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Rahimnejad M, Makkar H, Dal-Fabbro R, Malda J, Sriram G, Bottino MC. Biofabrication Strategies for Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304537. [PMID: 38529835 PMCID: PMC11254569 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Gingival recession, a prevalent condition affecting the gum tissues, is characterized by the exposure of tooth root surfaces due to the displacement of the gingival margin. This review explores conventional treatments, highlighting their limitations and the quest for innovative alternatives. Importantly, it emphasizes the critical considerations in gingival tissue engineering leveraging on cells, biomaterials, and signaling factors. Successful tissue-engineered gingival constructs hinge on strategic choices such as cell sources, scaffold design, mechanical properties, and growth factor delivery. Unveiling advancements in recent biofabrication technologies like 3D bioprinting, electrospinning, and microfluidic organ-on-chip systems, this review elucidates their precise control over cell arrangement, biomaterials, and signaling cues. These technologies empower the recapitulation of microphysiological features, enabling the development of gingival constructs that closely emulate the anatomical, physiological, and functional characteristics of native gingival tissues. The review explores diverse engineering strategies aiming at the biofabrication of realistic tissue-engineered gingival grafts. Further, the parallels between the skin and gingival tissues are highlighted, exploring the potential transfer of biofabrication approaches from skin tissue regeneration to gingival tissue engineering. To conclude, the exploration of innovative biofabrication technologies for gingival tissues and inspiration drawn from skin tissue engineering look forward to a transformative era in regenerative dentistry with improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hardik Makkar
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renan Dal-Fabbro
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Additive Manufacturing (AM.NUS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco C. Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Wu K, Fu Y, Li W, Zhao XY. Slc7a11 stimulates glutathione synthesis to preserve fatty acid metabolism in primary hepatocytes. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2260646. [PMID: 37750478 PMCID: PMC10540662 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2260646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are widely used as a tool for studying metabolic function and regulation in the liver. However, the metabolic properties of primary hepatocytes are gradually lost after isolation. Here, we illustrated that fatty acid metabolism is the major compromised metabolic process in isolated primary hepatocytes, along with drastically decreased GSH and ROS content, while lipid peroxidation is increased. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that Slc7a11 expression is critical in maintaining fatty acid metabolism and facilitating hormone-induced fatty acid metabolic events, which is synergistic with dexamethasone treatment. Intriguingly, Slc7a11 expression and dexamethasone treatment cooperatively upregulated AKT and AMPK signaling and mitochondrial complex expression in primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, direct treatment with reduced GSH or inhibition of ferroptosis is sufficient to drive protective effects on fatty acid metabolism in primary hepatocytes. Our results demonstrate that Slc7a11 expression in isolated primary hepatocytes induces GSH production, which protects against ferroptosis, to increase fatty acid metabolic gene expression, AKT and AMPK signaling and mitochondrial function in synergy with dexamethasone treatment, thereby efficiently preserving primary hepatocyte metabolic signatures, thus providing a promising approach to better reserve primary hepatocyte metabolic activities after isolation to potentially improve the understanding of liver biological functions from studies using primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinkun Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Seirup M, Sengupta S, Swanson S, McIntosh BE, Collins M, Chu LF, Cheng Z, Gorkin DU, Duffin B, Bolin JM, Argus C, Stewart R, Thomson JA. Rapid changes in chromatin structure during dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in vitro. Genomics 2022; 114:110330. [PMID: 35278615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to screen drug candidates for hepatotoxicity, but hepatocytes quickly dedifferentiate and lose their mature metabolic function in culture. Attempts have been made to better recapitulate the in vivo liver environment in culture, but the full spectrum of signals required to maintain hepatocyte function ex vivo remains elusive. To elucidate molecular changes that accompany, and may contribute to dedifferentiation of hepatocytes ex vivo, we performed lineage tracing and comprehensive profiling of alterations in their gene expression profiles and chromatin landscape during culture. First, using genetically tagged hepatocytes we demonstrate that expression of the fetal gene alpha-fetoprotein in cultured hepatocytes comes from cells that previously expressed the mature gene albumin, and not from a population of albumin-negative precursor cells, proving mature hepatocytes undergo true dedifferentiation in culture. Next we studied the dedifferentiation process in detail through bulk RNA-sequencing of hepatocytes cultured over an extended period. We identified three distinct phases of dedifferentiation: an early phase, where mature hepatocyte genes are rapidly downregulated in a matter of hours; a middle phase, where fetal genes are activated; and a late phase, where initially rare contaminating non-parenchymal cells proliferate, taking over the culture. Lastly, to better understand the signaling events that result in the rapid downregulation of mature genes in hepatocytes, we examined changes in chromatin accessibility in these cells during the first 24 h of culture using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq). We find that drastic and rapid changes in chromatin accessibility occur immediately upon the start of culture. Using binding motif analysis of the areas of open chromatin sharing similar temporal profiles, we identify several candidate transcription factors potentially involved in the dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Seirup
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Endsulin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
| | - Srikumar Sengupta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Upside Foods, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Brian E McIntosh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mike Collins
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Zhang Cheng
- The Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - David U Gorkin
- The Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Bolin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Cara Argus
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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5
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Best Practices and Progress in Precision-Cut Liver Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137137. [PMID: 34281187 PMCID: PMC8267882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years ago, precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were described as a promising tool and were expected to become the standard in vitro model to study liver disease as they tick off all characteristics of a good in vitro model. In contrast to most in vitro models, PCLS retain the complex 3D liver structures found in vivo, including cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and therefore should constitute the most reliable tool to model and to investigate pathways underlying chronic liver disease in vitro. Nevertheless, the biggest disadvantage of the model is the initiation of a procedure-induced fibrotic response. In this review, we describe the parameters and potential of PCLS cultures and discuss whether the initially described limitations and pitfalls have been overcome. We summarize the latest advances in PCLS research and critically evaluate PCLS use and progress since its invention in 1985.
