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Moreau M, Mallick P, Smeltz M, Haider S, Nicolas CI, Pendse SN, Leonard JA, Linakis MW, McMullen PD, Clewell RA, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Considerations for Improving Metabolism Predictions for In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:894569. [PMID: 35573278 PMCID: PMC9099212 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.894569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is an integral component in new approach method (NAM)-based risk assessment paradigms, for rapidly translating in vitro toxicity assay results into the context of in vivo exposure. When coupled with rapid exposure predictions, HT-IVIVE supports the use of HT in vitro assays for risk-based chemical prioritization. However, the reliability of prioritization based on HT bioactivity data and HT-IVIVE can be limited as the domain of applicability of current HT-IVIVE is generally restricted to intrinsic clearance measured primarily in pharmaceutical compounds. Further, current approaches only consider parent chemical toxicity. These limitations occur because current state-of-the-art HT prediction tools for clearance and metabolite kinetics do not provide reliable data to support HT-IVIVE. This paper discusses current challenges in implementation of IVIVE for prioritization and risk assessment and recommends a path forward for addressing the most pressing needs and expanding the utility of IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Moreau
- ScitoVation, LLC, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Marjory Moreau,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy A. Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Delbes G, Blázquez M, Fernandino JI, Grigorova P, Hales BF, Metcalfe C, Navarro-Martín L, Parent L, Robaire B, Rwigemera A, Van Der Kraak G, Wade M, Marlatt V. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on gonad development: Mechanistic insights from fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112040. [PMID: 34509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, evidence has emerged that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have an impact on reproductive health. An increased frequency of reproductive disorders has been observed worldwide in both wildlife and humans that is correlated with accidental exposures to EDCs and their increased production. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the consequences of early exposures and the existence of key windows of sensitivity during development. Such early in life exposures can have an immediate impact on gonadal and reproductive tract development, as well as on long-term reproductive health in both males and females. Traditionally, EDCs were thought to exert their effects by modifying the endocrine pathways controlling reproduction. Advances in knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination, differentiation and gonadal development in fish and rodents have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of early exposure to EDCs on reproduction. In this manuscript, we review the key developmental stages sensitive to EDCs and the state of knowledge on the mechanisms by which model EDCs affect these processes, based on the roadmap of gonad development specific to fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delbes
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada.
| | - M Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Environment, Trent University, Trent, Canada
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Parent
- Université TELUQ, Montréal, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Rwigemera
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - V Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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Hu L, Wei S, Wu Y, Li S, Zhu P, Wang X. MicroRNA regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of Leydig cells in diabetes. Mol Med 2021; 27:104. [PMID: 34496750 PMCID: PMC8425090 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients with diabetes is increasing worldwide. Diabetic testicular damage can cause spermiogenesis disorders and sexual dysfunction. We thus explored the role of miRNAs in diabetic testicular damage, and revealed that they could serve as effective prevention and treatment therapeutic targets. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to generate a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Rat testicular tissues were used for miRNA and mRNA sequencing. Through bioinformatics analysis, we constructed an miRNA-mRNA diabetic testicular damage regulatory network and screened for key miRNAs. We also used Leydig cells to generate a diabetic cell model and detected the downstream target genes of miRNAs, secretion of testosterone, and proliferation and apoptotic levels to elucidate the role and mechanism of the selected miRNAs in diabetic testicular damage. RESULTS Using second-generation sequencing, we identified 19 differentially expressed miRNAs and 555 mRNAs in the testes of diabetic rats. Based on computational prediction of targets and negative regulation relationships, we constructed a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, including 12 miRNAs and 215 mRNAs. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that genes were more concentrated on the survival signalling pathway. Based on this, we screened 2 key miRNAs, miR-504 and miR-935. In vitro, glucose could induce an increase in miR-504 and miR-935, whereas a decrease in MEK5 and MEF2C in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of miR-504 and miR-935 led to the decreased expression of MEK5 and MEF2C, decreased proliferation rate of Leydig cells, increased apoptotic rate, and decreased secretion of testosterone. Whereas, knockdown of miR-504 and miR-935 displayed opposite tendencies. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs play important roles in diabetic testicular damage. miR-504 and miR-935 might regulate testicular damage through the classic survival pathway of MEK5-ERK5-MEF2C. Targeted inhibition of miR-504 and miR-935 could reverse the high-glucose-induced testicular complications, thus posing as a potential therapeutic approach in diabetic testicular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Shenzhen University South China Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518111, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochai Wei
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Department of Urology & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, NO.1098, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen University City, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Urology & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, NO.1098, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen University City, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Department of Urology & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, NO.1098, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen University City, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- Department of Urology & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, NO.1098, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen University City, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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Erkekoglu P, Özyurt A, Yirün A, Çakır D. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and phthalate exposure: A review of literature. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with the body's endocrine system and cause adverse effects in biological systems. Phthalates are a group of man-made chemicals which are mainly used as plasticizers and classified as endocrine disruptors. They are also used in cosmetic and personal care products as color or smell fixators. Moreover, phthalates are present in inks, adhesives, sealants, automobile parts, tools, toys, carpets, medical tubing and blood storage bags, and food packages. Pathological condition known as "testicular dysgenesis syndrome" (TDS) or "phthalate syndrome" is usually linked to phthalate exposure and is coined to describe the rise in alterations in reproductive health in men, such as reduced semen quality (decrease in sperm counts, sperm motility and increase in abnormal sperms), hypospadias, cryptorchidism, reduced anogenital distance and early-life testicular cancer. Phthalates are suggested to cause direct effect on gonadal and non-gonadal tissues, impair the differentiation and morphogenesis of seminiferous tubules and accessory sex organs and testicular cells (both Sertoli and Leydig cells), alter estradiol and/or testosterone levels, decrease insulin-like 3 (INSL3) peptide production, impair spermatogenesis and lead to epigenetic alterations, all of which may lead to TDS. This review will mainly focus on phthalates as causes of TDS and their mechanisms of action.
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Application of a combined aggregate exposure pathway and adverse outcome pathway (AEP-AOP) approach to inform a cumulative risk assessment: A case study with phthalates. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104855. [PMID: 32278033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in measurement and modeling capabilities are providing unprecedented access to estimates of chemical exposure and bioactivity. With this influx of new data, there is a need for frameworks that help organize and disseminate information on chemical hazard and exposure in a manner that is accessible and transparent. A case study approach was used to demonstrate integration of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) and Aggregate Exposure Pathway (AEP) frameworks to support cumulative risk assessment of co-exposure to two phthalate esters that are ubiquitous in the environment and that are associated with disruption of male sexual development in the rat: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). A putative AOP was developed to guide selection of an in vitro assay for derivation of bioactivity values for DEHP and DnBP and their metabolites. AEPs for DEHP and DnBP were used to extract key exposure data as inputs for a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict internal metabolite concentrations. These metabolite concentrations were then combined using in vitro-based relative potency factors for comparison with an internal dose metric, resulting in an estimated margin of safety of ~13,000. This case study provides an adaptable workflow for integrating exposure and toxicity data by coupling AEP and AOP frameworks and using in vitro and in silico methodologies for cumulative risk assessment.
