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Ito H, Shigeto A, Hashizume T. A solvent-free squeezing method for extraction of collected mass from aerosols of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:465009. [PMID: 38776605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous in vitro toxicological assessments have demonstrated that almost no mutagenic and genotoxic activities in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and heated tobacco product (HTP) aerosols were detected even at the maximum recommended concentration. To accurately compare the toxicity levels between cigarette smoke and e-cigarette or HTP aerosols, higher exposure concentrations increasing the possibility to detect toxicity in in vitro tests are necessary, while avoiding solvent-induced toxicity. This study aimed to develop a solvent-free extraction method to obtain concentrated aerosol extracts for improved toxicological evaluation. Our novel approach involved squeezing several Cambridge filter pads, which collected aerosol constituents, in closed containers to achieve solvent-free extraction with comparable efficiency to the conventional method using organic solvents. The optimized squeezing method yielded extracts with concentrations approximately 10 times higher than those obtained in conventional extraction methods. Yield comparison of various constituents, such as flavoring compounds, in e-cigarette aerosol extracts revealed similar extraction efficiencies between the squeezing and conventional methods. However, the extraction efficiency for constituents with high log Pow values, predominantly found in HTP aerosol extracts, was unacceptably low using the squeezing method. In addition, solvent-free centrifuging, another type of extraction method, exhibited unsatisfactory results for even e-cigarette aerosols compared with the conventional method. Our findings suggest that the solvent-free squeezing method is suitable for extracting aerosol collected mass from e-cigarette aerosol but not from HTP aerosol. We anticipate that the solvent-free squeezing method will contribute to a deeper understanding of toxicological differences between e-cigarettes and conventional combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shigeto
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
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2
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Tsolakos N, Haswell LE, Miazzi F, Bishop E, Antoranz A, Pliaka V, Minia A, Alexopoulos LG, Gaca M, Breheny D. Comparative toxicological assessment of cigarettes and new category products via an in vitro multiplex proteomics platform. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:492-501. [PMID: 38774478 PMCID: PMC11106783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Alternative nicotine products with reduced risk potential (RRPs) including tobacco heating products (THPs), and e-cigarettes have recently emerged as viable alternatives to cigarettes that may contribute to the overall strategy of tobacco harm reduction due to the significantly lower levels of toxicants in these products' emissions as compared to cigarette smoke. Assessing the effects of RRPs on biological responses is important to demonstrate the potential value of RRPs towards tobacco harm reduction. Here, we evaluated the inflammatory and signaling responses of human lung epithelial cells to aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) generated from the 1R6F reference cigarette, the glo™ THP, and the Vype ePen 3.0 e-cigarette using multiplex analysis of 37 inflammatory and phosphoprotein markers. Cellular exposure to the different RRPs and 1R6F AqEs resulted in distinct response profiles with 1R6F being the most biologically active followed by glo™ and ePen 3.0. 1R6F activated stress-related and pro-survival markers c-JUN, CREB1, p38 MAPK and MEK1 and led to the release of IL-1α. glo™ activated MEK1 and decreased IL-1β levels, whilst ePen 3.0 affected IL-1β levels but had no effect on the signaling activity compared to untreated cells. Our results demonstrated the reduced biological effect of RRPs and suggest that targeted analysis of inflammatory and cell signaling mediators is a valuable tool for the routine assessment of RRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linsey E. Haswell
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Fabio Miazzi
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma Bishop
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Vaia Pliaka
- Protavio Ltd, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki 15341, Greece
| | | | - Leonidas G. Alexopoulos
- Protavio Ltd, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki 15341, Greece
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15373, Greece
| | - Marianna Gaca
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
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3
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Wertman J, Shutsky T, McRae R, Szeliga K, Makena P, Jordan K. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Whole Aerosol from Vuse Alto ENDS Products. TOXICS 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38393224 PMCID: PMC10892160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity is an important component of tobacco product toxicological evaluations. However, current methods of regulatory testing involve exposing monolayer cell cultures to various preparations of aerosols from cigarettes or other emerging products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are not representative of human exposure. In the present study, a whole aerosol (WA) system was used to expose lung epithelial cultures (2D and 3D) to determine the potential of six Vuse Alto ENDS products that varied in nicotine content (1.8%, 2.4%, and 5%) and flavors (Golden Tobacco, Rich Tobacco, Menthol, and Mixed Berry), along with a marketed ENDS and a marked cigarette comparator to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The WA from the Vuse Alto ENDS products was not cytotoxic in the NRU and MTT assays, nor did it activate the Nrf2 reporter gene, a marker of oxidative stress. In summary, Vuse Alto ENDS products did not induce cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses in the in vitro models. The WA exposures used in the 3D in vitro models described herein may be better suited than 2D models for the determination of cytotoxicity and other in vitro functional endpoints and represent alternative models for regulatory evaluation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA; (R.L.); (J.W.); (K.S.); (P.M.); (K.J.)