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Nicolaidou V, Koufaris C. Application of transcriptomic and microRNA profiling in the evaluation of potential liver carcinogens. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:386-397. [PMID: 32419640 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720922710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogens are agents that increase the incidence of liver cancer in exposed animals or humans. It is now established that carcinogenic exposures have a widespread impact on the transcriptome, inducing both adaptive and adverse changes in the activities of genes and pathways. Chemical hepatocarcinogens have also been shown to affect expression of microRNA (miRNA), the evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression posttranscriptionally. Considerable effort has been invested into examining the involvement of mRNA in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis and their potential usage for the classification and prediction of new chemical entities. For miRNA, there has been an increasing number of studies reported over the past decade, although not to the same degree as for transcriptomic studies. Current data suggest that it is unlikely that any gene or miRNA signature associated with short-term carcinogen exposure can replace the rodent bioassay. In this review, we discuss the application of transcriptomic and miRNA profiles to increase mechanistic understanding of chemical carcinogens and to aid in their classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Nicolaidou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Koufaris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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7
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Sato T, Semura K, Fujimoto I. Micro‑dimpled surface atelocollagen maintains primary human hepatocytes in culture and may promote their functionality compared with collagen coat culture. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:960-972. [PMID: 31257473 PMCID: PMC6657980 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the gold standard for drug development procedures; however, maintaining functional PHHs in vitro is challenging in conventional collagen-coated cultures. In the present study, we developed a new scaffold comprising high amounts (≥1 mg/cm2) of atelocollagen exposed to ultraviolet radiation to induce cross-linking and improve stability. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a micro-dimpled surface (MDS) scaffold composed of randomly arranged atelocollagen fibrils. The scaffold was therefore designated as MDS atelocollagen. PHHs cultured on MDS atelocollagen were round with a compact cytoplasm and exhibited enhanced levels of albumin (ALB) secretion and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity. The expression of hepatocyte-related genes, such as serum proteins, drug metabolism-related CYPs, and nuclear receptors, was enhanced in cells cultured on MDS atelocollagen, but not in those cultured on conventional atelocollagen. Moreover, the abnormal gene expression of cell adhesion molecules observed in conventional atelocollagen culture was suppressed when the cells were grown on MDS atelocollagen, thereby suggesting a cell behavior similar to that of in vivo hepatocytes. These results suggest that MDS atelocollagen functionally preserves PHHs while conserving the simplicity of conventional PHH atelocollagen-coated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sato
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Kayoko Semura
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujimoto
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
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8
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Kiamehr M, Heiskanen L, Laufer T, Düsterloh A, Kahraman M, Käkelä R, Laaksonen R, Aalto-Setälä K. Dedifferentiation of Primary Hepatocytes is Accompanied with Reorganization of Lipid Metabolism Indicated by Altered Molecular Lipid and miRNA Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122910. [PMID: 31207892 PMCID: PMC6627955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) undergo dedifferentiation upon the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which particularly hinders their utility in long-term in vitro studies. Lipids, as a major class of biomolecules, play crucial roles in cellular energy storage, structure, and signaling. Here, for the first time, we mapped the alterations in the lipid profile of the dedifferentiating PHHs and studied the possible role of lipids in the loss of the phenotype of PHHs. Simultaneously, differentially expressed miRNAs associated with changes in the lipids and fatty acids (FAs) of the dedifferentiating PHHs were investigated. Methods: PHHs were cultured in monolayer and their phenotype was monitored morphologically, genetically, and biochemically for five days. The lipid and miRNA profile of the PHHs were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Agilent microarray, respectively. In addition, 24 key genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and FAs were investigated by qPCR. Results: The typical morphology of PHHs was lost from day 3 onward. Additionally, ALB and CYP genes were downregulated in the cultured PHHs. Lipidomics revealed a clear increase in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) containing lipids, but a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing lipids during the dedifferentiation of PHHs. In line with this, FASN, SCD, ELOVL1, ELOVL3, and ELOVL7 were upregulated but ELOVL2 was downregulated in the dedifferentiated PHHs. Furthermore, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and the constantly upregulated miR-27a and miR-21, and downregulated miR-30 may have regulated the synthesis, accumulation and secretion of PHH lipids during the dedifferentiation. Conclusion: Our results showed major alterations in the molecular lipid species profiles, lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression as wells as miRNA profiles of the PHHs during their prolonged culture, which in concert could play important roles in the PHHs’ loss of phenotype. These findings promote the understanding from the dedifferentiation process and could help in developing optimal culture conditions, which better meet the needs of the PHHs and support their original phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Kiamehr
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | | | - Thomas Laufer
- Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | | | - Mustafa Kahraman
- Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Zora Biosciences, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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9
