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Savarimuthu A, Ponniah RJ. Receive, Retain and Retrieve: Psychological and Neurobiological Perspectives on Memory Retrieval. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:303-318. [PMID: 36738400 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Memory and learning are interdependent processes that involve encoding, storage, and retrieval. Especially memory retrieval is a fundamental cognitive ability to recall memory traces and update stored memory with new information. For effective memory retrieval and learning, the memory must be stabilized from short-term memory to long-term memory. Hence, it is necessary to understand the process of memory retention and retrieval that enhances the process of learning. Though previous cognitive neuroscience research has focused on memory acquisition and storage, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory retrieval and its role in learning are less understood. Therefore, this article offers the viewpoint that memory retrieval is essential for selecting, reactivating, stabilizing, and storing information in long-term memory. In arguing how memories are retrieved, consolidated, transmitted, and strengthened for the long term, the article will examine the psychological and neurobiological aspects of memory and learning with synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, genetic transcription, and theta oscillation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Savarimuthu
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - R Joseph Ponniah
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.
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2
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Zhang W, Jin M, Lu Z, Li T, Wang H, Yuan Z, Wei C. Whole Genome Resequencing Reveals Selection Signals Related to Wool Color in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3265. [PMID: 37893989 PMCID: PMC10603731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool color is controlled by a variety of genes. Although the gene regulation of some wool colors has been studied in relative depth, there may still be unknown genetic variants and control genes for some colors or different breeds of wool that need to be identified and recognized by whole genome resequencing. Therefore, we used whole genome resequencing data to compare and analyze sheep populations of different breeds by population differentiation index and nucleotide diversity ratios (Fst and θπ ratio) as well as extended haplotype purity between populations (XP-EHH) to reveal selection signals related to wool coloration in sheep. Screening in the non-white wool color group (G1 vs. G2) yielded 365 candidate genes, among which PDE4B, GMDS, GATA1, RCOR1, MAPK4, SLC36A1, and PPP3CA were associated with the formation of non-white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes yielded 21 significant GO terms and 49 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), among which 17 GO terms and 21 KEGG pathways were associated with the formation of non-white wool. Screening in the white wool color group (G2 vs. G1) yielded 214 candidate genes, including ABCD4, VSX2, ITCH, NNT, POLA1, IGF1R, HOXA10, and DAO, which were associated with the formation of white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes revealed 9 significant GO-enriched pathways and 19 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), including 5 GO terms and 12 KEGG pathways associated with the formation of white wool. In addition to furthering our understanding of wool color genetics, this research is important for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Taotao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Huihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Caihong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
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3
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Gromova KV, Thies E, Janiesch PC, Lützenkirchen FP, Zhu Y, Stajano D, Dürst CD, Schweizer M, Konietzny A, Mikhaylova M, Gee CE, Kneussel M. The kinesin Kif21b binds myosin Va and mediates changes in actin dynamics underlying homeostatic synaptic downscaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112743. [PMID: 37418322 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic synaptic plasticity adjusts the strength of synapses to restrain neuronal activity within a physiological range. Postsynaptic guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP) controls the bidirectional synaptic scaling of AMPA receptors (AMPARs); however, mechanisms by which chronic activity triggers cytoskeletal remodeling to downscale synaptic transmission are barely understood. Here, we report that the microtubule-dependent kinesin motor Kif21b binds GKAP and likewise is located in dendritic spines in a myosin Va- and neuronal-activity-dependent manner. Kif21b depletion unexpectedly alters actin dynamics in spines, and adaptation of actin turnover following chronic activity is lost in Kif21b-knockout neurons. Consistent with a role of the kinesin in regulating actin dynamics, Kif21b overexpression promotes actin polymerization. Moreover, Kif21b controls GKAP removal from spines and the decrease of GluA2-containing AMPARs from the neuronal surface, thereby inducing homeostatic synaptic downscaling. Our data highlight a critical role of Kif21b at the synaptic actin cytoskeleton underlying homeostatic scaling of neuronal firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira V Gromova
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Edda Thies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp C Janiesch
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix P Lützenkirchen
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yipeng Zhu
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniele Stajano
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Céline D Dürst
- Department of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility Morphology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Konietzny
- RG Neuronal Protein Transport, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Neuronal Protein Transport, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine E Gee
- Department of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, HCNS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Radwitz J, Hausrat TJ, Heisler FF, Janiesch PC, Pechmann Y, Rübhausen M, Kneussel M. Tubb3 expression levels are sensitive to neuronal activity changes and determine microtubule growth and kinesin-mediated transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrotubules are dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin. They regulate cell structure, cell division, cell migration, and intracellular transport. However, functional contributions of individual tubulin isotypes are incompletely understood. The neuron-specific β-tubulin Tubb3 displays highest expression around early postnatal periods characterized by exuberant synaptogenesis. Although Tubb3 mutations are associated with neuronal disease, including abnormal inhibitory transmission and seizure activity in patients, molecular consequences of altered Tubb3 levels are largely unknown. Likewise, it is unclear whether neuronal activity triggers Tubb3 expression changes in neurons. In this study, we initially asked whether chemical protocols to induce long-term potentiation (cLTP) affect microtubule growth and the expression of individual tubulin isotypes. We found that growing microtubules and Tubb3 expression are sensitive to changes in neuronal activity and asked for consequences of Tubb3 downregulation in neurons. Our data revealed that reduced Tubb3 levels accelerated microtubule growth in axons and dendrites. Remarkably, Tubb3 knockdown induced a specific upregulation of Tubb4 gene expression, without changing other tubulin isotypes. We further found that Tubb3 downregulation reduces tubulin polyglutamylation, increases KIF5C motility and boosts the transport of its synaptic cargo N-Cadherin, which is known to regulate synaptogenesis and long-term potentiation. Due to the large number of tubulin isotypes, we developed and applied a computational model based on a Monte Carlo simulation to understand consequences of tubulin expression changes in silico. Together, our data suggest a feedback mechanism with neuronal activity regulating tubulin expression and consequently microtubule dynamics underlying the delivery of synaptic cargoes.
