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Yuan Y, He S, Liu H, He Y, Zhou R, Yao Y, Yin K, Lyu C. Effects of Prolonged Administration of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Containing Antiviral Regimen on Renal Function in Low-Risk of Kidney Injury HIV Patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:626-633. [PMID: 38323669 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
This study intended to investigate the impact of long-term tenofovir fumarate (TDF) antiviral regimen on renal function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with low-risk of kidney injury. The observational study involving 100 HIV-infected patients without underlying diseases who achieved virological suppression and immunological recovery after sustained antiviral regimen of TDF+ lamivudine+ efavirenz (TLE) for 3.19 years. Renal function, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood and urine β2 microglobulin, and other parameters, was assessed every 3 months over a period of 2.5 years. The eGFR showed a slight increasement from 116.0 at month 0 to 119.7 at month 30. Blood β2 microglobulin increased from 2.02 mg/L at month 0 to 2.77 mg/L at month 30. Compared to month 0, the difference in blood β2 microglobulin was statistically significant at month 6 and months 12-30 (P < .05). The incidence of proximal renal tubular dysfunction fluctuated from 2% at month 0 to 2.5% at month 30. The urine β2 microglobulin fluctuated from 0.5 (0.3-1.1) to 0.8 (0.5-1.35) mg/L at months 18-30, which was higher than 0.41 (0.18-1.1) mg/L at month 0 (P < .05). The abnormal concentration proportion of urine β2 microglobulin fluctuated from 72.7% to 81.3% at months 18-30, which was higher than the proportion of 57.0% at month 0. The abnormal proportion of blood β2 microglobulin, urine β2 microglobulin, and proximal renal tubular dysfunction were not correlated with eGFR (r1 = 0.119, r2 = -0.008, r3 = -0.165, P > .05). Long-term TDF antiviral regimen in low-risk of kidney injury HIV-infected patients may lead to damage in the proximal renal tubules and glomeruli. Blood and urine β2 microglobulin levels may be helpful in screening for renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huanxia Liu
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuanhong He
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Yin
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chunrong Lyu
- Department of Infection, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Corne A, Adolphe F, Estaquier J, Gaumer S, Corsi JM. ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38534416 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corne
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Florine Adolphe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Corsi
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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Morén C, Bañó M, González-Casacuberta I, Catalán-Garcia M, Guitart-Mampel M, Tobías E, Cardellach F, Pedrol E, Peraire J, Vidal F, Domingo P, Miró Ò, Gatell JM, Martínez E, Garrabou G. Mitochondrial and apoptotic in vitro modelling of differential HIV-1 progression and antiretroviral toxicity. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2330-6. [PMID: 25921514 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ex vivo analysis of mitochondrial function may reveal HIV progression and the impact of ART. We propose a mitochondrial and apoptotic in vitro model using Jurkat T cells incubated with plasma. The objectives of this study were to evaluate mitochondrial and apoptotic lesions in this model in relation to HIV progression, and to assess the effect of >1 year of standard non-thymidine-containing therapy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional comparison among three age- and gender-matched groups (n = 19 × 3): healthy non-HIV-infected participants, HIV-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) and standard antiretroviral-naive chronically infected patients [standard progressors (Sps)], longitudinally evaluated before (Sp1) and after (Sp2) >1 year of efavirenz + tenofovir + emtricitabine therapy. We analysed mitochondrial DNA content by RT-PCR, mitochondrial function by spectrophotometry, mitochondrial protein synthesis by western blot analysis, mitochondrial dynamics by western blot analysis (MFN2), apoptotic transition pore formation by western blot analysis (VDAC-1) and mitochondrial membrane potential and annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescence by flow cytometry. RESULTS There was a decreasing non-significant trend towards lower mitochondrial parameters for HIV-infected values with respect to uninfected control reference values. HIV progression (LTNP versus Sp1) was associated with decreased mitochondrial genetic, functional and translational parameters, which partially recovered after treatment intervention (Sp2). Mitochondrial fusion showed a trend to decrease non-significantly in Sp patients compared with LTNP patients, especially after therapy. All apoptotic parameters showed a trend to increase in Sp1 with respect to LTNP, followed by recovery in Sp2. CONCLUSIONS We proposed an in vitro model for mitochondrial and apoptotic assessment to test the effects of HIV infection and its therapy, resembling in vivo conditions. This model could be useful for clinical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Bañó
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - I González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Catalán-Garcia
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Guitart-Mampel
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Tobías
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Cardellach
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Pedrol
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Figueres, Girona, Spain
| | - J Peraire
