1
|
Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg ME, Mehlman ML, Abate YH, Abbas J, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu LH, Addo IY, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya TA, Adikusuma W, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afework T, Afolabi AA, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed JQ, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade SE, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi RO, Akonde M, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Al-amer RM, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh MT, Aldawsari KA, Alemi H, Alemi S, Algammal AM, Al-Gheethi AAS, Alhalaiqa FAN, Alhassan RK, Ali A, Ali EA, Ali L, Ali MU, Ali MM, Ali R, Ali S, Ali SSS, Ali Z, Alif SM, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi AA, Aljofan M, Aljunid SM, Alladi S, Almazan JU, Almustanyir S, Al-Omari B, Alqahtani JS, Alqasmi I, Alqutaibi AY, Al-Shahi Salman R, Altaany Z, Al-Tawfiq JA, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Worafi YM, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi KH, Amani R, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq MH, Amu H, Amugsi DA, Amusa GA, Amzat J, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson DB, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Angappan D, Angesom TW, Anil A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anwer R, Arafat M, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Ariffin H, Arifin H, Arkew M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov AA, Artanti KD, Aruleba RT, Asadi-Pooya AA, Asena TF, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf M, Ashraf T, Atalell KA, Athari SS, Atinafu BTT, Atorkey P, Atout MMW, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Avan A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayatollahi H, Ayinde OO, Ayyoubzadeh SM, Azadnajafabad S, Azizi Z, Azizian K, Azzam AY, Babaei M, Badar M, Badiye AD, Baghdadi S, Bagherieh S, Bai R, Baig AA, Balakrishnan S, Balalla S, Baltatu OC, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee I, Baran MF, Barboza MA, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrow A, Bashash D, Bashiri H, Bashiru HA, Basiru A, Basso JD, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Baune BT, Bedi N, Begde A, Begum T, Behnam B, Behnoush AH, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Bemanalizadeh M, Bender RG, Benfor B, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berice B, Bettencourt PJG, Beyene KA, Bhadra A, Bhagat DS, Bhangdia K, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhargava A, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhat V, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Bhatti R, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilalaga MM, Biswas A, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjørge T, Bodolica V, Bodunrin AO, Boloor A, Braithwaite D, Brayne C, Brenner H, Briko A, Bringas Vega ML, Brown J, Budke CM, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns RA, Bustanji Y, Butt MH, Butt NS, Butt ZA, Cabral LS, Caetano dos Santos FL, Calina D, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao C, Carabin H, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carvalho AF, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Casulli A, Catalá-López F, Catapano AL, Caye A, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cerin E, Chacón-Uscamaita PRU, Chan JSK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chekol Abebe E, Chen H, Chen J, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Chimoriya R, Ching PR, Chitheer A, Chong YY, Chopra H, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury EK, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung E, Coberly K, Columbus A, Comachio J, Conde J, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Dabbagh Ohadi MA, Dadana S, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, D'Amico E, Danawi HA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish AH, Das S, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, De la Hoz FP, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Dean FE, Dehghan A, Dehghan A, Dejene H, Demant D, Demetriades AK, Demissie S, Deng X, Desai HD, Devanbu VGC, Dhama K, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Dibas M, Ding DD, Dinu M, Dirac MA, Diress M, Do TC, Do THP, Doan KDK, Dodangeh M, Doheim MF, Dokova KG, Dongarwar D, Dsouza HL, Dube J, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye OC, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Eissazade N, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Nahas N, El Sayed I, Elahi Najafi MA, Elbarazi I, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, Elgendy IY, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, Elilo LT, Ellenbogen RG, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emamverdi M, Emeto TI, Endres M, Esezobor CI, Eskandarieh S, Fadaei A, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Faramarzi A, Fares J, Farjoud Kouhanjani M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fathi M, Fathi S, Fatima SAF, Feizkhah A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Firouraghi N, Fischer F, Fonseca AC, Force LM, Fornari A, Foroutan B, Fukumoto T, Gadanya MA, Gaidhane AM, Galali Y, Galehdar N, Gan Q, Gandhi AP, Ganesan B, Gardner WM, Garg N, Gau SY, Gautam RK, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel GG, Gebreslassie HG, Getacher L, Ghaderi Yazdi B, Ghadirian F, Ghaffarpasand F, Ghanbari R, Ghasemi M, Ghazy RM, Ghimire S, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghotbi E, Ghozy S, Gialluisi A, Gill PS, Glasstetter LM, Gnedovskaya EV, Golchin A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes-Neto M, Goulart AC, Goyal A, Gray RJ, Grivna M, Guadie HA, Guan B, Guarducci G, Guicciardi S, Gunawardane DA, Guo H, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gutiérrez RA, Habibzadeh F, Hachinski V, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi NR, Haep N, Haile TG, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Halwani R, Hameed S, Hamiduzzaman M, Hammoud A, Han H, Hanifi N, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Hao J, Harapan H, Hareru HE, Hargono A, Harlianto NI, Haro JM, Hartman NN, Hasaballah AI, Hasan F, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hassan A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hesami H, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoffman HJ, Holla R, Hopf KP, Horita N, Hossain MM, Hossain MB, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu C, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain J, Hussein NR, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ilaghi M, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Iravanpour F, Islam SMS, Ismail F, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyer M, Jaan A, Jacob L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafari M, Jafarinia M, Jafarzadeh A, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jamora RDG, Jana S, Javadi N, Javed S, Javeed S, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jiang H, Johnson CO, Johnson WD, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshua CE, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kabito GG, Kadashetti V, Kafi F, Kalani R, Kalantar F, Kaliyadan F, Kamath A, Kamath S, Kanchan T, Kandel A, Kandel H, Kanmodi KK, Karajizadeh M, Karami J, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karch A, Karimi A, Karimi H, Karimi Behnagh A, Kasraei H, Kassebaum NJ, Kauppila JH, Kaur H, Kaur N, Kayode GA, Kazemi F, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Keller C, Keykhaei M, Khadembashiri MA, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khamesipour F, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan MAB, Khan YH, Khan Suheb MZ, Khanmohammadi S, Khanna T, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh MM, Khateri S, Khatib MN, Khayat Kashani HR, Khonji MS, khorashadizadeh F, Khormali M, Khubchandani J, Kian S, Kim G, Kim J, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivimäki M, Kochhar S, Kolahi AA, Koly KN, Kompani F, Koroshetz WJ, Kosen S, Kourosh Arami M, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus MA, Kumar A, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar N, Kumsa NB, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kusuma D, Kuttikkattu A, Kyu HH, La Vecchia C, Ladan MA, Lahariya C, Laksono T, Lal DK, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lami FH, Landires I, Langguth B, Lasrado S, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lau KMM, Laurens MB, Lawal BK, Le LKD, Le TTT, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee SW, Lee SW, Lee WC, Lee YH, Leonardi M, Lerango TL, Li MC, Li W, Ligade VS, Lim SS, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu J, Liu W, Lo CH, Lo WD, Lobo SW, Logroscino G, Lopes G, Lopukhov PD, Lorenzovici L, Lorkowski S, Loureiro JA, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lutzky Saute R, Ma ZF, Mabrok M, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghazachi AA, Maghbouli N, Mahjoub S, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malagón-Rojas JN, Malakan Rad E, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Manilal A, Mansouri V, Mansournia MA, Marasini BP, Marateb HR, Maroufi SF, Martinez-Raga J, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Martorell M, März W, Marzo RR, Massano J, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathews E, Maude RJ, Maugeri A, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, Meena JK, Mehndiratta MM, Mendez-Lopez MAM, Mendoza W, Mendoza-Cano O, Menezes RG, Merati M, Meretoja A, Merkin A, Mersha AM, Mestrovic T, Mi T, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Mihretie ET, Minh LHN, Mirfakhraie R, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei M, Misganaw A, Misra S, Mithra P, Mizana BA, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi S, Mohammadi S, Mohammadshahi M, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mojiri-forushani H, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Molinaro S, Möller H, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Montazeri F, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mossialos E, Motaghinejad M, Mousavi P, Mousavi SE, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mughal F, Mukoro GD, Mulita A, Mulita F, Musaigwa F, Mustafa A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi P, Naik GR, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Nambi G, Namdar Areshtanab H, Nargus S, Nascimento BR, Naser AY, Nashwan AJJ, Nasoori H, Nasreldein A, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Nazri-Panjaki A, Negaresh M, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Negru SM, Nejadghaderi SA, Nematollahi MH, Nesbit OD, Newton CRJ, Nguyen DH, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen HQ, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Niazi RK, Nikolouzakis TK, Niranjan V, Nnyanzi LA, Noman EA, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntaios G, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nurrika D, Oancea B, Odetokun IA, O'Donnell MJ, Ogunsakin RE, Oguta JO, Oh IH, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke SR, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olagunju AT, Olaiya MT, Olana MD, Olatubi MI, Oliveira GMM, Olufadewa II, Olusanya BO, Omar Bali A, Ong S, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Orji AU, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Osuagwu UL, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Ouyahia A, Owolabi MO, P A MP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padubidri JR, Pal PK, Palange PN, Palladino C, Palladino R, Palma-Alvarez RF, Pan F, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandian JD, Pangaribuan HU, Pantazopoulos I, Pardhan S, Parija PP, Parikh RR, Park S, Parthasarathi A, Pashaei A, Patel J, Patil S, Patoulias D, Pawar S, Pedersini P, Pensato U, Pereira DM, Pereira J, Pereira MO, Peres MFP, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Pham HT, Phillips MR, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Piradov MA, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polat B, Poluru R, Pond CD, Poudel GR, Pouramini A, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Pourfridoni M, Pourtaheri N, Prakash PY, Prakash S, Prakash V, Prates EJS, Pritchett N, Purnobasuki H, Qasim NH, Qattea I, Qian G, Radhakrishnan V, Raee P, Raeisi Shahraki H, Rafique I, Raggi A, Raghav PR, Rahati MM, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimifard M, Rahman MO, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Rahmani Youshanlouei H, Rahmati M, Raj Moolambally S, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Ramadan H, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rancic N, Rao IR, Rao SJ, Rapaka D, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi MM, Rashidi Alavijeh M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rawaf S, Razo C, Redwan EMM, Rekabi Bana A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee TG, Riad A, Robinson SR, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rogowski ELB, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roy P, Roy Pramanik K, Rubagotti E, Ruiz MA, Russ TC, S Sunnerhagen K, Saad AMA, Saadatian Z, Saber K, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sacco S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian S, Saeed U, Saeed U, Safdarian M, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahraian MA, Sajedi SA, Sakshaug JW, Saleh MA, Salehi Omran H, Salem MR, Salimi S, Samadi Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samuel VP, Samy AM, Sanadgol N, Sanjeev RK, Sanmarchi F, Santomauro DF, Santri IN, Santric-Milicevic MM, Saravanan A, Sarveazad A, Satpathy M, Saylan M, Sayyah M, Scarmeas N, Schlaich MP, Schuermans A, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Selvaraj S, Sendekie AK, Sengupta P, Senthilkumaran S, Serban D, Sergindo MT, Sethi Y, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Shabani M, Shabany M, Shafie M, Shahabi S, Shahbandi A, Shahid S, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shahsavari HR, Shahwan MJ, Shaikh MA, Shaji KS, Sham S, Shama ATT, Shamim MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi MA, Shanawaz M, Sharath M, Sharfaei S, Sharifan A, Sharma M, Sharma R, Shashamo BB, Shayan M, Sheikhi RA, Shekhar S, Shen J, Shenoy SM, Shetty PH, Shiferaw DS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shokri F, Shool S, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Siankam Tankwanchi AB, Siddig EE, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva JP, Silva LMLR, Sinaei E, Singh BB, Singh G, Singh P, Singh S, Sirota SB, Sivakumar S, Sohag AAM, Solanki R, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Solomon Y, Solomon Y, Song S, Song Y, Sotoudeh H, Spartalis M, Stark BA, Starnes JR, Starodubova AV, Stein DJ, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sultana A, Sun J, Sunkersing D, Sunny A, Susianti H, Swain CK, Szeto MD, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabai S, Tabish M, Taheri M, Tahvildari A, Tajbakhsh A, Tampa M, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tang H, Tareke M, Tarigan IU, Tat NY, Tat VY, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Tavangar SM, Tavasol A, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Teramoto M, Tesfaye AH, Tesfaye EG, Tesler R, Thakali O, Thangaraju P, Thapa R, Thapar R, Thomas NK, Thrift AG, Ticoalu JHV, Tillawi T, Toghroli R, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran NM, Tran NH, Tran PV, Tromans SJ, Truelsen TC, Truyen TTTT, Tsatsakis A, Tsegay GM, Tsermpini EE, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Ubah CS, Udoakang AJ, Ulhaq I, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Umapathi KK, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Vaithinathan AG, Vakilian A, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verras GI, Vervoort D, Villafañe JH, Villani L, Vinueza Veloz AF, Viskadourou M, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Volovat SR, Vu LT, Vujcic IS, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wahood W, Walde MT, Wang F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang YP, Waqas M, Waris A, Weerakoon KG, Weintraub RG, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Whisnant JL, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Willekens B, Wilner LB, Winkler AS, Wolfe CDA, Wu AM, Wulf Hanson S, Xu S, Xu X, Yadollahpour A, Yaghoubi S, Yahya G, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yao Y, Yehualashet SS, Yeshaneh A, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yusuf H, Zadey S, Zahedi M, Zakham F, Zaki N, Zali A, Zamagni G, Zand R, Zandieh GGZ, Zangiabadian M, Zarghami A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeariya MGM, Zegeye ZB, Zeukeng F, Zhai C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zheng P, Zhou H, Zhu B, Zhumagaliuly A, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zoladl M, Murray CJL, Ong KL, Feigin VL, Vos T, Dua T. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:344-381. [PMID: 38493795 PMCID: PMC10949203 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378-521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20-3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5-45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7-26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6-38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5-32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7-2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bianchi DW, Brennan PF, Chiang MF, Criswell LA, D'Souza RN, Gibbons GH, Gilman JK, Gordon JA, Green ED, Gregurick S, Hodes RJ, Kilmarx PH, Koob GF, Koroshetz WJ, Langevin HM, Lorsch JR, Marrazzo JM, Pérez-Stable EJ, Rathmell WK, Rodgers GP, Rutter JL, Simoni JM, Tromberg BJ, Tucci DL, Volkow ND, Woychik R, Zenk SN, Kozlowski E, Peterson RS, Ginsburg GS, Denny JC. The All of Us Research Program is an opportunity to enhance the diversity of US biomedical research. Nat Med 2024; 30:330-333. [PMID: 38374344 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael F Chiang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey A Criswell
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary H Gibbons
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James K Gilman
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Green
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Gregurick
- Office of Data Science Strategy, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Hodes
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter H Kilmarx
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helene M Langevin
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon R Lorsch
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanne M Marrazzo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Griffin P Rodgers
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joni L Rutter
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jane M Simoni
- Offices of the Director and Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debara L Tucci
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rick Woychik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shannon N Zenk
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elyse Kozlowski
- All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachele S Peterson
- All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua C Denny
- All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nigro C, Koroshetz WJ. NINDS Corner: The Helping to End Addiction Long-Term Initiative and Pain Neurology. Ann Neurol 2023; 93:213-215. [PMID: 36479980 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nigro
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hargreaves R, Akinsanya K, Ajit SK, Dhruv NT, Driscoll J, Farina P, Gavva N, Gill M, Houghton A, Iyengar S, Jones C, Kavelaars A, Kaykas A, Koroshetz WJ, Laeng P, Laird JM, Lo DC, Luthman J, Munro G, Oshinsky ML, Sittampalam GS, Woller SA, Tamiz AP. Preclinical target validation for non-addictive therapeutics development for pain. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:811-822. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2147063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seena K. Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Neel T. Dhruv
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jamie Driscoll
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Peter Farina
- Canaan Partners, Westport, Connecticut, United States
| | - Narender Gavva
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Marie Gill
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Smriti Iyengar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Carrie Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Walter J. Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Pascal Laeng
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Laird
- Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | - Michael L. Oshinsky
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - G. Sitta Sittampalam
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sarah A. Woller
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Amir P. Tamiz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Many neurological disorders have complex etiologies that include noninheritable factors, collectively called the neural exposome. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is developing a new office with goals to advance our understanding of the multiple causes of neurological illness and to enable the development of more effective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir P Tamiz
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 6001 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 31 Center Drive, 8A31, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neel T Dhruv
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 6001 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David A Jett
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 6001 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Health advances have not benefited all people equally. Health equity remains an aspirational goal, but research that enhances health equity is the highest priority at the National Institutes of Health. Here, we propose a call to action and outline current National Institutes of Health programs that aim to eliminate health disparities both broadly and in high priority areas. Discussed topics include stroke as an indicator of broad health inequity, challenges, and opportunities in health disparities research, the need to diversify the research workforce, and the ongoing efforts and struggles to establish trust with disadvantaged communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Benson
- NINDS, Division of Clinical Research, Office of Global Health and Health Disparities, Director, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 2192, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Walter J. Koroshetz
- Corresponding Author- Walter Koroshetz, M.D., NINDS DirectorRm, 852a, Building 31, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2540, (301) 496-3167, , Twitter Handle- @NINDSdirector
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F, Abdoli A, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Akram TT, Al Hamad H, Alahdab F, Alanezi FM, Alipour V, Almustanyir S, Amu H, Ansari I, Arabloo J, Ashraf T, Astell-Burt T, Ayano G, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Baig AA, Barnett A, Barrow A, Baune BT, Béjot Y, Bezabhe WMM, Bezabih YM, Bhagavathula AS, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bijani A, Biswas A, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Brayne C, Brenner H, Burkart K, Burns RA, Cámera LA, Cao C, Carvalho F, Castro-de-Araujo LFS, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chavan PP, Cherbuin N, Chu DT, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Dadras O, Dai X, Dandona L, Dandona R, De la Cruz-Góngora V, Dhamnetiya D, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Douiri A, Edvardsson D, Ekholuenetale M, El Sayed I, El-Jaafary SI, Eskandari K, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeilnejad S, Fares J, Faro A, Farooque U, Feigin VL, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Filip I, Fillit H, Fischer F, Gaidhane S, Galluzzo L, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Gialluisi A, Gilani SA, Glavan IR, Gnedovskaya EV, Golechha M, Gupta R, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Haider MR, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Hankey GJ, Haque S, Hartono RK, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MT, Hassan A, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Herteliu C, Househ M, Hussain R, Hwang BF, Iacoviello L, Iavicoli I, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Irvani SSN, Iso H, Iwagami M, Jabbarinejad R, Jacob L, Jain V, Jayapal SK, Jayawardena R, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Kalani R, Kandel A, Kandel H, Karch A, Kasa AS, Kassie GM, Keshavarz P, Khan MAB, Khatib MN, Khoja TAM, Khubchandani J, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivimäki M, Koroshetz WJ, Koyanagi A, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Lak HM, Leonardi M, Li B, Lim SS, Liu X, Liu Y, Logroscino G, Lorkowski S, Lucchetti G, Lutzky Saute R, Magnani FG, Malik AA, Massano J, Mehndiratta MM, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Mohajer B, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohammad Y, Mohammed A, Mokdad AH, Mondello S, Moni MAA, Moniruzzaman M, Mossie TB, Nagel G, Naveed M, Nayak VC, Neupane Kandel S, Nguyen TH, Oancea B, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, Panda-Jonas S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Pasovic M, Patel UK, Pathak M, Peres MFP, Perianayagam A, Peterson CB, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Piradov MA, Pond CD, Potashman MH, Pottoo FH, Prada SI, Radfar A, Raggi A, Rahim F, Rahman M, Ram P, Ranasinghe P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Robinson SR, Romoli M, Roshandel G, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Schiavolin S, Seylani A, Sha F, Shaikh MA, Shaji KS, Shannawaz M, Shetty JK, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silva R, Singh JA, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Smith AE, Soshnikov S, Spurlock EE, Stein DJ, Sun J, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Thakur B, Timalsina B, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tsegaye GW, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valdez PR, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov V, Vu GT, Vu LG, Wang YP, Wimo A, Winkler AS, Yadav L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yunusa I, Zadey S, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang ZJ, Murray CJL, Vos T. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e105-e125. [PMID: 34998485 PMCID: PMC8810394 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1018] [Impact Index Per Article: 509.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the projected trends in population ageing and population growth, the number of people with dementia is expected to increase. In addition, strong evidence has emerged supporting the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia. Characterising the distribution and magnitude of anticipated growth is crucial for public health planning and resource prioritisation. This study aimed to improve on previous forecasts of dementia prevalence by producing country-level estimates and incorporating information on selected risk factors. METHODS We forecasted the prevalence of dementia attributable to the three dementia risk factors included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 (high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking) from 2019 to 2050, using relative risks and forecasted risk factor prevalence to predict GBD risk-attributable prevalence in 2050 globally and by world region and country. Using linear regression models with education included as an additional predictor, we then forecasted the prevalence of dementia not attributable to GBD risks. To assess the relative contribution of future trends in GBD risk factors, education, population growth, and population ageing, we did a decomposition analysis. FINDINGS We estimated that the number of people with dementia would increase from 57·4 (95% uncertainty interval 50·4-65·1) million cases globally in 2019 to 152·8 (130·8-175·9) million cases in 2050. Despite large increases in the projected number of people living with dementia, age-standardised both-sex prevalence remained stable between 2019 and 2050 (global percentage change of 0·1% [-7·5 to 10·8]). We estimated that there were more women with dementia than men with dementia globally in 2019 (female-to-male ratio of 1·69 [1·64-1·73]), and we expect this pattern to continue to 2050 (female-to-male ratio of 1·67 [1·52-1·85]). There was geographical heterogeneity in the projected increases across countries and regions, with the smallest percentage changes in the number of projected dementia cases in high-income Asia Pacific (53% [41-67]) and western Europe (74% [58-90]), and the largest in north Africa and the Middle East (367% [329-403]) and eastern sub-Saharan Africa (357% [323-395]). Projected increases in cases could largely be attributed to population growth and population ageing, although their relative importance varied by world region, with population growth contributing most to the increases in sub-Saharan Africa and population ageing contributing most to the increases in east Asia. INTERPRETATION Growth in the number of individuals living with dementia underscores the need for public health planning efforts and policy to address the needs of this group. Country-level estimates can be used to inform national planning efforts and decisions. Multifaceted approaches, including scaling up interventions to address modifiable risk factors and investing in research on biological mechanisms, will be key in addressing the expected increases in the number of individuals affected by dementia. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gates Ventures.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu CF, Hsu J, Xu X, Ramachandran S, Wang V, Miller MI, Hillis AE, Faria AV, Warach SJ, Albers GW, Davis SM, Grotta JC, Hacke W, Kang DW, Kidwell C, Koroshetz WJ, Lees KR, Lev MH, Liebeskind DS, Sorensen AG, Thijs VN, Thomalla G, Wardlaw JM, Luby M. Deep learning-based detection and segmentation of diffusion abnormalities in acute ischemic stroke. Commun Med (Lond) 2021; 1:61. [PMID: 35602200 PMCID: PMC9053217 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accessible tools to efficiently detect and segment diffusion abnormalities in acute strokes are highly anticipated by the clinical and research communities. Methods We developed a tool with deep learning networks trained and tested on a large dataset of 2,348 clinical diffusion weighted MRIs of patients with acute and sub-acute ischemic strokes, and further tested for generalization on 280 MRIs of an external dataset (STIR). Results Our proposed model outperforms generic networks and DeepMedic, particularly in small lesions, with lower false positive rate, balanced precision and sensitivity, and robustness to data perturbs (e.g., artefacts, low resolution, technical heterogeneity). The agreement with human delineation rivals the inter-evaluator agreement; the automated lesion quantification of volume and contrast has virtually total agreement with human quantification. Conclusion Our tool is fast, public, accessible to non-experts, with minimal computational requirements, to detect and segment lesions via a single command line. Therefore, it fulfills the conditions to perform large scale, reliable and reproducible clinical and translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Liu