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Li L, Gokduman K, Gokaltun A, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. A microfluidic 3D hepatocyte chip for hepatotoxicity testing of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2209-2226. [PMID: 31179822 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a practical microfluidic 3D hepatocyte chip for hepatotoxicity testing of nanoparticles using proof of concept studies providing first results of the potential hepatotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) under microfluidic conditions. Methods: A microfluidic 3D hepatocyte chip with three material layers, which contains primary rat hepatocytes, has been fabricated and tested using different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) of SPION in 3-day (short-term) and 1-week (long-term) cultures. Results: Compared with standard well plates, the hepatocyte chip with flow provided comparable viability and significantly higher liver-specific functions, up to 1 week. In addition, the chip recapitulates the key physiological responses in the hepatotoxicity of SPION. Conclusion: Thus, the developed 3D hepatocyte chip is a robust and highly sensitive platform for investigating hepatotoxicity profiles of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kurtulus Gokduman
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aslihan Gokaltun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Rutgers State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Osman Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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10
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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11
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Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Gokduman K, Bestepe F, Li L, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. Dose-, treatment- and time-dependent toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on primary rat hepatocytes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1267-1284. [PMID: 29949471 PMCID: PMC6219434 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM As a first study in literature, to investigate concentration-dependent (0-400 μg/ml) and exposure-dependent (single dosing vs cumulative dosing) effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (d = 10 nm) on primary rat hepatocytes in a time-dependent manner. MATERIALS & METHODS Sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model was used to evaluate viability, hepatocyte specific functions and reactive oxygen species level. RESULTS In terms of all parameters, generally statistically more significant effects were observed in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In terms of hepatocyte-specific functions, cumulative dosing caused significantly (p < 0.05) more deleterious effects at 48th hour. CONCLUSION A combination of various biomarkers should be employed for the evaluation of the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on liver, and each biomarker should be analyzed in a time- and exposure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtulus Gokduman
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Furkan Bestepe
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
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14
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Zheng Y, Gao L, Wang D, Zang D. Elevated levels of ferritin in the cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:145-150. [PMID: 27804118 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to detect changes in the levels of ferritin heavy chain (FHC), ferritin light chain (FLC), and transferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and to analyze the correlations between the levels of these proteins and various clinical parameters. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples were obtained from 54 ALS patients and 46 non-inflammatory neurological disease control (non-INDC) patients. CSF and serum FHC, FLC, and transferring levels were measured via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method using a commercial ELISA kit, and the times from onset (durations), ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-r) scores, and disease progression rates (DPRs) were analyzed by registered neurologists. Statistical analysis was performed via Prism software. RESULTS Compared with controls, ALS patients exhibited significantly increased FHC and FLC levels in CSF, which were positively correlated with DPR and negatively correlated with duration. Serum transferrin levels were significantly increased in ALS patients but were not correlated with disease progression. FHC and FLC in CSF rapidly increased as the disease worsened. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the clinical measurement of FHC and FLC in CSF may be beneficial for disease differentiation and evaluating progression in patients with ALS. Compared with levels in serum, the levels of FHC and FLC in CSF might be more reliable for diagnosing and assessing the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zheng
- Department of Neurology; Tianjin First Center Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - L. Gao
- Department of Neurology; Tianjin First Center Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - D. Wang
- Department of Neurology; Changchun Center Hospital; Changchun Jilin China
| | - D. Zang
- Department of Neurology; Tianjin First Center Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
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15
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Orsini M, Sperber S, Noor F, Hoffmann E, Weber SN, Hall RA, Lammert F, Heinzle E. Proteomic Characterization of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes in Collagen Monolayer and Sandwich Culture. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:447-454. [PMID: 28594086 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in vitro makes their application in long-term studies difficult. Embedding hepatocytes in a sandwich of extracellular matrix is reported to delay the dedifferentiation process to some extent. In this study, we compared the intracellular proteome of primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH) in conventional monolayer cultures (ML) to collagen sandwich culture (SW) after 1 day and 5 days of cultivation. Quantitative proteome analysis of PMH showed no differences between collagen SW and ML cultures after 1 day. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were strongly affected by long-term cultivation in both ML and SW cultures. Interestingly, culture conditions had no effect on cellular lipid metabolism. After 5 days, PMH in collagen SW and ML cultures exhibit characteristic indications of oxidative stress. However, in the SW culture the defense system against oxidative stress is significantly up-regulated to deal with this, whereas in the ML culture a down-regulation of these important enzymes takes place. Regarding the multiple effects of ROS and oxidative stress in cells, we conclude that the down-regulation of these enzymes seem to play a role in the loss of hepatic function observed in the ML cultivation. In addition, enzymes of the urea cycle were clearly down-regulated in ML culture. Proteomics confirms lack in oxidative stress defense mechanisms as the major characteristic of hepatocytes in monolayer cultures compared to sandwich cultures. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 447-454, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina Orsini
