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DuBois DW, Murchison DA, Mahnke AH, Bang E, Winzer-Serhan U, Griffith WH, Souza KA. Maintenance of optogenetic channel rhodopsin (ChR2) function in aging mice: Implications for pharmacological studies of inhibitory synaptic transmission, quantal content, and calcium homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 2023:109651. [PMID: 37414332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of synaptic function is believed to represent a common pathway contributing to cognitive decline during aging. Optogenetics is a prodigious tool for studying relationships between function and synaptic circuitry but models utilizing viral vectors present limitations. Careful characterization of the functionality of channel rhodopsin in transgenic models is crucial for determining whether they can be used across aging. This includes verifying the light sensitivity of the protein and confirming its ability to generate action potentials in response to light stimulation. We combined in vitro optogenetic methodology and a reduced synaptic preparation of acutely isolated neurons to determine if the ChR2(H134R)-eYFP vGAT mouse model is well-suited for aging studies. We used neurons from young (2-6 mo), middle-aged (10-14 mo) and aged (17-25 mo) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse line with stable expression of the channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) variant H134R in GABAergic cell populations. Cellular physiology and calcium dynamics were assessed in basal forebrain (BF) neurons using patch-clamp recording and fura-2 microfluorimetry, alongside 470 nm light stimulation of the transgenic ChR2 channel to characterize a wide array of physiological functions known to decline with age. We found ChR2 expression is functionally maintained across aging, while spontaneous and optically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents, and quantal content were decreased. Aged mice also showed an increase in intracellular calcium buffering. These results, which are on par with previous observations, demonstrate that the optogenetic vGAT BAC mouse model is well-suited for investigating age-related changes in calcium signaling and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin W DuBois
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - David A Murchison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Amanda H Mahnke
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Eunyoung Bang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ursula Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - William H Griffith
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Karienn A Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, USA.
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Berryer MH, Rizki G, Nathanson A, Klein JA, Trendafilova D, Susco SG, Lam D, Messana A, Holton KM, Karhohs KW, Cimini BA, Pfaff K, Carpenter AE, Rubin LL, Barrett LE. High-content synaptic phenotyping in human cellular models reveals a role for BET proteins in synapse assembly. eLife 2023; 12:80168. [PMID: 37083703 PMCID: PMC10121225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving fundamental molecular and functional processes underlying human synaptic development is crucial for understanding normal brain function as well as dysfunction in disease. Based upon increasing evidence of species-divergent features of brain cell types, coupled with emerging studies of complex human disease genetics, we developed the first automated and quantitative high-content synaptic phenotyping platform using human neurons and astrocytes. To establish the robustness of our platform, we screened the effects of 376 small molecules on presynaptic density, neurite outgrowth, and cell viability, validating six small molecules that specifically enhanced human presynaptic density in vitro. Astrocytes were essential for mediating the effects of all six small molecules, underscoring the relevance of non-cell-autonomous factors in synapse assembly and their importance in synaptic screening applications. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitors emerged as the most prominent hit class and global transcriptional analyses using multiple BET inhibitors confirmed upregulation of synaptic gene expression. Through these analyses, we demonstrate the robustness of our automated screening platform for identifying potent synaptic modulators, which can be further leveraged for scaled analyses of human synaptic mechanisms and drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Berryer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anna Nathanson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jenny A Klein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Darina Trendafilova
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sara G Susco
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Daisy Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Angelica Messana
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kristina M Holton
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kyle W Karhohs
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Beth A Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kathleen Pfaff
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lindy E Barrett
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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3
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Astrocytes regulate neuronal network activity by mediating synapse remodeling. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:3-13. [PMID: 36170922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on experience during our life, neuronal connectivity continuously changes through structural remodeling of synapses. Recent studies have shown that the complex interaction between astrocytes and synapses regulates structural synapse remodeling by inducing the formation and elimination of synapses, as well as their functional maturation. Defects in this astrocyte-mediated synapse remodeling cause problems in not only neuronal network activities but also animal behaviors. Moreover, in various neurological disorders, astrocytes have been shown to play central roles in the initiation and progression of synaptic pathophysiology through impaired interactions with synapses. In this review, we will discuss recent studies identifying the novel roles of astrocytes in neuronal circuit remodeling, focusing on synapse formation and elimination. We will also discuss the potential implication of defective astrocytic function in evoking various brain disorders.
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Shang M, Tang M, Xue Y. Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by airborne particulate matter. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:167-185. [PMID: 35995895 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM), the primary component associated with health risks in air pollution, can negatively impact human health. Studies have shown that PM can enter the brain by inhalation, but data on the exact quantity of particles that reach the brain are unknown. Particulate matter exposure can result in neurotoxicity. Exposure to PM poses a greater health risk to infants and children because their nervous systems are not fully developed. This review paper highlights the association between PM and neurodevelopmental toxicity (NDT). Exposure to PM can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially resulting in blood-brain barrier damage and increased susceptibility to development of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), such as autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit disorders. In addition, human and animal exposure to PM can induce microglia activation and epigenetic alterations and alter the neurotransmitter levels, which may increase risks for development of NDD. However, the systematic comparisons of the effects of PM on NDD at different ages of exposure are deficient. The elucidation of PM exposure risks and NDT in children during the early developmental stages are of great importance. The synthesis of current research may help to identify markers and mechanisms of PM-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity, allowing for the development of strategies to prevent permanent damage of developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Valada P, Hinz S, Vielmuth C, Lopes CR, Cunha RA, Müller CE, Lopes JP. The impact of inosine on hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity involves the release of adenosine through equilibrative nucleoside transporters rather than the direct activation of adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09899-7. [PMID: 36156760 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inosine has robust neuroprotective effects, but it is unclear if inosine acts as direct ligand of adenosine receptors or if it triggers metabolic effects indirectly modifying the activity of adenosine receptors. We now combined radioligand binding studies with electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices to test how inosine controls synaptic transmission and plasticity. Inosine was without effect at 30 μM and decreased field excitatory post-synaptic potentials by 14% and 33% at 100 and 300 μM, respectively. These effects were prevented by the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX. Inosine at 300 (but not 100) μM also decreased the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP), an effect prevented by DPCPX and by the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261. Inosine showed low affinity towards human and rat adenosine receptor subtypes with Ki values of > 300 µM; only at the human and rat A1 receptor slightly higher affinities with Ki values of around 100 µM were observed. Affinity of inosine at the rat A3 receptor was higher (Ki of 1.37 µM), while it showed no interaction with the human orthologue. Notably, the effects of inosine on synaptic transmission and plasticity were abrogated by adenosine deaminase and by inhibiting equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) with dipyridamole and NBTI. This shows that the impact of inosine on hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity is not due to a direct activation of adenosine receptors but is instead due to an indirect modification of the tonic activation of these adenosine receptors through an ENT-mediated modification of the extracellular levels of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valada
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christin Vielmuth
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - João Pedro Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Kushima I, Nakatochi M, Aleksic B, Okada T, Kimura H, Kato H, Morikawa M, Inada T, Ishizuka K, Torii Y, Nakamura Y, Tanaka S, Imaeda M, Takahashi N, Yamamoto M, Iwamoto K, Nawa Y, Ogawa N, Iritani S, Hayashi Y, Lo T, Otgonbayar G, Furuta S, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Saito T, Ninomiya K, Okochi T, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Miura K, Itokawa M, Arai M, Miyashita M, Toriumi K, Ohi K, Shioiri T, Kitaichi K, Someya T, Watanabe Y, Egawa J, Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Sasaki T, Tochigi M, Nishimura F, Yamasue H, Kuwabara H, Wakuda T, Kato TA, Kanba S, Horikawa H, Usami M, Kodaira M, Watanabe K, Yoshikawa T, Toyota T, Yokoyama S, Munesue T, Kimura R, Funabiki Y, Kosaka H, Jung M, Kasai K, Ikegame T, Jinde S, Numata S, Kinoshita M, Kato T, Kakiuchi C, Yamakawa K, Suzuki T, Hashimoto N, Ishikawa S, Yamagata B, Nio S, Murai T, Son S, Kunii Y, Yabe H, Inagaki M, Goto YI, Okumura Y, Ito T, Arioka Y, Mori D, Ozaki N. Cross-Disorder Analysis of Genic and Regulatory Copy Number Variations in Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:362-374. [PMID: 35667888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine the similarities and differences in the roles of genic and regulatory copy number variations (CNVs) in bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Based on high-resolution CNV data from 8708 Japanese samples, we performed to our knowledge the largest cross-disorder analysis of genic and regulatory CNVs in BD, SCZ, and ASD. RESULTS In genic CNVs, we found an increased burden of smaller (<100 kb) exonic deletions in BD, which contrasted with the highest burden of larger (>500 kb) exonic CNVs in SCZ/ASD. Pathogenic CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly associated with the risk for each disorder, but BD and SCZ/ASD differed in terms of the effect size (smaller in BD) and subtype distribution of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. We identified 3 synaptic genes (DLG2, PCDH15, and ASTN2) as risk factors for BD. Whereas gene set analysis showed that BD-associated pathways were restricted to chromatin biology, SCZ and ASD involved more extensive and similar pathways. Nevertheless, a correlation analysis of gene set results indicated weak but significant pathway similarities between BD and SCZ or ASD (r = 0.25-0.31). In SCZ and ASD, but not BD, CNVs were significantly enriched in enhancers and promoters in brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS BD and SCZ/ASD differ in terms of CNV burden, characteristics of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, and regulatory CNVs. On the other hand, they have shared molecular mechanisms, including chromatin biology. The BD risk genes identified here could provide insight into the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mako Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishizuka
- Health Support Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youta Torii
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- National Hospital Organization Higashi Owari National Hospital, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miho Imaeda
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nagahide Takahashi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maeri Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Iwamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nanayo Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Iritani
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Okehazama Hospital Brain Research Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tzuyao Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gantsooj Otgonbayar
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Furuta
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takeo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kohei Ninomiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tomo Okochi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Corporation Foster, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Miyashita
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Takatsuki Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Toriumi
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Laboratory of Health Education, Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumichika Nishimura
- Center for Research on Counseling and Support Services, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Japan Depression Center, Tokyo, Japan; Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Horikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Horikawa Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masahide Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Kodaira
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Aiiku Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyota Watanabe
- Hiroshima City Center for Children's Health and Development, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Munesue
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Funabiki
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Cognitive Science Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence at University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tempei Ikegame
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Jinde
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bun Yamagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nio
- Department of Psychiatry, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuraku Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tottori Prefecture Rehabilitation Center, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Okumura
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ito
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in Transport Processes in Mice with MPTP-Induced Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050751. [PMID: 35629417 PMCID: PMC9146539 DOI: 10.3390/life12050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes of intracellular and extracellular transport play one of the most important roles in the functioning of cells. Changes to transport mechanisms in a neuron can lead to the disruption of many cellular processes and even to cell death. It was shown that disruption of the processes of vesicular, axonal, and synaptic transport can lead to a number of diseases of the central nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we studied changes in the expression of genes whose protein products are involved in the transport processes (Snca, Drd2, Rab5a, Anxa2, and Nsf) in the brain tissues and peripheral blood of mice with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced models of PD. We detected changes in the expressions of Drd2, Anxa2, and Nsf at the earliest modeling stages. Additionally, we have identified conspicuous changes in the expression level of Anxa2 in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice with MPTP-induced models of PD in its early stages. These data clearly suggest the involvement of protein products in these genes in the earliest stages of the pathogenesis of PD.