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Johnny Hsu
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Xin Xu
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sandhya Ramachandran
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Victor Wang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael I. Miller
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Argye E. Hillis
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, and Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andreia V. Faria
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sexton C, Snyder H, Beher D, Boxer AL, Brannelly P, Brion JP, Buée L, Cacace AM, Chételat G, Citron M, DeVos SL, Diaz K, Feldman HH, Frost B, Goate AM, Gold M, Hyman B, Johnson K, Karch CM, Kerwin DR, Koroshetz WJ, Litvan I, Morris HR, Mummery CJ, Mutamba J, Patterson MC, Quiroz YT, Rabinovici GD, Rommel A, Shulman MB, Toledo-Sherman LM, Weninger S, Wildsmith KR, Worley SL, Carrillo MC. Current directions in tau research: Highlights from Tau 2020. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:988-1007. [PMID: 34581500 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies supporting a strong association between tau deposition and neuronal loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline have heightened the allure of tau and tau-related mechanisms as therapeutic targets. In February 2020, leading tau experts from around the world convened for the first-ever Tau2020 Global Conference in Washington, DC, co-organized and cosponsored by the Rainwater Charitable Foundation, the Alzheimer's Association, and CurePSP. Representing academia, industry, government, and the philanthropic sector, presenters and attendees discussed recent advances and current directions in tau research. The meeting provided a unique opportunity to move tau research forward by fostering global partnerships among academia, industry, and other stakeholders and by providing support for new drug discovery programs, groundbreaking research, and emerging tau researchers. The meeting also provided an opportunity for experts to present critical research-advancing tools and insights that are now rapidly accelerating the pace of tau research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pat Brannelly
- Alzheimer's Disease Data Initiative, Kirkland, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | | | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Martin Citron
- Neuroscience TA, Braine l'Alleud, UCB Biopharma, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah L DeVos
- Translational Sciences, Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Howard H Feldman
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bess Frost
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Gold
- AbbVie, Neurosciences Development, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diana R Kerwin
- Kerwin Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine J Mummery
- Dementia Research Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marc C Patterson
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Departments of Neurology, Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Rommel
- Tau Consortium, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie B Shulman
- Neurodegeneration Development Unit, Biogen, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan L Worley
- Independent science writer, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Baker
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katz DI, Bernick C, Dodick DW, Mez J, Mariani ML, Adler CH, Alosco ML, Balcer LJ, Banks SJ, Barr WB, Brody DL, Cantu RC, Dams-O'Connor K, Geda YE, Jordan BD, McAllister TW, Peskind ER, Petersen RC, Wethe JV, Zafonte RD, Foley ÉM, Babcock DJ, Koroshetz WJ, Tripodis Y, McKee AC, Shenton ME, Cummings JL, Reiman EM, Stern RA. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome. Neurology 2021; 96:848-863. [PMID: 33722990 PMCID: PMC8166432 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop evidence-informed, expert consensus research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), the clinical disorder associated with neuropathologically diagnosed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). METHODS A panel of 20 expert clinician-scientists in neurology, neuropsychology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, and physical medicine and rehabilitation, from 11 academic institutions, participated in a modified Delphi procedure to achieve consensus, initiated at the First National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Consensus Workshop to Define the Diagnostic Criteria for TES, April, 2019. Before consensus, panelists reviewed evidence from all published cases of CTE with neuropathologic confirmation, and they examined the predictive validity data on clinical features in relation to CTE pathology from a large clinicopathologic study (n = 298). RESULTS Consensus was achieved in 4 rounds of the Delphi procedure. Diagnosis of TES requires (1) substantial exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) from contact sports, military service, or other causes; (2) core clinical features of cognitive impairment (in episodic memory and/or executive functioning) and/or neurobehavioral dysregulation; (3) a progressive course; and (4) that the clinical features are not fully accounted for by any other neurologic, psychiatric, or medical conditions. For those meeting criteria for TES, functional dependence is graded on 5 levels, ranging from independent to severe dementia. A provisional level of certainty for CTE pathology is determined based on specific RHI exposure thresholds, core clinical features, functional status, and additional supportive features, including delayed onset, motor signs, and psychiatric features. CONCLUSIONS New consensus diagnostic criteria for TES were developed with a primary goal of facilitating future CTE research. These criteria will be revised as updated clinical and pathologic information and in vivo biomarkers become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I. Katz
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Charles Bernick
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - David W. Dodick
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jesse Mez
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Megan L. Mariani
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Charles H. Adler
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Laura J. Balcer
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Sarah J. Banks
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - William B. Barr
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - David L. Brody
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Robert C. Cantu
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Yonas E. Geda
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Barry D. Jordan
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Thomas W. McAllister
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jennifer V. Wethe
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Ross D. Zafonte
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Éimear M. Foley
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Debra J. Babcock
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Walter J. Koroshetz
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Ann C. McKee
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Robert A. Stern
- From the Boston University CTE Center (D.I.K.), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Brain Injury Program (D.I.K.), Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA; University of Washington Memory & Brain Wellness Clinic (C.B.), Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (D.W.D., C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Boston University CTE Center (J.M., M.L.A.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston University CTE Center (M.L.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Ophthalmology, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry University of California San Diego (S.J.B.), La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (W.B.B.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (D.L.B.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (R.C.C.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology (K.D.-O.C.), Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Neurology (Y.E.G.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (B.D.J.), Downey, CA; Department of Neurology (B.D.J.), Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (T.W.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness (E.R.P.), Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.D.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (É.M.F.), Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.J.B.), National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K.), Bethesda, MD; Boston University CTE Center (Y.T.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University CTE Center (A.C.M.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; VA Boston Healthcare System (A.C.M.), US Department of Veteran Affairs, MA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.E.S.), Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada School of Integrated Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Arizona State University; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; and Boston University CTE Center (R.A.S.), Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feigin VL, Vos T, Alahdab F, Amit AML, Bärnighausen TW, Beghi E, Beheshti M, Chavan PP, Criqui MH, Desai R, Dhamminda Dharmaratne S, Dorsey ER, Wilder Eagan A, Elgendy IY, Filip I, Giampaoli S, Giussani G, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hole MK, Ikeda T, Owens Johnson C, Kalani R, Khatab K, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Koroshetz WJ, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamurthi RV, Liu X, Lo WD, Logroscino G, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morrison SD, Shivamurthy VKN, Naghavi M, Nichols E, Norrving B, Odell CM, Pupillo E, Radfar A, Roth GA, Shafieesabet A, Sheikh A, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin JI, Singh JA, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Wallin MT, Weiss J, Wu C, Zunt JR, Adelson JD, Murray CJL. Burden of Neurological Disorders Across the US From 1990-2017: A Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:165-176. [PMID: 33136137 PMCID: PMC7607495 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Question What is the current burden of neurological disorders in the US by states, and what are the temporal trends (from 1990 to 2017)? Findings Systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study shows that, in 2017, the 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US were stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, and migraine. The burden of individual neurological disorders varied moderately to widely by states (a 1.2-fold to 7.5-fold difference), and the absolute numbers of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases and disability-adjusted life-years of neurological disorders (except for traumatic brain injury incidence; spinal cord injury prevalence; meningitis prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years; and encephalitis disability-adjusted life-years) across all US states increased from 1990 to 2017. Meaning A large and increasing number of people have various neurological disorders in the US, with significant variation in the burden of and trends in neurological disorders across the US states, and the reasons for these geographic variations need to be explored further. Importance Accurate and up-to-date estimates on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (burden) of neurological disorders are the backbone of evidence-based health care planning and resource allocation for these disorders. It appears that no such estimates have been reported at the state level for the US. Objective To present burden estimates of major neurological disorders in the US states by age and sex from 1990 to 2017. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study. Data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of major neurological disorders were derived from the GBD 2017 study of the 48 contiguous US states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Fourteen major neurological disorders were analyzed: stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injuries, brain and other nervous system cancers, meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Exposures Any of the 14 listed neurological diseases. Main Outcome and Measure Absolute numbers in detail by age and sex and age-standardized rates (with 95% uncertainty intervals) were calculated. Results The 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US in terms of absolute number of DALYs were stroke (3.58 [95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3.25-3.92] million DALYs), Alzheimer disease and other dementias (2.55 [95% UI, 2.43-2.68] million DALYs), and migraine (2.40 [95% UI, 1.53-3.44] million DALYs). The burden of almost all neurological disorders (in terms of absolute number of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases, as well as DALYs) increased from 1990 to 2017, largely because of the aging of the population. Exceptions for this trend included traumatic brain injury incidence (−29.1% [95% UI, −32.4% to −25.8%]); spinal cord injury prevalence (−38.5% [95% UI, −43.1% to −34.0%]); meningitis prevalence (−44.8% [95% UI, −47.3% to −42.3%]), deaths (−64.4% [95% UI, −67.7% to −50.3%]), and DALYs (−66.9% [95% UI, −70.1% to −55.9%]); and encephalitis DALYs (−25.8% [95% UI, −30.7% to −5.8%]). The different metrics of age-standardized rates varied between the US states from a 1.2-fold difference for tension-type headache to 7.5-fold for tetanus; southeastern states and Arkansas had a relatively higher burden for stroke, while northern states had a relatively higher burden of multiple sclerosis and eastern states had higher rates of Parkinson disease, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine and tension-type headache, and meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Conclusions and Relevance There is a large and increasing burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders in the US, with up to a 5-fold variation in the burden of and trends in particular neurological disorders across the US states. The information reported in this article can be used by health care professionals and policy makers at the national and state levels to advance their health care planning and resource allocation to prevent and reduce the burden of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valery L Feigin
