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Reive BS, Lau V, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Henri-Bhargava A, Kalynchuk LE, Tremblay MÈ, Caruncho HJ. The Inflammation-Induced Dysregulation of Reelin Homeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:1099-1119. [PMID: 38995785 PMCID: PMC11380287 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for most dementia cases, but we lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the core pathology associated with the disease (e.g., amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles). Inflammation has been identified as a key contributor of AD pathology, with recent evidence pointing towards Reelin dysregulation as being associated with inflammation. Here we describe Reelin signaling and outline existing research involving Reelin signaling in AD and inflammation. Research is described pertaining to the inflammatory and immunological functions of Reelin before we propose a mechanism through which inflammation renders Reelin susceptible to dysregulation resulting in the induction and exacerbation of AD pathology. Based on this hypothesis, it is predicted that disorders of both inflammation (including peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation) and Reelin dysregulation (including disorders associated with upregulated Reelin expression and disorders of Reelin downregulation) have elevated risk of developing AD. We conclude with a description of AD risk in various disorders involving Reelin dysregulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Henri-Bhargava
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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2
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Pichardo-Rojas D, Pichardo-Rojas PS, Cornejo-Bravo JM, Serrano-Medina A. Memantine as a neuroprotective agent in ischemic stroke: Preclinical and clinical analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1096372. [PMID: 36743806 PMCID: PMC9893121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1096372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary mechanism for neuron death after an ischemic stroke is excitotoxic injury. Excessive depolarization leads to NMDA-mediated calcium entry to the neuron and, subsequently, cellular death. Therefore, the inhibition of the NMDA channel has been proposed as a neuroprotective measure in ischemic stroke. The high morbimortality associated with stroke warrants new therapies that can improve the functional prognosis of patients. Memantine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist which has gained attention as a potential drug for ischemic stroke. Here we analyze the available preclinical and clinical evidence concerning the use of memantine following an ischemic stroke. Preclinical evidence shows inhibition of the excitotoxic cascade, as well as improved outcomes in terms of motor and sensory function with the use of memantine. The available clinical trials of high-dose memantine in patients poststroke have found that it can improve patients' NIHSS and Barthel index and help patients with poststroke aphasia and intracranial hemorrhage. These results suggest that memantine has a clinically relevant neuroprotective effect; however, small sample sizes and other study shortcomings limit the impact of these findings. Even so, current studies show promising results that should serve as a basis to promote future research to conclusively determine if memantine does improve the outcomes of patients' post-ischemic stroke. We anticipate that future trials will fill current gaps in knowledge, and these latter results will broaden the therapeutic arsenal for clinicians looking to improve the prognosis of patients poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pichardo-Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Pavel Salvador Pichardo-Rojas
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Aracely Serrano-Medina
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico,*Correspondence: Aracely Serrano-Medina,
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Marshall CA, McBride JD, Changolkar L, Riddle DM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Inhibition of CK2 mitigates Alzheimer's tau pathology by preventing NR2B synaptic mislocalization. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35246269 PMCID: PMC8895919 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that exhibits pathological changes in both tau and synaptic function. AD patients display increases in hyperphosphorylated tau and synaptic activity. Previous studies have individually identified the role of NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors in AD related synaptic dysfunction and aggregated tau without reconciling the conflicting differences and implications of NR2B expression. Inhibition of extrasynaptically located NR2B mitigates tau pathology in AD models, whereas the inhibition of synaptic NR2B replicates tau-associated hyperactivity. This suggests that a simultaneous increase in extrasynaptic NR2B and decrease in synaptic NR2B may be responsible for tau pathology and synaptic dysfunction, respectively. The synaptic location of NR2B is regulated by casein kinase 2 (CK2), which is highly expressed in AD patients. Here, we used patient brains diagnosed with AD, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy or Pick’s disease to characterize CK2 expression across these diverse tauopathies. Human derived material was also utilized in conjunction with cultured hippocampal neurons in order to investigate AD-induced changes in NR2B location. We further assessed the therapeutic effect of CK2 inhibition on NR2B synaptic distribution and tau pathology. We found that aberrant expression of CK2, and synaptically translocated NR2B, is unique to AD patients compared to other tauopathies. Increased CK2 was also observed in AD-tau treated neurons in addition to the mislocalization of NR2B receptors. Tau burden was alleviated in vitro by correcting synaptic:extrasynaptic NR2B function. Restoring NR2B physiological expression patterns with CK2 inhibition and inhibiting the function of excessive extrasynaptic NR2B with Memantine both mitigated tau accumulation in vitro. However, the combined pharmacological treatment promoted the aggregation of tau. Our data suggests that the synaptic:extrasynaptic balance of NR2B function regulates AD-tau pathogenesis, and that the inhibition of CK2, and concomitant prevention of NR2B mislocalization, may be a useful therapeutic tool for AD patients.