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4
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Cook DK, Lalonde G, Oldham MJ, Wang J, Bates A, Ullah S, Sulaiman C, Carter K, Jongsma C, Dull G, Gillman IG. A Practical Framework for Novel Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Evaluation: Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of JUUL2 Aerosol and Comparison with Reference Cigarettes. TOXICS 2024; 12:41. [PMID: 38250996 PMCID: PMC10820849 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) are designed as a non-combustible alternative to cigarettes, aiming to deliver nicotine without the harmful byproducts of tobacco combustion. As the category evolves and new ENDS products emerge, it is important to continually assess the levels of toxicologically relevant chemicals in the aerosols and characterize any related toxicology. Herein, we present a proposed framework for characterizing novel ENDS products (i.e., devices and formulations) and determining the reduced risk potential utilizing analytical chemistry and in vitro toxicological studies with a qualitative risk assessment. To demonstrate this proposed framework, long-term stability studies (12 months) analyzing relevant toxicant emissions from six formulations of a next-generation product, JUUL2, were conducted and compared to reference combustible cigarette (CC) smoke under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity assays were conducted on aerosol and smoke condensates. In all samples, relevant toxicants under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes were substantially lower than those observed in reference CC smoke. Furthermore, neither cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, nor genotoxicity was observed in aerosol condensates generated under both intense and non-intense puffing regimes, in contrast to results observed for reference cigarettes. Following the proposed framework, the results demonstrate that the ENDS products studied in this work generate significantly lower levels of toxicants relative to reference cigarettes and were not cytotoxic, mutagenic, or genotoxic under these in vitro assay conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Cook
- JUUL Labs, 1000 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA (M.J.O.); (S.U.); (C.S.)
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5
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Lalonde G, Tsolakos N, Moir-Savitz TR, Easley AM, Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ. Subchronic inhalation of a novel electronic nicotine delivery system formulation and its corresponding base formulation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241248631. [PMID: 38646969 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241248631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fresh Menthol 3% Nicotine (FM3) is a novel JUUL e-liquid formulation. Its potential toxicity and that of the corresponding base formulation relative to a filtered air (FA) control was studied in a subchronic inhalation study conducted in general accordance with OECD 413. METHODS Aerosols generated with an intense puffing regime were administered to rats in a nose-only fashion at 1400 µg aerosol collected mass/L on a 6 hour/day basis for 90 days with a 42-day recovery. Exposure atmospheres met target criteria. Systemic exposure was confirmed by plasma measurement of nicotine. RESULTS No test article-related mortality, clinical signs (other than reversible lower body weight gains in males), clinical pathology or gross findings were noted during this study. No microscopic lesions related to base formulation exposure were identified. Minimal microscopic lesions were observed in the FM3 6-hour exposure group. Microscopic lesions observed in the FM3 6-hour exposure group comprised only minimal laryngeal squamous metaplasia in one male and one female animal. No microscopic lesions related to FM3 exposure remained after the recovery period. CONCLUSION Exposure atmosphere characterization indicated that conditions were achieved to permit thorough assessment of test articles and results indicate a low order of toxicity for the FM3 Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) formulation and its base formulation.
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Foster JA. Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:67. [PMID: 37974269 PMCID: PMC10655401 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is a public health approach to reduce the impact of cigarette smoking on individuals. Non-combustible alternatives to cigarettes, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), deliver nicotine to the user in the absence of combustion. The absence of combustion in e-cigarettes reduces the level of harmful or potentially harmful chemicals in the aerosol generated. This narrative review examines the published literature that studied the chemistry of e-cigarette aerosols, the related toxicology in cell culture and animal models, as well as clinical studies that investigated short- and long-term changes in biomarkers of smoke exposure after switching to e-cigarettes. In the context of the literature reviewed, the evidence supports the harm reduction potential for adult smokers who switch to e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Ave. E., Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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7
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Raduka A, Gao N, Chatburn RL, Rezaee F. Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates viral infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L580-L593. [PMID: 37698113 PMCID: PMC11068398 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), especially among teenagers, has reached alarming and epidemic levels, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the short- and long-term effects of vaping on the airway epithelial barrier are unclear. Airway epithelial cells are the forefront protectors from viruses and pathogens. They contain apical junctional complexes (AJCs), which include tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) formed between adjacent cells. Previously, we reported respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection-related hospitalization in children and high-risk adults, induces a "leaky airway" by disrupting the epithelial AJC structure and function. We hypothesized chemical components of e-cigs disrupt airway epithelial barrier and exacerbate RSV-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Using confluent human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells and well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, we found that exposure to extract and aerosol e-cig nicotine caused a significant decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the structure of the AJC even at noncytotoxic concentrations. Western blot analysis of 16HBE cells exposed to e-cig nicotine extract did not reveal significant changes in AJC proteins. Exposure to aerosolized e-cig cinnamon or menthol flavors also induced barrier disruption and aggravated nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Moreover, preexposure to nicotine aerosol increased RSV infection and the severity of RSV-induced airway barrier disruption. Our findings demonstrate that e-cig exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and exacerbates RSV-induced damage. Knowledge gained from this study will provide awareness of adverse e-cig respiratory effects and positively impact the mitigation of e-cig epidemic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, especially in teens, is alarming and at epidemic proportions, threatening public health. Our study shows that e-cig nicotine exposure disrupts airway epithelial tight junctions and increases RSV-induced barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, exposure to aerosolized flavors exaggerates e-cig nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Our study confirms that individual and combined components of e-cigs deleteriously impact the airway barrier and that e-cig exposure increases susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert L Chatburn
- Enterprise Respiratory Care Research Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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8
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Zarcone G, Lenski M, Martinez T, Talahari S, Simonin O, Garçon G, Allorge D, Nesslany F, Lo-Guidice JM, Platel A, Anthérieu S. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes, Heated Tobacco Products and Conventional Cigarettes on the Generation of Oxidative Stress and Genetic and Epigenetic Lesions in Human Bronchial Epithelial BEAS-2B Cells. TOXICS 2023; 11:847. [PMID: 37888697 PMCID: PMC10611330 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cig) and heated tobacco products (HTP) are often used as smoking cessation aids, while the harm reduction effects of these alternatives to cigarettes are still the subject of controversial debate, in particular regarding their carcinogenic potential. The objective of this study is to compare the effects of e-cig, HTP and conventional cigarette emissions on the generation of oxidative stress and genetic and epigenetic lesions in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Our results show that HTP were less cytotoxic than conventional cigarettes while e-cig were not substantially cytotoxic in BEAS-2B cells. E-cig had no significant effect on the Nrf2 pathway, whereas HTP and cigarettes increased the binding activity of Nrf2 to antioxidant response elements and the expression of its downstream targets HMOX1 and NQO1. Concordantly, only HTP and cigarettes induced oxidative DNA damage and significantly increased DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations. Neither histone modulations nor global DNA methylation changes were found after acute exposure, regardless of the type of emissions. In conclusion, this study reveals that HTP, unlike e-cig, elicit a biological response very similar to that of cigarettes, but only after a more intensive exposure: both tobacco products induce cytotoxicity, Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress and genetic lesions in human epithelial pulmonary cells. Therefore, the health risk of HTP should not be underestimated and animal studies are required in order to determine the tumorigenic potential of these emerging products.
