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Sayed AEDH, Idriss SK, Abdel-Ghaffar SK, Hussein AAA. Haemato-biochemical, mutagenic, and histopathological changes in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to BTX. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59301-59315. [PMID: 37004609 PMCID: PMC10163093 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of the DNA damage response in erythrocytes after exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can present evidence for its potential effect as genotoxic- biomarkers for environmental pollution. Although VOCs are dangerous pollutants, still little is known about hemotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of such pollutants on fish. We optimized an assay method for apoptosis and DNA damage in erythrocytes of adult tilapia fish after 15 days exposure to benzene (0.762 ng/L), toluene (26.614 ng/L), and xylene (89.403 ng/L). The highest level of apoptosis and DNA damage were recorded in benzene-exposed fish, as was the highest level of histopathological alterations in gills, liver, and kidney. The imbalance of the antioxidants profile explained the stress-case reported in exposed fish. These results suggest that hemotoxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and tissue damage were recorded after exposure to BTX in Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Molecular Biology Researches & Studies Institute, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt.
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa K Idriss
- Department of Fish Disease and Management, Faculty of Veterinary of Medicine, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sary Kh Abdel-Ghaffar
- Department of Fish Disease and Management, Faculty of Veterinary of Medicine, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A A Hussein
- Molecular Biology Researches & Studies Institute, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Novel strategies for the treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1039-1050. [PMID: 32862728 PMCID: PMC7606761 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1817896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the western world. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of cell death, only a single antidote, N-acetylcysteine, is in clinical use. However, there have recently been more efforts made to translate mechanistic insight into identification of therapeutic targets and potential new drugs for this indication. AREAS COVERED After a short review of the key events in the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver injury and recovery, the pros and cons of targeting individual steps in the pathophysiology as therapeutic targets are discussed. While the re-purposed drug fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) and the new entity calmangafodipir are most advanced based on the understanding of their mechanism of action, several herbal medicine extracts and their individual components are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) is safe and has shown efficacy in preclinical models, human hepatocytes and in volunteers against APAP overdose. The safety of calmangafodipir in APAP overdose patients was shown but it lacks solid preclinical efficacy studies. Both drugs require a controlled phase III trial to achieve regulatory approval. All studies of herbal medicine extracts and components suffer from poor experimental design, which questions their clinical utility at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y. Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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3
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McGill MR, Hinson JA. The development and hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen: reviewing over a century of progress. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:472-500. [PMID: 33103516 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1832112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) was first synthesized in the 1800s, and came on the market approximately 65 years ago. Since then, it has become one of the most used drugs in the world. However, it is also a major cause of acute liver failure. Early investigations of the mechanisms of toxicity revealed that cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze formation of a reactive metabolite in the liver that depletes glutathione and covalently binds to proteins. That work led to the introduction of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antidote for APAP overdose. Subsequent studies identified the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, specific P450 enzymes involved, the mechanism of P450-mediated oxidation, and major adducted proteins. Significant gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms downstream of metabolism, but several events appear critical. These events include development of an initial oxidative stress, reactive nitrogen formation, altered calcium flux, JNK activation and mitochondrial translocation, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, the mitochondrial permeability transition, and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Additional research is necessary to complete our knowledge of the toxicity, such as the source of the initial oxidative stress, and to greatly improve our understanding of liver regeneration after APAP overdose. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to additional treatment options. Even though NAC is an excellent antidote, its effectiveness is limited to the first 16 hours following overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jack A Hinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Kale O, Awodele O, Akindele A. Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:161-175. [PMID: 30766799 PMCID: PMC6360914 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent adverse herb reactions have stimulated interest documenting the safety profile of medicinal agents. Thus, subacute and subchronic oral toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Acridocarpus smeathmannii root (HEASR) in Wistar rats was investigated. In the 28 and 90-day subacute and subchronic toxicity tests, sixty-four rats (n = male: female = 1:1 = 32) were divided into four of eight/group and ninety-six (n = male: female = 1:1 = 48) into twelve/group respectively. