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Kanungo J, Sorkin BC, Krzykwa J, Mitchell CA, Embry M, Spencer P, Harry GJ, Cannon J, Liu F, McPherson CA, Gafner S, Westerink RHS. Screening tools to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of botanicals: building a strategy to assess safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:629-646. [PMID: 38984683 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2378895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This paper outlines the selection of NAMs, including in vitro assays using primary rat cortical neurons, zebrafish embryos, and Caenorhabditis elegans. These assays aim to assess neurotoxic endpoints such as neuronal activity and behavioral responses. Microelectrode array recordings of rat cortical neurons provide insights into the impact of botanical extracts on neuronal function, while the zebrafish embryos and C. elegans assays evaluate neurobehavioral responses. The paper also provides an account of the selection of botanical case studies based on expert judgment and existing neuroactivity/toxicity information. The proposed battery of assays will be tested with these case studies to evaluate their utility for neurotoxicity screening. EXPERT OPINION The complexity of botanicals necessitates the use of multiple NAMs for effective neurotoxicity screening. This paper discusses the evaluation of methodologies to develop a robust framework for evaluating botanical safety, including complex neuronal models and key neurodevelopmental process assays. It aims to establish a comprehensive screening framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Barbara C Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Krzykwa
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - G Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason Cannon
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Christopher A McPherson
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Remco H S Westerink
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chen S, Ren Z, Guo L. Hepatotoxicity of usnic acid and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38904414 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2366737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Since usnic acid was first isolated in 1844 as a prominent secondary lichen metabolite, it has been used for various purposes worldwide. Usnic acid has been claimed to possess numerous therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-proliferative, and antipyretic activities. Approximately two decades ago, crude extracts of usnic acid or pure usnic acid were marketed in the United States as dietary supplements for aiding in weight loss as a "fat-burner" and gained popularity in the bodybuilding community; however, hepatotoxicity was documented for some usnic acid containing products. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received numerous reports of liver toxicity associated with the use of dietary supplements containing usnic acid, leading the FDA to issue a warning letter in 2001 on a product, LipoKinetix. The FDA also sent a recommendation letter to the manufacturer of LipoKinetix, resulting in the withdrawal of LipoKinetix from the market. These events triggered investigations into the hepatotoxicity of usnic acid and its mechanisms. In 2008, we published a review article titled "Usnic Acid and Usnea Barbata Toxicity". This review is an updated version of our previous review article and incorporates additional data published since 2008. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the understanding of the liver toxicity associated with usnic acid, with a particular focus on the current understanding of the putative mechanisms of usnic acid-related hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Thakur M, Kasi IK, Islary P, Bhatti SK. Nutritional and Health-Promoting Effects of Lichens Used in Food Applications. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:555-566. [PMID: 37581862 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lichens have a huge significance which is used in nutrition due to the bioactive components within. Lichen is a nutrient-dense resourceful diet nearly every day meal and has long been used as food; also, these valuable natural resources are now being utilized for a wide range of other purposes. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the nutritional and edible qualities of lichens as well as the possible health benefits of lichens. It is interesting to note that lichen is a nutrient-dense and functional food. It is a nutritional resource that can mitigate the effects of malnutrition to some amount. RECENT FINDINGS There is an indication that an intake of lichens as natural foods was associated with nutritional and health-promoting properties. Lichens have proven to have theoretically rich nutritional value, and their extracts and active constituents have also been shown to have multiple health benefits. Low-fat content, high carbohydrate, and crude fibre content; plentiful mineral components; and good protein sources are all thought to contribute to lichen's nutritional value. There is a lot of potential for using lichens as an effective food source and ensuring people's food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Thakur
- Division Botany, Department of Bio-Sciences, Career Point University, Hamirpur, 176041, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Indra Kumar Kasi
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Yaswant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pungbili Islary
- Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Sayeeda Kousar Bhatti
- Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, 185211, UT, India
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Poulsen-Silva E, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F, Atala C, Moreno AA, Otero MC. Bioactive Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Presence in Species from Chile. Metabolites 2023; 13:805. [PMID: 37512512 PMCID: PMC10383681 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of at least one fungal and one algal species. They are found in different environments around the world, even in the poles and deserts. Some species can withstand extreme abiotic conditions, including radiation and the vacuum of space. Their chemistry is mainly due to the fungal metabolism and the production of several secondary metabolites with biological activity, which have been isolated due to an increasing interest from the pharmaceutical community. However, beyond the experimental data, little is known about their mechanisms of action and the potential pharmaceutical use of these kinds of molecules, especially the ones isolated from lesser-known species and/or lesser-studied countries. The main objective of this review is to analyze the bibliographical data of the biological activity of secondary metabolites from lichens, identifying the possible mechanisms of action and lichen species from Chile. We carried out a bibliographic revision of different scientific articles in order to collect all necessary information on the biological activity of the metabolites of these lichen species. For this, validated databases were used. We found the most recent reports where in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the biological properties of these metabolites. The biological activity, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, of 26 secondary metabolites are described, as well as their reported molecular mechanisms. The most notable metabolites found in this review were usnic acid, atranorin, protolichesterinic acid, and lobaric acid. Usnic acid was the most investigated metabolite, in addition to undergoing toxicological and pharmacological studies, where a hepatotoxicity effect was reported due to uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, no major studies have been made to validate the pharmacological application of these metabolites, and few advancements have been made in their artificial growth in bioreactors. Despite the described biological activities, there is little support to consider these metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations or to evaluate them in clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to carry out further studies regarding their possible human health effects. These lichen secondary metabolites present a promising research opportunity to find new pharmaceutical molecules due to their bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Poulsen-Silva
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - María Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Wang H, Xuan M, Diao J, Xu N, Li M, Huang C, Wang C. Metabolism and toxicity of usnic acid and barbatic acid based on microsomes, S9 fraction, and 3T3 fibroblasts in vitro combined with a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1207928. [PMID: 37397492 PMCID: PMC10308081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1207928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Usnic acid (UA) and barbatic acid (BA), two typical dibenzofurans and depsides in lichen, have a wide range of pharmacological activities and hepatotoxicity concerns. This study aimed to clarify the metabolic pathway of UA and BA and illuminate the relationship between metabolism and toxicity. Methods: An UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was developed for metabolite identification of UA and BA in human liver microsomes (HLMs), rat liver microsomes (RLMs), and S9 fraction (RS9). The key metabolic enzymes responsible for UA and BA were identified by enzyme inhibitors combined with recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. The cytotoxicity and metabolic toxicity mechanism of UA and BA were determined by the combination model of human primary hepatocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Results: The hydroxylation, methylation, and glucuronidation reactions were involved in the metabolic profiles of UA and BA in RLMs, HLMs, and RS9. CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and UGT1A1 are key metabolic enzymes responsible for metabolites of UA and CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP1A1, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10 for metabolites of BA. UA and BA did not display evident cytotoxicity in human primary hepatocytes at concentrations of 0.01-25 and 0.01-100 µM, respectively, but showed potential cytotoxicity to mouse 3T3 fibroblasts with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 7.40 and 60.2 µM. Discussion: In conclusion, the attenuated cytotoxicity of BA is associated with metabolism, and UGTs may be the key metabolic detoxification enzymes. The cytotoxicity of UA may be associated with chronic toxicity. The present results provide important insights into the understanding of the biotransformation behavior and metabolic detoxification of UA and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Wang
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Eighth People’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Juanjuan Diao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Medical University (Xuelanshan Campus), Urumqi, China
| | - Nan Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Manlin Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nardi M, Brocchini S, Somavarapu S, Procopio A. Hydroxytyrosol oleate: A promising neuroprotective nanocarrier delivery system of oleuropein and derivatives. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122498. [PMID: 36535454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Olive Phenols (OPs) are known to be potent antioxidants and possess various bioactivities and health benefits. Epidemiological studies suggested that consumption of olive oil reduces the risk of different diseases exerting a protective effect against certain malignant tumors (prostate, breast, digestive tract, endothelium, etc.). However, extremely low absorption rate of olive phenolic compounds restricts their bioactivity. In this context, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a promising solution because they provide higher drug stability and can incorporate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Interesting experimental results have been obtained using hydroxytyrosol oleate (HtyOle) as a main component of a nanoparticle delivery system containing oleuropein (OL), oleuropein aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EA), or hydroxytyrosol itself (Hty). In this work, hydroxytyrosol oleate (HtyOle) and hydroxytyrosol oleate (HtyOle)-based solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. In addition, we evaluatedin vitro their antioxidant activity by DPPH assays and by ROS formation using the SH-SY5Y cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Nardi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Department of Health Sciences, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Viale Europa - Campus Universitario "S. Venuta" - Loc. Germaneto 88100, (CZ), Italy.