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9
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Fearon IM. Human abuse liability assessment of e-cigarettes: Why, what and how? Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1211-1221. [PMID: 35302289 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the world's leading cause of preventable death and disease. Alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes have tobacco harm reduction potential, by providing smokers with an alternative form of nicotine delivery but with either the reduced presence or absence of the numerous harmful chemicals found in combustible cigarette smoke. One aspect of importance in determining the potential of e-cigarettes to provide a viable alternative to combustible cigarettes for smokers is their ability to cause dependence, also known as their abuse liability. E-cigarettes with little or no abuse liability would be unlikely to be used as a substitute for cigarettes, whereas at least some degree of abuse liability is acknowledged as supportive both to aiding cigarette substitution or complete cessation and to preventing relapse. Given this link between abuse liability and substitution efficacy, human studies assessing the abuse liability of e-cigarettes are important to determine their true harm reduction potential. In this review, the concept of tobacco product abuse liability is discussed, along with the primary elements-pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (subjective effects)-that need to be assessed to determine abuse liability. The review also presents a number of human abuse liability study design considerations and discusses what existing studies in the literature tell us about the abuse liability and harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes.
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10
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Miller-Holt J, Behrsing H, Crooks I, Curren R, Demir K, Gafner J, Gillman G, Hollings M, Leverette R, Oldham M, Simms L, Stankowski LF, Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Moore MM. Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1175-1188. [PMID: 35830202 PMCID: PMC9897201 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next-generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled "Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations" and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crooks
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kubilay Demir
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Jeremie Gafner
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gene Gillman
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Genetic Toxicology, Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, UK
| | - Robert Leverette
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Oldham
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands, Bristol, UK
| | - Leon F. Stankowski
- Genetic and In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories–Skokie, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - David Thorne
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Xu T, Niu ZY, Xu J, Li XD, Luo Q, Luo A, Huang YL, Jiang XT, Wu ZH. Chemical analysis of selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents and in vitro toxicological evaluation of leading flavoured e-cigarette aerosols in the Chinese market. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1156-1163. [PMID: 35712913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased significantly over the past decade due to consumer perception that these products represent a less risky alternative to combustible cigarettes. E-liquids generally contain a simple mix of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycerol, nicotine, organic acids, and flavourings. Regulators require that harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) that might cause harm to the consumer must be monitored in the aerosol generated by e-cigarettes and in cigarette smoke (CS). To quantify HPHCs in aerosols from commercial flavoured e-cigarettes in Chinese market, this study has systematically compared levels of HPHCs, including eight carbonyls, five volatile organic compounds, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and seven heavy metals, in the aerosols of four market-leading flavoured e-cigarettes and mainstream CS, alongside in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assays. The vast majority of HPHCs were either undetected or significantly lower in the e-cigarette aerosols than in commercial CS or reference CS (3R4F). Where HPHCs were detected, there were small variations among the different flavoured e-cigarettes. In the neutral red uptake and Ames assays, aqueous extracts of the e-cigarette aerosols did not induce obvious cytotoxicity or mutagenicity, whereas CS aqueous extract showed dose-related cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Collectively, these results indicate that use of e-cigarettes might potentially lead to a significant reduction in exposure to harmful substances, with fewer cytotoxic and mutagenic effects, as compared with conventional smoking. Further studies based on human puffing conditions and longer evaluation periods will be needed to substantiate this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Xu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Niu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Xu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Duo Li
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Luo
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - An Luo
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Lan Huang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing-Tao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ze-Hong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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12
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Johne S, van der Toorn M, Iskandar AR, Majeed S, Torres LO, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. An in vitro evaluation of e-vapor products: The contributions of chemical adulteration, concentration, and device power. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113708. [PMID: 36889430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Homemade e-liquids and power-adjustable vaping devices may carry higher risks than commercial formulations and fixed-power devices. This study used human macrophage-like and bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures to investigate toxicity of homemade e-liquids containing propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PG/VG), nicotine, vitamin E acetate (VEA), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), phytol, and cannabidiol (CBD). SmallAir™ organotypic epithelial cultures were exposed to aerosols generated at different power settings (10-50 W). Carbonyl levels were measured, and endpoints reflecting epithelial function (ciliary beating frequency [CBF]), integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance [TEER]), and structure (histology) were investigated. Treatment with nicotine or VEA alone or with PG/VG did not impact cell viability. CBD, phytol, and lauric acid caused cytotoxicity in both culture systems and increased lipid-laden macrophages. Exposure of SmallAir™ organotypic cultures to CBD-containing aerosols resulted in tissue injury and loss of CBF and TEER, while PG/VG alone or with nicotine or VEA did not. Aerosols generated with higher power settings had higher carbonyl concentrations. In conclusion, the presence and concentration of certain chemicals and device power may induce cytotoxicity in vitro. These results raise concerns that power-adjustable devices may generate toxic compounds and suggest that toxicity assessments should be conducted for both e-liquid formulations and their aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Johne
