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Yu M, Oskarsson A, Alexander J, Lundqvist J. Estrogenic, androgenic, and genotoxic activities of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in in vitro bioassays including exogenous metabolic activation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:331-346. [PMID: 38587710 PMCID: PMC11258189 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives are well-known mycotoxins, which can occur not only in crops but also in water bodies, including drinking water sources. In vitro bioassays can be used to detect biological effects of hazardous compounds in water. To this, when studying biological effects and toxicity in vitro, metabolism is important to consider. In this study, ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), DON, 3-acetyl DON, and 15-acetyl DON were evaluated in vitro for hormone receptor-mediated effects (estrogen receptor [ER] and androgen receptor [AR]) and genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (MAS). The ER bioassay proved to be a highly sensitive method to detect low concentrations of the ZEN compounds (EC10 values of 31.4 pM for ZEN, 3.59 pM for α-ZEL) in aqueous solutions. In the presence of the MAS, reduced estrogenic effects were observed for both ZEN compounds (EC10 values of 6.47 × 103 pM for ZEN, 1.55 × 102 pM for α-ZEL). Of the DON compounds, only 3-acetyl DON was estrogenic (EC10 of 0.31 µM), and the effect was removed in the presence of the MAS. Anti-androgenic effects of the ZEN compounds and androgenic effects of the DON compounds were detected in the micromolar range. No induction of genotoxicity was detected for ZEN or DON in the presence of the MAS. Our study highlighted that inclusion of exogenous MAS is a useful tool to detect biological effects of metabolites in in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, NO-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Jin X, Perrella SL, Lai CT, Taylor NL, Geddes DT. Causes of Low Milk Supply: The Roles of Estrogens, Progesterone, and Related External Factors. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100129. [PMID: 37832920 PMCID: PMC10831895 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low milk supply (LMS) poses a significant challenge to exclusive and continued breastfeeding, affecting ∼10% to 15% of mothers. Milk production is intricately regulated by both endocrine and autocrine control mechanisms, with estrogens and progesterone playing pivotal roles in this process. In addition to endogenously produced hormones, external substances capable of interfering with normal hormonal actions, including phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, synthetic estrogens, and hormonal contraceptives, can influence milk production. The effects of these extrinsic hormones on milk production may vary based on maternal body mass index. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted causes of LMS, focusing on the involvement of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors in milk production. Furthermore, it investigates the interplay between hormonal factors and obesity, aiming to elucidate the endocrine mechanisms underlying obesity-associated LMS. Insights from this review provide valuable perspectives for developing interventions to improve milk production and address the challenges associated with LMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Jin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon L Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; ARC Training Centre in Biomedical Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; ARC Training Centre in Biomedical Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. donna@
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3
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Lazofsky A, Brinker A, Rivera-Núñez Z, Buckley B. A comparison of four liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platforms for the analysis of zeranols in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4885-4899. [PMID: 37432442 PMCID: PMC10386926 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted biomonitoring studies quantifying the concentration of zeranols in biological matrices have focused on liquid chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The MS platform for measurement, quadrupole, time-of-flight (ToF), ion trap, etc., is often chosen based on either sensitivity or selectivity. An instrument performance comparison of the benefits and limitations using matrix-matched standards containing 6 zeranols on 4 MS instruments, 2 low-resolution (linear ion traps), and 2 high-resolution (Orbitrap and ToF) was undertaken to identify the best measurement platform for multiple biomonitoring projects characterizing the endocrine disruptive properties of zeranols. Analytical figures of merit were calculated for each analyte to compare instrument performance across platforms. The calibration curves had correlation coefficients r = 0.989 ± 0.012 for all analytes and LODs and LOQs were ranked for sensitivity: Orbitrap > LTQ > LTQXL > G1 (V mode) > G1 (W mode). The Orbitrap had the smallest measured variation (lowest %CV), while the G1 had the highest. Instrumental selectivity was calculated using full width at half maximum (FWHM) and as expected, the low-resolution instruments had the broadest spectrometric peaks, concealing coeluting peaks under the same mass window as the analyte. Multiple peaks from concomitant ions, unresolved at low resolution (within a unit mass window), were present but did not match the exact mass predicted for the analyte. For example, the high-resolution platforms were able to differentiate between a concomitant peak at 319.1915 from the analyte at 319.1551, included in low-resolution quantitative analyses demonstrating the need to consider coeluting interfering ions in biomonitoring studies. Finally, a validated method using the Orbitrap was applied to human urine samples from a pilot cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lazofsky
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Yousef MS, Rezk WR, El-Naby ASAHH, Mahmoud KGM, Takagi M, Miyamoto A, Megahed GA. In vitro effect of zearalenone on sperm parameters, oocyte maturation and embryonic development in buffalo. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100732. [PMID: 36669377 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The negative impact of zearalenone (ZEN; potent estrogenic mycotoxin) exposure on buffalo embryo production has not yet been determined. In the current study, buffalo sperm and oocytes were exposed to ZEN at different concentrations during maturation. Sperms (with and without ZEN exposure) were incubated for 2 h and evaluated for motility, viability, acrosome integrity, normality, and ultrastructure. Matured oocytes exposed to ZEN were stained to determine their nuclear maturation. Further, their developmental ability was evaluated after in vitro fertilization. Our results showed the toxic effects of ZEN at high concentrations (2000 ng/mL) on different buffalo sperm parameters. The number of acrosome-intact sperm was reduced at 0 h after exposure to a concentration of ≥ 100 ng/mL. Furthermore, the maturation rate of buffalo oocytes (telophase I + metaphase II) was significantly decreased in ZEN-treated oocytes with a higher degeneration rate. Oocytes matured in 1000 ng/mL ZEN and subsequently exhibited considerable reduction in cleavage rate and blastocyst formation compared with control oocytes (2.6% vs. 13.1%). Moreover, the morula rate was decreased (p < 0.001) in ZEN-treated oocytes at concentrations of ≥ 10 ng/mL. Overall, the adverse effects of in vitro ZEN exposure on buffalo sperm parameters and oocyte meiotic progression with a notable reduction in cleavage, morula, and blastocyst rates were defined by these results. Altogether, buffaloes should be considered sensitive to ZEN exposure with respect to their reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Yousef
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080 8555, Japan.
| | - Walaa R Rezk
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Karima Gh M Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Reproduction and A.I, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 1677-1, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080 8555, Japan.