| | - Steve Brocchini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Satyanarayana Somavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Viale Europa - Campus Universitario "S. Venuta" - Loc. Germaneto 88100, (CZ), Italy
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ROS-Induced DNA-Damage and Autophagy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Usnea barbata Oil Extract-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314836. [PMID: 36499160 PMCID: PMC9738295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with aging, cancers, and numerous metabolic and chronic disorders, and phenolic compounds are well known for their health-promoting role due to their free-radical scavenging activity. These phytochemicals could also exhibit pro-oxidant effects. Due to its bioactive phenolic secondary metabolites, Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex. F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) displays anticancer and antioxidant activities and has been used as a phytomedicine for thousands of years. The present work aims to analyze the properties of U. barbata extract in canola oil (UBO). The UBO cytotoxicity on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) CLS-354 cell line and blood cell cultures was explored through complex flow cytometry analyses regarding apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, the enzymatic activity of caspase 3/7, cell cycle, nuclear shrinkage (NS), autophagy (A), and synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). All these studies were concomitantly performed on canola oil (CNO) to evidence the interaction of lichen metabolites with the constituents of this green solvent used for extraction. The obtained data evidenced that UBO inhibited CLS-354 oral cancer cell proliferation through ROS generation (316.67 × 104), determining higher levels of nuclear shrinkage (40.12%), cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 (92.51%; G0 is the differentiation phase, while during G1 phase occurs preparation for cell division), DNA fragmentation (2.97%), and autophagy (62.98%) than in blood cells. At a substantially higher ROS level in blood cells (5250.00 × 104), the processes that lead to cell death-NS (30.05%), cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 (86.30%), DNA fragmentation (0.72%), and autophagy (39.37%)-are considerably lower than in CLS-354 oral cancer cells. Our work reveals the ROS-mediated anticancer potential of UBO through DNA damage and autophagy. Moreover, the present study suggests that UBO pharmacological potential could result from the synergism between lichen secondary metabolites and canola oil phytoconstituents.
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Wang H, Xuan M, Huang C, Wang C. Advances in Research on Bioactivity, Toxicity, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics of Usnic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2022; 27:7469. [PMID: 36364296 PMCID: PMC9657990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are among the most widely distributed plants on earth and have the longest growth cycle. Usnic acid is an abundant characteristic secondary metabolite of lichens and the earliest lichen compound used commercially. It has diverse pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and photoprotective effects, and promotes wound healing. It is widely used in dietary supplements, daily chemical products (fodder, dyes, food, perfumery, and cosmetics), and medicine. However, some studies have found that usnic acid can cause allergic dermatitis and drug-induced liver injury. In this paper, the bioactivity, toxicity, in vivo and in vitro metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of usnic acid were summarized. The aims were to develop and utilize usnic acid and provide reference for its future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Wang
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 230 Baoding Road, Shanghai 200082, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Xuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Eighth People’s Hospital, 84 Fengshan Road, Qingdao 266121, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Toxicity of Usnic Acid: A Narrative Review. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:8244340. [PMID: 36310641 PMCID: PMC9605823 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8244340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usnic acid (UA) is a dibenzofuran derivative naturally present in lichens, organisms resulting from the symbiosis between a fungus and a cyanobacterium, or an alga. UA shows antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory as well as UV-protective activities. Its use as pharmacological agent is widely described in traditional medicine, and in the past few years, the product has been marketed as a food supplement for the induction of weight loss. However, the development of severe hepatotoxicity in a limited number of subjects prompted the FDA to issue a warning letter, which led to the withdrawal of the product from the market in November 2001. Data published in literature on UA toxicology, genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and teratogenicity have been reviewed, as well as the case reports of subjects who developed hepatotoxicity following oral administration of UA as a slimming agent. Finally, we reviewed the most recent studies on the topical use of UA, as well as studies aimed at improving UA pharmacologic activity and reducing toxicity. Indeed, advancements in this field of research could open the possibility to reintroduce the use of UA as therapeutical agent.
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Popovici V, Matei E, Cozaru GC, Bucur L, Gîrd CE, Schröder V, Ozon EA, Mitu MA, Musuc AM, Petrescu S, Atkinson I, Rusu A, Mitran RA, Anastasescu M, Caraiane A, Lupuliasa D, Aschie M, Dumitru E, Badea V. Design, Characterization, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Mucoadhesive Oral Patches Loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Ethanol Extract F-UBE-HPMC. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1801. [PMID: 36139875 PMCID: PMC9495557 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity's common pathologies are tooth decay, periodontal disease, and oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent oral malignancy, with a high mortality rate. Our study aims to formulate, develop, characterize, and pharmacologically investigate the oral mucoadhesive patches (F-UBE-HPMC) loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg dry ethanol extract (UBE), using HPMC K100 as a film-forming polymer. Each patch contains 312 µg UBE, with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 178.849 µg and 33.924 µg usnic acid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed for their morphological characterization, followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pharmacotechnical evaluation involved the measurement of the specific parameters for mucoadhesive oral patches as follows: weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, elongation, moisture content, pH, disintegration time, swelling rate, and ex vivo mucoadhesion time. Thus, each F-UBE-HPMC has 104 ± 4.31 mg, a pH = 7.05 ± 0.04, a disintegration time of 130 ± 4.14 s, a swelling ratio of 272 ± 6.31% after 6 h, and a mucoadhesion time of 102 ± 3.22 min. Then, F-UBE-HPMCs pharmacological effects were investigated using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSL assay) as a cytotoxicity prescreening test, followed by complex flow cytometry analyses on blood cell cultures and oral epithelial squamous cell carcinoma CLS-354 cell line. The results revealed significant anticancer effects by considerably increasing oxidative stress and blocking DNA synthesis in CLS-354 cancer cells. The antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27353, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was assessed by a Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method. The patches moderately inhibited both bacteria strains growing and displayed a significant antifungal effect, higher on C. albicans than on C. parapsilosis. All these properties lead to considering F-UBE-HPMC suitable for oral disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Popovici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania
| | - Elena Matei
- Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University of Constanta, CEDMOG, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Georgeta Camelia Cozaru
- Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University of Constanta, CEDMOG, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Clinical Service of Pathology, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Laura Bucur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Adriana Mitu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Petrescu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Atkinson
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Rusu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raul-Augustin Mitran
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Anastasescu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Aschie
- Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University of Constanta, CEDMOG, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Clinical Service of Pathology, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Eugen Dumitru
- Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University of Constanta, CEDMOG, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, Emergency Hospital of Constanța, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Victoria Badea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania
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Srimani S, Schmidt CX, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Oster H, Divakar PK. Modulation of Cellular Circadian Rhythms by Secondary Metabolites of Lichens. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:907308. [PMID: 35813500 PMCID: PMC9260025 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.907308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most mammalian cells harbor molecular circadian clocks that synchronize physiological functions with the 24-h day-night cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms, through genetic or environmental changes, promotes the development of disorders like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. At the cellular level, circadian, mitotic, and redox cycles are functionally coupled. Evernic (EA) and usnic acid (UA), two lichen secondary metabolites, show various pharmacological activities including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective action. All these effects have likewise been associated with a functional circadian clock. Hypothesis/Purpose To test, if the lichen compounds EA and UA modulate circadian clock function at the cellular level. Methods We used three different cell lines and two circadian luminescence reporter systems for evaluating dose- and time-dependent effects of EA/UA treatment on cellular clock regulation at high temporal resolution. Output parameters studied were circadian luminescence rhythm period, amplitude, phase, and dampening rate. Results Both compounds had marked effects on clock rhythm amplitudes and dampening independent of cell type, with UA generally showing a higher efficiency than EA. Only in fibroblast cells, significant effects on clock period were observed for UA treated cells showing shorter and EA treated cells showing longer period lengths. Transient treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts at different phases had only minor clock resetting effects for both compounds. Conclusion Secondary metabolites of lichen alter cellular circadian clocks through amplitude reduction and increased rhythm dampening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Srimani
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cosima Xenia Schmidt