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Bauer P, Buettner A. Characterization of Odorous and Potentially Harmful Substances in Artists' Acrylic Paint. Front Public Health 2018; 6:350. [PMID: 30555813 PMCID: PMC6281683 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylic paints are fast drying water based paints that are easy to handle and have a high covering capacity and therefore possess many characteristics that make them applicable in a wide range of applications, such as varnishes or artists paints. Due to their emitted volatile organic compounds, these paints are associated with different work-related diseases and are known to emit an unpleasant odor. In this study six acrylic paints for artists were analyzed regarding their odor-active constituents. Therefore, the samples were extracted with dichloromethane and purified via solvent assisted flavor evaporation prior to analysis of the distillates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and GC-GC-MS/O. Additionally all samples were sensorially characterized by a trained sensory panel. The identified odorous substances were primarily benzene derivatives (styrene, ethylbenzene, allylbenzene, propylbenzene) with a plastic-like, aromatic and solvent-like odor. Thereby, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, indane, and tetralin derivatives) contributed to the plastic- and mothball-like odor whereas acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate) were found to be responsible for a mushroom-like and geranium leaf-like odor. As most of these substances are also known to be harmful, a reduction or replacement of these substances by less toxic and non-odor active ingredients is likely to turn out to be advisable in order to reduce the odor and potential negative physiological effects of paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bauer
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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Zhao H, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Zheng Y, Xia W, Li Y, Xiang L, Chen W, Xu S, Cai Z. Investigation on Metabolism of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Different Trimesters of Pregnant Women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12851-12858. [PMID: 30257557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer but shows diverse toxicity. To investigate the time- and maternal age-differences in metabolism process of DEHP in pregnant women, three urine samples were collected from each pregnant woman ( n = 847) at the first (T1, mean 13.04 gestational weeks), the second (T2, mean 23.63 gestational weeks) and the third time point (T3, mean 35.91 gestational weeks), respectively. Four metabolites of DEHP were analyzed in 2541 urine samples (847 × 3) by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The level of urinary mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) had a decreasing trend across the pregnancy periods. The geometric mean concentrations of mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) were significantly decreased in T2 than T1, and recovered slightly in T3. The transformation rate of MEHP to MEHHP in T3 was significantly higher than those in other two time points. The transformation rate of MEHHP to MEOHP in T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that in T1, indicating the oxidation was more efficient in late pregnancy compared with early and middle pregnancy. The percentages of oxidation products MEHHP and MECPP were higher in the higher-age group compared with the lower-age group in the second trimester samples. It is therefore concluded that DEHP metabolism may be influenced by the pregnancy stage and maternal age. The findings may benefit the risk assessment and toxicity evaluation of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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Durmaz E, Erkekoglu P, Asci A, Akçurin S, Bircan İ, Kocer-Gumusel B. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in girls with premature thelarche. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:172-181. [PMID: 29625387 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In girls, breast development before eight years of age is called "premature thelarche (PT)". There are few studies in literature that show the interaction between PT and phthalate exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the urinary levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and other phthalate metabolites in girls with PT. PT group consisted of 29 newly diagnosed subjects. Control group comprised of healthy age-matched girls (n = 25). Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The urinary concentrations of mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (MEHP) in the PT group (33.96 ± 6.88 μg/g creatinine) were found to be significantly higher compared to control group (11.54 ± 1.39 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.002). In PT group, %MEHP was also markedly higher vs. control (17.84 ± 3.31 vs. 6.44 ± 1.13, p = 0.001). Our results suggest that DEHP is more efficiently converted to MEHP in girls with PT, the importance of which needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Durmaz
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ali Asci
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey; Atatürk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Sema Akçurin
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - İffet Bircan
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Belma Kocer-Gumusel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Impact of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate Metabolites on Male Reproductive Function: a Systematic Review of Human Evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 5:20-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Goodyer CG, Poon S, Aleksa K, Hou L, Atehortua V, Carnevale A, Koren G, Jednak R, Emil S, Bagli D, Dave S, Hales BF, Chevrier J. A Case-Control Study of Maternal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposure and Cryptorchidism in Canadian Populations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:057004. [PMID: 28557710 PMCID: PMC5726354 DOI: 10.1289/ehp522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants found in North American household products during the past four decades. These chemicals leach out in dust as products age, exposing individuals daily through inhalation and ingestion. Animal studies suggest that PBDEs disrupt sex hormones and adversely affect development of the reproductive system. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we examined whether there is a link between maternal hair PBDE concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism (undescended testes) in male infants; testis descent is known to be dependent on androgens. METHODS Full-term male infants were recruited through clinics in Montreal, Toronto, and London, Canada. Boys with cryptorchidism at 3-18 months of age (n=137) were identified by pediatric urologists and surgeons; similar-aged controls (n=158) had no genitourinary abnormalities as assessed by pediatricians. Eight BDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -209) were measured by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in maternal hair samples collected at the time of recruitment. RESULTS The ∑PBDE geometric mean for maternal hair was 45.35 pg/mg for controls and 50.27 pg/mg for cases; the concentrations of three BDEs (BDE-99, -100, and -154) were significantly higher in cases than controls in unadjusted models. In adjusted models, every 10-fold increase in the concentration of maternal hair BDE-99 [OR=2.53 (95% CI: 1.29, 4.95) or BDE-100 [OR=2.45 (95% CI: 1.31, 4.56)] was associated with more than a doubling in the risk of cryptorchidism. BDE-154 [OR=1.88 (95% CI: 1.08, 3.28) was also significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal exposure to BDE-99, -100, and -154 may be associated with abnormal migration of testes in the male fetus. This may be due to the anti-androgenic properties of the PBDEs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia G Goodyer