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Vidal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - P Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ò Miró
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Gatell
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Martínez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Monroe JI, El-Nahal WG, Shirts MR. Investigating the mutation resistance of nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-RT using multiple microsecond atomistic simulations. Proteins 2013; 82:130-44. [PMID: 23775803 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase through the use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has become an essential component in drug regimens for the treatment of HIV. Older NNRTIs, such as nevirapine, are structurally rigid, exhibiting decreased inhibitory function on development of common mutations in the NNRTI-binding pocket, which is located around 10 Å from the catalytically active binding site. The newer generation of drugs, such as rilpivirine, are more flexible and resistant to binding pocket mutations but the mechanism by which they actually inhibit protein function and avoid mutations is not well-understood. To this end, we have performed 2-2.4 µs simulations with explicit solvent in an isobaric-isothermal ensemble of six different systems: apo wild-type, apo K103N/Y181C mutant, nevirapine-bound wild-type, nevirapine-bound mutant, rilpivirine-bound wild type, and rilpivirine-bound mutant. Analysis of protein conformations, principal components of motion, and mutual information between residues points to an inhibitory mechanism in which the primer grip stretches away from the catalytic triad of aspartic acids necessary for polymerization of HIV-encoding DNA, but is still unable to reveal a specific structural mechanism behind mutation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I Monroe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Trigueros-Motos L, Pérez-Torras S, Casado FJ, Molina-Arcas M, Pastor-Anglada M. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) participates in the cytotoxic response to nucleoside-derived drugs. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:434. [PMID: 23017148 PMCID: PMC3517434 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleoside analogs used in the chemotherapy of solid tumors, such as the capecitabine catabolite 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′-DFUR) trigger a transcriptomic response that involves the aquaglyceroporin aquaporin 3 along with other p53-dependent genes. Here, we examined whether up-regulation of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) mRNA in cancer cells treated with 5′-DFUR represents a collateral transcriptomic effect of the drug, or conversely, AQP3 participates in the activity of genotoxic agents. Methods The role of AQP3 in cell volume increase, cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest was analyzed using loss-of-function approaches. Results 5′-DFUR and gemcitabine, but not cisplatin, stimulated AQP3 expression and cell volume, which was partially and significantly blocked by knockdown of AQP3. Moreover, AQP3 siRNA significantly blocked other effects of nucleoside analogs, including G1/S cell cycle arrest, p21 and FAS up-regulation, and cell growth inhibition. Short incubations with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) also induced AQP3 expression and increased cell volume, and the inhibition of AQP3 expression significantly blocked growth inhibition triggered by this drug. To further establish whether AQP3 induction is related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, cells were exposed to long incubations with escalating doses of 5-FU. AQP3 was highly up-regulated at doses associated with cell cycle arrest, whereas at doses promoting apoptosis induction of AQP3 mRNA expression was reduced. Conclusions Based on the results, we propose that the aquaglyceroporin AQP3 is required for cytotoxic activity of 5’-DFUR and gemcitabine in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 and the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29, and is implicated in cell volume increase and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Trigueros-Motos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Apostolova N, Blas-García A, Esplugues JV. Mitochondrial interference by anti-HIV drugs: mechanisms beyond Pol-γ inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:715-25. [PMID: 21899897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined pharmacological approach to the treatment of HIV infection, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has dramatically reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. However, its use has been associated with serious adverse reactions, of which those resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction are particularly widespread. Nucleos(t)ide-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have long been considered the main source of HAART-related mitochondrial toxicity due to their ability to inhibit Pol-γ, the DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence points to a more complex relationship between these organelles and NRTIs. Also, alternative pathways by which other groups of anti-HIV drugs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors) interfere with mitochondria have been suggested, although their implications, both pharmacological and clinical, are open to debate. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and factors which influence the mitochondrial involvement in the toxicity of all three major classes of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibáñez n.15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Arechederra RL, Waheed A, Sly WS, Minteer SD. Electrically wired mitochondrial electrodes for measuring mitochondrial function for drug screening. Analyst 2011; 136:3747-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Morén C, Noguera-Julian A, Rovira N, Garrabou G, Nicolás M, Cardellach F, Martínez E, Sánchez E, Miró Ò, Fortuny C. Mitochondrial assessment in asymptomatic HIV-infected paediatric patients on HAART. Antivir Ther 2011; 16:719-24. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ciccosanti F, Corazzari M, Soldani F, Matarrese P, Pagliarini V, Iadevaia V, Tinari A, Zaccarelli M, Perfettini JL, Malorni W, Kroemer G, Antinori A, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Proteomic analysis identifies prohibitin down-regulation as a crucial event in the mitochondrial damage observed in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther 2010; 15:377-90. [PMID: 20516557 DOI: 10.3851/imp1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has largely reduced the occurrence of AIDS-related diseases and death in HIV-infected patients. However, HAART produces serious side effects mainly attributed to mitochondrial toxicity. METHODS To elucidate the molecular basis of HAART-related dysfunctions, we analysed the mitochondrial proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Proteomic analysis was performed on HIV patients who were either treatment-naive or under HAART therapy including zidovudine or stavudine as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). RESULTS As compared to healthy donors, HAART-treated HIV-infected patients exhibited decreased levels of mitochondrial enzymes associated with energy production as well as mitochondrial chaperones. Moreover, significant alterations in the mitochondria-cytoskeleton network were observed. Notably, most of these changes were already detectable in untreated HIV carriers and persisted or worsened after HAART, indicating that relevant mitochondrial alterations were initially caused by HIV infection. Finally, in vitro experiments aimed at validating the proteomic results showed that down-regulation of the mitochondrial chaperone prohibitin is a causative event in NRTI-induced mitochondrial damage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a major role of HIV infection in the mitochondrial toxicity of HAART-treated patients and identify novel candidate markers for assessing the risk of HIV- and HAART-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Approaches for targeting mitochondria in cancer therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:689-96. [PMID: 20732297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of the role that mitochondria play in human health and disease is evidenced by the emergence in recent decades of a whole new field of "Mitochondrial Medicine". Molecules located on or inside mitochondria are considered prime pharmacological targets and a wide range of efforts are underway to exploit these targets to develop targeted therapies for various diseases including cancer. However the concept of targeting, while seemingly simple in theory, has multiple subtly different practical approaches. The focus of this article is to highlight these differences in the context of a discussion on the current status of various mitochondria-targeted approaches to cancer therapy.
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Ramana LN, Sethuraman S, Ranga U, Krishnan UM. Development of a liposomal nanodelivery system for nevirapine. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:57. [PMID: 20624325 PMCID: PMC2914021 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of AIDS remains a serious challenge owing to high genetic variation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). The use of different antiretroviral drugs (ARV) is significantly limited by severe side-effects that further compromise the quality of life of the AIDS patient. In the present study, we have evaluated a liposome system for the delivery of nevirapine, a hydrophobic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Liposomes were prepared from egg phospholipids using thin film hydration. The parameters of the process were optimized to obtain spherical liposomes below 200 nm with a narrow polydispersity. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes was optimized at different ratios of egg phospholipid to cholesterol as well as drug to total lipid. The data demonstrate that encapsulation efficiency of 78.14% and 76.25% were obtained at egg phospholipid to cholesterol ratio of 9:1 and drug to lipid ratio of 1:5, respectively. We further observed that the size of the liposomes and the encapsulation efficiency of the drug increased concomitantly with the increasing ratio of drug and lipid and that maximum stability was observed at the physiological pH. Thermal analysis of the drug encapsulated liposomes indicated the formation of a homogenous drug-lipid system. The magnitude of drug release from the liposomes was examined under different experimental conditions including in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum or in the presence of an external stimulus such as low frequency ultrasound. Within the first 20 minutes 40, 60 and 100% of the drug was released when placed in PBS, DMEM or when ultrasound was applied, respectively. We propose that nevirapine-loaded liposomal formulations reported here could improve targeted delivery of the anti-retroviral drugs to select compartments and cells and alleviate systemic toxic side effects as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N Ramana