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Popovici V, Bucur L, Gîrd CE, Rambu D, Calcan SI, Cucolea EI, Costache T, Ungureanu-Iuga M, Oroian M, Mironeasa S, Schröder V, Ozon EA, Lupuliasa D, Caraiane A, Badea V. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Rheological Properties of Canola Oil Extract of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg from Călimani Mountains, Romania. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070854. [PMID: 35406834 PMCID: PMC9002375 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Usnea genus (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes) is a potent phytomedicine, due to phenolic secondary metabolites, with various pharmacological effects. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and rheological properties of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) extract in canola oil (UBO) compared to cold-pressed canola seed oil (CNO), as a green solvent used for lichen extraction, which has phytoconstituents. The antiradical activity (AA) of UBO and CNO was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Their cytotoxicity was examined in vivo through a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) test after Artemia salina (A. salina) larvae exposure for 6 h to previously emulsified UBO and CNO. The rheological properties of both oil samples (flow behavior, thixotropy, and temperature-dependent viscosity variation) were comparatively analyzed. The obtained results showed that UBO (IC50 = 0.942 ± 0.004 mg/mL) had a higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than CNO (IC50 = 1.361 ± 0.008 mg/mL). Both UBO and CNO emulsions induced different and progressive morphological changes to A. salina larvae, incompatible with their survival; UBO cytotoxicity was higher than that of CNO. Finally, in the temperature range of 32-37 °C, the UBO and CNO viscosity and viscoelastic behavior indicated a clear weakening of the intermolecular bond when temperature increases, leading to a more liquid state, appropriate for possible pharmaceutical formulations. All quantified parameters were highly intercorrelated. Moreover, their significant correlation with trace/heavy minerals and phenolic compounds can be observed. All data obtained also suggest a possible synergism between lichen secondary metabolites, minerals, and canola oil phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Popovici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Bucur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Dan Rambu
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Suzana Ioana Calcan
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Elena Iulia Cucolea
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Teodor Costache
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Mădălina Ungureanu-Iuga
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Integrated Center for Research, Development, and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Mircea Oroian
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Silvia Mironeasa
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Emma-Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Victoria Badea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
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Studzińska-Sroka E, Majchrzak-Celińska A, Zalewski P, Szwajgier D, Baranowska-Wójcik E, Kaproń B, Plech T, Żarowski M, Cielecka-Piontek J. Lichen-Derived Compounds and Extracts as Biologically Active Substances with Anticancer and Neuroprotective Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121293. [PMID: 34959693 PMCID: PMC8704315 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a source of chemical compounds with valuable biological properties, structurally predisposed to penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Hence, our research aimed to examine the biological potential of lipophilic extracts of Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri, Cladonia uncialis, and their major secondary metabolites, in the context of searching for new therapies for CNS diseases, mainly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The extracts selected for the study were standardized for their content of salazinic acid, evernic acid, and (−)-usnic acid, respectively. The extracts and lichen metabolites were evaluated in terms of their anti-tumor activity, i.e., cytotoxicity against A-172 and T98G cell lines and anti-IDO1, IDO2, TDO activity, their anti-inflammatory properties exerted by anti-COX-2 and anti-hyaluronidase activity, antioxidant activity, and anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity. The results of this study indicate that lichen-derived compounds and extracts exert significant cytotoxicity against GBM cells, inhibit the kynurenine pathway enzymes, and have anti-inflammatory properties and weak antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase properties. Moreover, evernic acid and (−)-usnic acid were shown to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. These results demonstrate that lichen-derived extracts and compounds, especially (−)-usnic acid, can be regarded as prototypes of pharmacologically active compounds within the CNS, especially suitable for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Zalewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.B.-W.)
| | - Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.B.-W.)
| | - Barbara Kaproń
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Żarowski
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
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14
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Nikolin VP, Popova NA, Kaledin VI, Luzina OA, Zakharenko AL, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. The influence of an enamine usnic acid derivative (a tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor) on the therapeutic effect of topotecan against transplanted tumors in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:431-440. [PMID: 34370156 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is a repair enzyme for 3'-end DNA lesions, predominantly stalled DNA-topoisomerase 1 (Top1) cleavage complexes. Tdp1 is a promising target for anticancer therapy based on DNA damage caused by Top1 poisoning. Earlier, we have reported about usnic acid enamine derivatives that are Tdp1 inhibitors sensitizing tumor cells to the action of Top1 poison (Zakharenko in J Nat Prod 79:2961-2967, 2016). In the present work, we showed a sensitizing effect of an enamine derivative of usnic acid (when administered intragastrically) on Lewis lung carcinoma in mice in combination with topotecan (TPT, Top1 poison used in the clinic). In the presence of the usnic acid derivative, both the volume of the primary tumor and the number of metastases significantly diminished. The absence of acute toxicity of this compound was demonstrated, as was the importance of the method of its administration for the manifestation of the sensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Nikolin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - N A Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - V I Kaledin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - O A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - A L Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - N F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - O I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
- Altai State University, 61 Lenina Ave., Barnaul, Russian Federation, 656049.
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15
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Usnic Acid and Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts Promote Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells through Enhancing ROS Levels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081171. [PMID: 34439420 PMCID: PMC8388874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous biomedical studies performed on natural compounds and plant extracts aim to obtain highly selective pharmacological activities without unwanted toxic effects. In the big world of medicinal plants, Usnea barbata (L) F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) and usnic acid (UA) are well-known for their therapeutical properties. One of the most studied properties is their cytotoxicity on various tumor cells. This work aims to evaluate their cytotoxic potential on normal blood cells. Three dry U. barbata extracts in various solvents: ethyl acetate (UBEA), acetone (UBA), and ethanol (UBE) were prepared. From UBEA we isolated usnic acid with high purity by semipreparative chromatography. Then, UA, UBA, and UBE dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in four concentrations were tested for their toxicity on human blood cells. The blood samples were collected from a healthy non-smoker donor; the obtained blood cell cultures were treated with the tested samples. After 24 h, the cytotoxic effect was analyzed through the mechanisms that can cause cell death: early and late apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activity, nuclear apoptosis, autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Generally, the cytotoxic effect was directly proportional to the increase of concentrations, usnic acid inducing the most significant response. At high concentrations, usnic acid and U. barbata extracts induced apoptosis and DNA damage in human blood cells, increasing ROS levels. Our study reveals the importance of prior natural products toxicity evaluation on normal cells to anticipate their limits and benefits as potential anticancer drugs.
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16
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Popovici V, Bucur L, Popescu A, Schröder V, Costache T, Rambu D, Cucolea IE, Gîrd CE, Caraiane A, Gherghel D, Vochita G, Badea V. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts in Different Solvents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:909. [PMID: 34062835 PMCID: PMC8147331 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lichens represent a significant source of antioxidants due to numerous metabolites that can reduce free radicals. Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. has been recognized and used since ancient times for its therapeutic effects, some of which are based on its antioxidant properties. The present study aims to analyze the phytochemical profile and to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of this lichen species. Five dry extracts of U. barbata (UBDE) in different solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water) were prepared by refluxing at Soxhlet to achieve these proposed objectives and to identify which solvent is the most effective for the extraction. The usnic acid content (UAC) was quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The total polyphenols content (TPC) and tannins content (TC) were evaluated by spectrophotometry, and the total polysaccharides (PSC) were extracted by a gravimetric method. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical method was used to assess the antioxidant activity (AA) and the Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) assay was the biotest for cytotoxic activity evaluation. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest usnic acid content, and acetone extract had the highest content of total polyphenols and tannins. The most significant antioxidant effect was reported to methanol extract, and all the extracts proved high cytotoxicity. The water extract has the lowest cytotoxicity because usnic acid is slightly soluble in this solvent, and it was not found at UHPLC analysis. All extracts recorded a moderate correlation between the content of usnic acid, polyphenols, tannins, and AA; furthermore, it has been observed that the cytotoxicity varies inversely with the antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Popovici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Bucur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Antoanela Popescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Teodor Costache
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Ilfov, Romania; (T.C.); (D.R.); (I.E.C.)
| | - Dan Rambu
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Ilfov, Romania; (T.C.); (D.R.); (I.E.C.)
| | - Iulia Elena Cucolea
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Ilfov, Romania; (T.C.); (D.R.); (I.E.C.)