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8
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Mukherjee S, Chatterjee N, Sircar A, Maikap S, Singh A, Acharyya S, Paul S. A Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal Effects on Medicinal Plants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2483-2518. [PMID: 35488955 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Popularity of herbal drugs has always been in high demand, but recently it has been increasing all over the world, especially in India, because of the lower range of adverse health effects as compared to synthetic or man-made drugs. Not only this but their cost-effectiveness and easy availability to the poor people and the masses, particularly in developing countries, are major causes for their demand. But there lies a huge problem during the process of plant collection that affects their medicinal properties to certain degrees. This is caused by heavy metal toxicity in soil in different locations of the Indian subcontinent. This was correlated with their potential to cause health damage. Exposure of humans to heavy metals includes diverse pathways from food to water to consumption and inhalation of polluted air to permanent damage to exposed skin and even by occupational exposure at workplaces. As we can understand, the main mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity include the production of free radicals to affect the host by oxidative stress, damaging biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, lipids, and even nucleic acids and finally damaging DNA which is the fastest way to carcinogenesis and in addition, neurotoxicity. Therefore, in this paper, we have researched how the plants/herbs are affected due to heavy metal deposition in their habitat and how it can lead to serious clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Asmeeta Sircar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Shimantika Maikap
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhilasha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudeshna Acharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Sonali Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India.
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9
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Paul MM, Dannhäuser S, Morris L, Mrestani A, Hübsch M, Gehring J, Hatzopoulos GN, Pauli M, Auger GM, Bornschein G, Scholz N, Ljaschenko D, Müller M, Sauer M, Schmidt H, Kittel RJ, DiAntonio A, Vakonakis I, Heckmann M, Langenhan T. The human cognition-enhancing CORD7 mutation increases active zone number and synaptic release. Brain 2022; 145:3787-3802. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Humans carrying the CORD7 (cone-rod dystrophy 7) mutation possess increased verbal IQ and working memory. This autosomal dominant syndrome is caused by the single-amino acid R844H exchange (human numbering) located in the 310 helix of the C2A domain of RIMS1/RIM1 (Rab3-interacting molecule 1). RIM is an evolutionarily conserved multi-domain protein and essential component of presynaptic active zones, which is centrally involved in fast, Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release. How the CORD7 mutation affects synaptic function has remained unclear thus far. Here, we established Drosophila melanogaster as a disease model for clarifying the effects of the CORD7 mutation on RIM function and synaptic vesicle release.
To this end, using protein expression and X-ray crystallography, we solved the molecular structure of the Drosophila C2A domain at 1.92 Å resolution and by comparison to its mammalian homolog ascertained that the location of the CORD7 mutation is structurally conserved in fly RIM. Further, CRISPR/Cas9-assisted genomic engineering was employed for the generation of rim alleles encoding the R915H CORD7 exchange or R915E,R916E substitutions (fly numbering) to effect local charge reversal at the 310 helix. Through electrophysiological characterization by two-electrode voltage clamp and focal recordings we determined that the CORD7 mutation exerts a semi-dominant rather than a dominant effect on synaptic transmission resulting in faster, more efficient synaptic release and increased size of the readily releasable pool but decreased sensitivity for the fast calcium chelator BAPTA. In addition, the rim CORD7 allele increased the number of presynaptic active zones but left their nanoscopic organization unperturbed as revealed by super-resolution microscopy of the presynaptic scaffold protein Bruchpilot/ELKS/CAST.
We conclude that the CORD7 mutation leads to tighter release coupling, an increased readily releasable pool size and more release sites thereby promoting more efficient synaptic transmitter release. These results strongly suggest that similar mechanisms may underlie the CORD7 disease phenotype in patients and that enhanced synaptic transmission may contribute to their increased cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila M. Paul
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Dannhäuser
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lydia Morris
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achmed Mrestani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martha Hübsch
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gehring
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Pauli
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Genevieve M. Auger
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grit Bornschein
- Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Ljaschenko
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schmidt
- Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert J. Kittel
- Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Manfred Heckmann
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Faust TE, Gunner G, Schafer DP. Mechanisms governing activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the developing mammalian CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:657-673. [PMID: 34545240 PMCID: PMC8541743 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost 60 years have passed since the initial discovery by Hubel and Wiesel that changes in neuronal activity can elicit developmental rewiring of the central nervous system (CNS). Over this period, we have gained a more comprehensive picture of how both spontaneous neural activity and sensory experience-induced changes in neuronal activity guide CNS circuit development. Here we review activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the mammalian CNS, which we define as the removal of a subset of synapses, while others are maintained, in response to changes in neural activity in the developing nervous system. We discuss the mounting evidence that immune and cell-death molecules are important mechanistic links by which changes in neural activity guide the pruning of specific synapses, emphasizing the role of glial cells in this process. Finally, we discuss how these developmental pruning programmes may go awry in neurodevelopmental disorders of the human CNS, focusing on autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Together, our aim is to give an overview of how the field of activity-dependent pruning research has evolved, led to exciting new questions and guided the identification of new, therapeutically relevant mechanisms that result in aberrant circuit development in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Gunner
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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11
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Okay K, Varış PÜ, Miral S, Ekinci B, Yaraş T, Karakülah G, Oktay Y. Alternative splicing and gene co-expression network-based analysis of dizygotic twins with autism-spectrum disorder and their parents. Genomics 2021; 113:2561-2571. [PMID: 34087420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability, however, understanding the complexity of the underlying genetic basis has proven to be a challenging task. We hypothesized that dissecting the aberrations in alternative splicing (AS) and their effects on expression networks might provide insight. Therefore, we performed AS and co-expression analyses of total RNA isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of two pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins with non-syndromic autism and their parents. We identified 183 differential AS events in 146 genes, seven of them being Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) Category 1-3 genes, three of which had previously been reported to be alternatively spliced in ASD post-mortem brains. Gene co-expression analysis identified 7 modules with 513 genes, 5 of which were SFARI Category 1 or Category 2 genes. Among differentially AS genes within the modules, ZNF322 and NR4A1 could be potentially interesting targets for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Okay
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pelin Ünal Varış
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Barış Psychiatric Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Süha Miral
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ekinci
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tutku Yaraş
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Yavuz Oktay
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey.