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Satoh T, Trudler D, Oh CK, Lipton SA. Potential Therapeutic Use of the Rosemary Diterpene Carnosic Acid for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Long-COVID through NRF2 Activation to Counteract the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:124. [PMID: 35052628 PMCID: PMC8772720 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis [family Lamiaceae]), an herb of economic and gustatory repute, is employed in traditional medicines in many countries. Rosemary contains carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), abietane-type phenolic diterpenes, which account for most of its biological and pharmacological actions, although claims have also been made for contributions of another constituent, rosmarinic acid. This review focuses on the potential applications of CA and CS for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in part via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. CA exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects via phase 2 enzyme induction initiated by activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 transcriptional pathway, which in turn attenuates NLRP3 activation. In addition, we propose that CA-related compounds may serve as therapeutics against the brain-related after-effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, termed "long-COVID." One factor that contributes to COVID-19 is cytokine storm emanating from macrophages as a result of unregulated inflammation in and around lung epithelial and endovascular cells. Additionally, neurological aftereffects such as anxiety and "brain fog" are becoming a major issue for both the pandemic and post-pandemic period. Many reports hold that unregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation may potentially contribute to the severity of COVID-19 and its aftermath. It is therefore possible that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activity may prove efficacious against both acute lung disease and chronic neurological after-effects. Because CA has been shown to not only act systemically but also to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain parenchyma to exert neuroprotective effects, we discuss the evidence that CA or rosemary extracts containing CA may represent an effective countermeasure against both acute and chronic pathological events initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as other chronic neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan
| | - Dorit Trudler
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
| | - Chang-Ki Oh
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
| | - Stuart A. Lipton
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Bu K, Patel D, Morris R, Han W, Umeukeje G, Zhu T, Cheng F. Dysphagia Risk in Patients Prescribed Rivastigmine: A Systematic Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:721-731. [PMID: 35964196 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysphagia has been reported as an adverse event for patients receiving rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association between dysphagia and the usage of rivastigmine by using the pharmacovigilance data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). METHODS The risk of dysphagia in patients who took rivastigmine was compared with those of patients who took other medications. In addition, this study sought to determine if the dysphagia risk was influenced by sex, age, dosage, and medication routes of administration. RESULTS When compared to patients prescribed donepezil, galantamine, or memantine, individuals prescribed rivastigmine were almost twice as likely to report dysphagia as an adverse event. The dysphagia risk in individuals prescribed rivastigmine is comparable to individuals prescribed penicillamine but significantly higher than clozapine, drugs of which have been previously shown to be associated with elevated dysphagia likelihood. Individuals older than 80 were 122% more likely to report having dysphagia after being prescribed rivastigmine than patients that were 50-70 years of age. Oral administration of rivastigmine was associated with approximately 2 times greater likelihood of reporting dysphagia relative to users of the transdermal patch. In addition, dysphagia showed higher association with pneumonia than other commonly reported adverse events. CONCLUSION Patients prescribed rivastigmine were at greater risk of reporting dysphagia as an adverse event than patients prescribed many other medicines. This increase in dysphagia occurrence may be attributed to the dual inhibition of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Bu
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Art and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Devashru Patel
- College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Weiru Han