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laura O Torres
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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13
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Wieczorek R, Trelles Sticken E, Pour SJ, Chapman F, Röwer K, Otte S, Stevenson M, Simms L. Characterisation of a smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) for delivery of complex mixtures directly to cells at the air-liquid interface. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36734622 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro testing is important to characterise biological effects of consumer products, including nicotine delivery products such as cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Users' cells are exposed to these products' aerosols, of variant chemical compositions, as they move along the respiratory tract. In vitro exposure systems are available to model such exposures, including delivery of whole aerosols to cells, and at the air-liquid interface. Whilst there are clear advantages of such systems, factors including time to aerosol delivery, aerosol losses and number of cell cultures that can be exposed at one time could be improved. This study aimed to characterise a custom-built smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) using 1R6F reference cigarette smoke. This system contains five parallel smoking chambers and delivers different dilutions of smoke/ aerosol to two separate cell culture exposure chambers in <10 s. Using two dosimetry measures (optical density 400 nm [OD400 ]; mass spectrometric nicotine quantification), the SAEIVS demonstrated excellent linearity of smoke dilution prior to exposure (R2 = 0.9951 for mass spectrometric quantification; R2 = 0.9965 for OD400 ) and consistent puff-wise exposures across 24 and 96 well plates in cell culture relevant formats (e.g., within inserts). Smoke loss was lower than previously reported for other systems (OD400 : 16%; nicotine measurement: 20%). There was good correlation of OD400 and nicotine measurements, indicating that OD was a useful surrogate for exposure dosimetry for the product tested. The findings demonstrated that the SAEIVS is a fit-for-purpose exposure system for the reproducible dose-wise exposure assessment of nicotine delivery product aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona Chapman
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
| | - Karin Röwer
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Otte
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
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14
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Wang H, Han S, Chen H, Li P, Li S, Wu Y, Zhang C, Fu Y, Tian Y, Liu T, Hou H, Hu Q. In Vitro Toxicological Investigation and Risk Assessment of E-Cigarette Aerosols Based on a Novel Solvent-Free Extraction Method. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48403-48415. [PMID: 36591148 PMCID: PMC9798774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cigarettes, potentially safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes, have been reported to increase the health risk for long-term users, so accumulating information about their potential toxicity is of great concern. However, toxicological evaluations of e-cigarette aerosols are limited, which may be attributed to the lack of a simple and efficient extraction method. Here, we developed a high-speed centrifugal method for extracting e-cigarette aerosol collected mass (ACM) and prepared ACM samples of 26 representative e-cigarettes, and 10 samples were further selected based on their cytotoxicity for systematic toxicological assessments. The average extraction efficiency of ACM, primary aerosol components, and typical carbonyls exceeded 85%. The toxicological evaluation showed that the IC50 value range of e-cigarettes for cytotoxicity was 2-52 mg/mL ACM, all e-cigarettes can induce the risk of DNA damage, mitochondrial depolarization, and c-Jun-related signal disturbances; most e-cigarettes significantly caused disturbance of oxidative stress balance. E-cigarettes with higher cytotoxicity appeared to cause a higher degree of damage, while no e-cigarette promoted mutagenicity and cytochrome c release. The toxicity difference among e-cigarettes using nicotine equivalent was significantly lower than that of ACM. This study provides a novel extraction method and a comprehensive in vitro toxicity risk profile of e-cigarette aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Wang
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peizhen Li
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shigang Li
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yujuan Wu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yushan Tian
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tong Liu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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15
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Chapman F, Sticken ET, Wieczorek R, Pour SJ, Dethloff O, Budde J, Rudd K, Mason E, Czekala L, Yu F, Simms L, Nahde T, O'Connell G, Stevenson M. Multiple endpoint in vitro toxicity assessment of a prototype heated tobacco product indicates substantially reduced effects compared to those of combustible cigarette. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 86:105510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Chioran D, Sitaru A, Macasoi I, Pinzaru I, Sarau CA, Dehelean C, Dinu S, Szuhanek C, Zetu IN, Serafin AC, Rivis M, Poenaru M, Dragoi R. Nicotine Exerts Cytotoxic Effects in a Panel of Healthy Cell Lines and Strong Irritating Potential on Blood Vessels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8881. [PMID: 35886732 PMCID: PMC9323709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of tobacco products is a major global public health issue, as it is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. In addition, nicotine (NIC) is a key component of electronic and conventional cigarettes. Although nicotine's addictive potential is well known, its health effects are not entirely understood. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate its toxicological profile both in vitro, at the level of three healthy cell lines, and in ovo, at the level of the chorioallantoic membrane. Five different concentrations of nicotine were used in keratinocytes, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes for the purpose of evaluating cell viability, cell morphology, and its impact on nuclei. Additionally, the hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) method was used to assess the biocompatibility and irritant potential of the chorioallantoic membrane. Across all cell lines studied, nicotine was proven to be significantly damaging to cell viability, with the highest concentration tested resulting in less than 2% viable cells. Moreover, the morphology of cells changed dramatically, with alterations in their shape and confluence. Nicotine-induced cell death appears to be apoptotic, based on its impact on the nucleus. In addition, nicotine was also found to have a very strong irritating effect on the chorioallantoic membrane. In conclusion, nicotine has an extremely strong toxicological profile, as demonstrated by the drastic reduction of cell viability and the induction of morphological changes and nuclear alterations associated with cellular apoptosis. Additionally, the HET-CAM method led to the observation of a strong irritating effect associated with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Chioran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Adrian Sitaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian Andrei Sarau