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12
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Götz TWB, Puchkov D, Lysiuk V, Lützkendorf J, Nikonenko AG, Quentin C, Lehmann M, Sigrist SJ, Petzoldt AG. Rab2 regulates presynaptic precursor vesicle biogenesis at the trans-Golgi. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211946. [PMID: 33822845 PMCID: PMC8025234 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable delivery of presynaptic material, including active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins from neuronal somata to synaptic terminals, is prerequisite for successful synaptogenesis and neurotransmission. However, molecular mechanisms controlling the somatic assembly of presynaptic precursors remain insufficiently understood. We show here that in mutants of the small GTPase Rab2, both active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins accumulated in the neuronal cell body at the trans-Golgi and were, consequently, depleted at synaptic terminals, provoking neurotransmission deficits. Ectopic presynaptic material accumulations consisted of heterogeneous vesicles and short tubules of 40 × 60 nm, segregating in subfractions either positive for active zone or synaptic vesicle proteins and LAMP1, a lysosomal membrane protein. Genetically, Rab2 acts upstream of Arl8, a lysosomal adaptor controlling axonal export of precursors. Collectively, we identified a Golgi-associated assembly sequence of presynaptic precursor biogenesis dependent on a Rab2-regulated protein export and sorting step at the trans-Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten W B Götz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Lysiuk
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Lützkendorf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Quentin
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid G Petzoldt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Mencacci NE, Brockmann MM, Dai J, Pajusalu S, Atasu B, Campos J, Pino G, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Patzke C, Schwake M, Tucci A, Pittman A, Simon-Sanchez J, Carvill GL, Balint B, Wiethoff S, Warner TT, Papandreou A, Soo A, Rein R, Kadastik-Eerme L, Puusepp S, Reinson K, Tomberg T, Hanagasi H, Gasser T, Bhatia KP, Kurian MA, Lohmann E, Õunap K, Rosenmund C, Südhof TC, Wood NW, Krainc D, Acuna C. Biallelic variants in TSPOAP1, encoding the active-zone protein RIMBP1, cause autosomal recessive dystonia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140625. [PMID: 33539324 DOI: 10.1172/jci140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a debilitating hyperkinetic movement disorder, which can be transmitted as a monogenic trait. Here, we describe homozygous frameshift, nonsense, and missense variants in TSPOAP1, which encodes the active-zone RIM-binding protein 1 (RIMBP1), as a genetic cause of autosomal recessive dystonia in 7 subjects from 3 unrelated families. Subjects carrying loss-of-function variants presented with juvenile-onset progressive generalized dystonia, associated with intellectual disability and cerebellar atrophy. Conversely, subjects carrying a pathogenic missense variant (p.Gly1808Ser) presented with isolated adult-onset focal dystonia. In mice, complete loss of RIMBP1, known to reduce neurotransmission, led to motor abnormalities reminiscent of dystonia, decreased Purkinje cell dendritic arborization, and reduced numbers of cerebellar synapses. In vitro analysis of the p.Gly1808Ser variant showed larger spike-evoked calcium transients and enhanced neurotransmission, suggesting that RIMBP1-linked dystonia can be caused by either reduced or enhanced rates of spike-evoked release in relevant neural networks. Our findings establish a direct link between dysfunction of the presynaptic active zone and dystonia and highlight the critical role played by well-balanced neurotransmission in motor control and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa M Brockmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinye Dai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Burcu Atasu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Gabriela Pino
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher Patzke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Schwake
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arianna Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, Gebäude A1, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Papandreou
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Soo
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sanna Puusepp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karit Reinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiiu Tomberg
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gasser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
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14
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Harper CB, Smillie KJ. Current molecular approaches to investigate pre-synaptic dysfunction. J Neurochem 2021; 157:107-129. [PMID: 33544872 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last few decades it has become clear that many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders have a synaptic defect, which contributes to pathogenicity. A rise in new techniques, and in particular '-omics'-based methods providing large datasets, has led to an increase in potential proteins and pathways implicated in synaptic function and related disorders. Additionally, advancements in imaging techniques have led to the recent discovery of alternative modes of synaptic vesicle recycling. This has resulted in a lack of clarity over the precise role of different pathways in maintaining synaptic function and whether these new pathways are dysfunctional in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. A greater understanding of the molecular detail of pre-synaptic function in health and disease is key to targeting new proteins and pathways for novel treatments and the variety of new techniques currently available provides an ideal opportunity to investigate these functions. This review focuses on techniques to interrogate pre-synaptic function, concentrating mainly on synaptic vesicle recycling. It further examines techniques to determine the underlying molecular mechanism of pre-synaptic dysfunction and discusses methods to identify molecular targets, along with protein-protein interactions and cellular localization. In combination, these techniques will provide an expanding and more complete picture of pre-synaptic function. With the application of recent technological advances, we are able to resolve events with higher spatial and temporal resolution, leading research towards a greater understanding of dysfunction at the presynapse and the role it plays in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callista B Harper
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen J Smillie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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15
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Marotta N, Mencacci NE. Emerging and converging molecular mechanisms in dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:483-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Taylor HBC, Tong R, Jeans AF, Emptage NJ. A Novel Optical Quantal Analysis of Miniature Events Reveals Enhanced Frequency Following Amyloid β Exposure. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:564081. [PMID: 33240043 PMCID: PMC7669988 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.564081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-evoked miniature release of neurotransmitters is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in neural function and is implicated in synaptic plasticity, metaplasticity, and homeostasis. Spontaneous miniature release events (minis) are usually measured electrophysiologically by recording the miniature postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) that they evoke. However, this indirect technique can be confounded by changes within the postsynaptic neuron. Here, using the fluorescent probe SynaptopHluorin 2×, we have developed an optical method for the measurement of minis that enables direct assessment of release events. We use the technique to reveal that the frequency of minis following incubation of hippocampal neurons with Amyloid β oligomers (Aβo) is increased. Electrophysiological mEPSC recordings obtained under the same conditions report a decrease in frequency, with the discrepancy likely due to Aβo-induced changes in quantal size. Optical quantal analysis of minis may therefore have a role in the study of minis in both normal physiology and disease, as it can circumvent potential confounds caused by postsynaptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. C. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander F. Jeans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Emptage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Yong XLH, Cousin MA, Anggono V. PICK1 Controls Activity-Dependent Synaptic Vesicle Cargo Retrieval. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108312. [PMID: 33113376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient retrieval of synaptic vesicles (SVs) is crucial to sustain synaptic transmission. Protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) is a unique PDZ (postsynaptic density-95/disc-large/zona-occluden-1)- and BAR (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs )-domain-containing protein that regulates the trafficking of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. It is also expressed in presynaptic terminals and is associated with the SVs; however, its role in regulating SV recycling remains unknown. Here, we show that PICK1 loss of function selectively slows the kinetics of SV endocytosis in primary hippocampal neurons during high-frequency stimulation. PICK1 knockdown also causes surface stranding and mislocalization of major SV proteins, synaptophysin and vGlut1, along the axon. A functional PDZ domain of PICK1 and its interaction with the core endocytic adaptor protein (AP)-2 are required for the proper targeting and clustering of synaptophysin. Furthermore, PICK1 and its interaction with AP-2 are required for efficient SV endocytosis and sustained glutamate release. Our findings, therefore, identify PICK1 as a key regulator of presynaptic vesicle recycling in central synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK; Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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18
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Zheng YQ, Jin MF, Suo GH, Wu YJ, Sun YX, Ni H. Proteomics for Studying the Effects of Ketogenic Diet Against Lithium Chloride/Pilocarpine Induced Epilepsy in Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:562853. [PMID: 33132826 PMCID: PMC7550537 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) demonstrates antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective efficacy, but the precise mechanisms are unclear. Here we explored the mechanism through systematic proteomics analysis of the lithium chloride-pilocarpine rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 21, P21) were randomly divided into control (Ctr), seizure (SE), and KD treatment after seizure (SE + KD) groups. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) were utilized to assess changes in protein abundance in the hippocampus. A total of 5,564 proteins were identified, of which 110 showed a significant change in abundance between the SE and Ctr groups (18 upregulated and 92 downregulated), 278 between SE + KD and SE groups (218 upregulated and 60 downregulated), and 180 between Ctr and SE + KD groups (121 upregulated and 59 downregulated) (all p < 0.05). Seventy-nine proteins showing a significant change in abundance between SE and Ctr groups were reciprocally regulated in the SD + KD group compared to the SE group (i.e., the seizure-induced change was reversed by KD). Of these, five (dystrobrevin, centromere protein V, oxysterol-binding protein, tetraspanin-2, and progesterone receptor membrane component 2) were verified by parallel reaction monitoring. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that proteins of the synaptic vesicle cycle pathway were enriched both among proteins differing in abundance between SE and Ctr groups as well as between SE + KD and SE groups. This comprehensive proteomics analyze of KD-treated epilepsy by quantitative proteomics revealed novel molecular mechanisms of KD antiepileptogenic efficacy and potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Zheng
