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Basketter D, Cockshott A, Corsini E, Gerberick GF, Idehara K, Kimber I, Van Loveren H, Matheson J, Mehling A, Omori T, Rovida C, Sozu T, Takeyoshi M, Casati S. An Evaluation of Performance Standards and Non-radioactive Endpoints for the Local Lymph Node Assay. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 36:243-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Basketter
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Frank Gerberick
- Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henk Van Loveren
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Takashi Omori
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Costanza Rovida
- ECVAM, IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Casati
- ECVAM, IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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Turnock S, Gerbeix C, Thirion-Delalande C, Pearson N, Forster R. Assessment of phototoxicity in pigmented Long-Evans rat: sparfloxacin and 8-methoxypsoralen. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:303-314. [PMID: 29196029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of photo-activated toxicity induced after administration of two known melanin-binding phototoxic compounds, sparfloxacin (SPX) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), followed or not by UVA/Vis exposure, in pigmented rats (Long Evans: LE) and albino rats (Sprague Dawley: SD). Groups of three rats were treated with SPX or 8-MOP by oral gavage for six consecutive days. Irradiated animals were submitted to a UVA/Vis light dose standardized to 10 J/cm2 UVA daily. Clinical signs, cutaneous reactions and body weight were monitored throughout the study period. Ear biopsy weight, lymph node weight and lymph node cell count were determined at necropsy. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed before the first treatment and on the day of sacrifice. Microscopic examinations were performed on skin biopsies and eyes. Phototoxicity was demonstrated for both SPX and 8-MOP in the pigmented and albino strains, in terms of auricular irritation, lymph node weight and proliferation index, cutaneous reactions and ocular histopathology. LE rats were less sensitive than SD rats, especially at the ocular level, supporting the notion that pigmentation may provide protection against photo-activation. The pigmented rat may be a more relevant model than the albino rat for human safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Turnock
- CiToxLAB France, 27005 Evreux, France; Kings College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Nick Pearson
- CiToxLAB France, 27005 Evreux, France; Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Watzek N, Berger F, Kolle SN, Kaufmann T, Becker M, van Ravenzwaay B. Assessment of skin sensitization under REACH: A case report on vehicle choice in the LLNA and its crucial role preventing false positive results. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Kim DE, Yang H, Jang WH, Jung KM, Park M, Choi JK, Jung MS, Jeon EY, Heo Y, Yeo KW, Jo JH, Park JE, Sohn SJ, Kim TS, Ahn IY, Jeong TC, Lim KM, Bae S. Predictive capacity of a non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay using flow cytometry, LLNA:BrdU–FCM: Comparison of a cutoff approach and inferential statistics. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 78:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Yang H, Na J, Jang WH, Jung MS, Jeon JY, Heo Y, Yeo KW, Jo JH, Lim KM, Bae S. Appraisal of within- and between-laboratory reproducibility of non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay using flow cytometry, LLNA:BrdU-FCM: Comparison of OECD TG429 performance standard and statistical evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Dermal exposure to chemicals may result in allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. In this study, we performed ex vivo local lymph node assay: bromodeoxyuridine-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LLNA: BrdU-ELISA) to compare the differences between irritation and sensitization potency of some chemicals in terms of the 3 end points: lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine profiles (interleukin 2 [IL-2], interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-5, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), and ear swelling. Different concentrations of the following well-known sensitizers and irritant chemicals were applied to mice: dinitrochlorobenzene, eugenol, isoeugenol, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and croton oil. According to the lymph node results; the auricular lymph node weights and lymph node cell counts increased after application of both sensitizers and irritants in high concentrations. On the other hand, according to lymph node cell proliferation results, there was a 3-fold increase in proliferation of lymph node cells (stimulation index) for sensitizer chemicals and SLS in the applied concentrations; however, there was not a 3-fold increase for croton oil and negative control. The SLS gave a false-positive response. Cytokine analysis demonstrated that 4 cytokines including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-5 were released in lymph node cell cultures, with a clear dose trend for sensitizers whereas only TNF-α was released in response to irritants. Taken together, our results suggest that the ex vivo LLNA: BrdU-ELISA method can be useful for discriminating irritants and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asuman Karakaya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Strauss V, Kolle SN, Honarvar N, Dammann M, Groeters S, Faulhammer F, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Immunophenotyping does not improve predictivity of the local lymph node assay in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:434-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Sibylle Groeters