| | - Gaber A Megahed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ndiaye S, Zhang M, Fall M, Ayessou NM, Zhang Q, Li P. Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:729. [PMID: 36355979 PMCID: PMC9694041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite's toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin's biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Ndiaye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas M. Ayessou
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Jing S, Liu C, Zheng J, Dong Z, Guo N. Toxicity of zearalenone and its nutritional intervention by natural products. Food Funct 2022; 13:10374-10400. [PMID: 36165278 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, and is often present in various food and feed ingredients such as corn and wheat. The structure of ZEN is similar to that of natural estrogen, and it can bind to estrogen receptors and has estrogenic activity. Therefore, it can cause endocrine-disrupting effects and promote the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive cell lines. In addition, ZEN can cause oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and other hazards, resulting in systemic toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the past few decades, researchers have tried many ways to remove ZEN from food and feed, but it is still a challenge to eliminate it. In recent years, natural compounds have become of interest for their excellent protective effects on human health from food contaminants. Researchers have discovered that natural compounds often used as dietary supplements can effectively alleviate ZEN-induced systemic toxic effects. Most of the compounds mitigate ZEN-induced toxicity through antioxidant effects. In this article, the contamination of food and feed by ZEN and the various toxic effects and mechanisms of ZEN are reviewed, as well as the mitigation effects of natural compounds on ZEN-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zhijian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Brito VD, Achimón F, Zunino MP, Zygadlo JA, Pizzolitto RP. Fungal diversity and mycotoxins detected in maize stored in silo-bags: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2640-2650. [PMID: 35076089 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silo-bags are hermetic storage systems that inhibit fungal growth because of their atmosphere with low humidity, as well as low pH and O2 concentrations, and a high CO2 concentration. If a silo-bag with stored maize loses its hermetic nature, it favors the development of fungi and the production of mycotoxins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the diversity of fungal species and mycotoxins that were reported in maize stored under the environmental conditions provided by silo-bags. The genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were found more frequently, whereas Acremonium spp., Alternaria sp., Candida sp., Cladosporium sp., Debaryomyces spp., Epiconum sp., Eupenicillium spp., Eurotium sp., Eurotium amstelodami, Hyphopichia spp., Hyphopichia burtonii, Moniliella sp., Wallemia sp. and genera within the orden Mucorales were reported less recurrently. Despite finding a great fungal diversity, all of the studies focused their investigations on a small group of toxins: fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), patulin (PAT), toxin T2 (T2) and ochratoxin (OT). Of the FBs, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 presented higher incidence percentages, followed by fumonisin B3 . Of the AFs, the only one reported was aflatoxin B1. The mycotoxins DON, ZEA and OT were found with lower incidences, whereas PAT and T2 were not detected. Good management practices of the silo-bags are necessary to achieve a hermetically sealed environment, without exchange of gases and water with the external environment during the storage period. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Achimón
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Zunino
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Pizzolitto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Lu Q, Luo JY, Ruan HN, Wang CJ, Yang MH. Structure-toxicity relationships, toxicity mechanisms and health risk assessment of food-borne modified deoxynivalenol and zearalenone: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151192. [PMID: 34710421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin, as one of the most common pollutants in foodstuffs, poses great threat to food security and human health. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN)-two mycotoxin contaminants with considerable toxicity widely existing in food products-have aroused broad public concerns. Adding to this picture, modified forms of DON and ZEN, have emerged as another potential environmental and health threat, owing to their higher re-transformation rate into parent mycotoxins inducing accumulation of mycotoxin in humans and animals. Given this, a better understanding of the toxicity of modified mycotoxins is urgently needed. Moreover, the lack of toxicity data means a proper risk assessment of modified mycotoxins remains challenging. To better evaluate the toxicity of modified DON and ZEN, we have reviewed the relationship between their structures and toxicities. The toxicity mechanisms behind modified DON and ZEN have also been discussed; briefly, these involve acute, subacute, chronic, and combined toxicities. In addition, this review also addresses the global occurrence of modified DON and ZEN, and summarizes novel methods-including in silico analysis and implementation of relative potency factors-for risk assessment of modified DON and ZEN. Finally, the health risk assessment of modified DON and ZEN has also been discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao-Nan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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SILVA JVBD, OLIVEIRA CAFD, RAMALHO LNZ. An overview of mycotoxins, their pathogenic effects, foods where they are found and their diagnostic biomarkers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.48520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Braun D, Abia WA, Šarkanj B, Sulyok M, Waldhoer T, Erber AC, Krska R, Turner PC, Marko D, Ezekiel CN, Warth B. Mycotoxin-mixture assessment in mother-infant pairs in Nigeria: From mothers' meal to infants' urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132226. [PMID: 34826919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to food and environmental contaminants is a global environmental health issue. In this study, innovative LC-MS/MS approaches were applied to investigate mycotoxin co-exposure in mother-infant pairs (n = 23) by analyzing matched plate-ready food, breast milk and urine samples of mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants. The study revealed frequent co-occurrence of two to five mycotoxins. Regulated (e.g. aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A) and emerging mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol monomethyl ether and beauvericin) were frequently detected (3 %-89 % and 45 %-100 %), in at least one specimen. In addition, a moderate association of ochratoxin A in milk to urine of mothers (r = 0.47; p = 0.003) and infants (r = 0.52; p = 0.019) but no other significant correlations were found. Average concentration levels in food mostly did not exceed European maximum residue limits, and intake estimates demonstrated exposure below tolerable daily intake values. Infants were exposed to significantly lower toxin levels compared to their mothers, indicating the protective effect of breastfeeding. However, the transfer into milk and urine and the resulting chronic low-dose exposure warrant further monitoring. In the future, occurrence of mycotoxin-mixtures, and their combined toxicological effects need to be comprehensively considered and implemented in risk management strategies. These should aim to minimize early-life exposure in critical developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid C Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Flasch M, Bueschl C, Del Favero G, Adam G, Schuhmacher R, Marko D, Warth B. Elucidation of xenoestrogen metabolism by non-targeted, stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry in breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106940. [PMID: 34673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens, i.e., chemicals that imitate the hormone 17β-estradiol, has the potential to influence hormone homeostasis and action. Detailed knowledge of xenobiotic biotransformation processes in cell models is key when transferring knowledge learned from in vitro models to in vivo relevance. This study elucidated the metabolism of two naturally-occurring phyto- and mycoestrogens; namely genistein and zearalenone, in an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with the aid of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and the bioinformatic tool MetExtract II. Metabolism was studied in a time course experiment after 2 h, 6 h and 24 h incubation. Twelve