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Mayo Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arianna Maever L Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.,Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Mahya Beheshti
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University, New York
| | - Prachi P Chavan
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, the University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Islam Y Elgendy
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California.,A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Arizona School of Health Sciences, Mesa, Arizona
| | - Simona Giampaoli
- Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italian National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giussani
- Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, Austin, Austin
| | - Takayoshi Ikeda
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rizwan Kalani
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Khaled Khatab
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Ohio University College of Arts and Sciences, Zanesville
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vijay Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Rita V Krishnamurthi
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Warren David Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | - George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ted R Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Salahuddin Mohammed
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford.,Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Emma Nichols
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Bo Norrving
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Odell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Elisabetta Pupillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Amir Radfar
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando
| | - Gregory A Roth
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.,Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Azadeh Shafieesabet
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Sheikhbahaei
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham.,Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Timothy J Steiner
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Jacob Stovner
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mitchell Taylor Wallin
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Chenkai Wu
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Jaimie D Adelson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hsu NS, Fang HY, David KK, Gnadt JW, Peng GC, Talley EM, Ward JM, Ngai J, Koroshetz WJ. The promise of the BRAIN initiative: NIH strategies for understanding neural circuit function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 65:162-166. [PMID: 33279793 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
New neurotechnologies fueled by the BRAIN Initiative now allow investigators to map, monitor and modulate complex neural circuits, enabling the pursuit of research questions previously considered unapproachable. Yet it is the convergence of molecular neuroscience with the new systems neuroscience that promises the greatest future advances. This is particularly true for our understanding of nervous system disorders, some of which have known molecular drivers or pathology but result in unknown perturbations in circuit function. NIH-supported research on "BRAIN Circuits" programs integrate experimental, analytic, and theoretical capabilities for analysis of specific neural circuits and their contributions to perceptions, motivations, and actions. In this review, we describe the BRAIN priority areas, review our strategy for balancing early feasibility with mature projects, and the balance of individual with team science for this 'BRAIN Circuits' program. We also highlight the diverse portfolio of techniques, species, and neural systems represented in these projects.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Liping Liu and colleagues discuss the challenges of global collaboration for brain health research and promising future opportunities for improvement of brain health worldwide
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Valery Feigin
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
From its inception, the NIH Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, an ambitious project focused on understanding the human brain, has made a concerted effort to integrate neuroethics into its science. In the past five years, the BRAIN Initiative has given rise to powerful tools and neurotechnologies capable of probing deeply into the brain circuits in animal models. As these tools mature and move to human applications they will raise a host of important neuroethical considerations not just for the medical community but for society as a whole. Now marks a pivotal moment to assess the status and consider the future of the BRAIN Initiative's neuroethics efforts. Here we describe core issues of neuroscience advances, the state of neurotechnologies in human neuroscience, and how ethics will be incorporated into the BRAIN Initiative as this ten-year project enters its second phase. BRAIN Initiative neurotechnologies have immense potential to transform the way we diagnose and treat neurological disease; therefore, they may become more commonplace in research, medicine, and society. We also discuss future global efforts to ensure continued guidance and open dialogue surrounding neuroethics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie Ward
- National Institute of Neurolgogical Disorders and Stroke
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koroshetz WJ, Behrman S, Brame CJ, Branchaw JL, Brown EN, Clark EA, Dockterman D, Elm JJ, Gay PL, Green KM, Hsi S, Kaplitt MG, Kolber BJ, Kolodkin AL, Lipscombe D, MacLeod MR, McKinney CC, Munafò MR, Oakley B, Olimpo JT, Percie du Sert N, Raman IM, Riley C, Shelton AL, Uzzo SM, Crawford DC, Silberberg SD. Framework for advancing rigorous research. eLife 2020; 9:e55915. [PMID: 32127131 PMCID: PMC7056268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to increase the rigor of research in the life and biomedical sciences. To address this issue, we propose that communities of 'rigor champions' be established to campaign for reforms of the research culture that has led to shortcomings in rigor. These communities of rigor champions would also assist in the development and adoption of a comprehensive educational platform that would teach the principles of rigorous science to researchers at all career stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
| | | | - Cynthia J Brame
- Center for Teaching and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Janet L Branchaw
- Department of Kinesiology and Wisconsin Institute for Science Education and Community Engagement, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, and the Institute for Data Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonUnited States
| | - Erin A Clark
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - David Dockterman
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jordan J Elm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | | | - Katelyn M Green
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sherry Hsi
- The Concord ConsortiumEmeryvilleUnited States
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benedict J Kolber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Malcolm R MacLeod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Caleb C McKinney
- Biomedical Graduate Education, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonUnited States
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jeffrey T Olimpo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoUnited States
| | - Nathalie Percie du Sert
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Indira M Raman
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | | | - Amy L Shelton
- Center for Talented Youth and School of Education, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Devon C Crawford
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
| | - Shai D Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The opioid crisis constitutes a public health challenge at the intersection of two interrelated medical problems - opioid addiction and chronic pain. Overlap of the reward and pain circuits in the brain underlies the frequent comorbidity of chronic pain and opioid addiction, whereas inadequate support, treatment and health-care reimbursement for both of these conditions are major contributors underlying the magnitude of the problem. Neurologists are uniquely positioned to help address the opioid crisis, not only through their involvement in the management of chronic pain conditions but also because they can screen for and manage opioid use disorders. The new NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Initiative will support research into pain and opioid use disorders to help address the opioid crisis. Neurologists' involvement in basic, translational and clinical research is needed for the development of new pain therapeutics and biomarkers and interventions to prevent chronic pain and to prevent and treat opioid addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Volkow ND, Gordon JA, Koob GF, Birnbaum LS, Clayton JA, Koroshetz WJ, Bianchi DW, Gibbons GH, Riley WT, Pérez-Stable EJ, Croyle RT. An Examination of Child and Adolescent Neurodevelopment Through National Institutes of Health Studies. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:169-172. [PMID: 31968205 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919900889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janine A Clayton
- Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gary H Gibbons
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William T Riley
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Croyle
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramos KM, Grady C, Greely HT, Chiong W, Eberwine J, Farahany NA, Johnson LSM, Hyman BT, Hyman SE, Rommelfanger KS, Serrano EE, Churchill JD, Gordon JA, Koroshetz WJ. The NIH BRAIN Initiative: Integrating Neuroethics and Neuroscience. Neuron 2019; 101:394-398. [PMID: 30731065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The NIH Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative is focused on developing new tools and neurotechnologies to transform our understanding of the brain, and neuroethics is an essential component of this research effort. Coordination with other brain projects around the world will help maximize success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khara M Ramos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 31 Center Drive, 8A31, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christine Grady
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry T Greely
- Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Winston Chiong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - L Syd M Johnson
- Department of Humanities, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Steven E Hyman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | | | - Elba E Serrano
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 31 Center Drive, 8A31, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
In 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) began funding an ambitious research program, the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, with the singular focus of advancing our understanding of brain circuits though development and application of breakthrough neurotechnologies. As we approach the halfway mark of this 10-year effort aimed at revolutionizing our understanding of information processing in the human brain, it is timely to review the progress and the future trajectory of BRAIN Initiative research. This Community Page article describes how the National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative offers an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate the development and application of new technologies to enable researchers to produce dynamic pictures of the brain, showing how individual cells and complex circuits interact in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Mott
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua A. Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Walter J. Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Engelgau MM, Narayan KMV, Ezzati M, Salicrup LA, Belis D, Aron LY, Beaglehole R, Beaudet A, Briss PA, Chambers DA, Devaux M, Fiscella K, Gottlieb M, Hakkinen U, Henderson R, Hennis AJ, Hochman JS, Jan S, Koroshetz WJ, Mackenbach JP, Marmot MG, Martikainen P, McClellan M, Meyers D, Parsons PE, Rehnberg C, Sanghavi D, Sidney S, Siega-Riz AM, Straus S, Woolf SH, Constant S, Creazzo TL, de Jesus JM, Gavini N, Lerner NB, Mishoe HO, Nelson C, Peprah E, Punturieri A, Sampson U, Tracy RL, Mensah GA. Implementation Research to Address the United States Health Disadvantage: Report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. Glob Heart 2018; 13:65-72. [PMID: 29716847 PMCID: PMC6504971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four decades ago, U.S. life expectancy was within the same range as other high-income peer countries. However, during the past decades, the United States has fared worse in many key health domains resulting in shorter life expectancy and poorer health-a health disadvantage. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a panel of national and international health experts and stakeholders for a Think Tank meeting to explore the U.S. health disadvantage and to seek specific recommendations for implementation research opportunities for heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders. Recommendations for National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute consideration were made in several areas including understanding the drivers of the disadvantage, identifying potential solutions, creating strategic partnerships with common goals, and finally enhancing and fostering a research workforce for implementation research. Key recommendations included exploring why the United States is doing better for health indicators in a few areas compared with peer countries; targeting populations across the entire socioeconomic spectrum with interventions at all levels in order to prevent missing a substantial proportion of the disadvantage; assuring partnership have high-level goals that can create systemic change through collective impact; and finally, increasing opportunities for implementation research training to meet the current needs. Connecting with the research community at large and building on ongoing research efforts will be an important strategy. Broad partnerships and collaboration across the social, political, economic, and private sectors and all civil society will be critical-not only for implementation research but also for implementing the findings to have the desired population impact. Developing the relevant knowledge to tackle the U.S. health disadvantage is the necessary first step to improve U.S. health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Engelgau