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Chen L, Wang H, Cha S, Li J, Zhang J, Wu J, Guo G, Zhang J. Phosphorylation of Spastin Promotes the Surface Delivery and Synaptic Function of AMPA Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:809934. [PMID: 35418834 PMCID: PMC8995424 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.809934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is essential for cognitive functions such as learning and memory. One of the mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity is the dynamic delivery of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in and out of synapses. Mutations of SPAST, which encodes SPASTIN, a microtubule-severing protein, are considered the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP). In some cases, patients with HSP also manifest cognitive impairment. In addition, mice with Spastin depletion exhibit working and associative memory deficits and reduced AMPAR levels. However, the exact effect and molecular mechanism of Spastin on AMPARs trafficking has remained unclear. Here, we report that Spastin interacts with AMPAR, and phosphorylation of Spastin enhances its interaction with AMPAR subunit GluA2. Further study shows that phosphorylation of Spastin can increase AMPAR GluA2 surface expression and the amplitude and frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents (mEPSC) in cultured hippocampal neurons. Moreover, phosphorylation of Spastin at Ser210 is crucial for GluA2 surface expression. Phosphorylation of Spastin K353A, which obliterates microtubule-severing activity, also promotes AMPAR GluA2 subunit trafficking to the surface and increases the amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs in cultured neurons. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Spastin phosphorylation promotes the surface delivery of the AMPAR GluA2 subunit independent of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhan Cha
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Guo Jifeng Zhang
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Guo Jifeng Zhang
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6
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Liu R, Feng ZY, Li D, Jin B, Yan Lan, Meng LY. Recent trends in carbon-based microelectrodes as electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Nikitin O, Lukyanova O, Kunin A. Constrained plasticity reserve as a natural way to control frequency and weights in spiking neural networks. Neural Netw 2021; 143:783-797. [PMID: 34488014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological neurons have adaptive nature and perform complex computations involving the filtering of redundant information. However, most common neural cell models, including biologically plausible, such as Hodgkin-Huxley or Izhikevich, do not possess predictive dynamics on a single-cell level. Moreover, the modern rules of synaptic plasticity or interconnections weights adaptation also do not provide grounding for the ability of neurons to adapt to the ever-changing input signal intensity. While natural neuron synaptic growth is precisely controlled and restricted by protein supply and recycling, weight correction rules such as widely used STDP are efficiently unlimited in change rate and scale. The present article introduces new mechanics of interconnection between neuron firing rate homeostasis and weight change through STDP growth bounded by abstract protein reserve, controlled by the intracellular optimization algorithm. We show how these cellular dynamics help neurons filter out the intense noise signals to help neurons keep a stable firing rate. We also examine that such filtering does not affect the ability of neurons to recognize the correlated inputs in unsupervised mode. Such an approach might be used in the machine learning domain to improve the robustness of AI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Nikitin
- Computing Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000, Khabarovsk, Russia.
| | - Olga Lukyanova
- Computing Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000, Khabarovsk, Russia.
| | - Alex Kunin
- Computing Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000, Khabarovsk, Russia.
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8
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Unique dynamics and exocytosis properties of GABAergic synaptic vesicles revealed by three-dimensional single vesicle tracking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022133118. [PMID: 33622785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for proper function of the central nervous system. Inhibitory synaptic transmission plays an important role in maintaining this balance. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., predominantly inhibitory) vesicles together with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of single GABAergic vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-dimensional trajectories, we found that GABAergic synaptic vesicles traveled a shorter distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our analysis revealed that GABAergic synaptic vesicles move more straightly to their release sites than Syt1-labeled vesicles. Finally, we found that GABAergic vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and exocytosis properties to support rapid synaptic inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated coordination between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.
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9
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Delgado JY. Lack of support for surface diffusion of postsynaptic AMPARs in tuning synaptic transmission. Biophys J 2021; 120:3409-3417. [PMID: 34214532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive stimulation of excitatory synapses triggers molecular events required for signal transfer across neuronal synapses. It has been hypothesized that one of these molecular events, the diffusion of extrasynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPARs) (i.e., the diffusion hypothesis), is necessary to help synapses recover from paired-pulse depression. To examine this presumed role of AMPAR diffusion during repetitive presynaptic stimulation, a biophysical model based on published physiological results was developed to track the localization and gating of each AMPAR. The model demonstrates that AMPAR gating in short intervals of fewer than 100 ms is controlled by their position in relation to the glutamate release site and by their recovery from desensitization, but it is negligibly influenced by their diffusion. Therefore, these simulations failed to demonstrate a role for AMPAR diffusion in helping synapses recover from paired-pulse depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jary Y Delgado
- Department of Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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10
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Turegano-Lopez M, Santuy A, DeFelipe J, Merchan-Perez A. Size, Shape, and Distribution of Multivesicular Bodies in the Juvenile Rat Somatosensory Cortex: A 3D Electron Microscopy Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1887-1901. [PMID: 31665237 PMCID: PMC7132939 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are membrane-bound organelles that belong to the endosomal pathway. They participate in the transport, sorting, storage, recycling, degradation, and release of multiple substances. They interchange cargo with other organelles and participate in their renovation and degradation. We have used focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to obtain stacks of serial sections from the neuropil of the somatosensory cortex of the juvenile rat. Using dedicated software, we have 3D-reconstructed 1618 MVBs. The mean density of MVBs was 0.21 per cubic micron. They were unequally distributed between dendrites (39.14%), axons (18.16%), and nonsynaptic cell processes (42.70%). About one out of five MVBs (18.16%) were docked on mitochondria, representing the process by which the endosomal pathway participates in mitochondrial maintenance. Other features of MVBs, such as the presence of tubular protrusions (6.66%) or clathrin coats (19.74%) can also be interpreted in functional terms, since both are typical of early endosomes. The sizes of MVBs follow a lognormal distribution, with differences across cortical layers and cellular compartments. The mean volume of dendritic MVBs is more than twice as large as the volume of axonic MVBs. In layer I, they are smaller, on average, than in the other layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Turegano-Lopez
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Santuy
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - J DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Merchan-Perez
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Lin H, Yang Y, Hou C, Huang Y, Zhou L, Zheng J, Lv G, Mao R, Chen S, Xu P, Zhou Y, Wang P, Zhou D. Validation of the functions and prognostic values of synapse-associated proteins in lower-grade glioma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210391. [PMID: 33969375 PMCID: PMC8164110 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapse and synapse-associated proteins (SAPs) play critical roles in various neurodegeneration diseases and brain tumors. However, in lower-grade gliomas (LGG), SAPs have not been explored systematically. Herein, we are going to explore SAPs expression profile and its clinicopathological significance in LGG which can offer new insights to glioma therapy. In the present study, we integrate a list of SAPs that covered 231 proteins with synaptogenesis activity and post synapse formation. The LGG RNA-seq data were downloaded from GEO, TCGA and CGGA database. The prognosis associated SAPs in key modules of PPI (protein-protein interaction networks) was regarded as hub SAPs. Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunochemistry results from HPA database were used to verify the expression of hub SAPs. There were 68 up-regulated SAPs and 44 down-regulated SAPs in LGG tissue compared with normal brain tissue. Data from function enrichment analysis revealed functions of differentially expressed SAPs in synapse organization and glutamatergic receptor pathway in LGGs. Survival analysis revealed that four SAPs, GRIK2, GABRD, GRID2 and ARC were correlate with the prognosis of LGG patients. Interestingly, we found that GABRD were up-regulated in LGG patients with seizures, indicating that SAPs may link to the pathogenesis of seizures in glioma patients. The four-SAPs signature was revealed as an independent prognostic factor in gliomas. Our study presented a novel strategy to assess the prognostic risks of LGGs, based on the expression of SAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongxian Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- International Department, Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peihong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Gutiérrez Y, López-García S, Lario A, Gutiérrez-Eisman S, Delevoye C, Esteban JA. KIF13A drives AMPA receptor synaptic delivery for long-term potentiation via endosomal remodeling. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212112. [PMID: 33999113 PMCID: PMC8129809 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulated trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) from dendritic compartments to the synaptic membrane in response to neuronal activity is a core mechanism for long-term potentiation (LTP). However, the contribution of the microtubule cytoskeleton to this synaptic transport is still unknown. In this work, using electrophysiological, biochemical, and imaging techniques, we have found that one member of the kinesin-3 family of motor proteins, KIF13A, is specifically required for the delivery of AMPARs to the spine surface during LTP induction. Accordingly, KIF13A depletion from hippocampal slices abolishes LTP expression. We also identify the vesicular protein centaurin-α1 as part of a motor transport machinery that is engaged with KIF13A and AMPARs upon LTP induction. Finally, we determine that KIF13A is responsible for the remodeling of Rab11-FIP2 endosomal structures in the dendritic shaft during LTP. Overall, these results identify specific kinesin molecular motors and endosomal transport machinery that catalyzes the dendrite-to-synapse translocation of AMPA receptors during synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gutiérrez