and six biotransformation products of zearalenone and genistein were detected, respectively, clearly demonstrating the abundant xenobiotic biotransformation capability of the cells. Zearalenone underwent extensive phase-I metabolism resulting in α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), a molecule known to possess a significantly higher estrogenicity, and several phase-II metabolites (sulfo- and glycoconjugates) of the native compound and the major phase I metabolite α-ZEL. Moreover, potential adducts of zearalenone with a vitamin and several hydroxylated metabolites were annotated. Genistein metabolism resulted in sulfation, combined sulfation and hydroxylation, acetylation, glucuronidation and unexpectedly adduct formation with pentose- and hexose sugars. Kinetics of metabolite formation and subsequent excretion into the extracellular medium revealed a time-dependent increase in most biotransformation products. The untargeted elucidation of biotransformation products formed during cell culture experiments enables an improved and more meaningful interpretation of toxicological assays and has the potential to identify unexpected or unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Mendez‐Catala DM, Wang Q, Rietjens IM. PBK Model-Based Prediction of Intestinal Microbial and Host Metabolism of Zearalenone and Consequences for its Estrogenicity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100443. [PMID: 34648686 PMCID: PMC9285883 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of the present study is to develop physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models for rat and human that include intestinal microbial and hepatic metabolism of zearalenone (ZEN) in order to predict systemic concentrations of ZEN and to obtain insight in the contribution of metabolism by the intestinal microbiota to the overall metabolism of ZEN. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro derived kinetic parameters, apparent maximum velocities (Vmax ) and Michaelis-Menten constants (Km ) for liver and intestinal microbial metabolism of ZEN are included in the PBK models. The models include a sub-model for the metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), a metabolite known to be 60-times more potent as an estrogen than ZEN. Integrating intestinal microbial ZEN metabolism into the PBK models revealed that hepatic metabolism drives the formation of α-ZEL. Furthermore, the models predicted that at the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.25 µg kg-1 bw the internal concentration of ZEN and α-ZEL are three-orders of magnitude below concentrations reported to induce estrogenicity in vitro. CONCLUSION It is concluded that combining kinetic data on liver and intestinal microbial metabolism in a PBK model facilitates a holistic view on the role of the intestinal microbiota in the overall metabolism of the foodborne xenobiotic ZEN and its bioactivation to α-ZEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qianrui Wang
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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14
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Hu X, Sun Y, Hu S, Xing Y, Chen L, Cao J, Zhang G. Preparation of highly sensitive monoclonal antibody against α-zearalanol based on the similar antigen determinant structure to zearalanone. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a new method to prepare highly sensitive monoclonal antibody against α-zearalanol (ZAL) based on a similar antigen determinant structure. Zearalanone (ZAN), structural analogs of ZAL, was modified by oximation to obtain ZAN-O. ZAN-O was then coupled with bovine serum albumin using 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) to synthesise the artificial complete antigen ZAN-O-BSA. ZAN-O-BSA was used to immunise the BALB/c mice. The splenocytes of the immunised mice were fused with myeloma NS0 cells. During the process of cell fusion, ZAL was used as an inhibitor instead of ZAN to screen the hybridoma cell lines that can secrete monoclonal antibodies against ZAL. The sensitivity (half inhibitory concentration, IC50) of the prepared monoclonal antibody was 0.475 ng/ml, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.050 ng/ml, the linear range of detection was 0.066-3.399 ng/ml, the affinity constant Kaff was 6.18×107 l/mol, the cross-reactivity rate with structural analogues, such as β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, ZAN and zearalenone were 28.07, 13.16, 15.83, 60.28 and 7.95% respectively. The cross-reactivity with other mycotoxin and carrier proteins were all less than 0.05%. The prepared monoclonal antibody can be used to establish a highly sensitive immunoassay for the detection of ZAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.F. Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - Y.N. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - S.Y. Hu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - Y.R. Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - L.L. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - J.B. Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
| | - G.P. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou Henan 450002, China P.R
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15
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Jin J, Beekmann K, Ringø E, Rietjens IM, Xing F. Interaction between food-borne mycotoxins and gut microbiota: A review. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Wu K, Ren C, Gong Y, Gao X, Rajput SA, Qi D, Wang S. The insensitive mechanism of poultry to zearalenone: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:587-594. [PMID: 34377845 PMCID: PMC8327487 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common contaminating mycotoxins and is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum. ZEN and its metabolites can interfere with estrogen function and affect animals' reproductive ability. Pigs are most susceptible to ZEN, and ZEN is less harmful to poultry than to pigs. The exact mechanism for the difference in susceptibility remains unclear. In this review, we summarized some possible reasons for the relative insensitivity of poultry to ZEN, such as the lower total amount of α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and the α-ZOL-to-β-ZOL ratio which reduce the toxicity of ZEN to poultry. The faster hepatic and enteric circulation, and excretion capacity in poultry can excrete more ZEN and its metabolites. There are other possible factors such as the transformation of intestinal microorganisms, differences in hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases' activity, high estrogen levels, and low estrogen receptors affinity which can also cause poultry to be relatively insensitive to ZEN. In this review, we summarized the hazards, pollution status, metabolic pathways, and some measures to mitigate ZEN's harmfulness. Specifically, we discussed the possible mechanisms of low reproductive toxicity by ZEN in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenxi Ren
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangfan Gong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Technology Application Center, Bazhou, 065000, China
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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17
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Abdelmotilib NM, Darwish AG, Abdel-Azeem AM, Sheir DH. Fungal Mycotoxins. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64406-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Agahi F, Juan C, Font G, Juan-García A. In silico methods for metabolomic and toxicity prediction of zearalenone, α-zearalenone and β-zearalenone. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111818. [PMID: 33098936 PMCID: PMC7576377 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (ZEA's metabolites) are co/present in cereals, fruits or their products. All three with other compounds, constitute a cocktail-mixture that consumers (and also animals) are exposed and never entirely evaluated, nor in vitro nor in vivo. Effect of ZEA has been correlated to endocrine disruptor alterations as well as its metabolites (α-ZEL and β-ZEL); however, toxic effects associated to metabolites generated once ingested are unknown and difficult to study. The present study defines the metabolomics profile of all three mycotoxins (ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL) and explores the prediction of their toxic effects proposing an in silico workflow by using three programs of predictions: MetaTox, SwissADME and PASS online. Metabolomic profile was also defined and toxic effect evaluated for all metabolite products from Phase I and II reaction (a total of 15 compounds). Results revealed that products describing metabolomics profile were: from O-glucuronidation (1z and 2z for ZEA and 1 ab, 2 ab and 3 ab for ZEA's metabolites), S-sulfation (3z and 4z for ZEA and 4 ab, 5 ab and 6 ab for ZEA's metabolites) and hydrolysis (5z and 7 ab for ZEA's metabolites, respectively). Lipinsky's rule-of-five was followed by all compounds except those coming from O-glucuronidation (HBA>10). Metabolite products had better properties to reach blood brain barrier than initial mycotoxins. According to Pa values (probability of activation) order of toxic effects studied was carcinogenicity > nephrotoxic > hepatotoxic > endocrine disruptor > mutagenic (AMES TEST) > genotoxic. Prediction of inhibition, induction and substrate function on different isoforms of Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4) varied for each compounds analyzed; similarly, for activation of caspases 3 and 8. Relying to our findings, the metabolomics profile of ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL analyzed by in silico programs predicts alteration of systems/pathways/mechanisms that ends up causing several toxic effects, giving an excellent sight and direct studies before starting in vitro or in vivo assays contributing to 3Rs principle; however, confirmation can be only demonstrated by performing those assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fojan Agahi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Guillermina Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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19