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Public Health England (PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre on Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance and Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luis A Salicrup
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deshiree Belis
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laudan Y Aron
- Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alain Beaudet
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A Briss
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Chambers
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marion Devaux
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Unto Hakkinen
- Centre for Health and Social Economics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rain Henderson
- Clinton Health Matters Initiative, Clinton Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J Hennis
- Department of Noncommunicable Disease and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Judith S Hochman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Jan
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johan P Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G Marmot
- Institute of Health Equity and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark McClellan
- Duke-Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Meyers
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Polly E Parsons
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Clas Rehnberg
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Darshak Sanghavi
- Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Anna Maria Siega-Riz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sharon Straus
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Knowledge Translation Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven H Woolf
- Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Constant
- Office of Scientific Review, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tony L Creazzo
- Office of Scientific Review, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janet M de Jesus
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nara Gavini
- Division of Extramural Science Programs, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Norma B Lerner
- Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helena O Mishoe
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl Nelson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel Peprah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonello Punturieri
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uchechukwu Sampson
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park KY, Ay I, Avery R, Caceres JA, Siket MS, Pontes-Neto OM, Zheng H, Rost NS, Furie KL, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ, Ay H. New biomarker for acute ischaemic stroke: plasma glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:404-409. [PMID: 29030420 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen phosphorylase is the key enzyme that breaks down glycogen to yield glucose-1-phosphate in order to restore depleted energy stores during cerebral ischaemia. We sought to determine whether plasma levels of glycogen phosphorylase BB (GPBB) isoform increased in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS We studied plasma GPBB levels within 12 hours and again at 48±24 hours of symptom onset in 172 patients with imaging-confirmed AIS and 133 stroke-free individuals. We determined the ability of plasma GPBB to discriminate between cases and controls and examined the predictive value of plasma GPBB for 90-day functional outcome, 90-day survival and acute lesion volumes on neuroimaging. RESULTS The mean (SD) GPBB levels were higher in cases (46.3±38.6 ng/mL at first measurement and 38.6±36.5 ng/mL at second measurement) than in controls (4.1±7.6 ng/mL, p<0.01 for both). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for case-control discrimination based on first GPBB measurement was 0.96 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.98). The sensitivity and specificity based on optimal operating point on the ROC curve (7.0 ng/mL) were both 93%. GPBB levels increased in 90% of patients with punctate infarcts (<1.5 mL) and in all patients admitted within the first 4.5 hours of onset. There was no correlation between GPBB concentration and either clinical outcome or acute infarct volume. CONCLUSION GPBB demonstrates robust response to acute ischaemia and high sensitivity for small infarcts. If confirmed in more diverse populations that also include stroke mimics, GPBB could find utility as a stand-alone marker for acute brain ischaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Yeol Park
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilknur Ay
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ross Avery
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan Alfredo Caceres
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S Siket
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Emergency Neurosciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Octavio M Pontes-Neto
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalia S Rost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L Furie
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alma Gregory Sorensen
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hakan Ay
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shai D Silberberg
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Devon C Crawford
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Finkelstein
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert D Blank
- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Bethesda
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Bethesda
| | - Howard H Garrison
- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Bethesda
| | - Yvette R Seger
- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Bethesda
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Walsh RR, Krismer F, Galpern WR, Wenning GK, Low PA, Halliday G, Koroshetz WJ, Holton J, Quinn NP, Rascol O, Shaw LM, Eidelberg D, Bower P, Cummings JL, Abler V, Biedenharn J, Bitan G, Brooks DJ, Brundin P, Fernandez H, Fortier P, Freeman R, Gasser T, Hewitt A, Höglinger GU, Huentelman MJ, Jensen PH, Jeromin A, Kang UJ, Kaufmann H, Kellerman L, Khurana V, Klockgether T, Kim WS, Langer C, LeWitt P, Masliah E, Meissner W, Melki R, Ostrowitzki S, Piantadosi S, Poewe W, Robertson D, Roemer C, Schenk D, Schlossmacher M, Schmahmann JD, Seppi K, Shih L, Siderowf A, Stebbins GT, Stefanova N, Tsuji S, Sutton S, Zhang J. Recommendations of the Global Multiple System Atrophy Research Roadmap Meeting. Neurology 2017; 90:74-82. [PMID: 29237794 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with substantial knowledge gaps despite recent gains in basic and clinical research. In order to make further advances, concerted international collaboration is vital. In 2014, an international meeting involving leaders in the field and MSA advocacy groups was convened in Las Vegas, Nevada, to identify critical research areas where consensus and progress was needed to improve understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Eight topic areas were defined: pathogenesis, preclinical modeling, target identification, endophenotyping, clinical measures, imaging biomarkers, nonimaging biomarkers, treatments/trial designs, and patient advocacy. For each topic area, an expert served as a working group chair and each working group developed priority-ranked research recommendations with associated timelines and pathways to reach the intended goals. In this report, each groups' recommendations are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Walsh
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ.
| | - Florian Krismer
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Wendy R Galpern
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Phillip A Low
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Glenda Halliday
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Janice Holton
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Niall P Quinn
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Olivier Rascol
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - David Eidelberg
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Pam Bower
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Victor Abler
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Judy Biedenharn
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Gal Bitan
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - David J Brooks
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Patrik Brundin
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Hubert Fernandez
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Philip Fortier
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Roy Freeman
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Thomas Gasser
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Art Hewitt
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Matt J Huentelman
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Poul H Jensen
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Un Jung Kang
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Lawrence Kellerman
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Vikram Khurana
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Thomas Klockgether
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Carol Langer
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Peter LeWitt
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Wassilios Meissner
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Ronald Melki
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Susanne Ostrowitzki
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Steven Piantadosi
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Werner Poewe
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - David Robertson
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Cyndi Roemer
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Dale Schenk
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Michael Schlossmacher
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Klaus Seppi
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Lily Shih
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Sharon Sutton
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| | - Jing Zhang
- From Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (R.R.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (F.K., G.K.W., W.P., K.S., N.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.R.G., W.J.K.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Brain and Mind Centre (G.H.), Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney; UNSW Medicine & Neuroscience Research Australia (G.H.), Sydney; Queen Square Brain Bank (J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology (N.P.Q.), London, UK; UPS, INSERM, and CHU de Toulouse (O.R.), University de Toulouse; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare contre l'AMS (O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Départments de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Neurosciences, NeuroToul/COEN Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Neurosciences (D.E.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; The Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Coalition, Inc. (P. B., J.B., P.F., L.K., C.L., C.R., S.S.), Charlotte, NC; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (J.L.C.), Las Vegas, NV; Medical Affairs (V.A.), Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (G.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles; Institute of Neurology (D.J.B.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Van Andel Research Institute (P. Brundin), Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Defeat MSA (P.F.); MSA Shoe Charity (P.F., C.R.), Saint Clair Shores, MI; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.), Tübingen, Germany; Lundbeck LLC (A.H.), Deerfield, IL; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (G.U.H.), Munich; Department of Neurology (G.U.H.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neurogenomics Division (M.J.H.), The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Dandrite & Department of Biomedicine (P.H.J.), Aarhus University, Denmark; Quanterix (A.J.), Lexington, MA; Department of Neurology (U.J.K.), Columbia University Medical Center; Department of Neurology (H.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (V.K.), Cambridge; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease (V.K.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (V.K.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (T.K.), University of Bonn; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.K.), Bonn, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (W.S.K.), Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Division of Neurosciences (E.M.), National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD; Centre de Référence Maladie Rare AMS (W.M.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux; Université de Bordeaux (W.M.), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (R.M.), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Genentech Inc. (S.O.), South San Francisco; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (S.P.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (D.R.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; MSA NJ (C.R.), Howell, NJ; Prothena Biosciences (D.S.), South San Francisco, CA; Division of Neurology (M.S.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cure MSA Foundation (L.S.), Fremont, CA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurological Sciences (G.T.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.), Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and University of Washington (J.Z.), Seattle. W.R.G. is currently affiliated with Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Corriveau RA, Koroshetz WJ, Gladman JT, Jeon S, Babcock D, Bennett DA, Carmichael ST, Dickinson SLJ, Dickson DW, Emr M, Fillit H, Greenberg SM, Hutton ML, Knopman DS, Manly JJ, Marder KS, Moy CS, Phelps CH, Scott PA, Seeley WW, Sieber BA, Silverberg NB, Sutherland ML, Taylor A, Torborg CL, Waddy SP, Gubitz AK, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias Summit 2016: National research priorities. Neurology 2017; 89:2381-2391. [PMID: 29117955 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal 1 of the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease is to prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer disease-related dementias by 2025. To help inform the research agenda toward achieving this goal, the NIH hosts periodic summits that set and refine relevant research priorities for the subsequent 5 to 10 years. This proceedings article summarizes the 2016 Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias Summit, including discussion of scientific progress, challenges, and opportunities in major areas of dementia research, including mixed-etiology dementias, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal degeneration, vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, dementia disparities, and dementia nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick A Corriveau
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO.