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Daniela Gherghel
- Institute of Biological Research Iasi, Branch of NIRDBS, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania; (D.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriela Vochita
- Institute of Biological Research Iasi, Branch of NIRDBS, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania; (D.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Victoria Badea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
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Kwong SP, Huang Z, Ji L, Wang C. PORIMIN: The key to (+)-Usnic acid-induced liver toxicity and oncotic cell death in normal human L02 liver cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113873. [PMID: 33485970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Usnic acid (UA) is one of the well-known lichen metabolites that induces liver injury. It is mainly extracted from Usnea longissima and U. diffracta in China or from other lichens in other countries. U. longissima has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of cough, pain, indigestion, wound healing and infection. More than 20 incidences with hepatitis and liver failure have been reported by the US Food and Drug Administration since 2000. UA is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation causing glutathione and ATP depletion. Previous histological studies observed extensive cell and organelle swellings accompanied with hydrotropic vacuolization of hepatocytes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to investigate the mechanism of UA-induced liver toxicity in normal human L02 liver cells and ICR mice using various techniques, such as immunoblotting and siRNA transfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Assays were performed to evaluate the oxidative stress and levels of GSH, MDA and SOD. Double flouresencence staining was used for the detection of apoptotic cell death. The protein expressions, such as glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase 4, catalase, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, caspases, gastamin-D and porimin were detected by Western blotting. Comparisons between transfected and non-transfected cells were applied for the elucidation of the role of porimin in UA-induced hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination of mice liver tissue, serum total bilirubin and hepatic enzymes of alanine aminotransferase and aspatate aminotransferase were also studied. RESULTS The protein expressions of glutathione reductase, glutathione S transferase and glutathione peroxidase-4 were increased significantly in normal human L02 liver cells. Catalase expression was diminished in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, (+)-UA did not induce the activation of caspase-3, caspase-1 or gasdermin-D. No evidence showed the occurrence of pyroptosis. However, the porimin expressions were increased significantly. In addition, (+)-UA caused no cytotoxicity in the porimin silencing L02 cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, (+)-UA induces oncotic L02 cell death via increasing protein porimin and the formation of irreversible membrane pores. This may be the potential research area for future investigation in different aspects especially bioactivity and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukfan P Kwong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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18
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Kwong SP, Wang C. Review: Usnic acid-induced hepatotoxicity and cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103493. [PMID: 32961280 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of herbal and dietary supplement-induced hepatotoxicity has been reported worldwide. Usnic acid (UA) is a well-known hepatotoxin derived from lichens. Since 2000, more than 20 incident reports have been received by the US Food and Drug Administration after intake of UA containing dietary supplement resulting in severe complications. Scientists and clinicians have been studying the cause, prevention and treatment of UA-induced hepatotoxicity. It is now known that UA decouples oxidative phosphorylation, induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, decreases glutathione (GSH), and induces oxidative stress markedly leading to lipid peroxidation and organelle stress. In addition, experimental rat liver tissues have shown massive vacuolization associated with cellular swellings. Additionally, various signaling pathways, such as c-JNK N-terminal kinase (JNK), store-operated calcium entry, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) pathways are stimulated by UA causing beneficial or harmful effects. Nevertheless, there are controversial issues, such as UA-induced inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses, cytochrome P450 detoxifying UA into non-toxic or transforming UA into reactive metabolites, and unknown mechanism of the formation of vacuolization and membrane pore. This article focused on the previous and latest comprehensive putative mechanistic findings of UA-induced hepatotoxicity and cell death. New insights on controversial issues and future perspectives are also discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukfan P Kwong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Popovici V, Bucur LA, Schröder V, Gherghel D, Mihai CT, Caraiane A, Badea FC, Vochița G, Badea V. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of the Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Extract. Molecules 2020; 25:E1865. [PMID: 32316674 PMCID: PMC7221659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of lichens have proven to be promising sources of anticancer drugs; one of the most important of these is usnic acid, which is a phenolic compound with dibenzofuran structure that is responsible for the numerous biological actions of lichens of genus Usnea. As a result, in this study, we related to this phenolic secondary metabolite. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg dry acetone extract (UBE). In advance, the usnic acid content was determined in various extracts of Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg: the liquid extracts were found in water, ethanol, acetone, and the dry acetone extract; the highest usnic acid quantity was found in the dry acetone extract. First, the cytotoxic action of UBE was assessed using Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) test; a significant lethal effect was obtained after 24 h of treatment at high used concentrations of UBE, and it was quantified by the high mortality rate of the Artemia salina (L.) larvae. Secondly, in vitro cytotoxicity of UBE was evaluated on human tongue squamous cells carcinoma, using CAL 27 (ATCC® CRL-2095™) cell line. The most intense cytotoxic effect of UBE on CAL 27 cells was registered after 24 h; this response is directly proportional with the tested UBE concentrations. The obtained results have been reported regarding usnic acid content of UBE, and the data show that CAL 27 cells death was induced by apoptosis and high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Popovici
- Departament of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Adriana Bucur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
| | - Daniela Gherghel
- Institute of Biological Research Iasi, branch of NIRDBS, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania; (C.T.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Cosmin Teodor Mihai
- Institute of Biological Research Iasi, branch of NIRDBS, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania; (C.T.M.); (G.V.)
- Advanced Centre for Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 9-13 Mihail Kogalniceanu Street, 700259 Iasi, Romania
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Str., 900684 Constanta, Romania; (A.C.); (F.C.B.)
| | - Florin Ciprian Badea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Str., 900684 Constanta, Romania; (A.C.); (F.C.B.)