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Art and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gibret Umeukeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tianrui Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Morris R, Umeukeje G, Bu K, Cheng F. The Association Between Use of Rivastigmine and Pneumonia: Systematic Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1061-1071. [PMID: 34397417 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition induced by infection of the lungs and is frequently a cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some studies have shown a correlation between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor use and elevated pneumonia risk. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the number of reported pneumonia cases in individuals prescribed rivastigmine relative to the association between pneumonia risk for other therapeutics including over-the-counter drugs and other AD therapeutics, as reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. METHODS A disproportionality analysis was conducted to investigate the association between using rivastigmine and risk of pneumonia. Age, gender, dosage, route of administration, temporality, and geographic distribution of reported cases were also assessed. RESULTS Patients prescribed rivastigmine were more likely to report pneumonia as an adverse event than many drugs except galantamine. Males were found to be 46%more likely than females to report pneumonia as an adverse event while likelihood of pneumonia diagnosis increases 3-5-fold in patients older than 65 years of age. CONCLUSION The observed elevated frequency of aspiration pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may be due to an induced cholinergic crisis that is selective for the medulla oblongata, resulting in gastrointestinal distress, impaired swallowing, heightened salivation, and labored breathing. The observed elevated frequency of infectious pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may also be linked to overstimulation of neurons in the medulla oblongata and downstream suppression of localized inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gibret Umeukeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kun Bu
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Art and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Silva I, Silva J, Ferreira R, Trigo D. Glymphatic system, AQP4, and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3:5. [PMID: 33499944 PMCID: PMC7816372 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacking conventional lymphatic system, the central nervous system requires alternative clearance systems, such as the glymphatic system, which promotes clearance of interstitial solutes. Aquaporin-4 water channels (AQP4) are an integral part of this system and related to neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The clearance of Alzheimer's associated proteins amyloid β and tau is diminished by glymphatic system impairment, due to lack of AQP4. Even though AQP4 mislocalisation (which affects its activity) is a phenotype of AD, it remains a controversial topic, as it is still unclear if it is a phenotype-promoting factor or a consequence of this pathology. This review provides important and updated knowledge about glymphatic system, AQP4 itself, and their link with Alzheimer's disease. Finally, AQP4 as a therapeutic target is proposed to ameliorate Alzheimer's Disease and other neuropathologies AQP4-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Silva
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Silva
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Trigo
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Vasenina EE, Levin OS. [Contemporary approaches to clinical diagnosis and treatment of tau-protein accumulation related multisystem degenerations]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:22-30. [PMID: 33205927 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tau-protein pathology is the basis of a great variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Misfolding tau-protein conformation structure is the key pathogenetic mechanism of development of such multisystem degenerations as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and fronto-temporal degeneration, as well as relatively recently added primary age-associated tauopathies and others. This review presents current views on the pathogenesis of various forms of neurodegenerative pathology linked to tau-protein accumulation. Potential of clinical diagnosis and modern diagnostic criteria, as well as existing therapy approaches, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Vasenina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Effect of memantine on expression of Bace1-as and Bace1 genes in STZ-induced Alzheimeric rats. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5737-5745. [PMID: 32648077 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have showed that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression is dysregulated in different neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of memantine on the level of Bace1-as and Bace1 genes' expression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer's and memantine treated rats were investigated. The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1-Normal control, 2-Sham-operated control, 3- Alzheimer'scontrol rats (ICV-STZ), 4-Experimental group rats treated by memantine in a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days in ICV-STZ rats. The expression of Bace1-as and Bace1 genes was measured by quantitative-PCR in the brain and blood tissues. ELISA was used to analyze Bace1 and Aβ proteins. Expression of Bace1-as was significantly increased in the brain and blood tissues of the experimental group (p = 0.032 and p = 0.034, respectively). The expression of Bace1 gene showed no significant changes in the brain. Furthermore, the ELISA analysis revealed that Bace1 protein was significantly increased in the plasma of the Alzheimer's control group (p = 0.000) and in the brain tissue of the experimental group (p = 0.000). Additionally, Aβ levels had no significant changes between all groups studied. The Bace1 protein may be used as a prognostic biomarker in plasma, or before using memantine as a treatment. Furthermore, Bace1-as gene expression may play a role in monitoring the progression of AD.