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei-Fang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gui-Hai Suo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - You-Jia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Sun
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Kim MG, Zhang S, Park H, Park SJ, Kim S, Chung C. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 is a key mediator of prepulse inhibition and short-term fear memory. Mol Brain 2020; 13:72. [PMID: 32381051 PMCID: PMC7206715 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol phosphate metabolism has emerged as one of the key players in synaptic transmission. Previous studies have shown that the deletion of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1), which is responsible for inositol pyrophosphate biosynthesis, alters probability of presynaptic vesicle release and short-term facilitation of glutamatergic synapses in mouse hippocampus. However, the behavioral and cognitive functions regulated by IP6K1 remain largely elusive. In this study, IP6K1-knockout mice exhibited decreased prepulse inhibition with no defects in Y-maze and elevated plus maze tests. Interestingly, IP6K1 knockout led to impaired short-term memory formation in a contextual fear memory retrieval test with no effect on long-term memory. Further, both hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression in IP6K1-knockout mice were similar to those in the wild-type control. Taken together, the findings in this study suggest the physiological roles of IP6K1 and the associated inositol pyrophosphate metabolism in regulating sensorimotor gating as well as short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seungjae Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hoyong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Seung Ju Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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20
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Loss of huntingtin function slows synaptic vesicle endocytosis in striatal neurons from the httQ140/Q140 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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21
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Alexander CJ, Wagner W, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Hammer JA. Creation of a myosin Va-TAP-tagged mouse and identification of potential myosin Va-interacting proteins in the cerebellum. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 75:395-409. [PMID: 29979496 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin-based motor myosin Va transports numerous cargos, including the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and melanosomes in melanocytes. Identifying proteins that interact with this myosin is key to understanding its cellular functions. Toward that end, we used recombineering to insert via homologous recombination a tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag composed of the immunoglobulin G-binding domain of protein A, a tobacco etch virus cleavage site, and a FLAG tag into the mouse MYO5A locus immediately after the initiation codon. Importantly, we provide evidence that the TAP-tagged version of myosin Va (TAP-MyoVa) functions normally in terms of SER transport in PNs and melanosome positioning in melanocytes. Given this and other evidence that TAP-MyoVa is fully functional, we purified it together with associated proteins directly from juvenile mouse cerebella and subjected the samples to mass spectroscopic analyses. As expected, known myosin Va-binding partners like dynein light chain were identified. Importantly, numerous novel interacting proteins were also tentatively identified, including guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (Gnao1), a biomarker for schizophrenia. Consistently, an antibody to Gnao1 immunoprecipitates myosin Va, and Gnao1's localization to PN dendritic spines depends on myosin Va. The mouse model created here should facilitate the identification of novel myosin Va-binding partners, which in turn should advance our understanding of the roles played by this important myosin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neal G Copeland
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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22
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Barros-Zulaica N, Rahmon J, Chindemi G, Perin R, Markram H, Muller E, Ramaswamy S. Estimating the Readily-Releasable Vesicle Pool Size at Synaptic Connections in the Neocortex. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:29. [PMID: 31680928 PMCID: PMC6813366 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies based on the 'Quantal Model' for synaptic transmission suggest that neurotransmitter release is mediated by a single release site at individual synaptic contacts in the neocortex. However, recent studies seem to contradict this hypothesis and indicate that multi-vesicular release (MVR) could better explain the synaptic response variability observed in vitro. In this study we present a novel method to estimate the number of release sites per synapse, also known as the size of the readily releasable pool (NRRP), from paired whole-cell recordings of connections between layer 5 thick tufted pyramidal cell (L5_TTPC) in the juvenile rat somatosensory cortex. Our approach extends the work of Loebel et al. (2009) by leveraging a recently published data-driven biophysical model of neocortical tissue. Using this approach, we estimated NRRP to be between two to three for synaptic connections between L5_TTPCs. To constrain NRRP values for other connections in the microcircuit, we developed and validated a generalization approach using published data on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the amplitudes of post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) from literature and comparing them against in silico experiments. Our study predicts that transmitter release at synaptic connections in the neocortex could be mediated by MVR and provides a data-driven approach to constrain the MVR model parameters in the microcircuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Rahmon
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Chindemi
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Perin
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eilif Muller
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Baker K, Gordon SL, Melland H, Bumbak F, Scott DJ, Jiang TJ, Owen D, Turner BJ, Boyd SG, Rossi M, Al-Raqad M, Elpeleg O, Peck D, Mancini GMS, Wilke M, Zollino M, Marangi G, Weigand H, Borggraefe I, Haack T, Stark Z, Sadedin S, Tan TY, Jiang Y, Gibbs RA, Ellingwood S, Amaral M, Kelley W, Kurian MA, Cousin MA, Raymond FL. SYT1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder: a case series. Brain 2019; 141:2576-2591. [PMID: 30107533 PMCID: PMC6113648 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) is a critical mediator of fast, synchronous, calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release and also modulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis. This paper describes 11 patients with de novo heterozygous missense mutations in SYT1. All mutations alter highly conserved residues, and cluster in two regions of the SYT1 C2B domain at positions Met303 (M303K), Asp304 (D304G), Asp366 (D366E), Ile368 (I368T) and Asn371 (N371K). Phenotypic features include infantile hypotonia, congenital ophthalmic abnormalities, childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorders, motor stereotypies, and developmental delay varying in severity from moderate to profound. Behavioural characteristics include sleep disturbance and episodic agitation. Absence of epileptic seizures and normal orbitofrontal head circumference are important negative features. Structural MRI is unremarkable but EEG disturbance is universal, characterized by intermittent low frequency high amplitude oscillations. The functional impact of these five de novo SYT1 mutations has been assessed by expressing rat SYT1 protein containing the equivalent human variants in wild-type mouse primary hippocampal cultures. All mutant forms of SYT1 were expressed at levels approximately equal to endogenous wild-type protein, and correctly localized to nerve terminals at rest, except for SYT1M303K, which was expressed at a lower level and failed to localize at nerve terminals. Following stimulation, SYT1I368T and SYT1N371K relocalized to nerve terminals at least as efficiently as wild-type SYT1. However, SYT1D304G and SYT1D366E failed to relocalize to nerve terminals following stimulation, indicative of impairments in endocytic retrieval and trafficking of SYT1. In addition, the presence of SYT1 variants at nerve terminals induced a slowing of exocytic rate following sustained action potential stimulation. The extent of disturbance to synaptic vesicle kinetics is mirrored by the severity of the affected individuals' phenotypes, suggesting that the efficiency of SYT1-mediated neurotransmitter release is critical to cognitive development. In summary, de novo dominant SYT1 missense mutations are associated with a recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome, and further cases can now be diagnosed based on clinical features, electrophysiological signature and mutation characteristics. Variation in phenotype severity may reflect mutation-specific impact on the diverse physiological functions of SYT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Baker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust / MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah L Gordon
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Holly Melland
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabian Bumbak
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tess J Jiang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Owen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stewart G Boyd
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Mari Rossi
- Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Raqad
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Children Hospital, King Hussein Medical Centre, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dawn Peck
- University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Foundation, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Foundation, Roma, Italy
| | - Heike Weigand
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner's Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner's Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Sadedin
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC, Australia.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Yunyun Jiang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Sara Ellingwood
- Maine Medical Partners Pediatric Specialty Care, Congress St, Portland ME, USA
| | - Michelle Amaral