| | - Gabriela Vochița
- Institute of Biological Research Iasi, branch of NIRDBS, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania; (C.T.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Victoria Badea
- Departament of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
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20
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Mohammadi M, Zambare V, Malek L, Gottardo C, Suntres Z, Christopher L. Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:575-601. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1730325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadi
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasudeo Zambare
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- School of Sciences, Sandip University, Nashik, India
| | - Ladislav Malek
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Gottardo
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zacharias Suntres
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lew Christopher
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biorefinery World, LLC, Rapid City, SD, USA
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21
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Somensi N, Rabelo TK, Guimarães AG, Quintans-Junior LJ, de Souza Araújo AA, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP. Carvacrol suppresses LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages through ERK1/2 and NF-kB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105743. [PMID: 31357087 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are immune system cells that respond to various pathogenic insults. The recognition of antigens is performed through receptors such as TLR4 and RAGE, which recognize pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Carvacrol (CAR) is a phenolic compound found in some essential oils commonly used in folk medicine for treatment of inflammation-related diseases. Previous works observed strong antioxidant actions and some anti-inflammatory effects by CAR in in vivo and in vitro assays. However, the potential pharmacological application of CAR remains limited as details on its mechanisms of action are still missing. Here we investigated the molecular pathways by which CAR acts on LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory activation of RAW 264.7 macrophages. CAR 100 μM protected cells against loss of cell viability induced by LPS (1 μg/mL). Pre-incubation with CAR prevented LPS-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but it had no effect on p38 and JNK activation. The effect of LPS on NF-kB (p65) translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus was inhibited by CAR, as well as NF-kB transcriptional activation. Moreover, LPS-elicited release of TNF-α and IL-1β were inhibited by CAR, as well as activation of phagocytic activity. Such effects may be related to the antioxidant effect of CAR, as the LPS-induced increase in reactive species (RS) production (assessed by DCFH oxidation) and nitric oxide (NO) production (assessed by nitrite quantification) were inhibited by CAR. Altogether, these results demonstrate that CAR exerts relevant anti-inflammatory actions through a cellular mechanism involving ERK1/2 and NF-kB inhibition and possibly related to the antioxidant properties of this phenolic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauana Somensi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thallita Kelly Rabelo
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos - LANEF, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Lucindo José Quintans-Junior
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos - LANEF, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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22
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Sieteiglesias V, González-Burgos E, Bermejo-Bescós P, Divakar PK, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Lichens of Parmelioid Clade as Promising Multitarget Neuroprotective Agents. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1165-1177. [PMID: 31125207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are multifactorial disorders which are increasing in incidence and prevalence over the world without existing effective therapies. The search for new multitarget compounds is the latter therapeutic strategy to address these pathological conditions. Lichens have an important and unknown therapeutic value attributed to their unique secondary metabolites. The aim of this study is to evaluate for the first time the in vitro neuroprotective activities and molecular mechanisms underlying methanol extracts of lichens of the parmelioid clade and to characterize major bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for their pharmacological actions. Of the 15 parmelioid lichen species, our results showed that Parmotrema perlatum and Hypotrachyna formosana methanol extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity as evidenced in ORAC, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Then, SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with methanol extracts (24 h) followed by Fenton reagent exposure (2 h). Pretreatments with these two more antioxidant methanol lichen extracts increased cell viability, reduced intracellular ROS, prevented oxidative stress biomarkers accumulation, and upregulated antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD, GR, and GPx) activity compared to Fenton reagent cells. The neuroprotective activity was much higher for H. formosana than for P. perlatum, even equal to or higher than Trolox (reference compound). Moreover, H. formosana extracts inhibited both AChE and BuChE activities in a concentration dependent manner, and P. perlatum only showed concentration dependent activity against AChE. Finally, chemical composition analysis using TLC and HPLC methods revealed that physodic acid, lividic acid, and lichexanthone are major secondary metabolites in H. formosana and stictic acid and constictic acid are in P. perlatum. These results demonstrated that P. perlatum and, specially, H. formosana are promising multitargeted neuroprotective agents due to their antioxidant and AChE and BuChE inhibition activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sieteiglesias
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanical, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanical, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Paloma Bermejo-Bescós
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanical, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pradeep K Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanical, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanical, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
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23
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Crawford TM, Andersen CC, Hodyl NA, Robertson SA, Stark MJ. The contribution of red blood cell transfusion to neonatal morbidity and mortality. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:387-392. [PMID: 30737849 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia of prematurity will affect 90% of all very preterm infants, resulting in at least one red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. A significant proportion of preterm infants require multiple transfusions over the course of hospital admission. Growing evidence supports an association between transfusion exposure and adverse neonatal outcomes. In adults, transfusion-associated sepsis, transfusion-related acute lung injury and haemolytic reactions are the leading causes of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality; however, these are seldom recognised in newborns. The association between transfusion and adverse outcomes remains inconclusive. However, the evidence from preclinical studies demonstrates that RBC products can directly modulate immune cell function, a pathway termed transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM), which may provide a mechanism linking transfusion exposure with neonatal morbidities. Finally, we discuss the impact of TRIM on transfusion medicine, how we may address these issues and the emerging areas of research aimed at improving the safety of transfusions in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Crawford
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chad C Andersen
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicolette A Hodyl
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Stark
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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24
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Metabolites identification of (+)-usnic acid in vivo by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fitoterapia 2019; 133:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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25
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Santos FTJ, Siqueira WN, Santos MLO, Silva HAMF, Sá JLF, Fernandes TS, Silva NH, França EJ, Silva EB, Melo AMMA. Radiosensitizer effect of usnic acid on Biomphalaria glabrata embryos. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:838-843. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1492757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. J. Santos
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - W. N. Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - M. L. O. Santos
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - H. A. M. F. Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J. L. F. Sá
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - T. S. Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - N. H. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - E. J. França
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - E. B. Silva
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - A. M. M. A. Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Jin Y, Ma Y, Xie W, Hou L, Xu H, Zhang K, Zhang L, Du Y. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-oriented characteristic components dataset and multivariate statistical techniques for the holistic quality control of Usnea. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15487-15500. [PMID: 35539471 PMCID: PMC9080115 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The holistic quality evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is confronted with significant challenges due to its extreme chemical complexity. In this study, a sensitive strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and chemometric analysis was established and validated for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of characteristic components in Usnea. First, three mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns of phenolic acid standards were studied and summarized. Then, an extract of this herb was analyzed by the full-scan MS spectra and identified by extracted ion chromatography (XIC). Based on the abovementioned methods, a total of 38 compounds (8 dibenzofurans, 11 didepsides, 13 depsidones, and 6 mono-substituted phenyl rings) were identified. Subsequently, the qualities of Usnea samples from different regions were evaluated by the semi-quantitative analysis based on their relative peak areas. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare the Usnea herbs and to find possible diagnostic chemical components. This novel and powerful strategy could provide a potential approach for the holistic quality control of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
- Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang Hebei 050031 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
| | - Ludan Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
| | - Huijun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
| | - Kerong Zhang
- Applied Biosystems Trading Co., Ltd., Beijing Branch Office Beijing 100027 China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
| | - Yingfeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 P. R. China +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86266419 +86-311-86265625
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Rocha-Parra D, Chirife J, Zamora C, de Pascual-Teresa S. Chemical Characterization of an Encapsulated Red Wine Powder and Its Effects on Neuronal Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040842. [PMID: 29642422 PMCID: PMC6017672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red wine polyphenols are known for their implications for human health protection, although they suffer from high instability. For this reason, a red wine powder was prepared by freeze-drying encapsulation in maltodextrin/arabic gum matrix, and its composition was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-QTOF). More than thirty polyphenols, including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, phenolic acids and stilbenoids, were identified. Some of the main quantified polyphenols were: malvidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3-O-(6″-acetyl-glucose), petunidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, syringenin-3-O-glucoside, epicatechin, gallic acid and syringic acid. The biological activity of this de-alcoholized and encapsulated red wine on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells was studied. The results showed that the encapsulated red wine powder has active redox properties, as verified by performing reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis utilizing a neuronal model. This could help explain its action against the neurotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rocha-Parra
- Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina.
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Chirife
- Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
| | - Clara Zamora
- Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina.