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Czarnecka K, Girek M, Kręcisz P, Skibiński R, Łątka K, Jończyk J, Bajda M, Kabziński J, Majsterek I, Szymczyk P, Szymański P. Discovery of New Cyclopentaquinoline Analogues as Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E498. [PMID: 30678364 PMCID: PMC6386991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the two-step synthesis of 8 new cyclopentaquinoline derivatives as modifications of the tetrahydroacridine structure. Next, the biological assessment of each of them was performed. Based on the obtained results we identified 6-chloro-N-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolin-9-ylamino)-hexyl]]-nicotinamide hydrochloride (3e) as the most promising compound with inhibitory potencies against EeAChE and EqBuChE in the low nanomolar level 67 and 153 nM, respectively. Moreover, 3e compound is non-hepatotoxic, able to inhibit amyloid beta aggregation, and shows a mix-type of cholinesterase's inhibition. The mixed type of inhibition of the compound was confirmed by molecular modeling. Then, yeast three-hybrid (Y3H) technology was used to confirm the known ligand-receptor interactions. New derivatives do not show antioxidant activity (confirmed by the use of two different tests). A pKa assay method was developed to identify the basic physicochemical properties of 3e compound. A LogP assay confirmed that 3e compound fulfills Lipinsky's rule of five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90d-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Girek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90d-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kręcisz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90d-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Łątka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kabziński
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90d-151 Lodz, Poland.
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11
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Bonham LW, Evans DS, Liu Y, Cummings SR, Yaffe K, Yokoyama JS. Neurotransmitter Pathway Genes in Cognitive Decline During Aging: Evidence for GNG4 and KCNQ2 Genes. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2018; 33:153-165. [PMID: 29338302 PMCID: PMC6209098 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517739384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/RATIONALE Experimental studies support the role of neurotransmitter genes in dementia risk, but human studies utilizing single variants in candidate genes have had limited success. METHODS We used the gene-based testing program Versatile Gene-based Association Study to assess whether aggregate variation across 6 neurotransmitter pathways influences risk of cognitive decline in 8159 cognitively normal elderly (≥65 years old) adults from 3 community-based cohorts. RESULTS Common genetic variation in GNG4 and KCNQ2 was associated with cognitive decline. In human brain tissue data sets, both GNG4 and KCNQ2 show higher expression in hippocampus relative to other brain regions; GNG4 expression decreases with advancing age. Both GNG4 and KCNQ2 show highest expression in fetal astrocytes. CONCLUSION Genetic variation analyses and gene expression data suggest that GNG4 and KCNQ2 may be associated with cognitive decline in normal aging. Gene-based testing of neurotransmitter pathways may confirm and reveal novel risk genes in future studies of healthy cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Bonham
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Marttinen M, Kurkinen KM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Synaptic dysfunction and septin protein family members in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:16. [PMID: 25888325 PMCID: PMC4391194 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline and disease progression in different neurodegenerative diseases typically involves synaptic dysfunction preceding the neuronal loss. The synaptic dysfunction is suggested to be caused by imbalanced synaptic plasticity i.e. enhanced induction of long-term depression and concomitantly decreased long-term potentiation accompanied with excess stimulation of extrasynaptic N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors due to various disturbances in pre- and postsynaptic sites. Recent research has identified neurodegenerative disease-related changes in protein accumulation and aggregation, gene expression, and protein functions, which may contribute to imbalanced synaptic function. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms regulating synaptic plasticity in health and disease is still lacking and therefore characterization of new candidates involved in these mechanisms is needed. Septins, a highly conserved group of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, show high neuronal expression and are implicated in the regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release. In this review, we first summarize the evidence how synaptic dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Then, we discuss different aspects of the potential involvement of the septin family members in the regulation of synaptic function in relation to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Ma Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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13
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Tronci E, Fidalgo C, Zianni E, Collu M, Stancampiano R, Morelli M, Gardoni F, Carta M. Effect of memantine on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 265:245-52. [PMID: 24486947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that the glutamatergic system is involved in the genesis of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID). Indeed, the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist amantadine is the only anti-dyskinetic compound used in patients, albeit with limited efficacy and side effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-dyskinetic properties of memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist in clinical use for the treatment of dementia, in the 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)-lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. For comparison, parallel experiments were also performed with amantadine. First, we investigated the acute effect of different doses of memantine (5, 10, 15 and 20mg/kg), and amantadine (10, 20, 40, 60mg/kg) on established dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA (6mg/kg plus benserazide). Results showed that both memantine and amantadine produced a significant reduction of LID. Afterward, drug-naïve and L-DOPA-primed 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were