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Frank Faulhammer
- BASF SE; Product Safety, Regulatory Toxicology; Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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8
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9
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Allergenicity evaluation of fragrance mix and its ingredients by using ex vivo local lymph node assay–BrdU endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Ulker OC, Ates I, Atak A, Karakaya A. Evaluation of non-radioactive endpoints ofex vivolocal lymph node assay-BrdU to investigate select contact sensitizers. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:1-8. [PMID: 22734851 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.684157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Kolle SN, Basketter D, Schrage A, Gamer AO, Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Further experience with the local lymph node assay using standard radioactive and nonradioactive cell count measurements. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
| | | | | | - Armin O. Gamer
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
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Assessment of the sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes and some of their metabolites by the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA). Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:733-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Adenuga D, Woolhiser MR, Gollapudi BB, Boverhof DR. Differential Gene Expression Responses Distinguish Contact and Respiratory Sensitizers and Nonsensitizing Irritants in the Local Lymph Node Assay. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:413-25. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Basketter D, Kolle SN, Schrage A, Honarvar N, Gamer AO, Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Experience with local lymph node assay performance standards using standard radioactivity and nonradioactive cell count measurements. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:590-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
| | | | | | - Armin O. Gamer
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
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15
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Ku HO, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Son SW, Yun SM, Ryu DY. Pathway analysis of gene expression in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to three different sensitizers. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:455-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ok Ku
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Jeong
- Toxicological Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan; 336-795; Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Son
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - So-mi Yun
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Doug-Young Ryu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
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Kojima H, Takeyoshi M, Sozu T, Awogi T, Arima K, Idehara K, Ikarashi Y, Kanazawa Y, Maki E, Omori T, Yuasa A, Yoshimura I. Inter-laboratory validation of the modified murine local lymph node assay based on 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:63-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Ahuja V, Platzek T, Fink H, Sonnenburg A, Stahlmann R. Study of the sensitising potential of various textile dyes using a biphasic murine local lymph node assay. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:709-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Statistical evaluation of the Local Lymph Node Assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:352-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Ngo MA, Maibach HI. Dermatotoxicology: Historical perspective and advances. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 243:225-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Boverhof DR, Gollapudi BB, Hotchkiss JA, Osterloh-Quiroz M, Woolhiser MR. A draining lymph node assay (DLNA) for assessing the sensitizing potential of proteins. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:144-51. [PMID: 20060446 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for a simple and predictive model to identify the respiratory sensitization potential of (novel) proteins. The present study examined the use of a mouse draining lymph node assay (DLNA) approach, employing several routes of exposure, as a possible starting point for assessing protein sensitization potential. Consistent with the experimental procedure for the standard local lymph node assay (LLNA), female BALB/c mice were dosed dermally (topical), intranasally (IN) or by oropharyngeal aspiration (OP) on days 1, 2 and 3, and proliferation in the relevant draining lymph nodes was measured on day 6. For each route, the auricular, superficial cervical and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) were evaluated following treatment with Subtilisin Carlsberg (SUB; a potent sensitizer/allergen), ovalbumin (OVA; a potent food allergen), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG; a moderate food allergen), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; a strong immunogen with no reports of respiratory sensitization). Initial studies with OVA indicated that dermal administration did not stimulate lymph node proliferation. Responses in the tracheobronchial lymph node were most dramatic (stimulation indices up to 100) and reproducible for both the IN and OP routes. In a comparative experiment, all proteins induced lymph node proliferation with a rank order potency of SUB>KLH>OVA>BLG. The influence of the endotoxin content on lymph node proliferation was determined to be minimal, and did not impact the rank order potency. Molecular characterization of the TBLN at an equipotent proliferative dose was conducted for select gene transcripts based on research examining chemical sensitizers. Expression profiles differed among the four proteins, but the relevance of these responses was not clear and they did not further discriminate their allergic potential. These data illustrate both the opportunities and challenges associated with the examination of the draining lymph node proliferative response to assess the allergenic potential of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Boverhof