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Saskia Sperber
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Esther Hoffmann
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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16
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Palócz O, Farkas O, Clayton P, Csikó G. Changes in cytochrome P450 gene expression and enzyme activity induced by xenobiotics in rabbits in vivo and in vitro. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As considerable inter-species differences exist in xenobiotic metabolism, developing new pharmaceutical therapies for use in different species is fraught with difficulties. For this reason, very few medicines have been registered for use in rabbits, despite their importance in inter alia meat and fur production. We have developed a rapid and sensitive screening system for drug safety in rabbits based on cytochrome P450 enzyme assays, specifically CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A6, employing an adaptation of the luciferin-based clinical assay currently used in human drug screening. Short-term (4-h) cultured rabbit primary hepatocytes were treated with a cytochrome inducer (phenobarbital) and 2 inhibitors (alpha-naphthoflavone and ketoconazole). In parallel, and to provide verification, New Zealand white rabbits were dosed with 80 mg/kg phenobarbital or 40 mg/kg ketoconazole for 3 d. Ketoconazole significantly increased CYP3A6 gene expression and decreased CYP3A6 activity both in vitro and in vivo. CYP1A1 activity was decreased by ketoconazole in vitro and increased in vivo. This is the first report of the inducer effect of ketoconazole on rabbit cytochrome isoenzymes in vivo. Our data support the use of a luciferin-based assay in short-term primary hepatocytes as an appropriate tool for xenobiotic metabolism assays and short-term toxicity testing in rabbits.<p> </p>
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17
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Ducret A, Kux van Geijtenbeek S, Röder D, Simon S, Chin D, Berrera M, Gruenbaum L, Ji C, Cutler P. Identification of six cell surface proteins for specific liver targeting. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 9:651-61. [PMID: 26097162 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell surface proteins are the primary means for a cell to sense and interact with its environment and their dysregulation has been linked to numerous diseases. In particular, the identification of proteins specific to a single tissue type or to a given disease phenotype may enable the characterization of novel therapeutic targets. We tested here the feasibility of a cell surface proteomics approach to identify pertinent markers directly in a clinically relevant tissue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the cell surface proteome of freshly isolated primary heptatocytes using a glycocapture-specific approach combined with a robust bioinformatics filtering. RESULTS Using primary lung epithelial cell cultures as negative controls, we identified 32 hepatocyte-specific cell surface proteins candidates. We used mRNA expression to select six markers that may provide adequate specificity for targeting therapeutics to the liver. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We demonstrate the feasibility and the importance of conducting such studies directly in a clinically relevant tissue. In particular, the cell surface proteome of freshly isolated hepatocytes differed substantially from cultured cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Ducret
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Kux van Geijtenbeek
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Röder
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Simon
- Drug Disposition and Safety, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chin
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Berrera
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lore Gruenbaum
- Translational Medicine - Infectious Diseases, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changhua Ji
- External Alliances and Portfolio Management, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Pudong, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Paul Cutler
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Jeong D, Han C, Kang I, Park HT, Kim J, Ryu H, Gho YS, Park J. Effect of Concentrated Fibroblast-Conditioned Media on In Vitro Maintenance of Rat Primary Hepatocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148846. [PMID: 26863621 PMCID: PMC4749383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media were tested to determine whether hepatocyte function can be maintained without direct contact between hepatocytes and fibroblasts. Primary rat hepatocytes cultured with a concentrated conditioned media of NIH-3T3 J2 cell line (final concentration of 55 mg/ml) showed significantly improved survival and functions (albumin and urea) compared to those of control groups. They also showed higher expression levels of mRNA, albumin and tyrosine aminotransferase compared to hepatocyte monoculture. The results suggest that culture with concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media could be an easy method for in vitro maintenance of primary hepatocytes. They also could be contribute to understand and analyze co-culture condition of hepatocyte with stroma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeong Jeong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungmin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Park
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Ryu