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Ceremuga M, Stela M, Saluk-Bijak J, Siadkowski A, Bijak M. Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins-A Serious Problem for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8187. [PMID: 33142955 PMCID: PMC7662353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolities formed by a variety of fungi (moulds) species. Hundreds of potentially toxic mycotoxins have been already identified and are considered a serious problem in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. A large number of food-related products and beverages are yearly contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in economic welfare losses. Mycotoxin indoor environment contamination is a global problem especially in less technologically developed countries. There is an ongoing effort in prevention of mould growth in the field and decontamination of contaminated food and feed in order to protect human and animal health. It should be emphasized that the mycotoxins production by fungi (moulds) species is unavoidable and that they are more toxic than pesticides. Human and animals are exposed to mycotoxin via food, inhalation, or contact which can result in many building-related illnesses including kidney and neurological diseases and cancer. In this review, we described in detail the molecular aspects of main representatives of mycotoxins, which are serious problems for global health, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela "Montera" 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Siadkowski
- Department of Security and Crisis Menagement, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Dabrowa Gornicza, Zygmunta Cieplaka 1c, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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20
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Memiş EY, Yalçın SS, Yalçın S. Mycotoxin carry-over in breast milk and weight of infant in exclusively-breastfed infants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:313-318. [PMID: 33023405 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1828242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) in human milk, and to investigate the relation between selected mycotoxin levels in breast milk and infantile growth in exclusively-breastfed infants under four months. Mycotoxin analysis was performed with commercial ELISA kits. Infants were weighed, and z scores of weight-for-age (WAZ) were calculated with WHO standards. The first quartile of the mycotoxin levels was classified in subgroups as low-level, the last quartile as high-level, and between them as middle-level. The subgroups of AFM1, OTA, and DON had similar infants' WAZ. When cases without maternal smoke exposure were selected and WAZ at birth, infant age, and gender were adjusted, higher infant WAZ on admission was detected in high-ZEN subgroup (p = 0.033). Further cohort studies in exclusively-breastfed infants and absence of maternal smoke exposure could clarify the effect of ZEN on infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Unit of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçın
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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21
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Pack E, Stewart J, Rhoads M, Knight J, De Vita R, Clark-Deener S, Schmale DG. Quantification of zearalenone and α-zearalenol in swine liver and reproductive tissues using GC-MS. Toxicon X 2020; 8:100058. [PMID: 33089147 PMCID: PMC7566953 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of swine feed which has been related to a wide range of reproductive anomalies in swine, such as pelvic organ prolapse, anestrous, and pseudopregnancy. New information is needed to understand how ZEN and related metabolites accumulate in swine reproductive tissues. We conducted a feeding study to track ZEN and the metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in swine liver and reproductive tissues. Thirty pubertal gilts were randomly assigned one of three treatments, with ten pigs in each treatment group: (1) base feed with solvent for 21 days, (2) ZEN-spiked feed for seven days followed by base feed with solvent for 14 days, and (3) ZEN-spiked feed for 21 days. At the end of the trial, liver, anterior vagina, posterior vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and broad ligament were collected from pigs. ZEN was found in the anterior vagina, posterior vagina, cervix, and ovaries, with significantly higher concentrations in the cervix relative to other reproductive tissues. ZEN and α-ZEL were found in liver tissue from pigs in each treatment group. Our results show that ZEN accumulates more in the cervix than other reproductive tissues. The presence of ZEN in reproductive tissues may be indicative of ZEN-related reproductive symptoms. Future work could examine how ZEN concentrations vary in reproductive tissues as a factor of the pigs age, weight, sex, or parity, to establish parameters that make pig more sensitive to ZEN. A feeding trial was conducted where gilts consumed varying amounts of zearalenone. Zearalenone was found in the anterior vagina, posterior vagina, cervix, and ovaries. Zearalenone concentrations were highest in the cervix. Zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol were found in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Pack
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jacob Stewart
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Michelle Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - James Knight
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Raffaella De Vita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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22
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Fischer FC, Abele C, Henneberger L, Klüver N, König M, Mühlenbrink M, Schlichting R, Escher BI. Cellular Metabolism in High-Throughput In Vitro Reporter Gene Assays and Implications for the Quantitative In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1770-1779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C. Fischer
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cedric Abele
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nils Klüver
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Mühlenbrink
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Phosphatidylcholine could protect the defect of zearalenone exposure on follicular development and oocyte maturation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3486-3506. [PMID: 30472698 PMCID: PMC6286824 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a well-known exogenous endocrine disruptor and can lead to severe negative effects on the human and animal reproductive process. Using a follicle culture model, we have previously shown that ZEA exposure significantly affected the follicular development and antrum formation but the underlying mechanisms are not well known. Therefore, in this study, we explored the metabolomic changes of granulosa cell (GC) culture media with or without ZEA exposure. The results showed that ZEA significantly increased phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidyl ethanolamine adducts in culture medium. A comprehensive analysis with the metabolome data from follicular fluid of small and large antral follicles showed that lyso phosphatidylcholine (LPC) was accumulated during follicle growth, but was depleted by ZEA exposure. Exogenous supplement with LPC to the follicle growth media or oocyte maturation media can partly protect the defect of ZEA exposure on follicular antrum formation and oocyte maturation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ZEA exposure hinders the follicular growth and exogenous LPC can practically protect the defect of ZEA on follicular development and oocyte maturation.