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio López-García
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Argentina Lario
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gutiérrez-Eisman
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Paris, France
| | - José A Esteban
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Becker MFP, Tetzlaff C. The biophysical basis underlying the maintenance of early phase long-term potentiation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008813. [PMID: 33750943 PMCID: PMC8016278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of synaptic changes resulting from long-term potentiation (LTP) is essential for brain function such as memory and learning. Different LTP phases have been associated with diverse molecular processes and pathways, and the molecular underpinnings of LTP on the short, as well as long time scales, are well established. However, the principles on the intermediate time scale of 1-6 hours that mediate the early phase of LTP (E-LTP) remain elusive. We hypothesize that the interplay between specific features of postsynaptic receptor trafficking is responsible for sustaining synaptic changes during this LTP phase. We test this hypothesis by formalizing a biophysical model that integrates several experimentally-motivated mechanisms. The model captures a wide range of experimental findings and predicts that synaptic changes are preserved for hours when the receptor dynamics are shaped by the interplay of structural changes of the spine in conjunction with increased trafficking from recycling endosomes and the cooperative binding of receptors. Furthermore, our model provides several predictions to verify our findings experimentally. The cognitive ability of learning is associated with plasticity-induced changes in synaptic transmission efficacy mediated by AMPA receptors. Synaptic changes depend on a multitude of molecular and physiological mechanisms, building complex interaction networks. By formalizing and employing a biophysical model of AMPAR trafficking, we unravel and evaluate the interplay between key mechanisms such as receptor binding, exocytosis, morphological changes, and cooperative receptor binding. Our findings indicate that cooperative receptor binding in conjunction with morphological changes of the spine and increased trafficking from recycling endosomes leads to the maintenance of synaptic changes on behaviorally relevant time spans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F. P. Becker
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MB); (CT)
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MB); (CT)
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14
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Okabe S. Recent advances in computational methods for measurement of dendritic spines imaged by light microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 69:196-213. [PMID: 32244257 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions that receive most of the excitatory inputs to the pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and the hippocampus. Excitatory neural circuits in the neocortex and hippocampus are important for experience-dependent changes in brain functions, including postnatal sensory refinement and memory formation. Several lines of evidence indicate that synaptic efficacy is correlated with spine size and structure. Hence, precise and accurate measurement of spine morphology is important for evaluation of neural circuit function and plasticity. Recent advances in light microscopy and image analysis techniques have opened the way toward a full description of spine nanostructure. In addition, large datasets of spine nanostructure can be effectively analyzed using machine learning techniques and other mathematical approaches, and recent advances in super-resolution imaging allow researchers to analyze spine structure at an unprecedented level of precision. This review summarizes computational methods that can effectively identify, segment and quantitate dendritic spines in either 2D or 3D imaging. Nanoscale analysis of spine structure and dynamics, combined with new mathematical approaches, will facilitate our understanding of spine functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Song XL, Liu DS, Qiang M, Li Q, Liu MG, Li WG, Qi X, Xu NJ, Yang G, Zhu MX, Xu TL. Postsynaptic Targeting and Mobility of Membrane Surface-Localized hASIC1a. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:145-165. [PMID: 32996060 PMCID: PMC7870742 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), the main H+ receptors in the central nervous system, sense extracellular pH fluctuations and mediate cation influx. ASIC1a, the major subunit responsible for acid-activated current, is widely expressed in brain neurons, where it plays pivotal roles in diverse functions including synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for these functions remain mysterious. Using extracellular epitope tagging and a novel antibody recognizing the hASIC1a ectodomain, we examined the membrane targeting and dynamic trafficking of hASIC1a in cultured cortical neurons. Surface hASIC1a was distributed throughout somata and dendrites, clustered in spine heads, and co-localized with postsynaptic markers. By extracellular pHluorin tagging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we detected movement of hASIC1a in synaptic spine heads. Single-particle tracking along with use of the anti-hASIC1a ectodomain antibody revealed long-distance migration and local movement of surface hASIC1a puncta on dendrites. Importantly, enhancing synaptic activity with brain-derived neurotrophic factor accelerated the trafficking and lateral mobility of hASIC1a. With this newly-developed toolbox, our data demonstrate the synaptic location and high dynamics of functionally-relevant hASIC1a on the surface of excitatory synapses, supporting its involvement in synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lei Song
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Di-Shi Liu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min Qiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ming-Gang Liu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Michael Xi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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16
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Rubin BR, Johnson MA, Berman JM, Goldstein E, Pertsovskaya V, Zhou Y, Contoreggi NH, Dyer AG, Gray JD, Waters EM, McEwen BS, Kreek MJ, Milner TA. Sex and chronic stress alter delta opioid receptor distribution within rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells following behavioral challenges. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100236. [PMID: 33344692 PMCID: PMC7739044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following oxycodone (Oxy) conditioned place preference (CPP), delta opioid receptors (DORs) differentially redistribute in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells in female and male rats in a manner that would promote plasticity and opioid-associative learning processes. However, following chronic immobilization stress (CIS), males do not acquire Oxy-CPP and the trafficking of DORs in CA3 pyramidal neurons is attenuated. Here, we examined the subcellular distribution of DORs in CA1 pyramidal cells using electron microscopy in these same cohorts. CPP Saline (Sal)-females compared to Sal-males have more cytoplasmic and total DORs in dendrites and more DOR-labeled spines. Following Oxy-CPP, DORs redistribute from near-plasmalemma pools in dendrites to spines in males. CIS Control females compared to control males have more near-plasmalemmal dendritic DORs. Following CIS, dendritic DORs are elevated in the cytoplasm in females and near-plasmalemma in males. CIS plus CPP CIS Sal-females compared to CIS Sal-males have more DORs on the plasmalemma of dendrites and in spines. After Oxy, the distribution of DORs does not change in either females or males. Conclusion Following Oxy-CPP, DORs within CA1 pyramidal cells remain positioned in naïve female rats to enhance sensitivity to DOR agonists and traffic to dendritic spines in naïve males where they can promote plasticity processes. Following CIS plus behavioral enrichment, DORs are redistributed within CA1 pyramidal cells in females in a manner that could enhance sensitivity to DOR agonists. Conversely, CIS plus behavioral enrichment does not alter DORs in CA1 pyramidal cells in males, which may contribute to their diminished capacity to acquire Oxy-CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsheva R. Rubin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Megan A. Johnson
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Jared M. Berman
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Ellen Goldstein
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Vera Pertsovskaya
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Yan Zhou
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Natalina H. Contoreggi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Andreina G. Dyer
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Jason D. Gray
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, United States
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
- Corresponding author. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RM 307 New York, NY 10065, United States.