- Chadwick International School, Songdo, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Herzog N, Hansen M, Miethbauer S, Schmidtke KU, Anderer U, Lupp A, Sperling S, Seehofer D, Damm G, Scheibner K, Küpper JH. Primary-like human hepatocytes genetically engineered to obtain proliferation competence display hepatic differentiation characteristics in monolayer and organotypical spheroid cultures. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:341-53. [PMID: 26715207 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are in great demand during drug development and in hepatology. However, both scarcity of tissue supply and donor variability of primary cells create a need for the development of alternative hepatocyte systems. By using a lentivirus vector system to transfer coding sequences of Upcyte® proliferation genes, we generated non-transformed stable hepatocyte cultures from human liver tissue samples. Here, we show data on newly generated proliferation-competent HepaFH3 cells investigated as conventional two-dimensional monolayer and as organotypical three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture. In monolayer culture, HepaFH3 cells show typical cobblestone-like hepatocyte morphology and anchorage-dependent growth for at least 20 passages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that characteristic hepatocyte marker proteins cytokeratin 8, human serum albumin, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were expressed. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that expression levels of analyzed phase I CYP enzymes were at similar levels compared to those of cultured primary human hepatocytes and considerably higher than in the liver carcinoma cell line HepG2. Additionally, transcripts for phase II liver enzymes and transporter proteins OATP-C, MRP2, Oct1, and BSEP were present in HepaFH3. The cells produced urea and converted model compounds such as testosterone, diclofenac, and 7-OH-coumarin into phases I and II metabolites. Interestingly, phases I and II enzymes were expressed at about the same levels in convenient monolayer cultures and complex 3D spheroids. In conclusion, HepaFH3 cells and related primary-like hepatocyte lines seem to be promising tools for in vitro research of liver functions and as test system in drug development and toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Max Hansen
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethbauer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Schmidtke
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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20
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Bolleyn J, Fraczek J, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Epigenetic Modifications as Antidedifferentiation Strategy for Primary Hepatocytes in Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:203-211. [PMID: 26272144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A well-known problem of cultured primary hepatocytes is their rapid dedifferentiation. During the last years, several strategies to counteract this phenomenon have been developed, of which changing the in vitro environment is the most popular one. However, mimicking the in vivo setting in vitro by adding soluble media additives or the restoration of both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts is not sufficient and only delays the dedifferentiation process instead of counteracting it. In this chapter, new strategies to prevent the deterioration of the liver-specific phenotype of primary hepatocytes in culture by targeting the (epi)genetic mechanisms that drive hepatocellular gene expression are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Xiao W, Kodama M, Komori K, Sakai Y. Oxygen-permeable membrane-based direct oxygenation remarkably enhances functions and gene expressions of rat hepatocytes in both 3D and sandwich cultures. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Lundquist P, Lööf J, Fagerholm U, Sjögren I, Johansson J, Briem S, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB. Prediction of In Vivo Rat Biliary Drug Clearance from an In Vitro Hepatocyte Efflux Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:459-68. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Dash A, Simmers MB, Deering TG, Berry DJ, Feaver RE, Hastings NE, Pruett TL, LeCluyse EL, Blackman BR, Wamhoff BR. Hemodynamic flow improves rat hepatocyte morphology, function, and metabolic activity in vitro. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1053-63. [PMID: 23485712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro primary hepatocyte systems typically elicit drug induction and toxicity responses at concentrations much higher than corresponding in vivo or clinical plasma C(max) levels, contributing to poor in vitro-in vivo correlations. This may be partly due to the absence of physiological parameters that maintain metabolic phenotype in vivo. We hypothesized that restoring hemodynamics and media transport would improve hepatocyte architecture and metabolic function in vitro compared with nonflow cultures. Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 2 wk either in nonflow collagen gel sandwiches with 48-h media changes or under controlled hemodynamics mimicking sinusoidal circulation within a perfused Transwell device. Phenotypic, functional, and metabolic parameters were assessed at multiple times. Hepatocytes in the devices exhibited polarized morphology, retention of differentiation markers [E-cadherin and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α)], the canalicular transporter [multidrug-resistant protein-2 (Mrp-2)], and significantly higher levels of liver function compared with nonflow cultures over 2 wk (albumin ~4-fold and urea ~5-fold). Gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was significantly higher (fold increase over nonflow: CYP1A1: 53.5 ± 10.3; CYP1A2: 64.0 ± 15.1; CYP2B1: 15.2 ± 2.9; CYP2B2: 2.7 ± 0.8; CYP3A2: 4.0 ± 1.4) and translated to significantly higher basal enzyme activity (device vs. nonflow: CYP1A: 6.26 ± 2.41 vs. 0.42 ± 0.015; CYP1B: 3.47 ± 1.66 vs. 0.4 ± 0.09; CYP3A: 11.65 ± 4.70 vs. 2.43 ± 0.56) while retaining inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene and dexamethasone (fold increase over DMSO: CYP1A = 27.33 and CYP3A = 4.94). These responses were observed at concentrations closer to plasma levels documented in vivo in rats. The retention of in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype and metabolic function coupled with drug response at more physiological concentrations emphasizes the importance of restoring in vivo physiological transport parameters in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dash
- HemoShear, LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