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Jordan T Gladman
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Sophia Jeon
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Debra Babcock
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - David A Bennett
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Susan L-J Dickinson
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Marian Emr
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Howard Fillit
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael L Hutton
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - David S Knopman
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Karen S Marder
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Claudia S Moy
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Creighton H Phelps
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul A Scott
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - William W Seeley
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Beth-Anne Sieber
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Nina B Silverberg
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Margaret L Sutherland
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Angela Taylor
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Christine L Torborg
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Salina P Waddy
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Amelie K Gubitz
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - David M Holtzman
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.A.C., W.J.K., J.T.G., S.J., D.B., M.E., C.S.M., P.A.S., B.-A.S., M.L.S., C.L.T., A.K.G.), Bethesda, MD; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (S.T.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (S.L.-J.D.), Radnor, PA; Department of Neuroscience (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (H.F.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (H.F.), New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.) and College of Physicians and Surgeons (K.S.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (W.W.S.), and Department of Pathology (W.W.S.), University of California San Francisco; Lewy Body Dementia Association (A.T.), Lilburn, GA; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (S.P.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (D.M.H.), Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H.), and Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Volkow ND, Koob GF, Croyle RT, Bianchi DW, Gordon JA, Koroshetz WJ, Pérez-Stable EJ, Riley WT, Bloch MH, Conway K, Deeds BG, Dowling GJ, Grant S, Howlett KD, Matochik JA, Morgan GD, Murray MM, Noronha A, Spong CY, Wargo EM, Warren KR, Weiss SRB. The conception of the ABCD study: From substance use to a broad NIH collaboration. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 32:4-7. [PMID: 29051027 PMCID: PMC5893417 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of dramatic changes in brain structure and function, and the adolescent brain is highly susceptible to being altered by experiences like substance use. However, there is much we have yet to learn about how these experiences influence brain development, how they promote or interfere with later health outcomes, or even what healthy brain development looks like. A large longitudinal study beginning in early adolescence could help us understand the normal variability in adolescent brain and cognitive development and tease apart the many factors that influence it. Recent advances in neuroimaging, informatics, and genetics technologies have made it feasible to conduct a study of sufficient size and scope to answer many outstanding questions. At the same time, several Institutes across the NIH recognized the value of collaborating in such a project because of its ability to address the role of biological, environmental, and behavioral factors like gender, pubertal hormones, sports participation, and social/economic disparities on brain development as well as their association with the emergence and progression of substance use and mental illness including suicide risk. Thus, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study was created to answer the most pressing public health questions of our day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Croyle
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William T Riley
- National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele H Bloch
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bethany G Deeds
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gayathri J Dowling
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Steven Grant
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katia D Howlett
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Matochik
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glen D Morgan
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Margaret M Murray
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Noronha
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Y Spong
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric M Wargo
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth R Warren
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan R B Weiss
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative is focused on developing new tools and neurotechnologies to revolutionize our understanding of how the brain functions in health and disease, in large part to address the growing societal impact of neurological, mental health, and substance abuse disorders. Recent advances in neurotechnology are delivering unprecedented ways to interrogate and modulate brain function, and the BRAIN Initiative is focused on translation for human medical uses over the next decade. Since its inception, the NIH component of the BRAIN Initiative has utilized an iterative model of integrating ethics into the scientific trajectory of the Initiative, most recently with the creation of a Neuroethics Division of the NIH BRAIN Initiative Multi-Council Working Group. The Division serves as a resource of expertise, to help the BRAIN Initiative navigate issues involving ethics. Here we discuss the BRAIN Initiative, and its implications and aspirations for neuroethics. We also discuss new opportunities for collaboration and for integrating stakeholder voices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khara M Ramos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 31 Center Dr, MSC 2540, Bethesda, MD 20892, 301-594-2614,
| | - Karen S Rommelfanger
- Emory University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory Center for Ethics Neuroethics Program, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 727-1150,
| | - Henry T Greely
- Stanford University, Stanford Law School, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, CA 94305-8610, (650) 723-2517,
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 31 Center Dr, MSC 2540, Bethesda, MD 20892, 301-496-3167,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lima FO, Silva GS, Furie KL, Frankel MR, Lev MH, Camargo ÉCS, Haussen DC, Singhal AB, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Nogueira RG. Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination: A Simple and Accurate Prehospital Scale to Detect Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes. Stroke 2016; 47:1997-2002. [PMID: 27364531 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with large vessel occlusion strokes (LVOS) may be better served by direct transfer to endovascular capable centers avoiding hazardous delays between primary and comprehensive stroke centers. However, accurate stroke field triage remains challenging. We aimed to develop a simple field scale to identify LVOS. METHODS The Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) scale was based on items of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) with higher predictive value for LVOS and tested in the Screening Technology and Outcomes Project in Stroke (STOPStroke) cohort, in which patients underwent computed tomographic angiography within the first 24 hours of stroke onset. LVOS were defined by total occlusions involving the intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery-M1, middle cerebral artery-2, or basilar arteries. Patients with partial, bihemispheric, and anterior+posterior circulation occlusions were excluded. Receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FAST-ED were compared with the NIHSS, Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE) scale, and Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity (CPSS) scale. RESULTS LVO was detected in 240 of the 727 qualifying patients (33%). FAST-ED had comparable accuracy to predict LVO to the NIHSS and higher accuracy than RACE and CPSS (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: FAST-ED=0.81 as reference; NIHSS=0.80, P=0.28; RACE=0.77, P=0.02; and CPSS=0.75, P=0.002). A FAST-ED ≥4 had sensitivity of 0.60, specificity of 0.89, positive predictive value of 0.72, and negative predictive value of 0.82 versus RACE ≥5 of 0.55, 0.87, 0.68, and 0.79, and CPSS ≥2 of 0.56, 0.85, 0.65, and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSIONS FAST-ED is a simple scale that if successfully validated in the field, it may be used by medical emergency professionals to identify LVOS in the prehospital setting enabling rapid triage of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio O Lima
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Gisele S Silva
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Karen L Furie
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Michael R Frankel
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Michael H Lev
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Érica C S Camargo
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Diogo C Haussen
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Aneesh B Singhal
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Wade S Smith
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.)
| | - Raul G Nogueira
- From the Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (F.O.L.); Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (G.S.S.); Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.R.F., D.C.H., R.G.N.); Department of Radiology (M.H.L.) and Stroke Service, Department of Neurology (É.C.S.C., A.B.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); and UCSF Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (W.S.S.).