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17
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The endosomal protein sorting nexin 4 is a synaptic protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18239. [PMID: 33106523 PMCID: PMC7588491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 4 (SNX4) is an evolutionary conserved protein that mediates recycling from endosomes back to the plasma membrane in yeast and mammalian cells. SNX4 is expressed in the brain. Altered protein levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the neuronal localization and function of SNX4 have not been addressed. Using a new antibody, endogenous neuronal SNX4 co-localized with both early and recycling endosome markers, similar to the reported localization of SNX4 in non-neuronal cells. Neuronal SNX4 accumulated specifically in synaptic areas, with a predominant localization to presynaptic terminals. Acute depletion of neuronal SNX4 using independent short hairpin RNAs did not affect the levels of the transferrin receptor, a canonical SNX4 cargo. Quantitative mass spectrometry revealed that upon SNX4 knockdown the class of proteins involved in neurotransmission was the most dysregulated. This included integral membrane proteins at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic side of the synapse that participate in diverse synaptic processes such as synapse assembly, neurotransmission and the synaptic vesicle cycle. These data suggest that SNX4 is implicated in a variety of synaptic processes.
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18
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Verstraelen P, Garcia-Diaz Barriga G, Verschuuren M, Asselbergh B, Nuydens R, Larsen PH, Timmermans JP, De Vos WH. Systematic Quantification of Synapses in Primary Neuronal Culture. iScience 2020; 23:101542. [PMID: 33083769 PMCID: PMC7516133 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most neurological disorders display impaired synaptic connectivity. Hence, modulation of synapse formation may have therapeutic relevance. However, the high density and small size of synapses complicate their quantification. To improve synapse-oriented screens, we analyzed the labeling performance of synapse-targeting antibodies on neuronal cell cultures using segmentation-independent image analysis based on sliding window correlation. When assessing pairwise colocalization, a common readout for mature synapses, overlap was incomplete and confounded by spurious signals. To circumvent this, we implemented a proximity ligation-based approach that only leads to a signal when two markers are sufficiently close. We applied this approach to different marker combinations and demonstrate its utility for detecting synapse density changes in healthy and compromised cultures. Thus, segmentation-independent analysis and exploitation of resident protein proximity increases the sensitivity of synapse quantifications in neuronal cultures and represents a valuable extension to the analytical toolset for in vitro synapse screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Rony Nuydens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Antwerp 2340, Belgium
| | - Peter H. Larsen
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Antwerp 2340, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
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19
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Lopes AT, Hausrat TJ, Heisler FF, Gromova KV, Lombino FL, Fischer T, Ruschkies L, Breiden P, Thies E, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Schweizer M, Schwarz JR, Lohr C, Kneussel M. Spastin depletion increases tubulin polyglutamylation and impairs kinesin-mediated neuronal transport, leading to working and associative memory deficits. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000820. [PMID: 32866173 PMCID: PMC7485986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule-severing protein spastin (spastic paraplegia 4 [SPG4]) cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), associated with neurodegeneration, spasticity, and motor impairment. Complicated forms (complicated HSP [cHSP]) further include cognitive deficits and dementia; however, the etiology and dysfunctional mechanisms of cHSP have remained unknown. Here, we report specific working and associative memory deficits upon spastin depletion in mice. Loss of spastin-mediated severing leads to reduced synapse numbers, accompanied by lower miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequencies. At the subcellular level, mutant neurons are characterized by longer microtubules with increased tubulin polyglutamylation levels. Notably, these conditions reduce kinesin-microtubule binding, impair the processivity of kinesin family protein (KIF) 5, and reduce the delivery of presynaptic vesicles and postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Rescue experiments confirm the specificity of these results by showing that wild-type spastin, but not the severing-deficient and disease-associated K388R mutant, normalizes the effects at the synaptic, microtubule, and transport levels. In addition, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated reduction of tubulin polyglutamylation on spastin knockout background normalizes KIF5 transport deficits and attenuates the loss of excitatory synapses. Our data provide a mechanism that connects spastin dysfunction with the regulation of kinesin-mediated cargo transport, synapse integrity, and cognition. This study identifies deficits in working and associative memory in spastin knockout mice, resembling the cognitive deficits described in humans with severe forms of SPG4-type hereditary spastic paraplegia. Mechanistically, the findings suggest that impaired microtubule growth, kinesin motility and cargo delivery of synaptic AMPA receptors may contribute to the etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- André T. Lopes
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben J. Hausrat
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank F. Heisler
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kira V. Gromova
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franco L. Lombino
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Fischer
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Ruschkies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Breiden
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edda Thies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Animal Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen R. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Roberts‐Wolfe DJ, Heinsbroek JA, Spencer SM, Bobadilla AC, Smith AC, Gipson CD, Kalivas PW. Transient synaptic potentiation in nucleus accumbens shell during refraining from cocaine seeking. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12759. [PMID: 31062493 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drug-associated cues without reward (extinction) leads to refraining from drug seeking in rodents. We determined if refraining is associated with transient synaptic plasticity (t-SP) in nucleus accumbens shell (NAshell), akin to the t-SP measured in the NAcore during cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Using whole cell patch electrophysiology, we found that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in NAshell expressed increased ratio of AMPA to NMDA glutamate receptor currents during refraining, which normalized to baseline levels by the end of the 2-hour extinction session. Unlike t-SP observed in NAcore during reinstated drug seeking, neither dendrite spine head enlargement nor activation of matrix metalloproteases (MMP2/9) accompanied the increased AMPA:NMDA in NAshell during refraining. Refraining was also not associated with changes in paired pulse ratio, NMDA receptor current decay time, or AMPA receptor rectification index in NAshell MSNs. Our preliminary data in transgenic mice suggest that t-SP may increase D2-MSN inputs relative to D1-MSN inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasper A. Heinsbroek
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Denver Medical School Denver Colorado USA
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Ana Clara Bobadilla
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
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21
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Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy: A Review Focusing on AMPA and NMDA Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030464. [PMID: 32197322 PMCID: PMC7175173 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that glutamate-mediated neuronal hyperexcitation plays a causative role in eliciting seizures. Among glutamate receptors, the roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in physiological and pathological conditions represent major clinical research targets. It is well known that agonists of NMDA or AMPA receptors can elicit seizures in animal or human subjects, while antagonists have been shown to inhibit seizures in animal models, suggesting a potential role for NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists in anti-seizure drug development. Several such drugs have been evaluated in clinical studies; however, the majority, mainly NMDA-receptor antagonists, failed to demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety for therapeutic use, and only an AMPA-receptor antagonist, perampanel, has been approved for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy. These results suggest that a misunderstanding of the role of each glutamate receptor in the ictogenic process may underlie the failure of these drugs to demonstrate clinical efficacy and safety. Accumulating knowledge of both NMDA and AMPA receptors, including pathological gene mutations, roles in autoimmune epilepsy, and evidence from drug-discovery research and pharmacological studies, may provide valuable information enabling the roles of both receptors in ictogenesis to be reconsidered. This review aimed to integrate information from several studies in order to further elucidate the specific roles of NMDA and AMPA receptors in epilepsy.