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Copetti C, Franco FW, Machado EDR, Soquetta MB, Quatrin A, Ramos VDM, Moreira JCF, Emanuelli T, Sautter CK, Penna NG. Acute Consumption of Bordo Grape Juice and Wine Improves Serum Antioxidant Status in Healthy Individuals and Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Neuron-Like Cells. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:4384012. [PMID: 29686894 PMCID: PMC5852837 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4384012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies investigated the biological effects of American grape cultivars. We investigated the metabolic response after acute consumption of grape juice or wine from Bordo grapes (Vitis labrusca) in a placebo-controlled crossover study with fifteen healthy volunteers. Blood samples were collected 1 hour after the intake of 100 mL of water, juice, or wine to measure TBARS, ABTS, FRAP, glucose, and uric acid levels. To evaluate differences in cellular response, intracellular reactive species production (DCFH-DA) and metabolic mitochondrial viability (MTT) were assessed after exposure of human neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y) to juice or wine. Glycemia was reduced after juice or wine consumption, whereas blood levels of uric acid were reduced after juice consumption but increased after wine consumption. Juice and wine consumption reduced plasma lipid peroxidation and increased plasma antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP assays). Furthermore, juice inhibited H2O2-induced intracellular production of reactive species (RS) and increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, wine (dealcoholized) exhibited a per se effect by inducing the production of RS and reducing cell viability. These results indicate a positive impact of acute consumption of Bordo juice and wine on human oxidative status, whereas only juice had protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Copetti
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Wouters Franco
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda da Rosa Machado
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcela Bromberger Soquetta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Quatrin
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Miranda Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Oxidative Stress Research (CEEO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street–Annex, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Oxidative Stress Research (CEEO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street–Annex, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Kaehler Sautter
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Neidi Garcia Penna
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Barbosa JAP, Franco ES, Silva CVNS, Bezerra TO, Santana MAN, Júnior CHRC, Silva TG, Santos NPS, Maia MBS. Poly- ε-Caprolactone Microsphere Polymers Containing Usnic Acid: Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:7392891. [PMID: 29348773 PMCID: PMC5733973 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7392891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Usnic acid (UA) has been studied by its pharmacological properties; however, it presents moderate toxicity, low solubility, and absorption by biological membranes. The aim of this study was to develop poly-ε-caprolactone microsphere polymers containing UA (UA-micro) and evaluate their acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. The microspheres were prepared by multiple emulsion technique (water/oil/water) and characterized by the encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The acute toxicity of UA and UA-micro (25-50 mg/kg; p.o.) was evaluated in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of UA and UA-micro was evaluated by subcutaneous air pouch and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat, with measurement of inflammatory cytokines and MPO levels. The UA presented encapsulation efficiency of 97.72%, particle size of 13.54 micrometers, polydispersity index of 2.36, and zeta potential of 44.5 ± 2.95 mV. The UA-micro presented lower acute toxicity (LD50 value up to 2000 mg/kg; p.o.) when compared to UA. UA-micro and UA (25 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw volume and decreased MPO levels, whereas only UA-micro (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO levels in inflammatory exudate. These results suggest that controlled release systems, as microspheres, can be a promising alternative to reduce the toxicity of UA, making it a viable compound for inflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eryvelton S. Franco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camilla V. N. S. Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tatiane O. Bezerra
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Teresinha G. Silva
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Noemia P. S. Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria B. S. Maia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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30
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Wang H, Yang T, Cheng X, Kwong S, Liu C, An R, Li G, Wang X, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of usnic, diffractaic, evernic and barbatic acids in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 29055065 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Usnea longissima Ach. (Usnea) is used in pharmaceuticals, food and cosmetics. Evernic acid (EA), barbatic acid (BA), diffractaic acid (DA) and usnic acid (UA) are the most typical ingredients in U. longissima and exert a wide variety of biological functions. The study aimed to develop a sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of EA, BA, DA and UA in rat plasma and was applied to pharmacokinetic studies after consumption of UA and ethanol extract from U. longissima (UE). The samples were separated on a BEH C18 column by gradient elution with 0.5% formic acid in water and in methanol. The relative molecular masses of analytes were obtained in full-scan range from 50.0 to 750.0 m/z under negative ionization mode by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. All validation parameters, such as lower limit of quantitation, linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability, were within acceptable ranges and the method was appropriate for biological specimen analysis. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the absolute bioavailabilities of UA after oral administration of UA and UE reached 69.2 and 146.9%, respectively. Compared with UA in UE, the relative bioavailability of DA, BA and EA reached 103.7, 10.4 and 0.7% after oral administration of UE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sukfan Kwong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui An
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Zhao G, Hu C, Xue Y. In vitro evaluation of chitosan-coated liposome containing both coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid: Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 17:258-262. [PMID: 28722258 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan-coated liposome containing both coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid (CCAL) was a novel multifunctional nano delivery system exhibited long-term stability at room temperature and high encapsulation efficiency. Which containing two kinds of antioxidants (coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid) and two antibacterial agents (chitosan and alpha-lipoic acid). However, the further biocompatibility, such as cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity of CCAL, has not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of CCAL. METHODS This article evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of CCAL by CCK8 assay, and antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated. RESULTS For antioxidant activity study, CCAL displayed significant antioxidant effect when compared with control group (P<.01). Finally, CCAL also exhibited antimicrobial activity, and CCAL showed stronger bactericidal effect with Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS CCAL could be a potential antioxidant delivery system for cosmetics or pharmaceuticals without cytotoxicity and artificial preservatives free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caibiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Torma PDCMR, Brasil AVS, Carvalho AV, Jablonski A, Rabelo TK, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP, Flôres SH, Augusti PR, Rios ADO. Hydroethanolic extracts from different genotypes of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) presented antioxidant potential and protected human neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y). Food Chem 2017; 222:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fernández-Moriano C, Divakar PK, Crespo A, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Protective effects of lichen metabolites evernic and usnic acids against redox impairment-mediated cytotoxicity in central nervous system-like cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:262-277. [PMID: 28450128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lichens species produce unique secondary metabolites that attract increasing pharmacological interest, including their redox modulatory activities. Current work evaluated for the first time the in vitro cytoprotective properties, based on the antioxidant activities, of the Parmeliaceae lichens Evernia prunastri and Usnea ghattensis and the mechanism of action of their major phenolic constituents: the evernic and usnic acids, respectively. In two models of central nervous system-like cells (U373-MG and SH-SY5Y cell lines), exogenous H2O2 induced oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity. We first assessed their radical scavenging capacities (ORAC and DPPH tests) and the phenolic content of the extracts. At the optimal concentrations, pretreatments with evernic acid displayed significant protection against H2O2-induced cytotoxic damage in both models. It reversed the alterations in oxidative stress markers (including ROS generation, glutathione system and lipid peroxidation levels) and cellular apoptosis (caspase-3 activity). Such effects were in part mediated by a notable enhancement of the expression of intracellular phase-II antioxidant enzymes; a plausible involvement of the Nrf2 cytoprotective pathway is suggested. Usnic acid exerted similar effects, to some extent more moderate. Results suggest that lichen polyketides evernic and usnic acids merit further research as promising antioxidant candidates in the therapy of oxidative stress-related diseases, including the neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Moriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pradeep Kumar Divakar
- Department of Plant Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo
- Department of Plant Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Martins MCB, Silva MC, Silva HAMF, Silva LRS, Albuquerque MCPDA, Aires AL, Falcão EPDS, Pereira EC, de Melo AMMA, da Silva NH. Barbatic Acid Offers a New Possibility for Control of Biomphalaria Glabrata and Schistosomiasis. Molecules 2017; 22:E568. [PMID: 28362351 PMCID: PMC6154637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the biological activity of an ether extract and barbatic acid (BAR) from Cladia aggregata on embryos and adult mollusks of Biomphalaria glabrata, cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the microcrustacean Artemia salina. The ether extract and BAR were obtained by successive extractions with diethyl ether. The obtained extracts were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the ether extract exerted embryotoxic effects at 50 and 100 µg/mL and molluscicidal effects at 20 and 25 µg/mL. BAR exhibited no embryotoxicity, and its molluscicidal concentration was equal to that of the ether extract. However, after 60 min of exposure, 1 µg/mL BAR presented cercaricidal activity against the parasite S. mansoni at the second larval stage. Neither substance induced toxicity against A. salina. These results indicate the potential molluscicidal activities of the ether extract and BAR against B. glabrata and S. mansoni cercariae. In addition to these effects, there was a lack of toxicity against the aquatic environment and no damage to the biota, indicating the potential of these products for large-scale control and/or eradication of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Costa Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - André Lima Aires
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Peter da Silva Falcão
- Laboratório de Síntese e Isolamento Molecular, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Eugênia C Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Geográficas, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Nicácio Henrique da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil.