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Collins FS, Anderson JM, Austin CP, Battey JF, Birnbaum LS, Briggs JP, Clayton JA, Cuthbert B, Eisinger RW, Fauci AS, Gallin JI, Gibbons GH, Glass RI, Gottesman MM, Gray PA, Green ED, Greider FB, Hodes R, Hudson KL, Humphreys B, Katz SI, Koob GF, Koroshetz WJ, Lauer MS, Lorsch JR, Lowy DR, McGowan JJ, Murray DM, Nakamura R, Norris A, Perez-Stable EJ, Pettigrew RI, Riley WT, Rodgers GP, Sieving PA, Somerman MJ, Spong CY, Tabak LA, Volkow ND, Wilder EL. Basic science: Bedrock of progress. Science 2016; 351:1405. [PMID: 27013720 DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6280.1405-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Anderson
- Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher P Austin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - James F Battey
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Josephine P Briggs
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janine A Clayton
- Office of Research on Women's Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bruce Cuthbert
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gary H Gibbons
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roger I Glass
- Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Gray
- National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric D Green
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Richard Hodes
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen I Katz
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Jon R Lorsch
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - David M Murray
- Office of Disease Prevention, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Andrea Norris
- Center for Information Technology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eliseo J Perez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roderic I Pettigrew
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William T Riley
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Griffin P Rodgers
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Martha J Somerman
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Y Spong
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Mott
- From the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Janis
- From the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- From the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Koroshetz WJ, Landis S. Neurology's stake in foundational neuroscience research. Neurology 2014; 83:670-1. [PMID: 24991032 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Koroshetz
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Story Landis
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Montine TJ, Koroshetz WJ, Babcock D, Dickson DW, Galpern WR, Glymour MM, Greenberg SM, Hutton ML, Knopman DS, Kuzmichev AN, Manly JJ, Marder KS, Miller BL, Phelps CH, Seeley WW, Sieber BA, Silverberg NB, Sutherland M, Torborg CL, Waddy SP, Zlokovic BV, Corriveau RA. Recommendations of the Alzheimer's disease-related dementias conference. Neurology 2014; 83:851-60. [PMID: 25080517 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Alzheimer's Project Act, signed into law in 2011, mandates a National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease that is updated annually. In the Plan, the term Alzheimer disease includes not only Alzheimer disease (AD) proper, but also several specified related dementias, namely, frontotemporal, Lewy body, vascular, and mixed dementia. In response to a specific action item in the 2012 National Plan, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging, convened panels of experts and conducted a 2-day public conference to develop research priorities and timelines for addressing Alzheimer disease-related dementias (ADRD) in 5 topic areas: multiple etiology dementias, health disparities, Lewy body dementias including dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia and related tauopathies, and vascular contributions to ADRD. By design, the product was up to 8 prioritized research recommendations in each topic area including estimated timelines from when work on a recommendation is started to completion or to full implementation of an ongoing activity, and recognition of shared research themes across recommendations. These included increased education and training of both researchers and health care professionals, addressing health disparities, fundamental neurobiology research, advanced diagnostics, collaborative biosample repositories, and a focus on developing effective interventions to prevent or treat ADRD by the year 2025 as targeted by the National Plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Montine
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debra Babcock
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wendy R Galpern
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M Maria Glymour
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael L Hutton
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David S Knopman
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andrey N Kuzmichev
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Karen S Marder
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Creighton H Phelps
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William W Seeley
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Beth-Anne Sieber
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nina B Silverberg
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Margaret Sutherland
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christine L Torborg
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Salina P Waddy
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roderick A Corriveau
- From the Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (W.J.K., D.B., W.R.G., A.N.K., B.-A.S., M.S., C.L.T., S.P.W., R.A.C.), Bethesda, MD; Neuropathology Lab (D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (M.M.G.), University of California San Francisco; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (S.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neurodegenerative Diseases DHT at Eli Lilly and Company (M.L.H.), Lilly Research Center, Windlesham, UK; Department of Neurology (D.S.K.), Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M., K.S.M.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Columbia University (J.J.M., K.S.M.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center (B.L.M., W.W.S.); National Institute on Aging (C.H.P., N.B.S.), Bethesda, MD; and Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute (B.V.Z.), Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Story Landis
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Koroshetz WJ, Landis S. Neurology's stake in foundational neuroscience research. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:621-2. [PMID: 24756692 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Koroshetz WJ. Review of Alfalfa to Ivy: Memoir of a Harvard Medical School Dean. JAMA Neurol 2014. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, Lev MH, Camargo ECS, Singhal AB, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Nogueira RG. Prognosis of untreated strokes due to anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusions detected by use of computed tomography angiography. JAMA Neurol 2013; 71:151-7. [PMID: 24323077 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Limited data exist regarding the natural history of proximal intracranial arterial occlusions. OBJECTIVE To investigate the outcomes of patients who had an acute ischemic stroke attributed to an anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusion. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study at 2 university-based hospitals from 2003 to 2005 in which nonenhanced computed tomography scans and computed tomography angiograms were obtained at admission of all adult patients suspected of having an ischemic stroke in the first 24 hours of symptom onset. EXPOSURE Anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency of good outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤ 2) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS A total of 126 patients with a unilateral complete occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA; 26 patients: median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score, 11 [interquartile range, 5-17]), of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA; 52 patients: median NIHSS score, 13 [interquartile range, 6-16]), or of the M2 segment of the MCA (48 patients: median NIHSS score, 7 [interquartile range, 4-15]) were included. Of these 3 groups of patients, 10 (38.5%), 20 (38.5%), and 26 (54.2%) with ICA, MCA-M1, and MCA-M2 occlusions, respectively, achieved a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less, and 6 (23.1%), 12 (23.1%), and 10 (20.8%) were dead at 6 months. Worse outcomes were seen in patients with a baseline NIHSS score of 10 or higher, with a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less achieved in only 7.1% (1 of 14), 23.5% (8 of 34), and 22.7% (5 of 22) of patients and mortality rates of 35.7% (5 of 14), 32.4% (11 of 34), and 40.9% (9 of 22) among patients with ICA, MCA-M1, and MCA-M2 occlusions, respectively. Age (odds ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.91-0.98]), NIHSS score (odds ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.64-0.83]), and strength of leptomeningeal collaterals (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.08-5.20]) were independently associated with outcome, whereas the level of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion (ICA vs MCA-M1 vs MCA-M2) was not. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The natural history of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion is variable, with poor outcomes overall. Stroke severity and collateral flow appear to be more important than the level of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion in determining outcomes. Our results provide useful data for proper patient selection and sample size calculations in the design of new clinical trials aimed at recanalization therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio O Lima
- Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Campinas State University, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen L Furie
- Department of Neurology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gisele S Silva
- Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael H Lev
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erica C S Camargo
- Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aneesh B Singhal
- Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Harris
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elkan F Halpern
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wade S Smith
- Neurovascular Service, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Raul G Nogueira
- Neuroendovascular and Neurocritical Care Services, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koroshetz WJ, Brown J. NIH: Developing And Funding Research In Emergency Care And Training The Next Generation Of Emergency Care Researchers. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013; 32:2186-92. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Koroshetz
- Walter J. Koroshetz ( ) is the deputy director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Jeremy Brown is the director of the Office of Emergency Care Research, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, at the National Institutes of Health
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
González RG, Furie KL, Goldmacher GV, Smith WS, Kamalian S, Payabvash S, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Camargo ECS, Dillon WP, Lev MH. Good outcome rate of 35% in IV-tPA-treated patients with computed tomography angiography confirmed severe anterior circulation occlusive stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:3109-13. [PMID: 24003051 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To determine the effect of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) on outcomes in patients with severe major anterior circulation ischemic stroke. METHODS Prospectively, 649 patients with acute stroke had admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores, noncontrast computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA), and 6-month outcome assessed using modified Rankin scale. IV-tPA treatment decisions were made before CTA, at the time of noncontrast CT scanning, as per routine clinical protocol. Severe symptoms were defined as NIHSS>10. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale >2. Major occlusions were identified on CTA. Univariate and multivariate stepwise-forward logistic regression analyses of the full cohort were performed. RESULTS Of 649 patients, 188 (29%) patients presented with NIHSS>10, and 64 out of 188 (34%) patients received IV-tPA. Admission NIHSS, large artery occlusion, and IV-tPA all independently predicted good outcomes; however, a significant interaction existed between IV-tPA and occlusion (P<0.001). Of the patients who presented with NIHSS>10 with anterior circulation occlusion, twice the percentage had good outcomes if they received IV-tPA (17 out of 49 patients, 35%) than if they did not (13 out of 77 patients, 17%; P=0.031). The number needed to treat was 7 (95% confidence interval, 3-60). CONCLUSIONS IV-tPA treatment resulted in significantly better outcomes in patients with severely symptomatic stroke with major anterior circulation occlusions. The 35% good outcome rate was similar to rates found in endovascular therapy trials. Vascular imaging may help in patient selection and stratification for trials of IV-thrombolytic and endovascular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gilberto González
- From the Department of Radiology (R.G.G., K.L.F., G.V.G., S.K., S.P., G.J.H., E.F.H., E.C.S.C., M.H.L.), and Department of Radiology and Institute for Technology Assessment (E.F.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; ICON Medical Imaging (Beacon Bioscience), North Wales, PA (G.V.G.); Department of Neurology (W.S.S.), and Department of Radiology (W.P.D.), University of California at San Francisco, CA; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (S.P.); National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (W.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (E.C.S.C.); and Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (K.L.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
Soares HD, Potter WZ, Pickering E, Kuhn M, Immermann FW, Shera DM, Ferm M, Dean RA, Simon AJ, Swenson F, Siuciak JA, Kaplow J, Thambisetty M, Zagouras P, Koroshetz WJ, Wan HI, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Plasma biomarkers associated with the apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 69:1310-7. [PMID: 22801723 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A blood-based test that could be used as a screen for Alzheimer disease (AD) may enable early intervention and better access to treatment. OBJECTIVE To apply a multiplex immunoassay panel to identify plasma biomarkers of AD using plasma samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING The Biomarkers Consortium Alzheimer's Disease Plasma Proteomics Project. PARTICIPANTS Plasma samples at baseline and at 1 year were analyzed from 396 (345 at 1 year) patients with mild cognitive impairment, 112 (97 at 1 year) patients with AD, and 58 (54 at 1 year) healthy control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were used to examine differences across diagnostic groups and relative to the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. RESULTS Increased levels of eotaxin 3, pancreatic polypeptide, and N-terminal protein B-type brain natriuretic peptide were observed in patients, confirming similar changes reported in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with AD and MCI. Increases in tenascin C levels and decreases in IgM and ApoE levels were also observed. All participants with Apo ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 alleles showed a distinct biochemical profile characterized by low C-reactive protein and ApoE levels and by high cortisol, interleukin 13, apolipoprotein B, and gamma interferon levels. The use of plasma biomarkers improved specificity in differentiating patients with AD from controls, and ApoE plasma levels were lowest in patients whose mild cognitive impairment had progressed to dementia. CONCLUSIONS Plasma biomarker results confirm cerebrospinal fluid studies reporting increased levels of pancreatic polypeptide and N-terminal protein B-type brain natriuretic peptide in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment. Incorporation of plasma biomarkers yielded high sensitivity with improved specificity, supporting their usefulness as a screening tool. The ApoE genotype was associated with a unique biochemical profile irrespective of diagnosis, highlighting the importance of genotype on blood protein profiles.