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22
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Gromova KV, Muhia M, Rothammer N, Gee CE, Thies E, Schaefer I, Kress S, Kilimann MW, Shevchuk O, Oertner TG, Kneussel M. Neurobeachin and the Kinesin KIF21B Are Critical for Endocytic Recycling of NMDA Receptors and Regulate Social Behavior. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2705-2717. [PMID: 29847800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with mutations affecting synaptic components, including GluN2B-NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and neurobeachin (NBEA). NBEA participates in biosynthetic pathways to regulate synapse receptor targeting, synaptic function, cognition, and social behavior. However, the role of NBEA-mediated transport in specific trafficking routes is unclear. Here, we highlight an additional function for NBEA in the local delivery and surface re-insertion of synaptic receptors in mouse neurons. NBEA dynamically interacts with Rab4-positive recycling endosomes, transiently enters spines in an activity-dependent manner, and regulates GluN2B-NMDAR recycling. Furthermore, we show that the microtubule growth inhibitor kinesin KIF21B constrains NBEA dynamics and is present in the NBEA-recycling endosome-NMDAR complex. Notably, Kif21b knockout decreases NMDAR surface expression and alters social behavior in mice, consistent with reported social deficits in Nbea mutants. The influence of NBEA-KIF21B interactions on GluN2B-NMDAR local recycling may be relevant to mechanisms underlying ASD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira V Gromova
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Muhia
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Rothammer
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine E Gee
- Department of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edda Thies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kress
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred W Kilimann
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olga Shevchuk
- Cellular Proteomics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Department of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Glasgow SD, McPhedrain R, Madranges JF, Kennedy TE, Ruthazer ES. Approaches and Limitations in the Investigation of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:20. [PMID: 31396073 PMCID: PMC6667546 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The numbers and strengths of synapses in the brain change throughout development, and even into adulthood, as synaptic inputs are added, eliminated, and refined in response to ongoing neural activity. A number of experimental techniques can assess these changes, including single-cell electrophysiological recording which offers measurements of synaptic inputs with high temporal resolution. Coupled with electrical stimulation, photoactivatable opsins, and caged compounds, to facilitate fine spatiotemporal control over release of neurotransmitters, electrophysiological recordings allow for precise dissection of presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms of action. Here, we discuss the strengths and pitfalls of various techniques commonly used to analyze synapses, including miniature excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) postsynaptic currents, evoked release, and optogenetic stimulation. Together, these techniques can provide multiple lines of convergent evidence to generate meaningful insight into the emergence of circuit connectivity and maturation. A full understanding of potential caveats and alternative explanations for findings is essential to avoid data misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edward S. Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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3D Electron Microscopy Study of Synaptic Organization of the Normal Human Transentorhinal Cortex and Its Possible Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0140-19.2019. [PMID: 31217195 PMCID: PMC6620390 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0140-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transentorhinal cortex (TEC) is an obliquely oriented cortex located in the medial temporal lobe and, together with the entorhinal cortex, is one of the first affected areas in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the most widely accepted hypotheses is that synaptopathy (synaptic alterations and loss) represents the major structural correlate of the cognitive decline observed in AD. However, very few electron microscope (EM) studies are available; the most common method to estimate synaptic density indirectly is by counting, at the light microscopic level, immunoreactive puncta using synaptic markers. To investigate synaptic morphology and possible alterations related to AD, a detailed three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructural analysis using focused ion beam/scanning EM (FIB/SEM) was performed in the neuropil of Layer II of the TEC in human brain samples from non-demented subjects and AD patients. Evaluation of the proportion and shape of asymmetric synapses (AS) and symmetric synapses (SS) targeting spines or dendritic shafts was performed using 3D reconstructions of every synapse. The 3D analysis of 4722 synapses revealed that the preferable targets were spine heads for AS and dendritic shafts for SS, both in control and AD cases. However, in AD patients, we observed a reduction in the percentage of synapses targeting spine heads. Regarding the shape of synapses, in both control cases and AD samples, the vast majority of synapses had a macular shape, followed by perforated or horseshoe-shaped synapses, with fragmented synapses being the least frequent type. Moreover, comparisons showed an increased number of fragmented AS in AD patients.