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Camelia Szuhanek
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Irina Nicoleta Zetu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Andra Cristine Serafin
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Mircea Rivis
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Marioara Poenaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Razvan Dragoi
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
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17
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Been T, Traboulsi H, Paoli S, Alakhtar B, Mann KK, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Differential impact of JUUL flavors on pulmonary immune modulation and oxidative stress responses in male and female mice. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1783-1798. [PMID: 35254488 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
JUUL is a popular e-cigarette brand that manufactures e-liquids in a variety of flavors, such as mango and mint. Despite their popularity, the pulmonary effects of flavored JUUL e-liquids that are aerosolized and subsequently inhaled are not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate if acute exposure to JUUL e-cigarette aerosols in three popular flavors elicits an immunomodulatory or oxidative stress response in mice. We first developed a preclinical model that mimics human use patterns of e-cigarettes using 1 puff/min or 4 puffs/min exposure regimes. Based on cotinine levels, these exposures were representative of light/occasional and moderate JUUL users. We then exposed C57BL/6 mice to JUUL e-cigarette aerosols in mango, mint, and Virginia tobacco flavors containing 5% nicotine for 3 days, and assessed the inflammatory and oxidative stress response in the lungs and blood. In response to the 1 puff/min regime (light/occasional user), there were minimal changes in BAL cell composition or lung mRNA expression. However, at 4 puffs/min (moderate user), mint-flavored JUUL significantly increased lung neutrophils, while mango-flavored JUUL significantly increased Tnfα and Il13 mRNA in the lungs. Both the 1- and 4 puffs/min regimes significantly increased oxidative stress markers in the blood, indicating systemic effects. Thus, JUUL products are not inert; even short-term inhalation of flavored JUUL e-cigarette aerosols differentially causes immune modulation and oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Been
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sofia Paoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Morris P, McDermott S, Chapman F, Verron T, Cahours X, Stevenson M, Thompson J, Chaudhary N, O'Connell G. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure to selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents following exclusive and partial switching from combustible cigarettes to myblu ™ electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:397-410. [PMID: 34435305 PMCID: PMC8964552 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) offer adult combustible cigarette smokers an alternative, potentially reduced harm, mode of nicotine delivery, attributed to fewer and reduced levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in their aerosols compared to cigarette smoke. These two identical, randomised, open label, two-part studies aimed to compare levels of 15 biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to selected HPHCs associated with tobacco smoking in healthy US adult smoker subjects (n = 72). Following 9 days of exclusive use of a range of allocated myblu™ ENDS variants, subjects' levels of 14 non-nicotine BoE were substantially reduced compared to baseline values (combustible cigarette use), in the range of 46-97%. BoE reductions were sustained in subjects who continued myblu use exclusively (n = 25) for a further 5 days, and returned to near baseline levels in subjects who returned to exclusive combustible cigarette use (n = 21). Dual users (n = 24) demonstrated reductions in BoE to a lesser extent than with exclusive myblu use. Measured nicotine equivalents did not significantly change throughout the study. These data suggest exclusive use of ENDS provides adult smokers seeking an alternative to combustible cigarettes with substantial reductions in HPHC exposures whilst achieving satisfying levels of nicotine delivery. Dual use involving substitution of cigarettes may also provide some of this advantage, but to lesser extent. Overall, the data contribute to the weight of evidence that ENDS are an important tool in tobacco harm reduction for adult smokers unwilling to or uninterested in quitting smoking. Study 1: NCT04430634, study 2: NCT04429932, clinicaltrials.gov (10-06-2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Morris
- Nerudia Ltd-an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Wellington House, Physics Road, Speke, Liverpool, L24 9HP, UK.
| | - Simon McDermott
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | - Thomas Verron
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | - Xavier Cahours
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | | | - Joseph Thompson
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | - Nveed Chaudhary
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
| | - Grant O'Connell
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, UK
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19
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Platel A, Dusautoir R, Kervoaze G, Dourdin G, Gateau E, Talahari S, Huot L, Simar S, Ollivier A, Laine W, Kluza J, Gosset P, Garçon G, Anthérieu S, Guidice JML, Nesslany F. Comparison of the in vivo genotoxicity of electronic and conventional cigarettes aerosols after subacute, subchronic and chronic exposures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127246. [PMID: 34844363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is classified as a human carcinogen. A wide variety of new products, in particular electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), have recently appeared on the market as an alternative to smoking. Although the in vitro toxicity of e-cigs is relatively well known, there is currently a lack of data on their long-term health effects. In this context, the aim of our study was to compare, on a mouse model and using a nose-only exposure system, the in vivo genotoxic and mutagenic potential of e-cig aerosols tested at two power settings (18 W and 30 W) and conventional cigarette (3R4F) smoke. The standard comet assay, micronucleus test and Pig-a gene mutation assay were performed after subacute (4 days), subchronic (3 months) and chronic (6 months) exposure. The generation of oxidative stress was also assessed by measuring the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and by using the hOGG1-modified comet assay. Our results show that only the high-power e-cig and the 3R4F cigarette induced oxidative DNA damage in the lung and the liver of exposed mice. In return, no significant increase in chromosomal aberrations or gene mutations were noted whatever the type of product. This study demonstrates that e-cigs, at high-power setting, should be considered, contrary to popular belief, as hazardous products in terms of genotoxicity in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Platel
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Romain Dusautoir
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Gwenola Kervoaze
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, OpInfIELD, France.