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35
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Chand K, Rajeshwari, Hiremathad A, Singh M, Santos MA, Keri RS. A review on antioxidant potential of bioactive heterocycle benzofuran: Natural and synthetic derivatives. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:281-295. [PMID: 28171830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The majority of heterocycle compounds and typically common heterocycle fragments present in most pharmaceuticals currently marketed, alongside with their intrinsic versatility and unique physicochemical properties, have poised them as true cornerstones of medicinal chemistry. In this context, oxygen heterocycles exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities due in part to the similarities with many natural and synthetic molecules with known biological activity. Among oxygen containing heterocycles, benzofuran (synthetic and natural isolated) and its derivatives have attracted medicinal chemists and pharmacologists due to their pronounced biological activities and their potential applications as pharmacological agents such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiplatelet, antimalarial, antiinflammatory, antidepressant and anticonvulsant properties. There are also an amazing number of approved benzofuran-containing drugs in the market as well as compounds currently going through different clinical phases or registration statuses. Due to the wide range of biological activities of benzofurans, their structure activity relationships have generated interest among medicinal chemists, and this has culminated in the discovery of several lead molecules in numerous disease conditions. Recently, this scaffold has emerged as a pharmacophore of choice for designing antioxidant drug development as their derivatives have shown excellent results through different mechanism of action. This review focused on the recent development of benzofuran derivatives as antioxidant agents (including natural products) and their antioxidant activities; summarize the structure property, hoping to inspire new and even more creative approaches. Also, this study systematically provides a comprehensive report on current developments in benzofuran-based compounds as antioxidant agents and is also helpful for the researchers working on a substitution pattern around the nucleus, with an aim to help medicinal chemists to develop structure activity relationships (SAR) on these derivatives as antioxidant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chand
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rajeshwari
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Asha Hiremathad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahak Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Vaccine Formulation and Research Centre, Hinjwadi, Pune, India
| | - M Amelia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rangappa S Keri
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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36
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Changes in Cell Cycle and Up-Regulation of Neuronal Markers During SH-SY5Y Neurodifferentiation by Retinoic Acid are Mediated by Reactive Species Production and Oxidative Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6903-6916. [PMID: 27771902 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells have been used as an in vitro model for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and can be induced to a mature neuronal phenotype through retinoic acid (RA) differentiation. However, mechanisms of RA-induced differentiation remain unclear. Here, we investigate the role of reactive species (RS) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under RA differentiation, using the antioxidant Trolox® as co-treatment. We found that RA treatment for 7 days reduced the cell number and proliferative capacity and induced the expression of adult catecholaminergic/neuronal markers such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), β-III tubulin, and enolase-2. Evaluation of intracellular RS production by DCFH oxidation assay and quantification of cell non-enzymatic antioxidant activity by TRAP demonstrated that RA increases RS production. Furthermore, mitochondrial NADH oxidation showed to be inhibited under differentiation with RA. Cells subjected to co-treatment with antioxidant Trolox® demonstrated a remaining proliferative capacity and a decrease in the pro-oxidant state and RS production. Besides, antioxidant treatment restores the mitochondrial NADH oxidation. Importantly, Trolox® co-treatment inhibited the appearance of morphological characteristics such as neurite extension and branching, and decreased the expression of TH, β-III tubulin, and enolase-2 after a seven-day differentiation with RA, indicating that RS production is a necessary step in this process. Trolox® also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, which are involved in differentiation and survival, respectively, of these cells. Altogether, these data indicate the presence of a redox-dependent mechanism in SH-SY5Y RA-differentiation process and can be a useful insight to improve understanding of neuronal differentiation signaling.
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37
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Chen S, Zhang Z, Qing T, Ren Z, Yu D, Couch L, Ning B, Mei N, Shi L, Tolleson WH, Guo L. Activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in usnic acid-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1293-1307. [PMID: 27369375 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many usnic acid-containing dietary supplements have been marketed as weight loss agents, although severe hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure have been associated with their overuse. Our previous mechanistic studies revealed that autophagy, disturbance of calcium homeostasis, and ER stress are involved in usnic acid-induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of oxidative stress and the Nrf2 signaling pathway in usnic acid-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. We found that a 24-h treatment with usnic acid caused DNA damage and S-phase cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. Usnic acid also triggered oxidative stress as demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species generation and glutathione depletion. Short-term treatment (6 h) with usnic acid significantly increased the protein level for Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), promoted Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, up-regulated antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase reporter activity, and induced the expression of Nrf2-regulated targets, including glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1). Furthermore, knockdown of Nrf2 with shRNA potentiated usnic acid-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results show that usnic acid causes cell cycle dysregulation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress and that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is activated in usnic acid-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tao Qing
- School of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Fudan-Zhangjiang Center for Clinical Genomics and Zhanjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Dianke Yu
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Letha Couch
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Leming Shi
- School of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Fudan-Zhangjiang Center for Clinical Genomics and Zhanjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - William H Tolleson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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38
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Bortolin RC, Caregnato FF, Divan Junior AM, Zanotto-Filho A, Moresco KS, Rios ADO, Salvi ADO, Ortmann CF, de Carvalho P, Reginatto FH, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Chronic ozone exposure alters the secondary metabolite profile, antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory property, and quality of red pepper fruit from Capsicum baccatum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:16-24. [PMID: 26970882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) background concentrations have increased since pre-industrial times, reaching phytotoxic concentrations in many regions globally. However, the effect of high O3 concentrations on quality of fruit and vegetables remains unknown. Here, we evaluated whether O3 pollution alters the quality of Capsicum baccatum peppers by changing the secondary compound profiles and biological activity of the fruit. C. baccatum pepper plants were exposed to ozone for 62 days in an open-top chamber at a mean O3 concentration of 171.6µg/m(3). Capsaicin levels decreased by 50% in the pericarp, but remained unchanged in the seeds. In contrast, the total carotenoid content increased by 52.8% in the pericarp. The content of total phenolic compounds increased by 17% in the pericarp. The total antioxidant potential decreased by 87% in seeds of O3-treated plants. The seeds contributed more than the pericarp to the total radical-trapping antioxidant potential and total antioxidant reactivity. O3 treatment impaired the ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the seeds and reduced NO(•)-scavenging activity in the pericarp. However, O3 treatment increased ferrous ion-chelating activity and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity in the pericarp. Our results confirm that O3 alters the secondary metabolite profile of C. baccatum pepper fruits and, consequently, their biological activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Fernanda Freitas Caregnato
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Armando Molina Divan Junior
- Laboratório de Bioindicação Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçaçves, 9500 - Prédio 43411, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
- Laboratório de compostos bioativos, Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Aguisson de Oliveira Salvi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Caroline Flach Ortmann
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Pâmela de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Flávio Henrique Reginatto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica - Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Luzina OA, Salakhutdinov NF. Biological activity of usnic acid and its derivatives: Part 2. effects on higher organisms. Molecular and physicochemical aspects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Xu M, Heidmarsson S, Olafsdottir ES, Buonfiglio R, Kogej T, Omarsdottir S. Secondary metabolites from cetrarioid lichens: Chemotaxonomy, biological activities and pharmaceutical potential. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:441-459. [PMID: 27064003 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichens, as a symbiotic association of photobionts and mycobionts, display an unmatched environmental adaptability and a great chemical diversity. As an important morphological group, cetrarioid lichens are one of the most studied lichen taxa for their phylogeny, secondary chemistry, bioactivities and uses in folk medicines, especially the lichen Cetraria islandica. However, insufficient structure elucidation and discrepancy in bioactivity results could be found in a few studies. PURPOSE This review aimed to present a more detailed and updated overview of the knowledge of secondary metabolites from cetrarioid lichens in a critical manner, highlighting their potentials for pharmaceuticals as well as other applications. Here we also highlight the uses of molecular phylogenetics, metabolomics and ChemGPS-NP model for future bioprospecting, taxonomy and drug screening to accelerate applications of those lichen substances. CHAPTERS The paper starts with a short introduction in to the studies of lichen secondary metabolites, the biological classification of cetrarioid lichens and the aim. In light of ethnic uses of cetrarioid lichens for therapeutic purposes, molecular phylogeny is proposed as a tool for future bioprospecting of cetrarioid lichens, followed by a brief discussion of the taxonomic value of lichen substances. Then a delicate description of the bioactivities, patents, updated chemical structures and lichen sources is presented, where lichen substances are grouped by their chemical structures and discussed about their bioactivity in comparison with reference compounds. To accelerate the discovery of bioactivities and potential drug targets of lichen substances, the application of the ChemGPS NP model is highlighted. Finally the safety concerns of lichen substances (i.e. toxicity and immunogenicity) and future-prospects in the field are exhibited. CONCLUSION While the ethnic uses of cetrarioid lichens and the pharmaceutical potential of their secondary metabolites have been recognized, the knowledge of a large number of lichen substances with interesting structures is still limited to various in vitro assays with insufficient biological annotations, and this area still deserves more research in bioactivity, drug targets and screening. Attention should be paid on the accurate interpretation of their bioactivity for further applications avoiding over-interpretations from various in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonian Xu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Starri Heidmarsson
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri Division, IS-600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Elin Soffia Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rosa Buonfiglio
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Thierry Kogej
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Sesselja Omarsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Fernández-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Crespo A. Antioxidant potential of lichen species and their secondary metabolites. A systematic review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1-17. [PMID: 25885942 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.1003354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pharmacological interest of lichens lies in their capacity to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, being most of them phenolic compounds with reactive hydroxyl groups that confer antioxidant potential through various mechanisms. Increasing incidence and impact of oxidative stress-related diseases (i.e., neurodegenerative disorders) has encouraged the search of new pharmacological strategies to face them. Lichens appear to be a promising source of phenolic compounds in the discovery of natural products exerting antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVE The present review thoroughly discusses the available knowledge on antioxidant properties of lichens, including both in vitro and in vivo studies and the parameters assessed so far on lichen constituents. METHODS Literature survey was performed by using as main databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and Recent Literature on Lichens. We reviewed 98 highlighted research articles without date restriction. RESULTS Current report collects data related to antioxidant activities of more than 75 lichen species (from 18 botanical families) and 65 isolated metabolites. Much information comes from in vitro investigations, such as chemical assays evaluating radical scavenging properties, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and reducing power of lichen species and compounds; similarly, research on cellular substrates and animal models generally measures antioxidant enzymes levels and other antioxidant markers, such as glutathione levels or tissue peroxidation. CONCLUSION Since consistent evidence demonstrated the contribution of oxidative stress on the development and progression of several human diseases, reviewed data suggest that some lichen compounds are worthy of further investigation and better understanding of their antioxidant and neuroprotective potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Crespo
- b Department of Plant Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Koparal AT. Anti-angiogenic and antiproliferative properties of the lichen substances (-)-usnic acid and vulpinic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:159-64. [PMID: 26136299 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2014-4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The anti-proliferative activities of the lichen substances (-)-usnic acid and vulpinic acid on the viability of HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, NS20Y neuroblastoma cells and HUVEC endothelial cells were studied by the MTT assay. The anti-angiogenic potential of the substances was determined by the endothelial tube formation assay. Both lichen substances exhibited strong anti-angiogenic activity and were more cytotoxic to the cancer cell lines than to the normal cell line, but vulpinic acid has more potential as an anti-angiogenic substance because of its low cytotoxicity and stronger anti-angiogenic activity on the HUVEC cell line.