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25
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Wagner W, Lippmann K, Heisler FF, Gromova KV, Lombino FL, Roesler MK, Pechmann Y, Hornig S, Schweizer M, Polo S, Schwarz JR, Eilers J, Kneussel M. Myosin VI Drives Clathrin-Mediated AMPA Receptor Endocytosis to Facilitate Cerebellar Long-Term Depression. Cell Rep 2019; 28:11-20.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Fletcher-Jones A, Hildick KL, Evans AJ, Nakamura Y, Wilkinson KA, Henley JM. The C-terminal helix 9 motif in rat cannabinoid receptor type 1 regulates axonal trafficking and surface expression. eLife 2019; 8:44252. [PMID: 31036155 PMCID: PMC6491034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid type one receptor (CB1R) is only stably surface expressed in axons, where it downregulates neurotransmitter release. How this tightly regulated axonal surface polarity is established and maintained is unclear. To address this question, we used time-resolved imaging to determine the trafficking of CB1R from biosynthesis to mature polarised localisation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We show that the secretory pathway delivery of CB1R is axonally biased and that surface expressed CB1R is more stable in axons than in dendrites. This dual mechanism is mediated by the CB1R C-terminus and involves the Helix 9 (H9) domain. Removal of the H9 domain increases secretory pathway delivery to dendrites and decreases surface stability. Furthermore, CB1RΔH9 is more sensitive to agonist-induced internalisation and less efficient at downstream signalling than CB1RWT. Together, these results shed new light on how polarity of CB1R is mediated and indicate that the C-terminal H9 domain plays key roles in this process. The brain contains around 100 billion neurons that are in constant communication with one another. Each consists of a cell body, plus two components specialized for exchanging information. These are the axon, which delivers information, and the dendrites, which receive it. This exchange takes place at contact points between neurons called synapses. To send a message, a neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters from its axon terminals into the synapse. The neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptor proteins on the dendrites of another neuron. In doing so, they pass on the message. Cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) help control the flow of information at synapses. They do this by binding neurotransmitters called endocannabinoids, which are unusual among neurotransmitters. Rather than sending messages from axons to dendrites, endocannabinoids send them in the opposite direction. Thus, it is dendrites that release endocannabinoids, which then bind to CB1Rs in axon terminals. This backwards, or 'retrograde', signalling dampens the release of other neurotransmitters. This slows down brain activity, and gives rise to the 'mellow' sensation that recreational cannabis users often describe. Like most other proteins, CB1Rs are built inside the cell body. So, how do these receptors end up in the axon terminals where they are needed? Are they initially sent to both axons and dendrites, with the CB1Rs that travel to dendrites being rerouted back to axons? Or do the receptors travel directly to the axon itself? Fletcher-Jones et al. tracked newly made CB1Rs in rat neurons growing in a dish. The results revealed that the receptors go directly to the axon, before moving on to the axon terminals. A specific region of the CB1R protein is crucial for sending the receptors to the axon, and for ensuring that they do not get diverted to the dendrite surface. This region stabilizes CB1Rs at the axon surface, and helps to make the receptors available to bind endocannabinoids. CB1Rs also respond to medical marijuana, a topic that continues to generate interest as well as controversy. Activating CB1Rs could help treat a wide range of diseases, such as chronic pain, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. Future studies should build on our understanding of CB1Rs to explore and optimize new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fletcher-Jones
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L Hildick
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley J Evans
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuko Nakamura
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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27
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Zhang X, Green MV, Thayer SA. HIV gp120-induced neuroinflammation potentiates NMDA receptors to overcome basal suppression of inhibitory synapses by p38 MAPK. J Neurochem 2019; 148:499-515. [PMID: 30520043 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder affects about half of HIV-infected patients. HIV impairs neuronal function through indirect mechanisms mainly mediated by inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic viral proteins, such as the envelope protein gp120. HIV gp120 elicits a neuroinflammatory response that potentiates NMDA receptor function and induces the loss of excitatory synapses. How gp120 influences neuronal inhibition remains unknown. In this study, we expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged recombinant antibody-like protein that binds to the post-synaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin to label inhibitory synapses in living neurons. Treatment with 600 pM gp120 for 24 h increased the number of labeled inhibitory synapses. HIV gp120 evoked the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from microglia to activate IL-1 receptors on neurons. Subsequent activation of the tyrosine kinase Src and GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors increased the number of inhibitory synapses via a process that required protein synthesis. In naïve cultures, inhibition of neuronal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) increased the number of inhibitory synapses suggesting that p38 MAPK produces a basal suppression of inhibitory synapses that is overcome in the presence of gp120. Direct activation of a mutant form of p38 MAPK expressed in neurons mimicked basal suppression of inhibitory synapses. This study shows for the first time that gp120-induced neuroinflammation increases the number of inhibitory synapses and that this increase overcomes a basal suppression of synaptic inhibition. Increased inhibition may be an adaptive mechanism enabling neurons to counteract excess excitatory input in order to maintain network homeostasis. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew V Green
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Parkinson GT, Hanley JG. Mechanisms of AMPA Receptor Endosomal Sorting. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:440. [PMID: 30568574 PMCID: PMC6289981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is critical for excitatory synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and the consequent formation of neural circuits during brain development and their modification during learning and memory processes. The number of synaptic AMPARs is regulated through endocytosis, exocytosis and endosomal sorting that results in recycling back to the plasma membrane or degradation in the lysosome. Hence, endo-lysosomal sorting is vitally important in maintaining AMPAR expression at the synapse, and the dynamic regulation of these trafficking events is a key component of synaptic plasticity. A reduction in synaptic strength such as in long-term depression (LTD) involves AMPAR sorting to lysosomes to reduce synaptic AMPAR number, whereas long-term potentiation (LTP) involves an increase in AMPAR recycling to increase the number of AMPARs at synapses. Here, we review our current understanding of the endosomal trafficking routes taken by AMPARs, and the mechanisms involved in AMPAR endosomal sorting, focussing on the numerous AMPAR associated proteins that have been implicated in this complex process. We also discuss how these events are dysregulated in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Parkinson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity and School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan G Hanley
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity and School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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29
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McAlinn HR, Reich B, Contoreggi NH, Kamakura RP, Dyer AG, McEwen BS, Waters EM, Milner TA. Sex Differences in the Subcellular Distribution of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 in the Rat Hippocampus following Chronic Immobilization Stress. Neuroscience 2018; 383:98-113. [PMID: 29753863 PMCID: PMC5994383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFR1) contribute to stress-induced adaptations in hippocampal structure and function that can affect learning and memory processes. Our prior studies showed that female rats with elevated estrogens compared to males have more plasmalemmal CRFR1 in CA1 pyramidal cells, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stress. Here, we examined the distribution of hippocampal CRFR1 following chronic immobilization stress (CIS) in female and male rats using immuno-electron microscopy. Without stress, total CRFR1 dendritic levels were higher in females in CA1 and in males in the hilus; moreover, plasmalemmal CRFR1 was elevated in pyramidal cell dendrites in CA1 in females and in CA3 in males. Following CIS, near-plasmalemmal CRFR1 increased in CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites in males but not to levels of control or CIS females. In CA3 and the hilus, CIS decreased cytoplasmic and total CRFR1 in dendrites in males only. These results suggest that in naive rats, CRF could induce a greater activation of CA1 pyramidal cells in females than males. Moreover, after CIS, which leads to even greater sex differences in CRFR1 by trafficking it to different subcellular compartments, CRF could enhance activation of CA1 pyramidal cells in males but to a lesser extent than either unstressed or CIS females. Additionally, CA3 pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons in males have heightened sensitivity to CRF, regardless of stress state. These sex differences in CRFR1 distribution and trafficking in the hippocampus may contribute to reported sex differences in hippocampus-dependent learning processes in baseline conditions and following chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena R McAlinn
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Batsheva Reich
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalina H Contoreggi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andreina G Dyer