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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ANZAI T, ULLMANN LG, HAYASHI D, SATOH T, KUMAZAWA T, SATO K. Effects of Strain Differences and Vehicles on Results of Local Lymph Node Assays. Exp Anim 2010; 59:245-9. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki ANZAI
- Showa University School of Medicine
- Harlan Laboratories Ltd
| | | | | | - Tetsuo SATOH
- HAB Research Institute, Ichikawa General Hospital
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Gene expression profiles and pathways in skin inflammation induced by three different sensitizers and an irritant. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:231-7. [PMID: 19647056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is often difficult to discriminate between chemically induced skin irritation and sensitization due to their similar clinical, pathological, and immunological responses. More information than that currently available from local lymph node assays (LLNAs), such as data from gene expression and pathway analysis, can provide more insightful data than the assay itself for distinguishing skin sensitization from skin irritation. This study investigated the gene expression profiles and pathways in ear skins of mice topically exposed daily for three consecutive days to the known strong contact sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the skin contact sensitizer 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone, the skin or respiratory sensitizer toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or to the non-sensitizing irritant croton oil. All the sensitizers induced histological changes in ear tissues similar to those induced by the croton oil. In gene expression microarrays, sensitizers up-regulated 193 genes and down-regulated 61 genes in ear skin following chemical exposure. 13 genes whose expression was affected by more than two-fold by all three of the sensitizers, but not by the irritant, were selected by microarray analysis. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that, of these genes, the allergic inflammation-related genes Oasl2 and Zbp1 were up-regulated in skin inflammation by the sensitizers. In gene expression pathway analysis of all the sensitizers and the croton oil, the top functions of the 48 genes were related to cytokine and cytokine receptors interactions, and only two genes (Cxcl9 and Cxcl10) were specific to skin sensitizer-induced skin inflammation. Thus, although contact sensitizer-induced skin inflammation is similar to irritant-induced responses in terms of histological changes and gene expression profiles, the regulation of allergic inflammation-related gene transcripts, such as those of Oasl2 and Zbp1 or Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, could help to discriminate skin sensitization from chemically induced skin inflammation.
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Comparative studies of lymph node cell subpopulations and cytokine expression in murine model for testing the potentials of chemicals to induce respiratory sensitization. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2009; 21:253-62. [PMID: 19042193 DOI: 10.2478/v10001-008-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate immunological changes in lymph nodes based on expression of cell-specific receptors and cytokine expression profile and accompanying inflammatory reactions in lungs of mice treated with chemicals of known potentials to induce respiratory sensitization and those in which activity in this regard is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS On day 1 and 7, Balb/c mice received toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA), benzalkonium chloride (ChB) or vehicle. On day 14, they received a single intranasal instillation with the same chemical or vehicle. On day 15, auricular lymph nodes (LN) were excised and used for analyzes of T-, B-cells, expression of CD44 and for the estimation of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production after in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) and also for IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression analyses using Real-Time PCR. Inflammatory changes in lungs were observed by estimation of TNF-alpha and MIP-2 concentrations and cell numbers and their type in BAL. RESULTS There were no significant changes in cell subpopulations of T helper cells in LN. The percent of B cells was significantly increased after treatment with DNCB, TDI, and GA. Increased expression of CD44 on T cells was also observed. Both IL-4 and IFN-gamma were found increased in TDI- and FA-treated mice, while only IL-4 was increased in TMA-treated mice. Real-Time PCR analyses, however, showed increased IL-4 mRNA expression for TDI- and TMA-, and IFN-gamma mRNA expression for DNCB-treated mice. We haven't observed significant changes in inflammatory reactions in the lungs of exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS Studying immunological changes with first determining the activation status of T cells followed by analyzes of expression of mRNA for Th1 and Th2 cytokines in murine model could be a useful method for assessment of the potentials of chemicals to induce respiratory sensitization but is not sufficient. Addition of ventilatory measurements, but not necessarily inflammatory reactions, could complete the model.