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shirley Poon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarina Aleksa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veronica Atehortua
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Carnevale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Roman Jednak
- Department of Pediatric Urology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sherif Emil
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumit Dave
- Division of Pediatric Urology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Moriguchi K, Uramaru N, Sone T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study of hydrolytic metabolism of dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by microsomes of various rat tissues. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 100:217-224. [PMID: 28007454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are used in food packaging, and are transferred to foods as contaminants. In this study, we examined the hydrolytic metabolism of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by rat tissue microsomes. We found that carboxylesterase and lipase contribute differently to these activities. When DMP, DBP and DEHP were incubated with rat liver microsomes, DBP was most effectively hydrolyzed to the phthalate monoester, followed by DMP, and the activity toward DEHP was marginal. In contrast, small-intestinal microsomes exhibited relatively higher activity toward long-side-chain phthalates. Pancreatic microsomes showed high activity toward DEHP and DBP. Liver microsomal hydrolase activity toward DMP was markedly inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and could be extracted with Triton X-100. The activity toward DBP and DEHP was partly inhibited by carboxylesterase inhibitor, and was partly solubilized with Triton X-100. Ces1e, Ces1d and Ces1f expressed in COS cells exhibited the highest hydrolase activity toward DBP, showing a similar pattern to that of liver microsomes. Ces1e showed activity towards DMP and DEHP. Pancreatic lipase also hydrolyzed DBP and DEHP. Thus, carboxylesterase and lipase contribute differently to phthalate hydrolysis: short-side-chain phthalates are mainly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase and long-side-chain phthalates are mainly hydrolyzed by lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, Koshingai 5-1-1, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kyoko Moriguchi
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Naoto Uramaru
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Sone
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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Odermatt A, Strajhar P, Engeli RT. Disruption of steroidogenesis: Cell models for mechanistic investigations and as screening tools. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:9-21. [PMID: 26807866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, humans are exposed during their whole life to a large number of synthetic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have the potential to disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to the development and/or progression of major diseases. Every year approximately 1000 novel chemicals, used in industrial production, agriculture, consumer products or as pharmaceuticals, are reaching the market, often with limited safety assessment regarding potential endocrine activities. Steroids are essential endocrine hormones, and the importance of the steroidogenesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been recognized by leading scientists and authorities. Cell lines have a prominent role in the initial stages of toxicity assessment, i.e. for mechanistic investigations and for the medium to high throughput analysis of chemicals for potential steroidogenesis disrupting activities. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware of the limitations of the existing cell models in order to apply them properly, and there is a great demand for improved cell-based testing systems and protocols. This review intends to provide an overview of the available cell lines for studying effects of chemicals on gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, their use and limitations, as well as the need for future improvements of cell-based testing systems and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T Engeli
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Cytochrome P450-inhibitory activity of parabens and phthalates used in consumer products. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:551-60. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University
| | | | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Ma TT, Wu LH, Chen L, Zhang HB, Teng Y, Luo YM. Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12018-28. [PMID: 25874428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of phthalate esters (PAEs) has become a potential threat to the environment and human health because they could be easily released as plasticizers from the daily supply products, especially in polyethylene films. Concentration levels of total six PAEs, nominated as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in soils and vegetables from four greenhouse areas in suburbs of Nanjing, East China. Total PAEs concentration ranged from 930 ± 840 to 2,450 ± 710 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (DW)) in soil and from 790 ± 630 to 3,010 ± 2,130 μg kg(-1) in vegetables. Higher concentrations of PAEs were found in soils except in Suo Shi (SS) area and in vegetables, especially in potherb mustard and purple tsai-tai samples. Risk assessment mainly based on the exposures of soil ingestion and daily vegetable intake indicated that bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the samples from Gu Li (GL) and Hu Shu (HS) exhibited the highest hazard to children less than 6-year old. Therefore, the human health risk of the PAEs contamination in soils and vegetables should greatly be of a concern, especially for their environmental estrogen analog effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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