Collapse
|
43
|
Geocadin RG, Bleck TP, Koroshetz WJ, Robertson CS, Zaidat OO, LeRoux PD, Wijman CAC, Suarez JI. Research priorities in neurocritical care. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16:35-41. [PMID: 21792752 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This summary of the last session of the First Neurocritical Care Research Conference reviews the discussions about research priorities in neurocritical care. The first presentation reviewed current projects funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health and potential models to follow including an independent Neurocritical Care Network or the creation of such a network with the goal of collaborating with already existing ones. Experienced neurointensivists then presented their views on the most common and important research questions that need to be answered and investigated in the field. Finally, utility of clinical registries was discussed emphasizing their importance as hypothesis generators. During the group discussion, interests in comparative effectiveness research, the use of physiological endpoints from monitoring and alternate trial design were expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Geocadin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
González RG, Lev MH, Goldmacher GV, Smith WS, Payabvash S, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Camargo ECS, Dillon WP, Furie KL. Improved outcome prediction using CT angiography in addition to standard ischemic stroke assessment: results from the STOPStroke study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30352. [PMID: 22276182 PMCID: PMC3262833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve ischemic stroke outcome prediction using imaging information from a prospective cohort who received admission CT angiography (CTA). METHODS In a prospectively designed study, 649 stroke patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke had admission NIH stroke scale scores, noncontrast CT (NCCT), CTA, and 6-month outcome assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores. Poor outcome was defined as mRS>2. Strokes were classified as "major" by the (1) Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS+) if NCCT ASPECTS was ≤7; (2) Boston Acute Stroke Imaging Scale (BASIS+) if they were ASPECTS+ or CTA showed occlusion of the distal internal carotid, proximal middle cerebral, or basilar arteries; and (3) NIHSS for scores >10. RESULTS Of 649 patients, 253 (39.0%) had poor outcomes. NIHSS, BASIS, and age, but not ASPECTS, were independent predictors of outcome. BASIS and NIHSS had similar sensitivities, both superior to ASPECTS (p<0.0001). Combining NIHSS with BASIS was highly predictive: 77.6% (114/147) classified as NIHSS>10/BASIS+ had poor outcomes, versus 21.5% (77/358) with NIHSS≤10/BASIS- (p<0.0001), regardless of treatment. The odds ratios for poor outcome is 12.6 (95% CI: 7.9 to 20.0) in patients who are NIHSS>10/BASIS+ compared to patients who are NIHSS≤10/BASIS-; the odds ratio is 5.4 (95% CI: 3.5 to 8.5) when compared to patients who are only NIHSS>10 or BASIS+. CONCLUSIONS BASIS and NIHSS are independent outcome predictors. Their combination is stronger than either instrument alone in predicting outcomes. The findings suggest that CTA is a significant clinical tool in routine acute stroke assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gilberto González
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nogueira RG, Ferreira R, Grant PE, Maier SE, Koroshetz WJ, Gonzalez RG, Sheth KN. Restricted diffusion in spinal cord infarction demonstrated by magnetic resonance line scan diffusion imaging. Stroke 2011; 43:532-5. [PMID: 22033988 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.624023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We report on the use of line scan diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord infarctions. METHODS Data on 19 patients with clinical findings consistent with spinal cord infarctions and abnormal findings on line scan diffusion imaging were reviewed. The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) measurements for the normal spinal cord and for the areas of abnormality were calculated from trace ADC maps. RESULTS Restricted diffusion was found in all 19 patients. Absolute ADC values in the ischemic area ranged between 395.4 and 575.8 × 10(-6) mm(2)/s, with ADC ratios ranging between 39.4% and 57.4%. CONCLUSIONS Line scan diffusion imaging is technically feasible and appears to be a reliable method to diagnose spinal cord infarction in the acute setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul G Nogueira
- Department of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:263-9. [PMID: 21514250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9744] [Impact Index Per Article: 749.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of revising the 1984 criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. The workgroup sought to ensure that the revised criteria would be flexible enough to be used by both general healthcare providers without access to neuropsychological testing, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid measures, and specialized investigators involved in research or in clinical trial studies who would have these tools available. We present criteria for all-cause dementia and for AD dementia. We retained the general framework of probable AD dementia from the 1984 criteria. On the basis of the past 27 years of experience, we made several changes in the clinical criteria for the diagnosis. We also retained the term possible AD dementia, but redefined it in a manner more focused than before. Biomarker evidence was also integrated into the diagnostic formulations for probable and possible AD dementia for use in research settings. The core clinical criteria for AD dementia will continue to be the cornerstone of the diagnosis in clinical practice, but biomarker evidence is expected to enhance the pathophysiological specificity of the diagnosis of AD dementia. Much work lies ahead for validating the biomarker diagnosis of AD dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Maas MB, Lev MH, Ay H, Singhal AB, Greer DM, Smith WS, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Furie KL. The prognosis for aphasia in stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 21:350-7. [PMID: 21185744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphasia is a disabling chronic stroke symptom, but the prognosis for patients presenting with aphasia in the hyperacute window has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study is to assess the prognosis for recovery of language function in subjects presenting with aphasia caused by ischemic stroke within 12 hours of symptom onset. METHODS Subjects presenting with aphasia were identified from a prospective cohort study of 669 subjects presenting emergently with acute stroke. Subjects were characterized by demographics, serial clinical examinations, unenhanced computed tomography, and computed tomographic angiography. Aphasia severity was assessed by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) examinations performed at baseline, discharge, and 6 months. Demographic, clinical, and imaging factors were assessed for prognostic impact. RESULTS Aphasia was present in 30% of subjects (n = 204). Of the 166 aphasic patients alive at discharge (median 5 days), aphasia improved in 57% and resolved in 38%. In the 102 aphasic subjects evaluated at 6 months, aphasia improved in 86% and completely resolved in 74% of subjects. Among aphasic subjects with "mild" stroke (initial NIHSS <5), aphasia resolved in 90% of subjects by 6 months. Factors significantly associated with better outcome included clinically and radiographically smaller strokes and lower prestroke disability. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis for full recovery of aphasia present in the hyperacute window is good. Radiographic and clinical markers indicating lesser extent of ischemia correlated to greater recovery. Given the excellent prognosis for language recovery in mild stroke, the net benefit of thrombolysis in such cases is uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Maas
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, Lev MH, Camargo ECS, Singhal AB, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Yoo AJ, Nogueira RG. The pattern of leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography is a strong predictor of long-term functional outcome in stroke patients with large vessel intracranial occlusion. Stroke 2010; 41:2316-22. [PMID: 20829514 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.592303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of noninvasive methods in the evaluation of collateral circulation has yet to be defined. We hypothesized that a favorable pattern of leptomeningeal collaterals, as identified by CT angiography, correlates with improved outcomes. METHODS Data from a prospective cohort study at 2 university-based hospitals where CT angiography was systematically performed in the acute phase of ischemic stroke were analyzed. Patients with complete occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery and/or the middle cerebral artery (M1 or M2 segments) were selected. The leptomeningeal collateral pattern was graded as a 3-category ordinal variable (less, equal, or greater than the unaffected contralateral hemisphere). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to define the independent predictors of good outcome at 6 months (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2). RESULTS One hundred ninety-six patients were selected. The mean age was 69±17 years and the median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 13 (interquartile range, 6 to 17). In the univariate analysis, age, baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, prestroke modified Rankin Scale score, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT score, admission blood glucose, history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, site of occlusion, and collateral pattern were predictors of outcome. In the multivariate analysis, age (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93 to 0.98; P=0.001), baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (OR, 0.75; 0.69 to 0.83; P<0.001), prestroke modified Rankin Scale score (OR, 0.41; 0.22 to 0.76; P=0.01), intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (OR, 4.92; 1.83 to 13.25; P=0.01), diabetes (OR, 0.31; 0.01 to 0.98; P=0.046), and leptomeningeal collaterals (OR, 1.93; 1.06 to 3.34; P=0.03) were identified as independent predictors of good outcome. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with angiographic studies, leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography are also a reliable marker of good outcome in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio O Lima
- Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging have revolutionized the evaluation of the clinical syndrome of transient ischemic attack (TIA). Diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrates microinfarctions (< 1 cm(3)) in approximately 50% of patients with TIA, establishing that not all clinically transient spells are transient at the tissue level. The clinical syndrome of TIA that is associated with ischemic brain injury is called "transient symptoms with infarction" (TSI). TSI appears to be a different subset because it harbors higher risk of imminent stroke than "TIA with no infarction." Armed with the evidence of ischemia as the cause of transient spell, clinicians can pursue the most appropriate therapy for stroke prevention by targeting the underlying etiology of brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ay
- Stroke Service and A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, CNY149-2301, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Anderson HV, Rosenfield KA, White CJ, Ho KKL, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Tang F, Cates CU, Jaff MR, Koroshetz WJ, Katzan IL, Hopkins LN, Rumsfeld JS, Brindis RG. Clinical features and outcomes of carotid artery stenting by clinical expert consensus criteria: a report from the CARE registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 75:519-25. [PMID: 20088016 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2007, a multispecialty society task force published a clinical expert consensus document (CECD) on carotid stenting (CAS), containing recommendations for appropriate patient selection and quality of care. The CECD also inspired creation of a large, national registry of carotid revascularization, the Carotid Artery Revascularization and Endarterectomy (CARE) registry. Our goal here was to investigate whether initial CAS procedures submitted to CARE conformed to CECD recommendations, and examine their clinical outcomes. METHODS We analyzed CAS procedures for the period January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2008. These were grouped into those that conformed to CECD recommendations [CECD(+), n = 4,636, 79.8%] and those that did not [CECD(-), n = 1,168, 20.2%]. RESULTS The CECD(+) patients were older than CECD(-) patients (71.5 +/- 10.3 vs. 67.6 +/- 10.3 years, P = 0.001, respectively), and more frequently had chronic kidney disease (46.9% vs. 17.8%, P = 0.001), chronic lung disease (33.0% vs. 12.4%, P = 0.001), ejection fraction <or= 0.30 (13.5% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.001) and contralateral carotid artery occlusion (12.7% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.001). Clinical outcomes at 30 days were similar, including death (1.24% vs. 0.76%, P = 0.184), stroke (5.32% vs. 5.34%, P = 0.954), and death, stroke, or MI (7.04% vs. 6.95%, P = 0.944). CONCLUSIONS Most CAS procedures submitted to CARE conformed to CECD recommendations for patient selection. For reported data, clinical outcomes at 30 days were similar for procedures meeting and those not meeting recommendations, and were similar to outcomes reported by other large registries. These findings suggest that acceptable patient selection criteria for CAS are employed as it expands beyond investigators into more widespread clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Vernon Anderson
- Cardiology Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|