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Whitley Kelley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust / MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Rafi SK, Fernández-Jaén A, Álvarez S, Nadeau OW, Butler MG. High Functioning Autism with Missense Mutations in Synaptotagmin-Like Protein 4 (SYTL4) and Transmembrane Protein 187 (TMEM187) Genes: SYTL4- Protein Modeling, Protein-Protein Interaction, Expression Profiling and MicroRNA Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133358. [PMID: 31323913 PMCID: PMC6651166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a 7-year-old male with high functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and maternally-inherited rare missense variant of Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 (SYTL4) gene (Xq22.1; c.835C>T; p.Arg279Cys) and an unknown missense variant of Transmembrane protein 187 (TMEM187) gene (Xq28; c.708G>T; p. Gln236His). Multiple in-silico predictions described in our study indicate a potentially damaging status for both X-linked genes. Analysis of predicted atomic threading models of the mutant and the native SYTL4 proteins suggest a potential structural change induced by the R279C variant which eliminates the stabilizing Arg279-Asp60 salt bridge in the N-terminal half of the SYTL4, affecting the functionality of the protein’s critical RAB-Binding Domain. In the European (Non-Finnish) population, the allele frequency for this variant is 0.00042. The SYTL4 gene is known to directly interact with several members of the RAB family of genes, such as, RAB27A, RAB27B, RAB8A, and RAB3A which are known autism spectrum disorder genes. The SYTL4 gene also directly interacts with three known autism genes: STX1A, SNAP25 and STXBP1. Through a literature-based analytical approach, we identified three of five (60%) autism-associated serum microRNAs (miRs) with high predictive power among the total of 298 mouse Sytl4 associated/predicted microRNA interactions. Five of 13 (38%) miRs were differentially expressed in serum from ASD individuals which were predicted to interact with the mouse equivalent Sytl4 gene. TMEM187 gene, like SYTL4, is a protein-coding gene that belongs to a group of genes which host microRNA genes in their introns or exons. The novel Q236H amino acid variant in the TMEM187 in our patient is near the terminal end region of the protein which is represented by multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models, preventing comparative structural analysis of the variant harboring region. Like SYTL4, the TMEM187 gene is expressed in the brain and interacts with four known ASD genes, namely, HCFC1; TMLHE; MECP2; and GPHN. TMM187 is in linkage with MECP2, which is a well-known determinant of brain structure and size and is a well-known autism gene. Other members of the TMEM gene family, TMEM132E and TMEM132D genes are associated with bipolar and panic disorders, respectively, while TMEM231 is a known syndromic autism gene. Together, TMEM187 and SYTL4 genes directly interact with recognized important ASD genes, and their mRNAs are found in extracellular vesicles in the nervous system and stimulate target cells to translate into active protein. Our evidence shows that both these genes should be considered as candidate genes for autism. Additional biological testing is warranted to further determine the pathogenicity of these gene variants in the causation of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed K Rafi
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | | | - Sara Álvarez
- Genomics and Medicine, NIM Genetics, 28108 Madrid, Spain
| | - Owen W Nadeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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25
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Li MX, Qiao H, Zhang M, Ma XM. Role of Cdk5 in Kalirin7-Mediated Formation of Dendritic Spines. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1243-1251. [PMID: 30875016 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A majority of excitatory synapses in the brain are localized on the dendritic spines. Alterations of spine density and morphology are associated with many neurological diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying spine formation is important for understanding these diseases. Kalirin7 (Kal-7) is localized to the postsynaptic side of excitatory synapses in the neurons. Overexpression of Kal-7 causes an increase in spine density whereas knockdown expression of endogenous Kal-7 results in a decrease in spine density in primary cultured cortical neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying Kal-7-mediated spine formation are not entirely clear. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) plays a vital role in the formation of spines and synaptic plasticity. Kal-7 is phosphorylated by CDK5 at Thr1590, the unique Cdk5 phosphorylation site in the Kal-7 protein. This study was to explore the role of CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of Kal-7 in spine formation and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed expression of Kal-7T/D (mimicked phosphorylation), Kal-7T/A mutants (blocked phosphorylation) or wild-type (Wt) Kal-7 caused in a similar increase in spine density, while spine size of Wt Kal-7-expressing cortical neurons was bigger than that in Kal-7 T\A-expressing neurons, but smaller than that in Kal-7T/D-expressing neurons. The fluorescence intensity of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B (GluN2B) staining was stronger along the MAP2 positive dendrites of Kal-7T/D-expressing neurons than that in Kal-7T/A- or Wt Kal-7-expressing neurons. The fluorescence intensity of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (GluA1) staining showed the same trend as GluN2B staining. These findings suggest that Cdk5 affects the function of Kal-7 on spine morphology and function via GluN2B and GluA1 receptors during dendritic spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Hui Qiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Ming Ma
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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26
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Light-Activated ROS Production Induces Synaptic Autophagy. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2163-2183. [PMID: 30655355 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1317-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulated turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins is thought to involve the ubiquitin-dependent tagging and degradation through endo-lysosomal and autophagy pathways. Yet, it remains unclear which of these pathways are used, when they become activated, and whether SVs are cleared en masse together with SV proteins or whether both are degraded selectively. Equally puzzling is how quickly these systems can be activated and whether they function in real-time to support synaptic health. To address these questions, we have developed an imaging-based system that simultaneously tags presynaptic proteins while monitoring autophagy. Moreover, by tagging SV proteins with a light-activated ROS generator, Supernova, it was possible to temporally control the damage to specific SV proteins and assess their consequence to autophagy-mediated clearance mechanisms and synaptic function. Our results show that, in mouse hippocampal neurons of either sex, presynaptic autophagy can be induced in as little as 5-10 min and eliminates primarily the damaged protein rather than the SV en masse. Importantly, we also find that autophagy is essential for synaptic function, as light-activated damage to, for example, Synaptophysin only compromises synaptic function when autophagy is simultaneously blocked. These data support the concept that presynaptic boutons have a robust highly regulated clearance system to maintain not only synapse integrity, but also synaptic function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The real-time surveillance and clearance of synaptic proteins are thought to be vital to the health, functionality, and integrity of vertebrate synapses and are compromised in neurodegenerative disorders, yet the fundamental mechanisms regulating these systems remain enigmatic. Our analysis reveals that presynaptic autophagy is a critical part of a real-time clearance system at synapses capable of responding to local damage of synaptic vesicle proteins within minutes and to be critical for the ongoing functionality of these synapses. These data indicate that synapse autophagy is not only locally regulated but also crucial for the health and functionality of vertebrate presynaptic boutons.
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McKenzie C, Spanova M, Johnson A, Kainrath S, Zheden V, Sitte HH, Janovjak H. Isolation of synaptic vesicles from genetically engineered cultured neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 312:114-121. [PMID: 30496761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic vesicles (SVs) are an integral part of the neurotransmission machinery, and isolation of SVs from their host neuron is necessary to reveal their most fundamental biochemical and functional properties in in vitro assays. Isolated SVs from neurons that have been genetically engineered, e.g. to introduce genetically encoded indicators, are not readily available but would permit new insights into SV structure and function. Furthermore, it is unclear if cultured neurons can provide sufficient starting material for SV isolation procedures. NEW METHOD Here, we demonstrate an efficient ex vivo procedure to obtain functional SVs from cultured rat cortical neurons after genetic engineering with a lentivirus. RESULTS We show that ∼108 plated cortical neurons allow isolation of suitable SV amounts for functional analysis and imaging. We found that SVs isolated from cultured neurons have neurotransmitter uptake comparable to that of SVs isolated from intact cortex. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we visualized an exogenous SV-targeted marker protein and demonstrated the high efficiency of SV modification. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Obtaining SVs from genetically engineered neurons currently generally requires the availability of transgenic animals, which is constrained by technical (e.g. cost and time) and biological (e.g. developmental defects and lethality) limitations. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the modification and isolation of functional SVs using cultured neurons and viral transduction. The ability to readily obtain SVs from genetically engineered neurons will permit linking in situ studies to in vitro experiments in a variety of genetic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McKenzie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miroslava Spanova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stephanie Kainrath
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Waehringerstrasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Abela L, Kurian MA. Postsynaptic movement disorders: clinical phenotypes, genotypes, and disease mechanisms. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1077-1091. [PMID: 29948482 PMCID: PMC6326993 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders comprise a group of heterogeneous diseases with often complex clinical phenotypes. Overlapping symptoms and a lack of diagnostic biomarkers may hamper making a definitive diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing techniques have substantially contributed to unraveling genetic etiologies underlying movement disorders and thereby improved diagnoses. Defects in dopaminergic signaling in postsynaptic striatal medium spiny neurons are emerging as a pathogenic mechanism in a number of newly identified hyperkinetic movement disorders. Several of the causative genes encode components of the cAMP pathway, a critical postsynaptic signaling pathway in medium spiny neurons. Here, we review the clinical presentation, genetic findings, and disease mechanisms that characterize these genetic postsynaptic movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Abela
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL GOS - Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Shimanoe C, Hachiya T, Hara M, Nishida Y, Tanaka K, Sutoh Y, Shimizu A, Hishida A, Kawai S, Okada R, Tamura T, Matsuo K, Ito H, Ozaki E, Matsui D, Ibusuki R, Shimoshikiryo I, Takashima N, Kadota A, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Suzuki S, Watanabe M, Kuriki K, Endoh K, Mikami H, Nakamura Y, Momozawa Y, Kubo M, Nakatochi M, Naito M, Wakai K. A genome-wide association study of coping behaviors suggests FBXO45
is associated with emotional expression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12481. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Shimanoe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - T. Hachiya
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University; Iwate Japan
| | - M. Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - Y. Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - K. Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - Y. Sutoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University; Iwate Japan
| | - A. Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University; Iwate Japan
| | - A. Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - S. Kawai
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - R. Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - T. Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - K. Matsuo
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology; Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute; Nagoya Japan
| | - H. Ito
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology; Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute; Nagoya Japan
| | - E. Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - D. Matsui
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - R. Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - I. Shimoshikiryo
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - N. Takashima