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In Vitro Neuroprotective Effect of Shikimic Acid Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:956-965. [PMID: 25862258 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA), originally extracted from Illicium verum Hook. fil., is an indispensable starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug Oseltamivir (Tamiflu(®)) with very limited number of studies regarding its biological effects in vitro. Therefore, we here evaluated the thermoanalytical profile, redox properties, and in vitro effects of SA on human neuronal-like cells (SH-SY5Y). The thermoanalytical profile of SA was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) characterization. Both antioxidant potential and in vitro lipoperoxidation levels were analyzed. Cell viability and intracellular reactive species (RS) production was determined by DCF and SRB assays, respectively. Our results show in vitro antioxidant activity of SA without exerting cytotoxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells at tested concentrations of 10 nM, 10 μM, and 10 mM. In addition, SA protected the cells against H2O2-induced toxicity; effect that could be related, at least in part, with decreased intracellular RS production and its antioxidant potential. The present study shows evidence for neuroprotective actions of SA against oxidative stress-induced toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells, inviting for further investigation about its potential use in the context of oxidative stress-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Araújo AAS, de Melo MGD, Rabelo TK, Nunes PS, Santos SL, Serafini MR, Santos MRV, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Gelain DP. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of usnic acid. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:2167-80. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1007455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Serafini MR, Detoni CB, Guterres SS, da Silva GF, de Souza Araújo AA. Determination of in vitro usnic acid delivery into porcine skin using a HPLC method. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:757-60. [PMID: 25260845 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Usnic acid, a lichen metabolite, has been proposed as a potential topical treatment for microbial skin lesions, burn wounds as well as a sunscreen. An isocratic HPLC method was validated according to FDA's Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation to determine skin penetration and permeation of usnic acid. The penetration and permeation of usnic acid was evaluated using Franz cells and porcine skin. The method was valid according to selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability. Usnic acid was quantified in the skin surface (6.13 µg cm(2)), stratum corneum (34.4 µg cm(2)), viable epidermis (5.6 µg cm(2)), dermis (28.2 µg cm(2)) and receptor compartment (3.2 µg cm(2)). These results help us to understand the penetration profile of usnic acid and plan topical therapeutic approaches as well as new topical delivery systems to modulate this penetration profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairim Russo Serafini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Cassia Britto Detoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Antioxidant activity and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens: a systematic review. Molecules 2014; 19:14496-527. [PMID: 25221871 PMCID: PMC6271897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress, which may result from the overproduction of reactive species and/or a decrease in antioxidant defenses. The search for new chemical entities with antioxidant profile is still thus an emerging field on ongoing interest. Due to the lack of reviews concerning the antioxidant activity of lichen-derived natural compounds, we performed a review of the antioxidant potential and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens. The search terms “lichens”, “antioxidants” and “antioxidant response elements” were used to retrieve articles in LILACS, PubMed and Web of Science published until February 2014. From a total of 319 articles surveyed, 32 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was observed that the most common isolated compound studied was usnic acid, cited in 14 out of the 32 articles. The most often described antioxidant assays for the study of in vitro antioxidant activity were mainly DPPH, LPO and SOD. The most suggested mechanisms of action were scavenging of reactive species, enzymatic activation and inhibition of iNOS. Thus, compounds isolated from lichens are possible candidates for the management of oxidative stress, and may be useful in the treatment of chronic diseases.
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Bittencourt LDS, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Yatsu FKJ, Schnorr CE, Moresco KS, Kolling EA, Gelain DP, Bassani VL, Moreira JCF. Guarana (Paullinia cupana
Mart.) Prevents β-Amyloid Aggregation, Generation of Advanced Glycation-end Products (AGEs), and Acrolein-Induced Cytotoxicity on Human Neuronal-Like Cells. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1615-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo da Silva Bittencourt
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Francini Kiyono Jorge Yatsu
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Schnorr
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Kolling
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Valquiria Linck Bassani
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Koçer S, Uruş S, Çakır A, Güllüce M, Dığrak M, Alan Y, Aslan A, Tümer M, Karadayı M, Kazaz C, Dal H. The synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of hydroxyphenylimino ligands and their metal complexes of usnic acid isolated from Usnea longissima. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:6148-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel Schiff base ligands of usnic acid isolated from Usnea longissima and their metal complexes were synthesized and characterized. Investigated their antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Koçer
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Kilis 7 Aralık University
- Kilis, Turkey
| | - Serhan Uruş
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University
- Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
- K. Maraş Sütçü Imam University
| | - Ahmet Çakır
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Kilis 7 Aralık University
- Kilis, Turkey
| | - Medine Güllüce
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Atatürk University
- Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Metin Dığrak
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University
- Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Alan
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Muş Alparslan University
- Muş, Turkey
| | - Ali Aslan
- Department of Biology
- Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty
- Atatürk University
- Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tümer
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University
- Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadayı
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Atatürk University
- Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cavit Kazaz
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Atatürk University
- Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Dal
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Anadolu University
- Eskişehir, Turkey
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Major components of energy drinks (caffeine, taurine, and guarana) exert cytotoxic effects on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:791795. [PMID: 23766861 PMCID: PMC3674721 DOI: 10.1155/2013/791795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Scope. To elucidate the morphological and biochemical in vitro effects exerted by caffeine, taurine, and guarana, alone or in combination, since they are major components in energy drinks (EDs). Methods and Results. On human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, caffeine (0.125–2 mg/mL), taurine (1–16 mg/mL), and guarana (3.125–50 mg/mL) showed concentration-dependent nonenzymatic antioxidant potential, decreased the basal levels of free radical generation, and reduced both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, especially when combined together. However, guarana-treated cells developed signs of neurite degeneration in the form of swellings at various segments in a beaded or pearl chain-like appearance and fragmentation of such neurites at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. Swellings, but not neuritic fragmentation, were detected when cells were treated with 0.5 mg/mL (or higher doses) of caffeine, concentrations that are present in EDs. Cells treated with guarana also showed qualitative signs of apoptosis, including membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, and cleaved caspase-3 positivity. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that cells treated with 12.5–50 mg/mL of guarana and its combinations with caffeine and/or taurine underwent apoptosis. Conclusion. Excessive removal of intracellular reactive oxygen species, to nonphysiological levels (or “antioxidative stress”), could be a cause of in vitro toxicity induced by these drugs.
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