| | - Gonzague Dourdin
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Eulalie Gateau
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Smaïl Talahari
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Huot
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Sophie Simar
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Anaïs Ollivier
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, OpInfIELD, France.
| | - William Laine
- UMR 9020-UMR-S 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Institut de Recherche contre le Cancer de Lille, University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jérôme Kluza
- UMR 9020-UMR-S 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Institut de Recherche contre le Cancer de Lille, University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Gosset
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, OpInfIELD, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo Guidice
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
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20
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Tang MS, Lee HW, Weng MW, Wang HT, Hu Y, Chen LC, Park SH, Chan HW, Xu J, Wu XR, Wang H, Yang R, Galdane K, Jackson K, Chu A, Halzack E. DNA damage, DNA repair and carcinogenicity: Tobacco smoke versus electronic cigarette aerosol. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108409. [PMID: 35690412 PMCID: PMC9208310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The allure of tobacco smoking is linked to the instant gratification provided by inhaled nicotine. Unfortunately, tobacco curing and burning generates many mutagens including more than 70 carcinogens. There are two types of mutagens and carcinogens in tobacco smoke (TS): direct DNA damaging carcinogens and procarcinogens, which require metabolic activation to become DNA damaging. Recent studies provide three new insights on TS-induced DNA damage. First, two major types of TS DNA damage are induced by direct carcinogen aldehydes, cyclic-1,N2-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (γ-OH-PdG) and α-methyl-1, N2-γ-OH-PdG, rather than by the procarcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Second, TS reduces DNA repair proteins and activity levels. TS aldehydes also prevent procarcinogen activation. Based on these findings, we propose that aldehydes are major sources of TS induce DNA damage and a driving force for carcinogenesis. E-cigarettes (E-cigs) are designed to deliver nicotine in an aerosol state, without burning tobacco. E-cigarette aerosols (ECAs) contain nicotine, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin. ECAs induce O6-methyl-deoxyguanosines (O6-medG) and cyclic γ-hydroxy-1,N2--propano-dG (γ-OH-PdG) in mouse lung, heart and bladder tissues and causes a reduction of DNA repair proteins and activity in lungs. Nicotine and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) induce the same types of DNA adducts and cause DNA repair inhibition in human cells. After long-term exposure, ECAs induce lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice. We propose that E-cig nicotine can be nitrosated in mouse and human cells becoming nitrosamines, thereby causing two carcinogenic effects, induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair, and that ECA is carcinogenic in mice. Thus, this article reviews the newest literature on DNA adducts and DNA repair inhibition induced by nicotine and ECAs in mice and cultured human cells, and provides insights into ECA carcinogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States.
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Huei-Wei Chan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departmemt of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016, United States
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson MedicalSchool, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Karen Galdane
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Kathryn Jackson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Annie Chu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Elizabeth Halzack
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
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21
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Moser D, Leitner P, Filipek PA, Hussain S, Rainer M, Jakschitz T, Rode BM, Bonn GK. Quantification and cytotoxicity of degradation products (chloropropanols) in sucralose containing e-liquids with propylene glycol and glycerol as base. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 430:115727. [PMID: 34543670 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained increasing popularity in recent years, mostly because they are supposed to be less harmful than regular cigarettes. Therefore, it is highly imperative to investigate possible noxious effects to protect the consumers. E-liquids consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, aroma compounds and sweeteners. One of these sweeteners is a chlorinated version of sucrose, namely sucralose. The aim of this work was to investigate degradation products of sucralose in the presence of propylene glycol and glycerol at different temperatures of commercially available e-cigarettes. Chemical analysis and biological tests were simultaneously performed on e-liquid aerosol condensates. The results of the chemical analysis, which was executed by employing GC-MS/GC-FID, demonstrated high amounts of various chloropropanols. The most abundant one is extremely toxic, namely 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol, which can be detected at concentrations ranging up to 10,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity investigation of the condensates was performed on HUVEC/Tert2 cells in which metabolic activity was determined by means of resazurin assay. The cellular metabolic activity significantly decreased by treatment with e-liquid aerosol condensate. Due to the results of this study, we advise against the use of sucralose as sweetener in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Leitner
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Przemyslaw A Filipek
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shah Hussain
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Thomas Jakschitz
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd M Rode
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Tehrani MW, Newmeyer MN, Rule AM, Prasse C. Characterizing the Chemical Landscape in Commercial E-Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2216-2226. [PMID: 34610237 PMCID: PMC11317110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The surge in electronic cigarette (e-cig) use in recent years has raised questions on chemical exposures that may result from vaping. Previous studies have focused on measuring known toxicants, particularly those present in traditional cigarettes, while fewer have investigated unknown compounds and transformation products formed during the vaping process in these diverse and constantly evolving products. The primary aim of this work was to apply liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and chemical fingerprinting techniques for the characterization of e-liquids and aerosols from a selection of popular e-cig products. We conducted nontarget and quantitative analyses of tobacco-flavored e-liquids and aerosols generated using four popular e-cig products: one disposable, two pod, and one tank/mod. Aerosols were collected using a condensation device and analyzed in solution alongside e-liquids by LC-HRMS. The number of compounds detected increased from e-liquids to aerosols in three of four commercial products, as did the proportion of condensed-hydrocarbon-like compounds, associated with combustion. Kendrick mass defect analysis suggested that some of the additional compounds detected in aerosols belonged to homologous series resulting from decomposition of high-molecular-weight compounds during vaping. Lipids in inhalable aerosols have been associated with severe respiratory effects, and lipid-like compounds were observed in aerosols as well as e-liquids analyzed. Six potentially hazardous additives and contaminants, including the industrial chemical tributylphosphine oxide and the stimulant caffeine, were identified and quantified in the e-cig liquids and aerosols analyzed. The obtained findings demonstrate the potential of nontarget LC-HRMS to identify previously unknown compounds and compound classes in e-cig liquids and aerosols, which is critical for the assessment of chemical exposures resulting from vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina W. Tehrani