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Ieko T, Inoue S, Inomata Y, Inoue H, Fujiki J, Iwano H. Glucuronidation as a metabolic barrier against zearalenone in rat everted intestine. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:153-161. [PMID: 31839622 PMCID: PMC7041979 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZON), produced by Fusarium fungi, exhibits estrogenic activity. Livestock
can be exposed to ZON orally through contaminating feeds such as cereals, leading to
reproductive disorders such as infertility and miscarriage via endocrine system
disruption. However, the details of ZON metabolism remain unclear, and the mechanism of
its toxicity has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of
ZON absorption and metabolism in rat segmented everted intestines. ZON absorption was
confirmed in each intestine segment 60 min after application to the mucosal buffer at 10
µM. Approximately half of the absorbed ZON was metabolized to
α-zearalenol, which tended to be mainly glucuronidated in intestinal cells. In the
proximal intestine, most of the glucuronide metabolized by intestinal cells was excreted
to the mucosal side, suggesting that the intestine plays an important role as a first drug
metabolism barrier for ZON. However, in the distal intestine, ZON metabolites tended to be
transported to the serosal side. Glucuronide transported to the serosal side could be
carried via the systemic circulation to the local tissues, where it could be reactivated
by deconjugation. These results are important with regard to the mechanism of endocrine
disruption caused by ZON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ieko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Sumire Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yume Inomata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Nihon Doubutsu Tokushu Shindan Co., Ltd., Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1374, Japan
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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25
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Warth B, Preindl K, Manser P, Wick P, Marko D, Buerki-Thurnherr T. Transfer and Metabolism of the Xenoestrogen Zearalenone in Human Perfused Placenta. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107004. [PMID: 31596610 PMCID: PMC6867367 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a sensitive condition during which adverse environmental exposures should be monitored thoroughly and minimized whenever possible. In particular, the hormone balance during gestation is delicate, and disturbance may cause acute or chronic long-term health effects. A potential endocrine disruption may be provoked by in utero exposure to xenoestrogens mimicking endogenous estrogens. The mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN), a toxic fungal secondary metabolite and mycotoxin found frequently in food and feed, constitutes a prominent example. OBJECTIVES We performed a comprehensive assessment of the transfer as well as phase I and phase II metabolism of ZEN at the human placental barrier. METHODS Human placentas were perfused with 1μM (318μg/L) ZEN for 6 h. Samples from the maternal and fetal compartment, placental tissue, and fetal plasma were analyzed by a highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS assay to detect ZEN as well as nine key metabolites (α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, ZEN-14-glucuronide, α-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, β-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, ZEN-14-sulfate). RESULTS The model revealed a fast maternofetal transfer of ZEN across the human placental barrier. We also unraveled phase I and phase II metabolism of the parent toxin ZEN into the approximately 70-times more estrogenic α-zearalenol and the less active ZEN-14-sulfate conjugate, which are effectively released into the maternal and fetal circulation in considerable amounts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposure to ZEN (such as through consumption of ZEN-contaminated cereal-based products) during pregnancy may result in in utero exposure of the fetus, not only to ZEN but also some of its highly estrogenically active metabolites. In the light of the known affinity of ZEN and potentially co-occurring xenoestrogens to the estrogen receptor, and our results demonstrating placental transfer of ZEN and its metabolites in an ex vivo model, we recommend further research and more comprehensive assessment of gestational exposures in women. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Network Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Preindl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pius Manser
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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26
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Steinkellner H, Binaglia M, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Alexander J. Combined hazard assessment of mycotoxins and their modified forms applying relative potency factors: Zearalenone and T2/HT2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2710-2729. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rai
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
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28
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Fruhauf S, Novak B, Nagl V, Hackl M, Hartinger D, Rainer V, Labudová S, Adam G, Aleschko M, Moll WD, Thamhesl M, Grenier B. Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080481. [PMID: 31434326 PMCID: PMC6722729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN)-degrading enzymes are a promising strategy to counteract the negative effects of this mycotoxin in livestock. The reaction products of such enzymes need to be thoroughly characterized before technological application as a feed additive can be envisaged. Here, we evaluated the estrogenic activity of the metabolites hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) and decarboxylated hydrolyzed zearalenone (DHZEN) formed by hydrolysis of ZEN by the zearalenone-lactonase Zhd101p. ZEN, HZEN, and DHZEN were tested in two in vitro models, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay (0.01–500 nM) and an estrogen-sensitive yeast bioassay (1–10,000 nM). In addition, we compared the impact of dietary ZEN (4.58 mg/kg) and equimolar dietary concentrations of HZEN and DHZEN on reproductive tract morphology as well as uterine mRNA and microRNA expression in female piglets (n = 6, four weeks exposure). While ZEN increased cell proliferation and reporter gene transcription, neither HZEN nor DHZEN elicited an estrogenic response, suggesting that these metabolites are at least 50–10,000 times less estrogenic than ZEN in vitro. In piglets, HZEN and DHZEN did not increase vulva size or uterus weight. Moreover, RNA transcripts altered upon ZEN treatment (EBAG9, miR-135a-5p, miR-187-3p and miR-204-5p) were unaffected by HZEN and DHZEN. Our study shows that both metabolites exhibit markedly reduced estrogenicity in vitro and in vivo, and thus provides an important basis for further evaluation of ZEN-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (IAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Slobodchikova I, Sivakumar R, Rahman MS, Vuckovic D. Characterization of Phase I and Glucuronide Phase II Metabolites of 17 Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E433. [PMID: 31344861 PMCID: PMC6723440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine mycotoxin biomonitoring methods do not include many mycotoxin phase I and phase II metabolites, which may significantly underestimate mycotoxin exposure especially for heavily metabolized mycotoxins. Additional research efforts are also needed to measure metabolites in vivo after exposure and to establish which mycotoxin metabolites should be prioritized for the inclusion during large-scale biomonitoring efforts. The objective of this study was to perform human in vitro microsomal incubations of 17 mycotoxins and systematically characterize all resulting metabolites using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results obtained were then used to build a comprehensive LC-MS library and expand a validated 17-mycotoxin method for exposure monitoring to screening of additional 188 metabolites, including 100 metabolites reported for the first time. The final method represents one of the most comprehensive LC-HRMS methods for mycotoxin biomonitoring or metabolism/fate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Reajean Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Md Samiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
- Centre for Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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30
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Catteuw A, Broekaert N, De Baere S, Lauwers M, Gasthuys E, Huybrechts B, Callebaut A, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Gehring R, Devreese M, Croubels S. Insights into In Vivo Absolute Oral Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone, α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, Zearalenone-14-glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-sulfate in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3448-3458. [PMID: 30807145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the toxicokinetic characteristics of ZEN and its modified forms, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S), including presystemic and systemic hydrolysis in pigs. Crossover pig trials were performed by means of intravenous and oral administration of ZEN and its modified forms. Systemic plasma concentrations of the administered toxins and their metabolites were quantified and further processed via tailor-made compartmental toxicokinetic models. Furthermore, portal plasma was analyzed to unravel the site of hydrolysis, and urine samples were analyzed to determine urinary excretion. Results demonstrate complete presystemic hydrolysis of ZEN14G and ZEN14S to ZEN and high oral bioavailability for all administered compounds, with further extensive first-pass glucuronidation. Conclusively, the modified-ZEN forms α-ZEL, β-ZEL, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S contribute to overall ZEN systemic toxicity in pigs and should be taken into account for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Catteuw