sub-chronically treated with daily injections of L-DOPA (6mg/kg plus benserazide) alone, or in combination with the effective doses of memantine, while amantadine was tested in already dyskinetic rats. Results showed that memantine significantly dampened dyskinesia in both drug-naïve and L-DOPA-primed rats, but only during the first few days of administration. In fact, the anti-dyskinetic effect of memantine was completely lost already at the fifth administration, indicating a rapid induction of tolerance. Interestingly, a 3-week washout period was not sufficient to restore the anti-dyskinetic effect of the drug. Similarly, amantadine was able to dampen already established dyskinesia only during the first day of administration. Moreover, memantine partially decreased the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA, as showed by the result of the stepping test. Finally, loss of the anti-dyskinetic effect of memantine was associated to increased synaptic GluN2A/GluN2B ratio at striatal synaptic membranes. Our results are in line with clinical observations suggesting that NMDA receptor blockade may only be transiently effective against LID in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - C Fidalgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - E Zianni
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - R Stancampiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - M Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - F Gardoni
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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14
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Caillet-Boudin ML, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Tran H, Dhaenens CM, Buee L, Sergeant N. Brain pathology in myotonic dystrophy: when tauopathy meets spliceopathy and RNAopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 6:57. [PMID: 24409116 PMCID: PMC3885824 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) of type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2) are inherited autosomal dominant diseases caused by dynamic and unstable expanded microsatellite sequences (CTG and CCTG, respectively) in the non-coding regions of the genes DMPK and ZNF9, respectively. These mutations result in the intranuclear accumulation of mutated transcripts and the mis-splicing of numerous transcripts. This so-called RNA gain of toxic function is the main feature of an emerging group of pathologies known as RNAopathies. Interestingly, in addition to these RNA inclusions, called foci, the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in patient brains also distinguishes DM as a tauopathy. Tauopathies are a group of nearly 30 neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by intraneuronal protein aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) in patient brains. Furthermore, a number of neurodegenerative diseases involve the dysregulation of splicing regulating factors and have been characterized as spliceopathies. Thus, myotonic dystrophies are pathologies resulting from the interplay among RNAopathy, spliceopathy, and tauopathy. This review will describe how these processes contribute to neurodegeneration. We will first focus on the tauopathy associated with DM1, including clinical symptoms, brain histology, and molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the features of DM1 that are shared by other tauopathies and, consequently, might participate in the development of a tauopathy. Moreover, we will discuss the determinants common to both RNAopathies and spliceopathies that could interfere with tau-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Caillet-Boudin
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Francisco-Jose Fernandez-Gomez
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Hélène Tran
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Luc Buee
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kour
- Leeds Partnership Foundation Trust; St Marys House St Marys Road Leeds West Yorkshire UK LS 7 3JX
| | | | - Jasvinder Singh
- Humber NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Psychological Medicine; 220-236 Anlaby Road Hull UK HU3 2RT
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16
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Spilovska K, Korabecny J, Kral J, Horova A, Musilek K, Soukup O, Drtinova L, Gazova Z, Siposova K, Kuca K. 7-Methoxytacrine-adamantylamine heterodimers as cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease treatment--synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Molecules 2013; 18:2397-418. [PMID: 23429378 PMCID: PMC6270602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18022397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A structural series of 7-MEOTA-adamantylamine thioureas was designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE). The compounds were prepared based on the multi-target-directed ligand strategy with different linker lengths (n = 2-8) joining the well-known NMDA antagonist adamantine and the hAChE inhibitor 7-methoxytacrine (7-MEOTA). Based on in silico studies, these inhibitors proved dual binding site character capable of simultaneous interaction with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of hAChE and the catalytic active site (CAS). Clearly, these structural derivatives exhibited very good inhibitory activity towards hBChE resulting in more selective inhibitors of this enzyme. The most potent cholinesterase inhibitor was found to be thiourea analogue 14 (with an IC₅₀ value of 0.47 µM for hAChE and an IC₅₀ value of 0.11 µM for hBChE, respectively). Molecule 14 is a suitable novel lead compound for further evaluation proving that the strategy of dual binding site inhibitors might be a promising direction for development of novel AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Spilovska
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
| | - Jan Kral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
| | - Lucie Drtinova
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Zuzana Gazova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; E-Mails: (Z.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarina Siposova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; E-Mails: (Z.G.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, P. J. Safarik University, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Villaflores OB, Chen YJ, Chen CP, Yeh JM, Wu TY. Effects of curcumin and demethoxycurcumin on amyloid-β precursor and tau proteins through the internal ribosome entry sites: A potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:554-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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