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26
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Metabolism and disposition of acetaminophen: recent advances in relation to hepatotoxicity and diagnosis. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2174-87. [PMID: 23462933 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most widely used drugs. Though safe at therapeutic doses, overdose causes mitochondrial dysfunction and centrilobular necrosis in the liver. The first studies of APAP metabolism and activation were published more than 40 years ago. Most of the drug is eliminated by glucuronidation and sulfation. These reactions are catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1 and 1A6) and sulfotransferases (SULT1A1, 1A3/4, and 1E1), respectively. However, some is converted by CYP2E1 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes to a reactive intermediate that can bind to sulfhydryl groups. The metabolite can deplete liver glutathione (GSH) and modify cellular proteins. GSH binding occurs spontaneously, but may also involve GSH-S-transferases. Protein binding leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. The glucuronide, sulfate, and GSH conjugates are excreted by transporters in the canalicular (Mrp2 and Bcrp) and basolateral (Mrp3 and Mrp4) hepatocyte membranes. Conditions that interfere with metabolism and metabolic activation can alter the hepatotoxicity of the drug. Recent data providing novel insights into these processes, particularly in humans, are reviewed in the context of earlier work, and the effects of altered metabolism and reactive metabolite formation are discussed. Recent advances in the diagnostic use of serum adducts are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Das RK, Banerjee S, Shapiro BH. Noncanonical suppression of GH-dependent isoforms of cytochrome P450 by the somatostatin analog octreotide. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:87-97. [PMID: 23077183 PMCID: PMC3539820 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Octreotide is a potent somatostatin analog therapeutically used to treat several conditions including hyper GH secretion in patients with acromegaly. We infused, over 30 s, octreotide into male rats every 12 h for 6 days at levels considerably greater than typical human therapeutic doses. Unexpectedly, resulting circulating GH profile was characterized by pulses of higher amplitudes, longer durations, and greater total content than normal, but still contained an otherwise male-like episodic secretory profiles. In apparent disaccord, the normally elevated masculine expression levels (protein and/or mRNA) of CYP2C11 (accounting for >50% of the total hepatic cytochrome P450 content), CYP3A2, CYP2C7, and IGF1, dependent on the episodic GH profile, were considerably downregulated. We explain this contradiction by proposing that the requisite minimal GH-devoid interpulse durations in the masculine profile that solely regulate expression of at least CYP2C11 and IGF1 may be sufficiently reduced to suppress transcription of the hepatic genes. Alternatively, we observed that octreotide infusion may have acted directly on the hepatocytes to induce expression of immune response factors postulated to suppress CYP transcription and/or upregulate expression of several negative regulators (e.g. phosphatases and SOCS proteins) of the JAK2/STAT5B signaling pathway that normally mediates the upregulation of CYP2C11 and IGF1 by the masculine episodic GH profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Kumar Das
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
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Fraczek J, Bolleyn J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Primary hepatocyte cultures for pharmaco-toxicological studies: at the busy crossroad of various anti-dedifferentiation strategies. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:577-610. [PMID: 23242478 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing understanding of the molecular triggers responsible for the onset of diseases, paralleled by an equally dynamic evolution of chemical synthesis and screening methods, offers an abundance of pharmacological agents with a potential to become new successful drugs. However, before patients can benefit of newly developed pharmaceuticals, stringent safety filters need to be applied to weed out unfavourable drug candidates. Cost effectiveness and the need to identify compound liabilities, without exposing humans to unnecessary risks, has stimulated the shift of the safety studies to the earliest stages of drug discovery and development. In this regard, in vivo relevant organotypic in vitro models have high potential to revolutionize the preclinical safety testing. They can enable automation of the process, to match the requirements of high-throughput screening approaches, while satisfying ethical considerations. Cultures of primary hepatocytes became already an inherent part of the preclinical pharmaco-toxicological testing battery, yet their routine use, particularly for long-term assays, is limited by the progressive deterioration of liver-specific features. The availability of suitable hepatic and other organ-specific in vitro models is, however, of paramount importance in the light of changing European legal regulations in the field of chemical compounds of different origin, which gradually restrict the use of animal studies for safety assessment, as currently witnessed in cosmetic industry. Fortunately, research groups worldwide spare no effort to establish hepatic in vitro systems. In the present review, both classical and innovative methodologies to stabilize the in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype in culture of primary hepatocytes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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Abstract
The field of microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip technology aims to improve and extend the possibilities of bioassays, cell biology and biomedical research based on the idea of miniaturization. Microfluidic systems allow more accurate modelling of physiological situations for both fundamental research and drug development, and enable systematic high-volume testing for various aspects of drug discovery. Microfluidic systems are in development that not only model biological environments but also physically mimic biological tissues and organs; such 'organs on a chip' could have an important role in expediting early stages of drug discovery and help reduce reliance on animal testing. This Review highlights the latest lab-on-a-chip technologies for drug discovery and discusses the potential for future developments in this field.