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Uma M Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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Kumar P, Lodge R, Trudel N, Ouellet M, Ouellette M, Tremblay MJ. Nelfinavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, induces oxidative stress-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis in Leishmania amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e642. [PMID: 20361030 PMCID: PMC2846936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Although the effectiveness of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir, in antiretroviral therapies is well documented, little is known of the impact of these drugs on Leishmania in coinfected individuals. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, we show that nelfinavir generates oxidative stress in the parasite, leading to altered physiological parameters such as an increase in the sub-G1 DNA content, nuclear DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are all characteristics of apoptosis. Pretreatment of axenic amastigotes with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not inhibit the increase in sub-G1 DNA content in nelfinavir-treated parasites, suggesting therefore that this antiviral agent does not kill Leishmania amastigotes in a caspase-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that the mitochondrial resident protein endonuclease G is involved. We also demonstrate that parasites overexpressing GSH1 (the rate limiting enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis) were more resistant to nelfinavir when compared to untransfected controls. Conclusions and Significance These data suggest that nelfinavir induces oxidative stress in Leishmania amastigotes, culminating in caspase-independent apoptosis, in which DNA is degraded by endonuclease G. This study provides a rationale for future, long-term design of new therapeutic strategies to test nelfinavir as a potential antileishmanial agent as well as for possible future use in Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of disease caused by the parasite Leishmania. It is a major concern in South America, Africa, India and the Middle East. Additionally, it has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with HIV-1. This is due, in part, to the increasing overlap between urban centers and rural areas endemic for Leishmania. Although more efficient combinatorial antiviral drug regimens for treating HIV-1 infection have been developed, the impact of such therapies on HIV-1/Leishmania coinfection is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of nelfinavir, a well-characterized anti-HIV-1 drug, on Leishmania. Treating the parasite with nelfinavir activates events that are hallmarks of programmed cell death (also called apoptosis). Among these are oxidative stress, changes in DNA replication and fragmentation, and release of mitochondrial enzymes. Furthermore, these events occur without the participation of caspases, which are classically linked to apoptosis; however, this atypical apoptosis requires the translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These findings provide insights for the design of new anti-parasitic therapies, particularly in the case of Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Lodge
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Trudel
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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McKenna CE, Kashemirov BA, Peterson LW, Goodman MF. Modifications to the dNTP triphosphate moiety: from mechanistic probes for DNA polymerases to antiviral and anti-cancer drug design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1223-30. [PMID: 20079885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal replication of DNA is associated with many important human diseases, most notably viral infections and neoplasms. Existing approaches to chemotherapeutics for diseases associated with dysfunctional DNA replication classically involve nucleoside analogues that inhibit polymerase activity due to modification in the nucleobase and/or ribose moieties. These compounds must undergo multiple phosphorylation steps in vivo, converting them into triphosphosphates, in order to inhibit their targeted DNA polymerase. Nucleotide monophosphonates enable bypassing the initial phosphorylation step at the cost of decreased bioavailability. Relatively little attention has been paid to higher nucleotides (corresponding to the natural di- and triphosphate DNA polymerase substrates) as drug platforms due to their expected poor deliverability. However, a better understanding of DNA polymerase mechanism and fidelity dependence on the triphosphate moiety is beginning to emerge, aided by systematic incorporation into this group of substituted methylenebisphosphonate probes. Meanwhile, other bridging, as well as non-bridging, modifications have revealed intriguing possibilities for new drug design. We briefly survey some of this recent work, and argue that the potential of nucleotide-based drugs, and intriguing preliminary progress in this area, warrant acceptance of the challenges that they present with respect to bioavailability and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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15
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Adams JC, Keiser MJ, Basuino L, Chambers HF, Lee DS, Wiest OG, Babbitt PC. A mapping of drug space from the viewpoint of small molecule metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000474. [PMID: 19701464 PMCID: PMC2727484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule drugs target many core metabolic enzymes in humans and pathogens, often mimicking endogenous ligands. The effects may be therapeutic or toxic, but are frequently unexpected. A large-scale mapping of the intersection between drugs and metabolism is needed to better guide drug discovery. To map the intersection between drugs and metabolism, we have grouped drugs and metabolites by their associated targets and enzymes using ligand-based set signatures created to quantify their degree of similarity in chemical space. The results reveal the chemical space that has been explored for metabolic targets, where successful drugs have been found, and what novel territory remains. To aid other researchers in their drug discovery efforts, we have created an online resource of interactive maps linking drugs to metabolism. These maps predict the "effect space" comprising likely target enzymes for each of the 246 MDDR drug classes in humans. The online resource also provides species-specific interactive drug-metabolism maps for each of the 385 model organisms and pathogens in the BioCyc database collection. Chemical similarity links between drugs and metabolites predict potential toxicity, suggest routes of metabolism, and reveal drug polypharmacology. The metabolic maps enable interactive navigation of the vast biological data on potential metabolic drug targets and the drug chemistry currently available to prosecute those targets. Thus, this work provides a large-scale approach to ligand-based prediction of drug action in small molecule metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Corey Adams