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) or HEASR4, HEASR5 and HEASR6 (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) respectively were administered via oral gavage. Animals were killed humanely 24 h after the last administration. Using standard methods, acute oral toxicity dose of HEAR (2000 mg/kg) was non-lethal in rodents. Subacute administration of HEASR6 increased total bilirubin (p < 0.05) in female rats. HEASR moderately altered both haematological and biochemical indices in rats. HEASR6 administration reduced ovary weight in both studies while follicle stimulating hormone level in male was reduced at all doses used. HEASR modulated lipid peroxidation, sperm quality and elevated cyclooxygenase-2 levels in rats. Histology revealed gastritis and congestions in vital organs. The low-observed adverse effect level for HEASR was below 250 mg/kg for both sexes. Overall, HEASR demonstrated inherent toxicity evidenced by our current findings. The exaggeration of its folklore medicine applications calls for cautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.E. Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, PMB, Ikeja, 21244, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - O. Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A.J. Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Dadhania VP, Muskhelishvili L, Latendresse JR, Mehendale HM. Hepatic Overexpression of Annexin A1 and A2 in Thioacetamide-Primed Mice Protects Them Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Failure and Death. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:654-665. [PMID: 27451051 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816659067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory tissue repair (CTR) in thioacetamide (TA)-primed rats protects them against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced lethality. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanisms of CTR-mediated heteroprotection in mice. Male Swiss Webster mice received a priming dose of TA (40 mg/kg body weight [BW] in 10 mL distilled water [DW]/kg BW, intraperitoneally [IP]). Thioacetamide-induced liver injury, CTR, and expression of annexin A1 and A2 (ANX1 and ANX2), the endogenous inhibitors of the death protein secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), were measured over a time course of 84 hours after TA priming. Both centrilobular necrosis and CTR peaked at 36 hours after TA priming as indicated by significantly increased plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, liver histology, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining. Thioacetamide priming resulted in the overexpression of ANX1 and ANX2 at 36 to 84 hours and 12 to 60 hours, respectively. A lethal dose of APAP (600 mg/kg BW in 10 mL 0.45% NaCl/kg BW, IP) was given at 12, 24, or 36 hours after TA-priming. Thioacetamide priming did not affect the rise in plasma ALT, AST, sPLA2, and arachidonic acid levels seen at 2 hours after the APAP overdose. Neither these biochemical parameters nor histology suggested any escalation of hepatic injury at later time points (12 and 24 hours after APAP overdose), consistent with 100% survival of the TA + APAP-treated mice compared to DW + APAP-treated mice, which had 100% mortality. Inhibition of ANX1 and ANX2 biosynthesis using cycloheximide (40 mg/kg BW in 5 mL DW/kg BW, IP) abolished this heteroprotection. Our data indicate that hepatic overexpression of ANX1 and ANX2 inhibits APAP-induced expansion of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekkumar P Dadhania
- Department of Toxicology, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Levan Muskhelishvili
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - John R Latendresse
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Harihara M Mehendale
- Department of Toxicology, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
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Deshpande KT, Liu S, McCracken JM, Jiang L, Gaw TE, Kaydo LN, Richard ZC, O'Neil MF, Pritchard MT. Moderate (2%, v/v) Ethanol Feeding Alters Hepatic Wound Healing after Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Exposure in Mice. Biomolecules 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 26751492 PMCID: PMC4808799 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing consists of three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and matrix synthesis and remodeling. Prolonged alcohol abuse can cause liver fibrosis due to deregulated matrix remodeling. Previous studies demonstrated that moderate ethanol feeding enhances liver fibrogenic markers and frank fibrosis independent of differences in CCl4-induced liver injury. Our objective was to determine whether or not other phases of the hepatic wound healing response were affected by moderate ethanol after CCl4 exposure. Mice were fed moderate ethanol (2% v/v) for two days and then were exposed to CCl4 and euthanized 24–96 h later. Liver injury was not different between pair- and ethanol-fed mice; however, removal of necrotic tissue was delayed after CCl4-induced liver injury in ethanol-fed mice. Inflammation, measured by TNFα mRNA and protein and hepatic Ly6c transcript accumulation, was reduced and associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis after ethanol feeding. Hepatocytes entered the cell cycle equivalently in pair- and ethanol-fed mice after CCl4 exposure, but hepatocyte proliferation was prolonged in livers from ethanol-fed mice. CCl4-induced hepatic stellate cell activation was increased and matrix remodeling was prolonged in ethanol-fed mice compared to controls. Taken together, moderate ethanol affected each phase of the wound healing response to CCl4. These data highlight previously unknown effects of moderate ethanol exposure on hepatic wound healing after acute hepatotoxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika T Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Shinlan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Jennifer M McCracken