- Department of Public Health; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Japan
| | - A. Kadota
- Department of Public Health; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Japan
| | - K. Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Japan
| | - H. Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Japan
| | - S. Suzuki
- Department of Public Health; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - M. Watanabe
- Department of Public Health; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - K. Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - K. Endoh
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - H. Mikami
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Epidemiology; Chiba Cancer Center; Chiba Japan
| | - Y. Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Epidemiology; Chiba Cancer Center; Chiba Japan
| | - Y. Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; Yokohama Japan
| | - M. Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; Yokohama Japan
| | - M. Nakatochi
- Statistical Analysis Section; Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - M. Naito
- Department of Maxillofacial Functional Development; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - K. Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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Monday HR, Younts TJ, Castillo PE. Long-Term Plasticity of Neurotransmitter Release: Emerging Mechanisms and Contributions to Brain Function and Disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:299-322. [PMID: 29709205 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-lasting changes of brain function in response to experience rely on diverse forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Chief among them are long-term potentiation and long-term depression of neurotransmitter release, which are widely expressed by excitatory and inhibitory synapses throughout the central nervous system and can dynamically regulate information flow in neural circuits. This review article explores recent advances in presynaptic long-term plasticity mechanisms and contributions to circuit function. Growing evidence indicates that presynaptic plasticity may involve structural changes, presynaptic protein synthesis, and transsynaptic signaling. Presynaptic long-term plasticity can alter the short-term dynamics of neurotransmitter release, thereby contributing to circuit computations such as novelty detection, modifications of the excitatory/inhibitory balance, and sensory adaptation. In addition, presynaptic long-term plasticity underlies forms of learning and its dysregulation participates in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, autism, intellectual disabilities, neurodegenerative diseases, and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Monday
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA;
| | - Thomas J Younts
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA;
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Dunn M, Boltaev U, Beskow A, Pampou S, Realubit R, Meira T, Silva JV, Reeb R, Karan C, Jockusch S, Sulzer D, Chang YT, Sames D, Waites CL. Identification of Fluorescent Small Molecule Compounds for Synaptic Labeling by Image-Based, High-Content Screening. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:673-683. [PMID: 29215865 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Few tools are available for noninvasive imaging of synapses in the living mammalian brain. Current paradigms require the use of genetically modified mice or viral delivery of genetic material to the brain. To develop an alternative chemical approach, utilizing the recognition of synaptic components by organic small molecules, we designed an imaging-based, high-content screen in cultured cortical neurons to identify molecules based on their colocalization with fluorescently tagged synaptic proteins. We used this approach to screen a library of ∼7000 novel fluorescent dyes, and identified a series of compounds in the xanthone family that exhibited consistent synaptic labeling. Follow-up studies with one of these compounds, CX-G3, demonstrated its ability to label acidic organelles and in particular synaptic vesicles at glutamatergic synapses in cultured neurons and murine brain tissue, indicating the potential of this screening approach to identify promising lead compounds for use as synaptic markers, sensors, and targeting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Neuro Technology
Center at Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Umed Boltaev
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Neuro Technology
Center at Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Anne Beskow
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sergey Pampou
- Columbia Genome Center High-throughput Screening Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ronald Realubit
- Columbia Genome Center High-throughput Screening Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Torcato Meira
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Vaz Silva
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rose Reeb
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Charles Karan
- Columbia Genome Center High-throughput Screening Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Young Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Neuro Technology
Center at Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Clarissa L. Waites
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
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Harper CB, Mancini GMS, van Slegtenhorst M, Cousin MA. Altered synaptobrevin-II trafficking in neurons expressing a synaptophysin mutation associated with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:298-306. [PMID: 28887151 PMCID: PMC5673032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following exocytosis, synaptic vesicles (SVs) have to be reformed with the correct complement of proteins in the correct stoichiometry to ensure continued neurotransmission. Synaptophysin is a highly abundant, integral SV protein necessary for the efficient retrieval of the SV SNARE protein, synaptobrevin II (sybII). However the molecular mechanism underpinning synaptophysin-dependent sybII retrieval is still unclear. We recently identified a male patient with severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy and callosal agenesis who has a point mutation in the juxtamembrane region of the fourth transmembrane domain of synaptophysin (T198I). This mutation had no effect on the activity-dependent retrieval of synaptophysin that was tagged with the genetically-encoded pH-sensitive reporter (pHluorin) in synaptophysin knockout hippocampal cultures. This suggested the mutant has no global effect on SV endocytosis, which was confirmed when retrieval of a different SV cargo (the glutamate transporter vGLUT1) was examined. However neurons expressing this T198I mutant did display impaired activity-dependent sybII retrieval, similar to that observed in synaptophysin knockout neurons. Interestingly this impairment did not result in an increased stranding of sybII at the plasma membrane. Screening of known human synaptophysin mutations revealed a similar presynaptic phenotype between T198I and a mutation found in X-linked intellectual disability. Thus this novel human synaptophysin mutation has revealed that aberrant retrieval and increased plasma membrane localisation of SV cargo can be decoupled in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callista B Harper
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Simonds Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Simonds Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of liprinα1 mediates neuronal activity-dependent synapse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6992-E7001. [PMID: 28760951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708240114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience-dependent modulation of brain circuitry depends on dynamic changes in synaptic connections that are guided by neuronal activity. In particular, postsynaptic maturation requires changes in dendritic spine morphology, the targeting of postsynaptic proteins, and the insertion of synaptic neurotransmitter receptors. Thus, it is critical to understand how neuronal activity controls postsynaptic maturation. Here we report that the scaffold protein liprinα1 and its phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) are critical for the maturation of excitatory synapses through regulation of the synaptic localization of the major postsynaptic organizer postsynaptic density (PSD)-95. Whereas Cdk5 phosphorylates liprinα1 at Thr701, this phosphorylation decreases in neurons in response to neuronal activity. Blockade of liprinα1 phosphorylation enhances the structural and functional maturation of excitatory synapses. Nanoscale superresolution imaging reveals that inhibition of liprinα1 phosphorylation increases the colocalization of liprinα1 with PSD-95. Furthermore, disruption of liprinα1 phosphorylation by a small interfering peptide, siLIP, promotes the synaptic localization of PSD-95 and enhances synaptic strength in vivo. Our findings collectively demonstrate that the Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of liprinα1 is important for the postsynaptic organization during activity-dependent synapse development.
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Torres VI, Inestrosa NC. Vertebrate Presynaptic Active Zone Assembly: a Role Accomplished by Diverse Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4513-4528. [PMID: 28685386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among all the biological systems in vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex, and its function depends on specialized contacts among neurons called synapses. The assembly and organization of synapses must be exquisitely regulated for a normal brain function and network activity. There has been a tremendous effort in recent decades to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms participating in the formation of new synapses and their organization, maintenance, and regulation. At the vertebrate presynapses, proteins such as Piccolo, Bassoon, RIM, RIM-BPs, CAST/ELKS, liprin-α, and Munc13 are constant residents and participate in multiple and dynamic interactions with other regulatory proteins, which define network activity and normal brain function. Here, we review the function of these active zone (AZ) proteins and diverse factors involved in AZ assembly and maintenance, with an emphasis on axonal trafficking of precursor vesicles, protein homo- and hetero-oligomeric interactions as a mechanism of AZ trapping and stabilization, and the role of F-actin in presynaptic assembly and its modulation by Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana I Torres
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Martín-Montañez E, Millon C, Boraldi F, Garcia-Guirado F, Pedraza C, Lara E, Santin LJ, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M. IGF-II promotes neuroprotection and neuroplasticity recovery in a long-lasting model of oxidative damage induced by glucocorticoids. Redox Biol 2017; 13:69-81. [PMID: 28575743 PMCID: PMC5454142 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a naturally occurring hormone that exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. Accumulating evidence suggests that the effects of IGF-II in the brain may be explained by its binding to the specific transmembrane receptor, IGFII/M6P receptor (IGF-IIR). However, relatively little is known regarding the role of IGF-II through IGF-IIR in neuroprotection. Here, using adult cortical neuronal cultures, we investigated whether IGF-II exhibits long-term antioxidant effects and neuroprotection at the synaptic level after oxidative damage induced by high and transient levels of corticosterone (CORT). Furthermore, the involvement of the IGF-IIR was also studied to elucidate its role in the neuroprotective actions of IGF-II. We found that neurons treated with IGF-II after CORT incubation showed reduced oxidative stress damage and recovered antioxidant status (normalized total antioxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides and NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase activity). Similar results were obtained when mitochondria function was analysed (cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and subcellular mitochondrial distribution). Furthermore, neuronal impairment and degeneration were also assessed (synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression, presynaptic function and FluoroJade B® stain). IGF-II was also able to recover the long-lasting neuronal cell damage. Finally, the effects of IGF-II were not blocked by an IGF-IR antagonist, suggesting the involvement of IGF-IIR. Altogether these results suggest that, in or model, IGF-II through IGF-IIR is able to revert the oxidative damage induced by CORT. In accordance with the neuroprotective role of the IGF-II/IGF-IIR reported in our study, pharmacotherapy approaches targeting this pathway may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with cognitive deficits (i.e., neurodegenerative disorders, depression, etc.). First evidence that IGF-II reverts oxidative synaptic damage produced by corticoids. IGF-II recovers mitochondrial function in synapses after oxidative damage. IGF-II restores mitochondrial distribution in neurons after oxidative damage. Evidence of the involvement of IGF-II receptor in the recovery of synaptic function. IGF-II reverts neurodegeneration induced by oxidative damage produced by corticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Millon