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew N. Newmeyer
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
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23
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Sussman MA. VAPIng into ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiopulmonary Failure. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108006. [PMID: 34582836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Modern" vaping involving battery-operated electronic devices began approximately one dozen years and has quickly evolved into a multibillion dollar industry providing products to an estimated 50 million users worldwide. Originally developed as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, vaping now appeals to a diverse demographic including substantial involvement of young people who often have never used cigarettes. The rapid rise of vaping fueled by multiple factors has understandably outpaced understanding of biological effects, made even more challenging due to wide ranging individual user habits and preferences. Consequently while vaping-related research gathers momentum, vaping-associated pathological injury (VAPI) has been established by clinical case reports with severe cases manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with examples of right ventricular cardiac failure. Therefore, basic scientific studies are desperately needed to understand the impact of vaping upon the lungs as well as cardiopulmonary structure and function. Experimental models that capture fundamental characteristics of vaping-induced ARDS are essential to study pathogenesis and formulate recommendations to mitigate harmful effects attributable to ingredients or equipment. So too, treatment strategies to promote recovery from vaping-associated damage require development and testing at the preclinical level. This review summarizes the back story of vaping leading to present day conundrums with particular emphasis upon VAPI-associated ARDS and prioritization of research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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24
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Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Fukushima T, Shin HJ, Leverette R, Ballantyne M, Li X, Bombick B, Yoshino K. A survey of aerosol exposure systems relative to the analysis of cytotoxicity: A Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) perspective. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211022267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Toshiro Fukushima
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Han-Jae Shin
- Korean Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Czekala L, Chapman F, Simms L, Rudd K, Trelles Sticken E, Wieczorek R, Bode LM, Pani J, Moelijker N, Derr R, Brandsma I, Hendriks G, Stevenson M, Walele T. The in vitro ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation extension assay as a tool in the assessment of relative genotoxic potential of e-liquids and their aerosols. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:129-142. [PMID: 33769537 PMCID: PMC8166346 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro (geno)toxicity assessment of electronic vapour products (EVPs), relative to conventional cigarette, currently uses assays, including the micronucleus and Ames tests. Whilst informative on induction of a finite endpoint and relative risk posed by test articles, such assays could benefit from mechanistic supplementation. The ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation analysis can indicate the activation of reporters associated with (geno)toxicity, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, the p53-related stress response and protein damage. Here, we tested for the different effects of a selection of neat e-liquids, EVP aerosols and Kentucky reference 1R6F cigarette smoke samples in the ToxTracker assay. The assay was initially validated to assess whether a mixture of e-liquid base components, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG) had interfering effects within the system. This was achieved by spiking three positive controls into the system with neat PG/VG or phosphate-buffered saline bubbled (bPBS) PG/VG aerosol (nicotine and flavour free). PG/VG did not greatly affect responses induced by the compounds. Next, when compared to cigarette smoke samples, neat e-liquids and bPBS aerosols (tobacco flavour; 1.6% freebase nicotine, 1.6% nicotine salt or 0% nicotine) exhibited reduced and less complex responses. Tested up to a 10% concentration, EVP aerosol bPBS did not induce any ToxTracker reporters. Neat e-liquids, tested up to 1%, induced oxidative stress reporters, thought to be due to their effects on osmolarity in vitro. E-liquid nicotine content did not affect responses induced. Additionally, spiking nicotine alone only induced an oxidative stress response at a supraphysiological level. In conclusion, the ToxTracker assay is a quick, informative screen for genotoxic potential and mechanisms of a variety of (compositionally complex) samples, derived from cigarettes and EVPs. This assay has the potential for future application in the assessment battery for next-generation (smoking alternative) products, including EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Bode
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Pani
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nynke Moelijker
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Derr
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inger Brandsma
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
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26
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An interlaboratory in vitro aerosol exposure system reference study. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847321992752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of inhaled substances, the aerosol exposure environment has seen diversification and development of setups in conjunction with the evolving in vitro toxicology space. Each laboratory uses its in vitro exposure system differently (different protocols, adaptations, and biological analysis). Unfortunately, as systems diversify, so does the complexity of comparing multiple systems in a “standardized” manner. As yet, no one has compared simply whether these diverse systems can all generate a consistent aerosol stream, which is paramount prior to transit and exposure. This study has compared, at source, aerosol generation (using nicotine as an exposure marker) in nine in vitro whole-aerosol exposure setups (seven different systems) across five distinct geographically independent locations, including the UK, the USA, Switzerland, Germany, and Japan. The results demonstrate that, despite system-wide differences (adaptations, nuances, and application), these systems—when appropriately maintained and used under a prescribed set of established conditions can all generate a consistent and statistically comparable aerosol stream. These data will be invaluable for new researchers and established laboratories, so they may benchmark against this study. Finally, this interlaboratory comparison combined with the wealth of transit and exposure interface data, may help the environment move towards a truly validated and consistent approach to aerosol exposure. Such an approach could be replicated for other aerosolized products, such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products.