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Nathan Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Elke Gasthuys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano , Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14 , 1050 Elsene , Belgium
| | | | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology/Pharmacology , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1 , 3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
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Rivera-Núñez Z, Barrett ES, Szamreta EA, Shapses SA, Qin B, Lin Y, Zarbl H, Buckley B, Bandera EV. Urinary mycoestrogens and age and height at menarche in New Jersey girls. Environ Health 2019; 18:24. [PMID: 30902092 PMCID: PMC6431018 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of the endocrine disrupting properties of zearalenone (ZEN) and alpha-zearalanol (zeranol, α-ZAL), they have been minimally studied in human populations. In previous cross-sectional analyses, we demonstrated that 9-10 years old girls with detectable urinary ZEN were of shorter stature and less likely to have reached the onset of breast development than girls with undetectable urinary ZEN. The aim of this study was to examine baseline concentrations of ZEN, (α-ZAL), and their phase-1 metabolites in relation to subsequent growth and timing of menarche using 10 years of longitudinal data. METHODS Urine samples were collected from participants in the Jersey Girl Study at age 9-10 (n = 163). Unconjugated ZEN, (α-ZAL), and their metabolites were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Information on height, weight, and pubertal development was collected at a baseline visit with annual follow-up by mail thereafter. Cox regression was used to evaluate time to menarche in relation to baseline ZEN, (α-ZAL), and total mycoestrogen exposure. Z-scores for height and weight were used in mixed models to assess growth. RESULTS Mycoestrogens were detectable in urine in 78.5% of the girls (median ZEN: 1.02 ng/ml, range 0-22.3). Girls with detectable urinary concentrations of (α-ZAL) and total mycoestrogens (sum of ZEN, (α-ZAL) and their metabolites) at baseline were significantly shorter at menarche than girls with levels below detection (p = 0.04). ZEN and total mycoestrogen concentrations were inversely associated with height- and weight-z-scores at menarche (adjusted β = - 0.18, 95% CI: -0.29, - 0.08, and adjusted β = - 0.10, 95% CI: -0.21, 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION This study supports and extends our previous results suggesting that exposure to ZEN, (α-ZAL), and their metabolites is associated with slower growth and pubertal development in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Szamreta
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Sue A. Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520 USA
| | - Bo Qin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon 2019; 162:46-56. [PMID: 30851274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural compounds produced as secondary metabolites by mold fungi belonging mainly to the Fusarium family, commonly found on plants such as corn or small grains in the temperate climate zone. One of these mycotoxins is zearalenone, which is classified as a xenoestrogen, an exogenous compound which resembles the structure of naturally occurring estrogens with its chemical structure. This property of zearalenone determines its ability to bind to estrogen receptors of cell and its bioaccumulation. This leads to disorders of the hormonal balance of the body, which in consequence may lead to numerous diseases of reproductive system such as prostate, ovarian, cervical or breast cancers. High risk posed by long-term exposure to contaminated food forces the modern science to develop and implement effective methods of zearalenone neutralisation. This work is a review of current state of knowledge on toxic effects of zearalenone, its metabolism in biological systems and proposed methods of its neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - P Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - G Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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33
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Lorenz N, Dänicke S, Edler L, Gottschalk C, Lassek E, Marko D, Rychlik M, Mally A. A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:27-46. [PMID: 30209771 PMCID: PMC6331505 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive definition introducing the term "modified mycotoxins" to encompass all possible forms in which mycotoxins and their modifications can occur was recently proposed and has rapidly gained wide acceptance within the scientific community. It is becoming increasingly evident that exposure to such modified mycotoxins due to their presence in food and feed has the potential to pose a substantial additional risk to human and animal health. Zearalenone (ZEN) is a well-characterized Fusarium toxin. Considering the diversity of modified forms of ZEN occurring in food and feed, the toxicologically relevant endocrine activity of many of these metabolites, and the fact that modified forms add to a dietary exposure which approaches the tolerable daily intake by free ZEN alone, modified forms of ZEN present an ideal case study for critical evaluation of modified mycotoxins in food safety. Following a summary of recent scientific opinions of EFSA dealing with health risk assessment of ZEN alone or in combination with its modified forms, uncertainties and data gaps are highlighted. Issues essential for evaluation and prioritization of modified mycotoxins in health risk assessment are identified and discussed, including opportunities to improve exposure assessment using biomonitoring data. Further issues such as future consideration of combinatory effects of the parent toxin with its modified forms and also other compounds co-occurring in food and feed are addressed. With a particular focus on ZEN, the most pressing challenges associated with health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins are identified and recommendations for further research to fill data gaps and reduce uncertainties are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lorenz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lutz Edler
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Eva Lassek
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Luitpoldstr. 1, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Hennig-Pauka I, Koch FJ, Schaumberger S, Woechtl B, Novak J, Sulyok M, Nagl V. Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 30221009 PMCID: PMC6134784 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) causes functional and morphological alterations in reproductive organs of pigs. In the field, diagnosis of ZEN-induced disorders is often challenging, as relevant feed lots are no longer available, or feed analysis results are not conclusive. Here, we report a field case of hyperestrogenism in newborn piglets. Surprisingly, more than 50 fungal metabolites were detected in hay pellets fed to gestating sows, including ZEN and its modified form zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-S). Despite the broad contamination range in this unconventional feed component, a definite diagnosis of mycotoxicosis could not be achieved. In this context, current limitations regarding the confirmation of suspected cases of ZEN-induced disorders are discussed, covering both feed analysis and the biomarker approach. Case presentation A piglet producer with 200 sows experienced a sudden increase in suckling piglet losses up to 30% by lower vitality and crushing. Predominant clinical signs were splay legs and signs of hyperestrogenism such as swollen and reddened vulvae in newborn piglets. The first differential diagnosis was ZEN mycotoxicosis although feed batches had not been changed for months with the exception of ground hay pellets, which had been included in the diet five months before. Analysis of hay pellets resulted in a sum value of ZEN and its modified forms of more than 1000 μg/kg, with ZEN-14-S alone accounting for 530 μg/kg. Considering the inclusion rate of 7% in the diet for gestating sows, the severe impact of the additional ZEN load due to the contaminated hay pellets seemed unrealistic but could not be completely excluded either. One month after hay pellets had been removed from the diet no further clinical signs were observed. Conclusions Enrichment materials and other fibre sources can contain significant amounts of mycotoxins and should be therefore included in feed analysis. Adequate methods for broad spectrum mycotoxin determination, including modified mycotoxins, are important. As highlighted by this field case, there is a need to establish reliable biomarkers for ZEN exposure in pigs. Currently, available biomarkers do not allow a solid prediction of the ZEN intake of pigs under field conditions, which limits their application to experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Straße 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Koch
- Tierarztpraxis im Holbeinring, Holbeinring 16, 35369 Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Woechtl