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - F Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Garcia-Guirado
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Pedraza
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - E Lara
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - L J Santin
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - J Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
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Yang Q, Song D, Qing H. Neural changes in Alzheimer's disease from circuit to molecule: Perspective of optogenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:110-118. [PMID: 28522119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a crucial neurodegenerative disorder, affects neural activities at many levels. Synaptic plasticity and neural circuits are most susceptible in AD, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Optogenetic tools provide unprecedented spatio-temporal specificity to stimulate specific neural circuits or synaptic molecules to reveal the precise function of normal brain and mechanism of deficits in AD models. Furthermore, using optogenetics to stimulate neurons can rescue learning and memory loss caused by AD. It also has possibility to use light to control the Neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signal pathway. These technical methods have broad therapeutic application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Da Song
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Poon VY, Gu M, Ji F, VanDongen AM, Fivaz M. miR-27b shapes the presynaptic transcriptome and influences neurotransmission by silencing the polycomb group protein Bmi1. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:777. [PMID: 27716060 PMCID: PMC5050705 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are emerging as important post-transcriptional regulators of neuronal and synaptic development. The precise impact of miRNAs on presynaptic function and neurotransmission remains, however, poorly understood. Results Here, we identify miR-27b—an abundant neuronal miRNA implicated in neurological disorders—as a global regulator of the presynaptic transcriptome. miR-27b influences the expression of three quarters of genes associated with presynaptic function in cortical neurons. Contrary to expectation, a large majority of these genes are up-regulated by miR-27b. This stimulatory effect is mediated by miR-27b-directed silencing of several transcriptional repressors that cooperate to suppress the presynaptic transcriptome. The strongest repressive activity appears to be mediated by Bmi1, a component of the polycomb repressive complex implicated in self-renewal of neural stem cells. miR-27b knockdown leads to reduced synaptogenesis and to a marked decrease in neural network activity, which is fully restored by RNAi-mediated silencing of Bmi1. Conclusions We conclude that silencing of Bmi1 by miR-27b relieves repression of the presynaptic transcriptome and supports neurotransmission in cortical networks. These results expand the repressive activity of Bmi1 to genes involved in synaptic function and identify a unique post-transcriptional circuitry that stimulates expression of synaptic genes and promotes synapse differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3139-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y Poon
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Minxia Gu
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fang Ji
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonius M VanDongen
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Fivaz
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Mingazov ER, Ugrumov MV. Gene expression of proteins of the vesicle cycle in dopaminergic neurons in modeling of Parkinson's disease. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2016; 468:206-8. [PMID: 27417722 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672916030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that one of the causes of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is the dysregulation of the vesicle cycle, which is ensured by a number of proteins including syntaxin I, synaptotagmin I, complexins I and II, and Rab5. It was shown that there is a compensatory increase in gene expression of proteins responsible for exocytosis at the preclinical stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the in substantia nigra (SN) in mice. Conversely, in the model of the clinical stage of PD, the decreases of gene expression of proteins responsible for exocytosis, endocytosis, and neuronal survival, which may be among the triggers of motor dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Mingazov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - M V Ugrumov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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Marland JRK, Smillie KJ, Cousin MA. Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Is Unaffected in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147974. [PMID: 26808141 PMCID: PMC4726538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, and arises from trisomy of human chromosome 21. Accumulating evidence from studies of both DS patient tissue and mouse models has suggested that synaptic dysfunction is a key factor in the disorder. The presence of several genes within the DS trisomy that are either directly or indirectly linked to synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis suggested that presynaptic dysfunction could underlie some of these synaptic defects. Therefore we determined whether SV recycling was altered in neurons from the Ts65Dn mouse, the best characterised model of DS to date. We found that SV exocytosis, the size of the SV recycling pool, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, activity-dependent bulk endocytosis and SV generation from bulk endosomes were all unaffected by the presence of the Ts65Dn trisomy. These results were obtained using battery of complementary assays employing genetically-encoded fluorescent reporters of SV cargo trafficking, and fluorescent and morphological assays of fluid-phase uptake in primary neuronal culture. The absence of presynaptic dysfunction in central nerve terminals of the Ts65Dn mouse suggests that future research should focus on the established alterations in excitatory / inhibitory balance as a potential route for future pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. K. Marland
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J. Smillie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Gundelfinger ED, Reissner C, Garner CC. Role of Bassoon and Piccolo in Assembly and Molecular Organization of the Active Zone. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26793095 PMCID: PMC4709825 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bassoon and Piccolo are two very large scaffolding proteins of the cytomatrix assembled at the active zone (CAZ) where neurotransmitter is released. They share regions of high sequence similarity distributed along their entire length and seem to share both overlapping and distinct functions in organizing the CAZ. Here, we survey our present knowledge on protein-protein interactions and recent progress in understanding of molecular functions of these two giant proteins. These include roles in the assembly of active zones (AZ), the localization of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) in the vicinity of release sites, synaptic vesicle (SV) priming and in the case of Piccolo, a role in the dynamic assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Piccolo and Bassoon are also important for the maintenance of presynaptic structure and function, as well as for the assembly of CAZ specializations such as synaptic ribbons. Recent findings suggest that they are also involved in the regulation activity-dependent communication between presynaptic boutons and the neuronal nucleus. Together these observations suggest that Bassoon and Piccolo use their modular structure to organize super-molecular complexes essential for various aspects of presynaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Craig C Garner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site BerlinBerlin, Germany; Charité Medical UniversityBerlin, Germany
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41
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Cottrell JR, Li B, Kyung JW, Ashford CJ, Mann JJ, Horvath TL, Ryan TA, Kim SH, Gerber DJ. Calcineurin Aγ is a Functional Phosphatase That Modulates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1948-1956. [PMID: 26627835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in PPP3CC, the gene that encodes the γ isoform of the calcineurin catalytic subunit, has been reported to be associated with schizophrenia. Because of its low expression level in most tissues, there has been little research devoted to the specific function of the calcineurin Aγ (CNAγ) versus the calcineurin Aα (CNAα) and calcineurin Aβ (CNAβ) catalytic isoforms. Consequently, we have a limited understanding of the role of altered CNAγ function in psychiatric disease. In this study, we demonstrate that CNAγ is present in the rodent and human brain and dephosphorylates a presynaptic substrate of calcineurin. Through a combination of immunocytochemistry and immuno-EM, we further show that CNAγ is localized to presynaptic terminals in hippocampal neurons. Critically, we demonstrate that RNAi-mediated knockdown of CNAγ leads to a disruption of synaptic vesicle cycling in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. These data indicate that CNAγ regulates a critical aspect of synaptic vesicle cycling and suggest that variation in PPP3CC may contribute to psychiatric disease by altering presynaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Li
- From the Galenea Corporation, Wakefield, MA 01880
| | - Jae Won Kyung
- the Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | | | - James J Mann
- From the Galenea Corporation, Wakefield, MA 01880
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- the Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and
| | - Timothy A Ryan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- the Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
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Microglia Function in Central Nervous System Development and Plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a020545. [PMID: 26187728 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system comprises a remarkably diverse and complex network of different cell types, which must communicate with one another with speed, reliability, and precision. Thus, the developmental patterning and maintenance of these cell populations and their connections with one another pose a rather formidable task. Emerging data implicate microglia, the resident myeloid-derived cells of the central nervous system (CNS), in the spatial patterning and synaptic wiring throughout the healthy, developing, and adult CNS. Importantly, new tools to specifically manipulate microglia function have revealed that these cellular functions translate, on a systems level, to effects on overall behavior. In this review, we give a historical perspective of work to identify microglia function in the healthy CNS and highlight exciting new work in the field that has identified roles for these cells in CNS development, maintenance, and plasticity.