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30
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Wakao S, Kitada M, Kuroda Y, Dezawa M. Isolation of adult human pluripotent stem cells from mesenchymal cell populations and their application to liver damages. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 826:89-102. [PMID: 22167642 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-468-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have found a novel type of pluripotent stem cells, Multilineage-differentiating stress enduring (Muse) cells that can be isolated from mesenchymal cell populations. Muse cells are characterized by stress tolerance, expression of pluripotency markers, self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into endodermal-, mesodermal-, and ectodermal-lineage cells from a single cell, demonstrating that they are pluripotent stem cells. They can be isolated as cells positive for stage-specific embryonic antigen-3, a human pluripotent stem cell marker. Here, we introduce the isolation method for Muse cells and the effect of transplantation of these cells on chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Primary hepatocyte cultures as in vitro tools for toxicity testing: quo vadis? Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:541-4. [PMID: 22261203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of primary hepatocytes are versatile tools that can serve many in vitro toxicity testing purposes. However, they cope with dedifferentiation, a process that is already initiated during the hepatocyte isolation procedure and that is manifested as the progressive loss of functionality upon subsequent cultivation. A number of strategies to prevent dedifferentiation have been introduced over the last decades, all which aim at re-establishing the in vivo hepatocyte micro-environment in vitro, but that are of merely limited success. Recent mechanistic insight into the mechanisms that underlie hepatocyte dedifferentiation has opened new avenues for the development of novel approaches that target the actual causes of this deteriorative process and thus for the generation of a long-term hepatic in vitro tool. Such experimental system is urgently needed, especially in the light of the stringent European legislative modifications that are currently encountered by the pharmaceutical, chemical and, particularly, the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Effect of native and NH3 plasma-functionalized polymeric membranes on the gene expression profiles of primary hepatocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:486-96. [DOI: 10.1002/term.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Elferink M, Olinga P, van Leeuwen E, Bauerschmidt S, Polman J, Schoonen W, Heisterkamp S, Groothuis G. Gene expression analysis of precision-cut human liver slices indicates stable expression of ADME-Tox related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Richter C, Reinhardt M, Giselbrecht S, Leisen D, Trouillet V, Truckenmüller R, Blau A, Ziegler C, Welle A. Spatially controlled cell adhesion on three-dimensional substrates. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 12:787-95. [PMID: 20480241 PMCID: PMC2916116 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of cells in vivo is defined by spatiotemporal patterns of chemical and biophysical cues. Therefore, one important goal of tissue engineering is the generation of scaffolds with defined biofunctionalization in order to control processes like cell adhesion and differentiation. Mimicking extrinsic factors like integrin ligands presented by the extracellular matrix is one of the key elements to study cellular adhesion on biocompatible scaffolds. By using special thermoformable polymer films with anchored biomolecules micro structured scaffolds, e.g. curved and µ-patterned substrates, can be fabricated. Here, we present a novel strategy for the fabrication of µ-patterned scaffolds based on the “Substrate Modification and Replication by Thermoforming” (SMART) technology: The surface of a poly lactic acid membrane, having a low forming temperature of 60°C and being initially very cell attractive, was coated with a photopatterned layer of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (VAHyal) to gain spatial control over cell adhesion. Subsequently, this modified polymer membrane was thermoformed to create an array of spherical microcavities with diameters of 300 µm for 3D cell culture. Human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and mouse fibroblasts (L929) were used to demonstrate guided cell adhesion. HepG2 cells adhered and aggregated exclusively within these cavities without attaching to the passivated surfaces between the cavities. Also L929 cells adhering very strongly on the pristine substrate polymer were effectively patterned by the cell repellent properties of the hyaluronic acid based hydrogel. This is the first time cell adhesion was controlled by patterned functionalization of a polymeric substrate with UV curable PLL-VAHyal in thermoformed 3D microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Richter
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Zellmer S, Schmidt-Heck W, Godoy P, Weng H, Meyer C, Lehmann T, Sparna T, Schormann W, Hammad S, Kreutz C, Timmer J, von Weizsäcker F, Thürmann PA, Merfort I, Guthke R, Dooley S, Hengstler JG, Gebhardt R. Transcription factors ETF, E2F, and SP-1 are involved in cytokine-independent proliferation of murine hepatocytes. Hepatology 2010; 52:2127-36. [PMID: 20979052 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cellular basis of liver regeneration has been intensely investigated for many years. However, the mechanisms initiating hepatocyte "plasticity" and priming for proliferation are not yet fully clear. We investigated alterations in gene expression patterns during the first 72 hours of C57BL/6N mouse hepatocyte culture on collagen monolayers (CM), which display a high basal frequency of proliferation in the absence of cytokines. Although many metabolic genes were down-regulated, genes related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and cell cycle were up-regulated. The latter genes showed an overrepresentation of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) for ETF (TEA domain family member 2), E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1), and SP-1 (Sp1 transcription factor) (P < 0.001), all depending on MAPK signaling. Time-dependent increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation occurred during the first 48 hours (and beyond) in the absence of cytokines, accompanied by an enhanced bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of 20%. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 blunted these effects indicating MAPK signaling as major trigger for this cytokine-independent proliferative response. In line with these in vitro findings, liver tissue of mice challenged with CCl(4) displayed hepatocytes with intense p-ERK1/2 staining and nuclear SP-1 and E2F1 expression. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes in mice after partial hepatectomy contained overrepresented TFBS for ETF, E2F1, and SP-1 and displayed increased expression of E2F1. CONCLUSION Cultivation of murine hepatocytes on CM primes cells for proliferation through cytokine-independent activation of MAPK signaling. The transcription factors ETF, E2F1, and SP-1 seem to play a pronounced role in mediating proliferation-dependent differential gene expression. Similar events, but on a shorter time-scale, occur very early after liver damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zellmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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36