- 4University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- 5Functional Botanical Substances, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- 6Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Yang S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Jin Y, Zhang S, De Saeger S, Li Y, Zhou J, Sun F, De Boevre M. Deglucosylation of zearalenone-14-glucoside in animals and human liver leads to underestimation of exposure to zearalenone in humans. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2779-2791. [PMID: 30019167 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), the modified mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN), has attracted considerable attention due to its high potential to be hydrolyzed into ZEN, which would exert toxicity. It has been confirmed that the microflora could metabolize ZEN-14G to ZEN. However, the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G and whether it could be deglucosidated in the liver are unknown. To thoroughly investigate the metabolism of ZEN-14G, in vitro metabolism including phase I and phase II metabolism was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, in vivo metabolism of ZEN-14G was conducted in model animals, rats, by oral administration. As a result, 29 phase I metabolites and 6 phase II metabolites were identified and significant inter-species metabolic differences were observed as well. What is more, ZEN-14G could be considerably deglucosidated into its free form of ZEN after the incubation with animals and human liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, which was mainly metabolized by human carboxylesterase CES-I and II. Furthermore, results showed that the major metabolic pathways of ZEN-14G were deglucosylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation. Although interspecies differences in the biotransformation of ZEN-14G were observed, ZEN, α-ZEL-14G, β-ZEL-14G, α-ZEL, ZEN-14G-16GlcA and ZEN-14GlcA were the major metabolites of ZEN-14G. Additionally, a larger yield of 6-OH-ZEN-14G and 8-OH-ZEN-14G was also observed in human liver microsomes. The obtained data would be of great importance for the safety assessment of modified mycotoxin, ZEN-14G, and provide another perspective for risk assessment of mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Removal of Zearalenone and Zearalenols from Aqueous Solutions Using Insoluble Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060216. [PMID: 29799507 PMCID: PMC6024756 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived mycotoxin, exerting xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans. ZEN and its derivatives commonly occur in cereals and cereal-based products. During the biotransformation of ZEN, its reduced metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are formed; α-ZEL is even more toxic than the parent compound ZEN. Since previous studies demonstrated that ZEN and ZELs form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable for mycotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, the extraction of ZEN and ZELs from water, buffers, and corn beer was investigated, employing insoluble β-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) as a mycotoxin-binder. Our results demonstrate that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer). After the first application of BBP for mycotoxin binding, BBP could be completely reactivated through the elimination of ZEN from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol-water mixture. Therefore, our study suggests that insoluble cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable tools in the future to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated drinks.
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Modified Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals and Their Products-Metabolism, Occurrence, and Toxicity: An Updated Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E963. [PMID: 29677133 PMCID: PMC6017960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans, animals and plants. Under the influence of various factors, mycotoxins may undergo modifications of their chemical structure. One of the methods of mycotoxin modification is a transformation occurring in plant cells or under the influence of fungal enzymes. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the natural occurrence of the most important trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals/cereal products, their metabolism, and the potential toxicity of the metabolites. Only very limited data are available for the majority of the identified mycotoxins. Most studies concern biologically modified trichothecenes, mainly deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, which is less toxic than its parent compound (deoxynivalenol). It is resistant to the digestion processes within the gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed by the intestinal epithelium; however, it may be hydrolysed to free deoxynivalenol or deepoxy-deoxynivalenol by the intestinal microflora. Only one zearalenone derivative, zearalenone-14-glucoside, has been extensively studied. It appears to be more reactive than deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. It may be readily hydrolysed to free zearalenone, and the carbonyl group in its molecule may be easily reduced to α/β-zearalenol and/or other unspecified metabolites. Other derivatives of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are poorly characterised. Moreover, other derivatives such as glycosides of T-2 and HT-2 toxins have only recently been investigated; thus, the data related to their toxicological profile and occurrence are sporadic. The topics described in this study are crucial to ensure food and feed safety, which will be assisted by the provision of widespread access to such studies and obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C, Galaverna G. Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins in the Framework of Food Risk Assessment-An In Silico Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E52. [PMID: 29360783 PMCID: PMC5848153 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins severely threaten the health of humans and animals. For this reason, many countries have enforced regulations and recommendations to reduce the dietary exposure. However, even though regulatory actions must be based on solid scientific knowledge, many aspects of their toxicological activity are still poorly understood. In particular, deepening knowledge on the primal molecular events triggering the toxic stimulus may be relevant to better understand the mechanisms of action of mycotoxins. The present work presents the use of in silico approaches in studying the mycotoxins toxicodynamics, and discusses how they may contribute in widening the background of knowledge. A particular emphasis has been posed on the methods accounting the molecular initiating events of toxic action. In more details, the key concepts and challenges of mycotoxins toxicology have been introduced. Then, topical case studies have been presented and some possible practical implementations of studying mycotoxins toxicodynamics have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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40
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Paterni I, Granchi C, Minutolo F. Risks and benefits related to alimentary exposure to xenoestrogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3384-3404. [PMID: 26744831 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1126547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens are widely diffused in the environment and in food, thus a large portion of human population worldwide is exposed to them. Among alimentary xenoestrogens, phytoestrogens (PhyEs) are increasingly being consumed because of their potential health benefits, although there are also important risks associated to their ingestion. Furthermore, other xenoestrogens that may be present in food are represented by other chemicals possessing estrogenic activities, that are commonly defined as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs pose a serious health concern since they may cause a wide range of health problems, starting from pre-birth till adult lifelong exposure. We herein provide an overview of the main classes of xenoestrogens, which are classified on the basis of their origin, their structures and their occurrence in the food chain. Furthermore, their either beneficial or toxic effects on human health are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Paterni
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | - Filippo Minutolo
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,b Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute," Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Yang S, Zhang H, Sun F, De Ruyck K, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, De Saeger S, Zhou J, Li Y, De Boevre M. Metabolic Profile of Zearalenone in Liver Microsomes from Different Species and Its in Vivo Metabolism in Rats and Chickens Using Ultra High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11292-11303. [PMID: 29205036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore differences of zearalenone (ZEN) metabolism between various species, phase I and II metabolism by liver microsomes of animals and human were investigated using ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF MS). A total of 24 metabolites were identified, among which 12 were reported for the first time. Reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of ZEN, and significant differences in various species were also observed. Reduction was the main reaction in swine and human, whereas hydroxylation was predominant in rats, chickens, goats, and cows in in vitro systems. Furthemore, in vivo metabolism of ZEN in rats and chickens was investigated, and 23 and 6 metabolites were identified in each species, respectively. Reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways in rats, while reduction and sulfation predominated in chickens. These results further enrich the biotransformation profile of ZEN, providing a helpful reference for assessing the risks to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- China Agricultural University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- China Agricultural University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- China Agricultural University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University , Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- China Agricultural University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- China Agricultural University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Dellafiora L, Warth B, Schmidt V, Del Favero G, Mikula H, Fröhlich J, Marko D. An integrated in silico/in vitro approach to assess the xenoestrogenic potential of Alternaria mycotoxins and metabolites. Food Chem 2017; 248:253-261. [PMID: 29329852 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Xenoestrogenic mycotoxins may contaminate food and feed posing a public health issue. Besides the zearalenone group, the Alternaria toxin alternariol (AOH) has been described as a potential mycoestrogen. However, the estrogenicity of Alternaria toxins is still largely overlooked and further data are needed to better describe the group toxicity. In the frame of risk assessment, mixed in silico/in vitro approaches already proved to be effective first-line analytical tools. An integrated in silico/in vitro approach was used to investigate the effects of metabolic and chemical modifications on the estrogenicity of AOH. Among the considered modifications, methylation was found critical for enhancing estrogenicity (as seen for alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)) while hydroxylation and glucuronidation had the opposite effect (as seen for 4-hydroxy AOH and 4-hydroxy AME). The structure-activity relationship analysis provided the structural rationale. Our results provide insights to design more efficient risk assessment studies expanding knowledge over the group toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena Schmidt
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Dellafiora L, Ruotolo R, Perotti A, Cirlini M, Galaverna G, Cozzini P, Buschini A, Dall’Asta C. Molecular insights on xenoestrogenic potential of zearalenone-14-glucoside through a mixed in vitro/in silico approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:257-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Transfer of zearalenone to the reproductive system of female rainbow trout spawners: A potential risk for aquaculture and fish consumers? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:386-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Gooneratne R. Preparation of T-2-glucoronide with Rat Hepatic Microsomes and Its Use along with T-2 for Activation of the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in RAW264.7 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4811-4818. [PMID: 28556663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2), one of the most toxic trichothecene A-type mycotoxins, is biotransformed in animal tissues to modified T-2s (mT-2s) including T-2-glucuronide (T-2-GlcA). In this study, the optimal conditions for T-2-GlcA synthesis were established, and the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells was used to study the toxicity of T-2-GlcA. Because many mT-2 standards are not readily available, optimal conditions for T-2-GlcA synthesis in vitro were established by incubating T-2 with rat liver microsomes, UDPGA, and 0.2% Triton X-100 for 90 min. qRT-PCR and Western blot results showed 21- and 760-fold increases in IL-6 mRNA expression induced by T-2-GlcA and T-2, respectively. Similar differences were observed in JAK3, SOCS2/3, and CIS mRNA expression. T-2-GlcA induced a dose-responsive decrease in STAT1 mRNA expression, whereas the result with T-2 was the opposite. Moreover, the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by T-2-GlcA was higher than that by T-2, whereas the phosphorylation of STAT1 was to the contrary. Overall, the results show that T-2-GlcA was somewhat toxic, but activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 was higher by T-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Lincoln University , P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Study on the uptake and deglycosylation of the masked forms of zearalenone in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Kowalska K, Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Zearalenone as an endocrine disruptor in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 48:141-149. [PMID: 27771507 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal mycotoxin, is present in a wide range of human foods. Many animal studies have found ZEA to possess a disruptive effect on the hormonal balance, mainly due to its similarity to naturally-occurring estrogens. With increasing consciousness of the adverse effects of endocrine disruptors on human health, it is becoming more important to monitor ZEA concentrations in food and identify its potential effects on human health. Based on a review of recent studies on animal models and molecular pathways in which ZEA is reported to have an influence on humans, we postulate that ZEA might act as an endocrine disruptor in humans in a similar way to animals. Moreover, its endocrine-disrupting effect might be also a causative factor in carcinogenesis. This review article summarizes the latest knowledge about the influence of ZEA on the human hormonal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz 90-752, Poland
| | - Dominika Ewa Habrowska-Górczyńska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz 90-752, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz 90-752, Poland.
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48
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Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Righi F, Cozzini P, Dall'Asta C. Assessing the hydrolytic fate of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside - A warning light for the need to look at the "maskedome". Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:9-16. [PMID: 27856298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Masked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed. They pose health concern as the shortage of toxicological data forces the lack of regulation worldwide. The present work investigated the toxicological relevance of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside. In vitro, it shows a lower toxicity in respect to the parent compound. However, the major risks related to the consumption of masked mycotoxins depend on the possibility to undergo hydrolysis. Therefore, the hydrolysis and further transformation of zearalenone-14-glucoside in bovine blood and blood components (i.e. plasma, serum and serum albumin) were monitored using LC/MS-MS analysis to gain insights on the possible systemic fate. Hydrolysis was observed in all matrices, and both cell-dependent and -independent contributions were pointed out. Moreover, further metabolism was observed in the whole blood as zearalenol isomers were found. Serum albumin was identified among the active components, and the protein-ligand interaction was investigated via computational analysis. The blood has been pointed out as possible district of reversion and further activation of zearalenone-14-glucoside, and a similar fate cannot be excluded for other masked mycotoxins. Therefore, the systemic hydrolysis should be evaluated beside the absorption, bioavailability and bioaccessibility to deeply understand the toxicity of masked mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Federico Righi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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49
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Vejdovszky K, Hahn K, Braun D, Warth B, Marko D. Synergistic estrogenic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1447-1460. [PMID: 27401186 PMCID: PMC5316405 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites formed by various fungal species that are found as natural contaminants in food. This very heterogeneous group of compounds triggers multiple toxic mechanisms, including endocrine disruptive potential. Current risk assessment of mycotoxins, as for most chemical substances, is based on the effects of single compounds. However, concern on a potential enhancement of risks by interactions of single substances in naturally occurring mixtures has greatly increased recently. In this study, the combinatory effects of three mycoestrogens were investigated in detail. This includes the endocrine disruptors zearalenone (ZEN) and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) produced by Fusarium fungi and alternariol (AOH), a cytotoxic and estrogenic mycotoxin formed by Alternaria species. For evaluation of effects, estrogen-dependent activation of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and cell proliferation were tested in the adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa. The estrogenic potential varied among the single substances. Half maximum effect concentrations (EC50) for AlP activation were evaluated for α-ZEL, ZEN and AOH as 37 pM, 562 pM and 995 nM, respectively. All three mycotoxins were found to act as partial agonists. The majority of binary combinations, even at very low concentrations in the case of α-ZEL, showed strong synergism in the AlP assay. These potentiating phenomena of mycotoxin mixtures highlight the urgent need to incorporate combinatory effects into future risk assessment, especially when endocrine disruptors are involved. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first investigation on synergistic effects of mycoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Hahn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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50
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Warth B, Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Turner PC, Degen GH, Marko D. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Human Breast Milk: Current State and Future Perspectives. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1087-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Partnership
for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul C. Turner
- Maryland
Institute for Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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