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Zhu B, Zhao L, Luo D, Xu D, Tan T, Dong Z, Tang Y, Min Z, Deng X, Sun F, Yan Z, Chen G. Furin promotes dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2473-2488. [PMID: 29302702 PMCID: PMC11105492 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Furin is a proprotein convertase implicated in a variety of pathological processes including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of furin in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that in brain-specific furin transgenic (Furin-Tg) mice, the dendritic spine density and proliferation of neural progenitor cells were significantly increased. These mice exhibited enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory performance, without alterations of miniature excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In the cortex and hippocampus of Furin-Tg mice, the ratio of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) to pro-BDNF, and the activities of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly elevated. We also found that hippocampal knockdown of CREB diminished the facilitation of LTP and cognitive function in Furin-Tg mice. Together, our results demonstrate that furin enhances dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice, which may be associated with BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lige Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuo Min
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Kiragasi B, Wondolowski J, Li Y, Dickman DK. A Presynaptic Glutamate Receptor Subunit Confers Robustness to Neurotransmission and Homeostatic Potentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2694-2706. [PMID: 28658618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic signaling systems are thought to interface with other forms of plasticity to ensure flexible yet stable levels of neurotransmission. The role of neurotransmitter receptors in this process, beyond mediating neurotransmission itself, is not known. Through a forward genetic screen, we have identified the Drosophila kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit DKaiR1D to be required for the retrograde, homeostatic potentiation of synaptic strength. DKaiR1D is necessary in presynaptic motor neurons, localized near active zones, and confers robustness to the calcium sensitivity of baseline synaptic transmission. Acute pharmacological blockade of DKaiR1D disrupts homeostatic plasticity, indicating that this receptor is required for the expression of this process, distinct from developmental roles. Finally, we demonstrate that calcium permeability through DKaiR1D is necessary for baseline synaptic transmission, but not for homeostatic signaling. We propose that DKaiR1D is a glutamate autoreceptor that promotes robustness to synaptic strength and plasticity with active zone specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Kiragasi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Joyce Wondolowski
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dion K Dickman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Study of the Size and Shape of Synapses in the Juvenile Rat Somatosensory Cortex with 3D Electron Microscopy. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0377-17. [PMID: 29387782 PMCID: PMC5790755 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0377-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the size of the synaptic junction are thought to have significant functional consequences. We used focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to obtain stacks of serial sections from the six layers of the rat somatosensory cortex. We have segmented in 3D a large number of synapses (n = 6891) to analyze the size and shape of excitatory (asymmetric) and inhibitory (symmetric) synapses, using dedicated software. This study provided three main findings. Firstly, the mean synaptic sizes were smaller for asymmetric than for symmetric synapses in all cortical layers. In all cases, synaptic junction sizes followed a log-normal distribution. Secondly, most cortical synapses had disc-shaped postsynaptic densities (PSDs; 93%). A few were perforated (4.5%), while a smaller proportion (2.5%) showed a tortuous horseshoe-shaped perimeter. Thirdly, the curvature was larger for symmetric than for asymmetric synapses in all layers. However, there was no correlation between synaptic area and curvature.
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Remigio GJ, Loewen JL, Heuston S, Helgeson C, White HS, Wilcox KS, West PJ. Corneal kindled C57BL/6 mice exhibit saturated dentate gyrus long-term potentiation and associated memory deficits in the absence of overt neuron loss. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:221-234. [PMID: 28624414 PMCID: PMC5538573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory deficits have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients with epilepsy and currently no effective treatments exist to mitigate this comorbidity. While these cognitive comorbidities can be associated with varying degrees of hippocampal cell death and hippocampal sclerosis, more subtle changes in hippocampal physiology independent of cell loss may underlie memory dysfunction in many epilepsy patients. Accordingly, animal models of epilepsy or epileptic processes exhibiting memory deficits in the absence of cell loss could facilitate novel therapy discovery. Mouse corneal kindling is a cost-effective and non-invasive model of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures that may exhibit memory deficits in the absence of cell loss. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that corneal kindled C57BL/6 mice exhibit spatial pattern processing and memory deficits in a task reliant on DG function and that these impairments would be concurrent with physiological remodeling of the DG as opposed to overt neuron loss. Following corneal kindling, C57BL/6 mice exhibited deficits in a DG-associated spatial memory test - the metric task. Compatible with this finding, we also discovered saturated, and subsequently impaired, LTP of excitatory synaptic transmission at the perforant path to DGC synapse. This saturation of LTP was consistent with evidence suggesting that perforant path to DGC synapses in kindled mice had previously experienced LTP-like changes to their synaptic weights: increased postsynaptic depolarizations in response to equivalent presynaptic input and significantly larger amplitude AMPA receptor mediated spontaneous EPSCs. Additionally, there was evidence for kindling-induced changes in the intrinsic excitability of DGCs: reduced threshold to population spikes under extracellular recording conditions and significantly increased membrane resistances observed in DGCs. Importantly, quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed hippocampal astrogliosis in the absence of overt neuron loss. These changes in spatial pattern processing and memory deficits in corneal kindled mice represent a novel model of seizure-induced cognitive dysfunction associated with pathophysiological remodeling of excitatory synaptic transmission and granule cell excitability in the absence of overt cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Remigio
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA
| | - Jaycie L Loewen
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA
| | | | - Colin Helgeson
- Juan Diego Catholic High School, Draper, UT 84020-9035, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA
| | - Peter J West
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA; Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1210, USA.
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Target-Dependent Compartmentalization of the Corelease of Glutamate and GABA from the Mossy Fibers. J Neurosci 2017; 37:701-714. [PMID: 28100750 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1915-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mossy fibers (MFs) corelease glutamate and GABA onto pyramidal cells of CA3 during development, until the end of the third postnatal week. However, the major target cells of the MF are the interneurons of CA3. Therefore, it has been shown that the interneurons of the hilus and stratum lucidum receive this dual monosynaptic input on MF stimulation. Because the plasticity of glutamatergic transmission from the different terminals of the MF is target specific, we here asked whether the corelease of glutamate and GABA was also subjected to a target-dependent compartmentalization. We analyzed the occurrence and plasticity of MF simultaneous glutamatergic-GABAergic signaling onto interneurons of the different strata of CA3 in rats during the third postnatal week. We show the coexistence of time-locked, glutamate receptor and GABA receptor-mediated mono synaptic responses evoked by MF stimulation in interneurons from stratum lucidum and stratum radiatum, but not in interneurons from stratum lacunosum-moleculare. As expected from the transmission of MF origin, MF GABAergic responses were depressed by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Strikingly, while MF glutamatergic responses underwent LTD, the simultaneous MF GABAergic responses of stratum lucidum interneurons, but not of stratum radiatum interneurons, displayed a Hebbian form of LTP that was mimicked by PKC activation. PKA activation potentiated MF glutamatergic responses of stratum radiatum interneurons, whereas in stratum lucidum interneurons only GABAergic responses were potentiated. We here disclose that the corelease of glutamate and GABA, as well as their plasticity are compartmentalized in a target-dependent manner, showing counterbalanced compensatory plasticity of two neurotransmitters released by different terminals of the same pathway. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mossy fibers transiently corelease glutamate and GABA onto pyramidal cells of CA3. We here describe that they can also corelease these amino acids onto interneurons, in a target-dependent manner. Many interneurons in stratum lucidum and stratum radiatum receive both signals, while those in stratum lacunosum-moleculare exclusively receive a glutamatergic signal. It is noteworthy that glutamatergic LTD, which is known to exist on stratum lucidum interneurons, coexists in the same pathway with a presynaptic form of GABAergic LTP, while interneurons of stratum radiatum, despite receiving this dual signaling, do not display such plasticity. The GABAergic LTP is mimicked with PKA or PKC activation. We disclose compartmentalized corelease of glutamate and GABA and its differential plasticity from a single pathway onto different interneuron sets.