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Mitchell RM, Simmons Z, Beard JL, Stephens HE, Connor JR. Plasma biomarkers associated with ALS and their relationship to iron homeostasis. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:95-103. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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van Dartel DAM, Pennings JLA, de la Fonteyne LJJ, van Herwijnen MH, van Delft JH, van Schooten FJ, Piersma AH. Monitoring developmental toxicity in the embryonic stem cell test using differential gene expression of differentiation-related genes. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:130-9. [PMID: 20421339 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been designed to predict developmental toxicity based upon compound-induced inhibition of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. The end point scoring, the test duration, and the definition of the predictivity and the applicability domain require improvements to facilitate implementation of the EST into regulatory testing strategies. The use of transcriptomics to study compound-induced differentiation modulation may improve the EST in each of these aspects. ESC differentiation was induced, and cell samples were collected after 0, 24, and 48 h of differentiation. Additionally, samples were collected that were 24 h exposed to one of five developmentally toxic compounds or a nondevelopmentally toxic compound. All samples were hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChips, and analyses revealed that 26 genes were significantly regulated both during ESC differentiation and by exposure to each of the developmentally toxic compounds tested. Using principal component analysis, we defined a "differentiation track" on the basis of this gene list, which represents ESC differentiation. We showed that significant deviation from the differentiation track was in line with the developmental toxic properties of the compounds. The significance of deviation was analyzed using the leave-one-out cross-validation, which showed a favorable prediction of toxicity in the system. Our findings show that gene expression signatures can be used to identify developmental toxicant-induced differentiation modulation. In addition, studying compound-induced effects at an early stage of differentiation combined with transcriptomics leads to increased objectivity in determining differentiation inhibition and to a reduction of the test duration. Furthermore, this approach may improve the predictivity and applicability domain of the EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A M van Dartel
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Slany A, Haudek VJ, Zwickl H, Gundacker NC, Grusch M, Weiss TS, Seir K, Rodgarkia-Dara C, Hellerbrand C, Gerner C. Cell characterization by proteome profiling applied to primary hepatocytes and hepatocyte cell lines Hep-G2 and Hep-3B. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6-21. [PMID: 19678649 DOI: 10.1021/pr900057t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are known to express a large number of characteristic proteins. Transformed and cultured hepatocytes only partially maintain functional cell differentiation characteristics, which can be assessed by proteome profiling. Here, we applied 2D-PAGE analysis in addition to shotgun proteomics to assess the functional cell state of primary human hepatocytes (PHH), HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Out of a total of 1995 proteins identified in the cytoplasm of these cells, we filtered 107 proteins which are characteristic for hepatocytes. A total of 104 of those were identified in primary human hepatocytes, 20 in HepG2, and only 6 in Hep3B. Forty-six out of 72 proteins identified in the secretome of PHH, 55 out of 139 in HepG2, and only 24 out of 72 in Hep3B were plasma proteins characteristic for hepatocytes. Beside other biomarker candidates presently identified, 11 proteins of the HepG2 secretome have been described previously as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of indications that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) may have occurred in the cultured hepatoma cells, we included the analysis of fibroblasts representative for mesenchymal cells. Hep3B, but not HepG2, secreted five proteins including follistatin-related protein 1 which are characteristic for mesenchymal cells and may be marker proteins for EMT. Our data demonstrate that HepG2 show more features characteristic for hepatocytes than Hep3B, while Hep3B express more mesenchymal proteins indicative for EMT. Proteome profiling thus proved to enable comprehensive assessment of functional cell states and cell differentiation states of cultured hepatocytes and enabled the identification of numerous biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Slany
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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39
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. The use of hepatocytes to investigate drug toxicity. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:389-415. [PMID: 20645064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver is very active in metabolizing foreign compounds and the major target for toxicity caused by drugs. Hepatotoxicity may be the result of the drug itself or, more frequently, a result of the bioactivation process and the production of reactive metabolites. Prioritization of compounds based on human hepatotoxicity potential is currently a key unmet need in drug discovery, as it can become a major problem for several lead compounds in later stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Therefore, evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity represents a critical step in the development of new drugs. Cultured hepatocytes are increasingly used by the pharmaceutical industry for the screening of hepatotoxic potential of new molecules. Hepatocytes in culture retain hepatic key functions and constitute a valuable tool to identify chemically induced cellular damage. Their use has notably contributed to the understanding of mechanisms responsible for hepatotoxicity (disruption of cellular energy status, alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis, inhibition of transport systems, metabolic activation, oxidative stress, covalent binding, etc.). Assessment of current cytotoxicity and hepatic-specific biochemical effects is limited by the inability to measure a wide spectrum of potential mechanistic changes involved in the drug-induced toxic injury. A convenient selection of endpoints allows a multiparametric evaluation of drug toxicity. In this regard, cytomic, proteomic, toxicogenomic and metabonomic approaches help to define patterns of hepatotoxicity for early identification of potential adverse effects of the drug to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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