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43
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Hagel KR, Beriont J, Tessier CR. Drosophila Cbp53E Regulates Axon Growth at the Neuromuscular Junction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132636. [PMID: 26167908 PMCID: PMC4500412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a primary second messenger in all cells that functions in processes ranging from cellular proliferation to synaptic transmission. Proper regulation of calcium is achieved through numerous mechanisms involving channels, sensors, and buffers notably containing one or more EF-hand calcium binding domains. The Drosophila genome encodes only a single 6 EF-hand domain containing protein, Cbp53E, which is likely the prototypic member of a small family of related mammalian proteins that act as calcium buffers and calcium sensors. Like the mammalian homologs, Cbp53E is broadly though discretely expressed throughout the nervous system. Despite the importance of calcium in neuronal function and growth, nothing is known about Cbp53E's function in neuronal development. To address this deficiency, we generated novel null alleles of Drosophila Cbp53E and examined neuronal development at the well-characterized larval neuromuscular junction. Loss of Cbp53E resulted in increases in axonal branching at both peptidergic and glutamatergic neuronal terminals. This overgrowth could be completely rescued by expression of exogenous Cbp53E. Overexpression of Cbp53E, however, only affected the growth of peptidergic neuronal processes. These findings indicate that Cbp53E plays a significant role in neuronal growth and suggest that it may function in both local synaptic and global cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R. Hagel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jane Beriont
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Tessier
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Ackermann F, Waites CL, Garner CC. Presynaptic active zones in invertebrates and vertebrates. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:923-38. [PMID: 26160654 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated release of neurotransmitter occurs via the fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) at specialized regions of the presynaptic membrane called active zones (AZs). These regions are defined by a cytoskeletal matrix assembled at AZs (CAZ), which functions to direct SVs toward docking and fusion sites and supports their maturation into the readily releasable pool. In addition, CAZ proteins localize voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels at SV release sites, bringing the fusion machinery in close proximity to the calcium source. Proteins of the CAZ therefore ensure that vesicle fusion is temporally and spatially organized, allowing for the precise and reliable release of neurotransmitter. Importantly, AZs are highly dynamic structures, supporting presynaptic remodeling, changes in neurotransmitter release efficacy, and thus presynaptic forms of plasticity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the study of active zones, highlighting how the CAZ molecularly defines sites of neurotransmitter release, endocytic zones, and the integrity of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ackermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa L Waites
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig C Garner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Giniatullina A, Maroteaux G, Geerts CJ, Koopmans B, Loos M, Klaassen R, Chen N, van der Schors RC, van Nierop P, Li KW, de Jong J, Altrock WD, Cornelisse LN, Toonen RF, van der Sluis S, Sullivan PF, Stiedl O, Posthuma D, Smit AB, Groffen AJ, Verhage M. Functional characterization of the PCLO p.Ser4814Ala variant associated with major depressive disorder reveals cellular but not behavioral differences. Neuroscience 2015; 300:518-38. [PMID: 26045179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have suggested a role for a genetic variation in the presynaptic gene PCLO in major depressive disorder (MDD). As with many complex traits, the PCLO variant has a small contribution to the overall heritability and the association does not always replicate. One variant (rs2522833, p.Ser4814Ala) is of particular interest given that it is a common, nonsynonymous exon variant near a calcium-sensing part of PCLO. It has been suggested that the molecular effects of such variations penetrate to a variable extent in the population due to phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity at the population level. More robust effects may be exposed by studying such variations in isolation, in a more homogeneous context. We tested this idea by modeling PCLO variation in a mouse knock-in model expressing the Pclo(SA)(/)(SA) variant. In the highly homogeneous background of inbred mice, two functional effects of the SA-variation were observed at the cellular level: increased synaptic Piccolo levels, and 30% increased excitatory synaptic transmission in cultured neurons. Other aspects of Piccolo function were unaltered: calcium-dependent phospholipid binding, synapse formation in vitro, and synaptic accumulation of synaptic vesicles. Moreover, anxiety, cognition and depressive-like behavior were normal in Pclo(SA)(/)(SA) mice. We conclude that the PCLO p.Ser4814Ala missense variant produces mild cellular phenotypes, which do not translate into behavioral phenotypes. We propose a model explaining how (subtle) cellular phenotypes do not penetrate to the mouse behavioral level but, due to genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity and non-linearity, can produce association signals in human population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giniatullina
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Maroteaux
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C J Geerts
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Koopmans
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Klaassen
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R C van der Schors
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van Nierop
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K W Li
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J de Jong
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W D Altrock
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L N Cornelisse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S van der Sluis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Stiedl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A B Smit
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J Groffen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Baker K, Gordon SL, Grozeva D, van Kogelenberg M, Roberts NY, Pike M, Blair E, Hurles ME, Chong WK, Baldeweg T, Kurian MA, Boyd SG, Cousin MA, Raymond FL. Identification of a human synaptotagmin-1 mutation that perturbs synaptic vesicle cycling. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1670-8. [PMID: 25705886 DOI: 10.1172/jci79765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1) is a calcium-binding synaptic vesicle protein that is required for both exocytosis and endocytosis. Here, we describe a human condition associated with a rare variant in SYT1. The individual harboring this variant presented with an early onset dyskinetic movement disorder, severe motor delay, and profound cognitive impairment. Structural MRI was normal, but EEG showed extensive neurophysiological disturbances that included the unusual features of low-frequency oscillatory bursts and enhanced paired-pulse depression of visual evoked potentials. Trio analysis of whole-exome sequence identified a de novo SYT1 missense variant (I368T). Expression of rat SYT1 containing the equivalent human variant in WT mouse primary hippocampal cultures revealed that the mutant form of SYT1 correctly localizes to nerve terminals and is expressed at levels that are approximately equal to levels of endogenous WT protein. The presence of the mutant SYT1 slowed synaptic vesicle fusion kinetics, a finding that agrees with the previously demonstrated role for I368 in calcium-dependent membrane penetration. Expression of the I368T variant also altered the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Together, the clinical features, electrophysiological phenotype, and in vitro neuronal phenotype associated with this dominant negative SYT1 mutation highlight presynaptic mechanisms that mediate human motor control and cognitive development.
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47
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Kokotos AC, Cousin MA. Synaptic vesicle generation from central nerve terminal endosomes. Traffic 2014; 16:229-40. [PMID: 25346420 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Central nerve terminals contain a small number of synaptic vesicles (SVs) that must sustain the fidelity of neurotransmission across a wide range of stimulation intensities. For this to be achieved, nerve terminals integrate a number of complementary endocytosis modes whose activation spans the breadth of these neuronal stimulation patterns. Two such modes are ultrafast endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis, which are triggered by stimuli at either end of the physiological range. Both endocytosis modes generate endosomes directly from the nerve terminal plasma membrane, before the subsequent production of SVs from these structures. This review will discuss the current knowledge relating to the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of SVs from nerve terminal endosomes, how this relates to other mechanisms of SV production and the functional role of such SVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros C Kokotos
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, George Square, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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48
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The Ca2+ sensor protein swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is present in neurites and involved in kinesin-mediated transport in neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103976. [PMID: 25133820 PMCID: PMC4136728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) is a cytoskeletal Ca2+ sensor protein strongly expressed in the brain. It has been shown to interact with mutant tau, which can promote neurodegeneration, but nothing is known about the physiological function of EFhd2 in the nervous system. To elucidate this question, we analyzed EFhd2−/−/lacZ reporter mice and showed that lacZ was strongly expressed in the cortex, the dentate gyrus, the CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting confirmed this pattern and revealed expression of EFhd2 during neuronal maturation. In cortical neurons, EFhd2 was detected in neurites marked by MAP2 and co-localized with pre- and post-synaptic markers. Approximately one third of EFhd2 associated with a biochemically isolated synaptosome preparation. There, EFhd2 was mostly confined to the cytosolic and plasma membrane fractions. Both synaptic endocytosis and exocytosis in primary hippocampal EFhd2−/− neurons were unaltered but transport of synaptophysin-GFP containing vesicles was enhanced in EFhd2−/− primary hippocampal neurons, and notably, EFhd2 inhibited kinesin mediated microtubule gliding. Therefore, we found that EFhd2 is a neuronal protein that interferes with kinesin-mediated transport.
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49
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Rapid kinetics of endocytosis at rod photoreceptor synapses depends upon endocytic load and calcium. Vis Neurosci 2014; 31:227-35. [PMID: 24735554 DOI: 10.1017/s095252381400011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Release from rods is triggered by the opening of L-type Ca2+ channels that lie beneath synaptic ribbons. After exocytosis, vesicles are retrieved by compensatory endocytosis. Previous work showed that endocytosis is dynamin-dependent in rods but dynamin-independent in cones. We hypothesized that fast endocytosis in rods may also differ from cones in its dependence upon the amount of Ca2+ influx and/or endocytic load. We measured exocytosis and endocytosis from membrane capacitance (C m) changes evoked by depolarizing steps in voltage clamped rods from tiger salamander retinal slices. Similar to cones, the time constant for endocytosis in rods was quite fast, averaging <200 ms. We manipulated Ca2+ influx and the amount of vesicle release by altering the duration and voltage of depolarizing steps. Unlike cones, endocytosis kinetics in rods slowed after increasing Ca2+ channel activation with longer step durations or more strongly depolarized voltage steps. Endocytosis kinetics also slowed as Ca2+ buffering was decreased by replacing BAPTA (10 or 1 mM) with the slower Ca2+ buffer EGTA (5 or 0.5 mM) in the pipette solution. These data provide further evidence that endocytosis mechanisms differ in rods and cones and suggest that endocytosis in rods is regulated by both endocytic load and local Ca2+ levels.
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50
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Srivastava AK, Schwartz CE. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders: causal genes and molecular mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:161-74. [PMID: 24709068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are the most common developmental disorders present in humans. Combined, they affect between 3 and 5% of the population. Additionally, they can be found together in the same individual thereby complicating treatment. The causative factors (genes, epigenetic and environmental) are quite varied and likely interact so as to further complicate the assessment of an individual patient. Nonetheless, much valuable information has been gained by identifying candidate genes for ID or ASD. Understanding the etiology of either ID or ASD is of utmost importance for families. It allows a determination of the risk of recurrence, the possibility of other comorbidity medical problems, the molecular and cellular nature of the pathobiology and hopefully potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA.
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