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Lee SH, Jin C, Cai E, Ge P, Ishitsuka Y, Teng KW, de Thomaz AA, Nall D, Baday M, Jeyifous O, Demonte D, Dundas CM, Park S, Delgado JY, Green WN, Selvin PR. Super-resolution imaging of synaptic and Extra-synaptic AMPA receptors with different-sized fluorescent probes. eLife 2017; 6:27744. [PMID: 28749340 PMCID: PMC5779237 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies tracking AMPA receptor (AMPAR) diffusion at synapses observed a large mobile extrasynaptic AMPAR pool. Using super-resolution microscopy, we examined how fluorophore size and photostability affected AMPAR trafficking outside of, and within, post-synaptic densities (PSDs) from rats. Organic fluorescent dyes (≈4 nm), quantum dots, either small (≈10 nm diameter; sQDs) or big (>20 nm; bQDs), were coupled to AMPARs via different-sized linkers. We find that >90% of AMPARs labeled with fluorescent dyes or sQDs were diffusing in confined nanodomains in PSDs, which were stable for 15 min or longer. Less than 10% of sQD-AMPARs were extrasynaptic and highly mobile. In contrast, 5-10% of bQD-AMPARs were in PSDs and 90-95% were extrasynaptic as previously observed. Contrary to the hypothesis that AMPAR entry is limited by the occupancy of open PSD 'slots', our findings suggest that AMPARs rapidly enter stable 'nanodomains' in PSDs with lifetime >15 min, and do not accumulate in extrasynaptic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Chaoyi Jin
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - En Cai
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Pinghua Ge
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Yuji Ishitsuka
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Kai Wen Teng
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Andre A de Thomaz
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Duncan Nall
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Murat Baday
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
| | - Okunola Jeyifous
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago, United States
| | - Daniel Demonte
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Christopher M Dundas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Sheldon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Jary Y Delgado
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago, United States
| | - William N Green
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago, United States
| | - Paul R Selvin
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, and Quantitative Biology, and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
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Frameworking memory and serotonergic markers. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:455-497. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The evidence for neural markers and memory is continuously being revised, and as evidence continues to accumulate, herein, we frame earlier and new evidence. Hence, in this work, the aim is to provide an appropriate conceptual framework of serotonergic markers associated with neural activity and memory. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) has multiple pharmacological tools, well-characterized downstream signaling in mammals’ species, and established 5-HT neural markers showing new insights about memory functions and dysfunctions, including receptors (5-HT1A/1B/1D, 5-HT2A/2B/2C, and 5-HT3-7), transporter (serotonin transporter [SERT]) and volume transmission present in brain areas involved in memory. Bidirectional influence occurs between 5-HT markers and memory/amnesia. A growing number of researchers report that memory, amnesia, or forgetting modifies neural markers. Diverse approaches support the translatability of using neural markers and cerebral functions/dysfunctions, including memory formation and amnesia. At least, 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7receptors and SERT seem to be useful neural markers and therapeutic targets. Hence, several mechanisms cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity or memory, including changes in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters.
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Real Time Multiplicative Memory Amplification Mediated by Whole-Cell Scaling of Synaptic Response in Key Neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005306. [PMID: 28103235 PMCID: PMC5245787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense spiking response of a memory-pattern is believed to play a crucial role both in normal learning and pathology, where it can create biased behavior. We recently proposed a novel model for memory amplification where the simultaneous two-fold increase of all excitatory (AMPAR-mediated) and inhibitory (GABAAR-mediated) synapses in a sub-group of cells that constitutes a memory-pattern selectively amplifies this memory. Here we confirm the cellular basis of this model by validating its major predictions in four sets of experiments, and demonstrate its induction via a whole-cell transduction mechanism. Subsequently, using theory and simulations, we show that this whole-cell two-fold increase of all inhibitory and excitatory synapses functions as an instantaneous and multiplicative amplifier of the neurons’ spiking. The amplification mechanism acts through multiplication of the net synaptic current, where it scales both the average and the standard deviation of the current. In the excitation-inhibition balance regime, this scaling creates a linear multiplicative amplifier of the cell’s spiking response. Moreover, the direct scaling of the synaptic input enables the amplification of the spiking response to be synchronized with rapid changes in synaptic input, and to be independent of previous spiking activity. These traits enable instantaneous real-time amplification during brief elevations of excitatory synaptic input. Furthermore, the multiplicative nature of the amplifier ensures that the net effect of the amplification is large mainly when the synaptic input is mostly excitatory. When induced on all cells that comprise a memory-pattern, these whole-cell modifications enable a substantial instantaneous amplification of the memory-pattern when the memory is activated. The amplification mechanism is induced by CaMKII dependent phosphorylation that doubles the conductance of all GABAA and AMPA receptors in a subset of neurons. This whole-cell transduction mechanism enables both long-term induction of memory amplification when necessary and extinction when not further required. Amplifying the strength of a neuronal assembly that underlies a behavioral choice can lead to a particularly long lasting dominant memory. We report experimental and theoretical evidence for a long-term mechanism that amplifies the response of a neuronal assembly which we termed “memory amplification mechanism”. The amplification mechanism is mediated by doubling the strength of all inhibitory and all excitatory synapses in the cell and is induced by whole-cell phosphorylation of all inhibitory and excitatory synaptic receptors in a subset of cells, via a process that is distinct from memory formation. Computationally, the inherent scaling of both excitation and inhibition yields a robust and stable amplifier of the neuron’s response. When such an amplifier is induced in a set of cells that compose a memory-pattern, it can selectively amplify the response of this memory. The memory amplification mechanism is independent from associative learning. Thus, while associative learning forms a memory that encodes new associations, the amplification mechanism can promote an already formed memory to a dominant memory.
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Maric HM, Hausrat TJ, Neubert F, Dalby NO, Doose S, Sauer M, Kneussel M, Strømgaard K. Gephyrin-binding peptides visualize postsynaptic sites and modulate neurotransmission. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:153-160. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mele M, Leal G, Duarte CB. Role of GABAAR trafficking in the plasticity of inhibitory synapses. J Neurochem 2016; 139:997-1018. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graciano Leal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Sandler M, Shulman Y, Schiller J. A Novel Form of Local Plasticity in Tuft Dendrites of Neocortical Somatosensory Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons. Neuron 2016; 90:1028-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schorova L, Martin S. Sumoylation in Synaptic Function and Dysfunction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27199730 PMCID: PMC4848311 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation has recently emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in many, if not all, biological processes. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) polypeptides are covalently attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins through a dedicated enzymatic pathway. Disruption of the SUMO enzymatic pathway in the developing brain leads to lethality indicating that this process exerts a central role during embryonic and post-natal development. However, little is still known regarding how this highly dynamic protein modification is regulated in the mammalian brain despite an increasing number of data implicating sumoylated substrates in synapse formation, synaptic communication and plasticity. The aim of this review is therefore to briefly describe the enzymatic SUMO pathway and to give an overview of our current knowledge on the function and dysfunction of protein sumoylation at the mammalian synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Schorova
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
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