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics,
University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of
America
| | - Michael J. Keiser
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San
Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Li Basuino
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henry F. Chambers
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Deok-Sun Lee
- Center for Complex Network Research and Departments of Physics, Biology,
and Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United
States of America
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston,
Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Natural Medical Sciences, Inha University, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Olaf G. Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia C. Babbitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of
California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San
Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of
California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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16
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Ivetac A, McCammon JA. Elucidating the inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors through multicopy molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:644-58. [PMID: 19324058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition is a major focus of current anti-AIDS drug discovery and development programs, comprising 17 of the 31 Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds. The emergence of the non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) class of compounds provides a highly specific and structurally diverse set of drugs, which act noncompetitively to perturb normal RT function. Despite a relatively rich set of crystallographic data of RT in various states, details of the allosteric modulation of RT dynamics by NNRTIs are lacking. Capturing this inhibitory mechanism could fuel the design of more effective inhibitors at the NNRTI site and also drive the identification of novel allosteric sites. To address this, we have performed multicopy molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of RT in the presence and absence of the NNRTI nevirapine (cumulative total simulation time, 360 ns). By comparing the collective motions of the MD and crystallographic structures, we demonstrate that the chief effect of NNRTIs is to constrain a key rigid-body motion between the "fingers" and "thumb" subdomains of the p66 subunit. We show that the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP) is proximal to the hinge points for this essential motion, and NNRTIs therefore act as "molecular wedges," sterically blocking the full range of motion. To explain how this impaired movement might result in the experimentally observed loss of polymerase activity, we show that the motion influences the geometry of key catalytic residues on opposite faces of the NNIBP. From a methodological point of view, our results suggest that the multicopy MD simulation approach is very useful when studying proteins that perform such large conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ivetac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA.
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17
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Pupure J, Fernandes MAS, Santos MS, Moreno AJM, Kalvinsh I, Klusa V, Oliveira CR. Mitochondria as the target for mildronate's protective effects in azidothymidine (AZT)‐induced toxicity of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:620-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Drug-specific effect of nelfinavir and stavudine on primary culture of human preadipocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48:20-5. [PMID: 18344876 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31816b6aa4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophic syndrome is a major side effect of antiviral therapy leading to profound disturbances in adipose tissue. Human preadipocyte primary culture represents a model to understand mechanisms by which antiretroviral drugs alter adipocyte biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in this model. We tested the effect of drugs on triglyceride accumulation and expression of specific genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction. To determine differential mechanisms by which the efficient drugs operate, we studied mitochondrial effects by evaluating oxygen consumption rates and nuclear lamina alteration by immunocytology. Only stavudine and nelfinavir, both at 10 microM, altered human adipose cell differentiation, as shown by reduced triglyceride accumulation. Our studies revealed that stavudine increased expression of genes such as PGC1 and LPL and affected mitochondrial respiration. Cells treated with nelfinavir had a lower expression of PPARgamma, LPL, and ap2 and presented disorganization of lamin A/C. Our data suggest for the first time in a model of human adipocytes differentiated in vitro that stavudine and nelfinavir interfere with the process of differentiation by 2 distinct mechanisms. This may be particularly relevant in understanding the physiopathologic mechanisms underlying the lipodystrophic syndrome.
