase in global participation in neuroethics from 1989 to 2005, characterized by an increase in numbers of articles published specifically on neuroethics, journals publishing these articles, and countries contributing to the literature. The focus from all countries was on the practice of brain science and the amelioration of neurological disease. Indicators of technology creation and diffusion in developing countries were specifically correlated with increases in publications concerning policy implications of brain science. Neuroethics is an international endeavor and, as such, should be sensitive to the impact that context has on acceptance and use of technological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lombera
- National Core for Neuroethics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Ravid R. Standard Operating Procedures, ethical and legal regulations in BTB (Brain/Tissue/Bio) banking: what is still missing? Cell Tissue Bank 2007; 9:121-37. [PMID: 17985213 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-007-9055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of human biological specimens in scientific research is the focus of current international public and professional concern and a major issue in bioethics in general. Brain/Tissue/Bio banks (BTB-banks) are a rapid developing sector; each of these banks acts locally as a steering unit for the establishment of the local Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and the legal regulations and ethical guidelines to be followed in the procurement and dissemination of research specimens. An appropriat Code of Conduct is crucial to a successful operation of the banks and the research application they handle. What are we still missing ? (1) Adequate funding for research BTB-banks. (2) Standard evaluation protocls for audit of BTB-bank performance. (3) Internationally accepted SOP's which will facilitate exchange and sharing of specimens and data with the scientific community. (4) Internationally accepted Code of Conduct. In the present paper we review the most pressing organizational, methodological, medico-legal and ethical issues involved in BTB-banking; funding, auditing, procurement, management/handling, dissemination and sharing of specimens, confidentiality and data protection, genetic testing, "financial gain" and safety measures. Taking into consideration the huge variety of the specimens stored in different repositories and the enormous differences in medico-legal systems and ethics regulations in different countries it is strongly recommend that the health-care systems and institutions who host BTB-Banks will put more efforts in getting adequate funding for the infrastructure and daily activities. The BTB-banks should define evaluation protocols, SOPs and their Code of Conduct. This in turn will enable the banks to share the collected specimens and data with the largest possible number of researchers and aim at a maximal scientific spin-off and advance in public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Ravid
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Royal Dutch Academy of Science, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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De Vries R. Who will guard the guardians of neuroscience? Firing the neuroethical imagination. EMBO Rep 2007; 8 Spec No:S65-9. [PMID: 17726448 PMCID: PMC3327523 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond De Vries
- Bioethics Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Canli T, Brandon S, Casebeer W, Crowley PJ, Du Rousseau D, Greely HT, Pascual-Leone A. Neuroethics and national security. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2007; 7:3-13. [PMID: 17497494 DOI: 10.1080/15265160701290249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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