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27
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Czekala L, Wieczorek R, Simms L, Yu F, Budde J, Trelles Sticken E, Rudd K, Verron T, Brinster O, Stevenson M, Walele T. Multi-endpoint analysis of human 3D airway epithelium following repeated exposure to whole electronic vapor product aerosol or cigarette smoke. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:99-115. [PMID: 34345855 PMCID: PMC8320624 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a cause of serious diseases in smokers including chronic respiratory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the tobacco harm reduction (THR) potential of an electronic vapor product (EVP, myblu™) compared to a Kentucky Reference Cigarette (3R4F), and assessed endpoints related to chronic respiratory diseases. Endpoints included: cytotoxicity, barrier integrity (TEER), cilia function, immunohistochemistry, and pro-inflammatory markers. In order to more closely represent the user exposure scenario, we have employed the in vitro 3D organotypic model of human airway epithelium (MucilAir™, Epithelix) for respiratory assessment. The model was repeatedly exposed to either whole aerosol of the EVP, or whole 3R4F smoke, at the air liquid interface (ALI), for 4 weeks to either 30, 60 or 90 puffs on 3-exposure-per-week basis. 3R4F smoke generation used the ISO 20778:2018 regime and EVP aerosol used the ISO 20768:2018 vaping regime. Exposure to undiluted whole EVP aerosol did not trigger any significant changes in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators, cilia beating function, barrier integrity and cytotoxicity when compared with air controls. In contrast, exposure to diluted (1:17) whole cigarette smoke caused significant changes to all the endpoints mentioned above. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effects of repeated whole cigarette smoke and whole EVP aerosol exposure to a 3D lung model at the ALI. Our results add to the growing body of scientific literature supporting the THR potential of EVPs relative to combustible cigarettes and the applicability of the 3D lung models in human-relevant product risk assessments.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two Dimensional
- 3D, Three Dimensional
- 3R4F, Scientific Reference Tobacco Cigarette (University of Kentucky)
- ALI, Air-Liquid Interface
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- CAA, Cilia Active Area
- CBF, Cilia Beat Frequency
- COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- CYP450, Cytochrome P450
- Cigarette
- Cilia
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing Ca2+ and Mg2+
- EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- EVP, Electronic Vapor Product
- Electronic vapor product
- FOX-J1, Forkhead Box J1 protein
- H&E, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- IIVS, Institute for In Vitro Sciences
- IL-13, Interleukin 13
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 Beta
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- Immunohistochemistry
- KERs, Key Event Relationships
- KEs, Key Events
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- MIE, Molecular Initiating Event
- MMP-1, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1
- MMP-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3
- MMP-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
- MUC5AC, Mucin 5AC Protein
- MWP, Multi-Well Plate
- NKT, Natural Killer T Cells
- Organotypic tissue model
- PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline
- PMN, polymorphonuclear
- Pro-inflammatory markers
- SAEIVS, Smoke Aerosol Exposure In Vitro System
- TEER, Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
- THR, Tobacco Harm Reduction
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
- TPM, Total Particulate Matter
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Verron
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
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28
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Chang X, Abedini J, Bell S, Lee KM. Exploring in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for exposure and health impacts of e-cigarette flavor mixtures. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105090. [PMID: 33440189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) leverages in vitro biological activities to predict corresponding in vivo exposures, therefore potentially reducing the need for animal safety testing that are traditionally performed to support the hazard and risk assessment. Interpretation of IVIVE predictions are affected by various factors including the model type, exposure route and kinetic assumptions for the test article, and choice of in vitro assay(s) that are relevant to clinical outcomes. Exposure scenarios are further complicated for mixtures where the in vitro activity may stem from one or more components in the mixture. In this study, we used electronic cigarette (EC) aerosols, a complex mixture, to explore impacts of these factors on the use of IVIVE in hazard identification, using open-source pharmacokinetic models of varying complexity and publicly available data. Results suggest in vitro assay selection has a greater impact on exposure estimates than modeling approaches. Using cytotoxicity assays, high exposure estimates (>1000 EC cartridges (pods) or > 700 mL EC liquid per day) would be needed to obtain the in vivo plasma levels that are corresponding to in vitro assay data, suggesting acute toxicity would be unlikely in typical usage scenarios. When mechanistic (Tox21) assays were used, the exposure estimates were much lower for the low end, but the range of exposure estimate became wider across modeling approaches. These proof-of-concept results highlight challenges and complexities in IVIVE for mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Jaleh Abedini
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Shannon Bell
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - K Monica Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, 6603 W Broad St, Richmond, VA 23230, USA.
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