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Ta Ehpaw Gaw
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Lindsey N Kaydo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Zachary C Richard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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7
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Xie Y, Woolbright BL, Kos M, McGill MR, Dorko K, Kumer SC, Schmitt TM, Jaeschke H. Lack of Direct Cytotoxicity of Extracellular ATP against Hepatocytes: Role in the Mechanism of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. J Clin Transl Res 2015; 1:100-106. [PMID: 26722668 PMCID: PMC4694640 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.201502.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is a major cause of acute liver failure in many countries. Mechanistic studies in mice and humans have implicated formation of a reactive metabolite, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant stress as critical events in the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver cell death. It was recently suggested that ATP released from necrotic cells can directly cause cell death in mouse hepatocytes and in a hepatoma cell line (HepG2). AIM To assess if ATP can directly cause cell toxicity in hepatocytes and evaluate their relevance in the human system. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes, human HepG2 cells, the metabolically competent human HepaRG cell line and freshly isolated primary human hepatocytes were exposed to 10-100 μM ATP or ATγP in the presence or absence of 5-10 mM APAP for 9-24 h. RESULTS ATP or ATγP was unable to directly cause cell toxicity in all 4 types of hepatocytes. In addition, ATP did not enhance APAP-induced cell death observed in primary mouse or human hepatocytes, or in HepaRG cells as measured by LDH release and by propidium iodide staining in primary mouse hepatocytes. Furthermore, addition of ATP did not cause mitochondrial dysfunction or enhance APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in primary murine hepatocytes, although ATP did cause cell death in murine RAW macrophages. CONCLUSIONS It is unlikely that ATP released from necrotic cells can significantly affect cell death in human or mouse liver during APAP hepatotoxicity. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Understanding the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell injury is critical for identifying novel therapeutic targets to prevent liver injury and acute liver failure in APAP overdose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Milan Kos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell R. McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sean C. Kumer
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Timothy M. Schmitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Spiteller G, Afzal M. The action of peroxyl radicals, powerful deleterious reagents, explains why neither cholesterol nor saturated fatty acids cause atherogenesis and age-related diseases. Chemistry 2014; 20:14928-45. [PMID: 25318456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to alterations in their membrane structure by activating hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are liberated. Free PUFAs react with molecular oxygen to give lipid hydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). In case of severe cell injury, this physiological reaction switches to the generation of lipid peroxide radicals (LOO(·)). These radicals can attack nearly all biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes, impairing their biological functions. Identical cell responses are triggered by manipulation of food, for example, heating/grilling and particularly homogenization, representing cell injury. Cholesterol as well as diets rich in saturated fat have been postulated to accelerate the risk of atherosclerosis while food rich in unsaturated fatty acids has been claimed to lower this risk. However, the fact is that LOO(·) radicals generated from PUFAs can oxidize cholesterol to toxic cholesterol oxides, simulating a reduction in cholesterol level. In this review it is shown how active LOO(·) radicals interact with biomolecules at a speed transcending usual molecule-molecule reactions by several orders of magnitude. Here, it is explained how functional groups are fundamentally transformed by an attack of LOO(·) with an obliteration of essential biomolecules leading to pathological conditions. A serious reconsideration of the health and diet guidelines is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95445 Bayreuth (Germany).
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Kang LI, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK. Signals and cells involved in regulating liver regeneration. Cells 2012; 1:1261-92. [PMID: 24710554 PMCID: PMC3901148 DOI: 10.3390/cells1041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex phenomenon aimed at maintaining a constant liver mass in the event of injury resulting in loss of hepatic parenchyma. Partial hepatectomy is followed by a series of events involving multiple signaling pathways controlled by mitogenic growth factors (HGF, EGF) and their receptors (MET and EGFR). In addition multiple cytokines and other signaling molecules contribute to the orchestration of a signal which drives hepatocytes into DNA synthesis. The other cell types of the liver receive and transmit to hepatocytes complex signals so that, in the end of the regenerative process, complete hepatic tissue is assembled and regeneration is terminated at the proper time and at the right liver size. If hepatocytes fail to participate in this process, the biliary compartment is mobilized to generate populations of progenitor cells which transdifferentiate into hepatocytes and restore liver size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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