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19
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Liu H, Liu Z, Yang X, Huang F, Ma C, Li Z. Neurotoxicity caused by didanosine on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:113-21. [PMID: 17619152 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether didanosine (ddI) directly causes morphological and ultrastructural abnormalities of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. Dissociated DRG cells and organotypic DRG explants from embryonic 15-day-old Wistar rats were cultured for 3 days and then exposed to ddI (1 microg/ml, 5 microg/ml, 10 microg/ml, and 20 microg/ml) for another 3 days and 6 days, respectively. Neurons cultured continuously in medium served as normal controls. The diameter of the neuronal cell body and neurite length were measured in dissociated DRG cell cultures. Neuronal ultrastructural changes were observed in both culture models. ddI induced dose-dependent decreases in neurite number, length of the longest neurite in each neuron, and total neurite length per neuron in dissociated DRG cell cultures with 3 days treatment. There were no morphological changes seen in organotypic DRG cultures even with longer exposure time (6 days). But ddI induced ultrastructural changes in both culture models. Ultrastructural abnormalities included loss of cristae in mitochondria, clustering of microtubules and neurofilaments, accumulation of glycogen-like granules, and emergence of large dense particles between neurites or microtubules. Lysosome-like large particles emerged inconstantly in neurites. ddI induced a neurite retraction or neurite loss in a dose-dependent manner in dissociated DRG neurons, suggesting that ddI may partially contribute to developing peripheral neuropathy. Cytoskeletal rearrangement and ultrastructural abnormalities caused by ddI in both culture models may have a key role in neurite degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
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20
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Amariles P, Giraldo N, Faus M. Interacciones medicamentosas en pacientes infectados con el VIH: aproximación para establecer y evaluar su relevancia clínica. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2007; 31:283-302. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-6343(07)75392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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21
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Dou H, Destache CJ, Morehead JR, Mosley RL, Boska MD, Kingsley J, Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Nelson JA, Chaubal M, Werling J, Kipp J, Rabinow BE, Gendelman HE. Development of a macrophage-based nanoparticle platform for antiretroviral drug delivery. Blood 2006; 108:2827-35. [PMID: 16809617 PMCID: PMC1895582 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-012534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex dosing regimens, costs, side effects, biodistribution limitations, and variable drug pharmacokinetic patterns have affected the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral medicines. To address these problems, a nanoparticle indinavir (NP-IDV) formulation packaged into carrier bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was developed. Drug distribution and disease outcomes were assessed in immune-competent and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humanized immune-deficient mice, respectively. In the former, NP-IDV formulation contained within BMMs was adoptively transferred. After a single administration, single-photon emission computed tomography, histology, and reverse-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) demonstrated robust lung, liver, and spleen BMMs and drug distribution. Tissue and sera IDV levels were greater than or equal to 50 microM for 2 weeks. NP-IDV-BMMs administered to HIV-1-challenged humanized mice revealed reduced numbers of virus-infected cells in plasma, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lung, as well as, CD4(+) T-cell protection. We conclude that a single dose of NP-IDV, using BMMs as a carrier, is effective and warrants consideration for human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorder, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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22
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Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it. Mitochondrion 2006; 6:1-28. [PMID: 16406828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calorie-enriched diet and lack of exercise are causing a worldwide surge of obesity, insulin resistance and lipid accretion in liver (i.e. hepatic steatosis), which can lead to steatohepatitis. Steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can also be induced by drugs such as amiodarone, tamoxifen and some antiretroviral drugs, including stavudine and zidovudine. There is accumulating evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction (more particularly respiratory chain deficiency) plays a key role in the physiopathology of NASH whatever its initial cause. In contrast, the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids can be either increased (as in insulin resistance-associated NASH) or decreased (as in drug-induced NASH). However, in both circumstances, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the damaged respiratory chain can be augmented. ROS generation in an environment enriched in lipids in turn induces lipid peroxidation which releases highly reactive aldehydic derivatives (e.g. malondialdehyde) that have diverse detrimental effects on hepatocytes and other hepatic cells. In hepatocytes, ROS, reactive nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation products further impair the respiratory chain, either directly or indirectly through oxidative damage to the mitochondrial genome. This consequently leads to the generation of more ROS and a vicious cycle occurs. Mitochondrial dysfunction can also lead to apoptosis or necrosis depending on the energy status of the cell. ROS and lipid peroxidation products also increase the generation of several cytokines (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, Fas ligand) playing a key role in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Recent investigations have shown that some genetic polymorphisms can significantly increase the risk of steatohepatitis and that several drugs can prevent or even reverse NASH. Interestingly, most of these drugs could exert their beneficial effects by improving directly or indirectly mitochondrial function in liver. Finding a drug, which could fully prevent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH is a major challenge for the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Begriche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 481, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 750118 Paris, France
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