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Basketter DA, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA. The impact of LLNA group size on the identification and potency classification of skin sensitizers: a review of published data. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009; 28:19-22. [DOI: 10.1080/15569520802636280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Boverhof DR, Gollapudi BB, Hotchkiss JA, Osterloh-Quiroz M, Woolhiser MR. Evaluation of a toxicogenomic approach to the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:427-39. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Piccotti JR, Kawabata TT. Use of an Ex Vivo Local Lymph Node Assay to Assess Contact Hypersensitivity Potential. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:271-7. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510802311961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Piccotti
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas T. Kawabata
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Local lymph node assay (LLNA): comparison of different protocols by testing skin-sensitizing epoxy resin system components. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:290-8. [PMID: 18824053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen epoxy resin system components were tested in the LLNA with regard to their sensitizing potency. Lymph node stimulation was quantified not only by measuring the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into the ear lymph nodes but also the counts of cells recovered from these organs. Equivalent figures were obtained with both endpoints used for the evaluation of lymph node cell proliferation if the reference stimulation indices were adjusted. When dissolved in acetone, all test substances showed skin-sensitizing potential, mainly on the boundary between "strong" and "moderate" according to common potency evaluation schemes. Replacing acetone with acetone/olive oil (4:1) as a vehicle for four selected test items, resulted in considerably lower estimated concentrations for sensitization induction. The challenges in comparing the results obtained by different LLNA variations are discussed.
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Omori T, Idehara K, Kojima H, Sozu T, Arima K, Goto H, Hanada T, Ikarashi Y, Inoda T, Kanazawa Y, Kosaka T, Maki E, Morimoto T, Shinoda S, Shinoda N, Takeyoshi M, Tanaka M, Uratani M, Usami M, Yamanaka A, Yoneda T, Yoshimura I, Yuasa A. Interlaboratory validation of the modified murine local lymph node assay based on adenosine triphosphate measurement. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 58:11-26. [PMID: 18593646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a well-established alternative to the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) or Buehler test (BT) for the assessment of the skin sensitizing ability of drugs and chemicals. Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd. has developed a modified LLNA based on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content (LLNA-DA). We conducted 2 interlaboratory validation studies to evaluate the reliability and relevance of LLNA-DA. METHODS The experiment involved 17 laboratories, wherein 14 chemicals were examined under blinded conditions. In the first study, 3 chemicals were examined in 10 laboratories and the remaining 9 were examined in 3 laboratories. In the second study, 1 chemical was examined in 7 laboratories and the remaining 4 chemicals were examined in 4 laboratories. The data were expressed as the ATP content for each chemical-treated group, and the stimulation index (SI) for each chemical-treated group was determined as the increase in the ATP content relative to the concurrent vehicle control group. An SI of 3 was set as the cut-off value for exhibiting skin sensitization activity. RESULTS The results of the first study obtained in the experiments conducted for the 3 chemicals that were examined in all the 10 laboratories and for 5 of the remaining 9 chemicals were sufficiently consistent with small variations in their SI values. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of LLNA-DA against those of GPMT/BT were 7/8 (87.5%), 3/3 (100%), and 10/11 (90.9%), respectively. In the second study, all the 5 chemicals studied demonstrated acceptably small interlaboratory variations. DISCUSSION In the first study, a large variation was observed for 2 chemicals; in the second study, this variation was small. It was attributed to the application of dimethylsulfoxide as the solvent for the metallic salts. In conclusion, these 2 studies provide good evidence for the reliability of the LLNA-DA.
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Idehara K, Yamagishi G, Yamashita K, Ito M. Characterization and evaluation of a modified local lymph node assay using ATP content as a non-radio isotopic endpoint. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 58:1-10. [PMID: 18462956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is an accepted and widely used method for assessing the skin-sensitizing potential of chemicals. Here, we describe a non-radio isotopic modified LLNA in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content is used as an endpoint instead of radioisotope (RI); the method is termed LLNA modified by Daicel based on ATP content (LLNA-DA). METHODS Groups of female CBA/JNCrlj mice were treated topically on the dorsum of both ears with test chemicals or a vehicle control on days 1, 2, and 3; an additional fourth application was conducted on day 7. Pretreatment with 1% sodium lauryl sulfate solution was performed 1 h before each application. On day 8, the amount of ATP in the draining auricular lymph nodes was measured as an alternative endpoint by the luciferin-luciferase assay in terms of bioluminescence (relative light units, RLU). A stimulation index (SI) relative to the concurrent vehicle control was derived based on the RLU value, and an SI of 3 was set as the cut-off value. RESULTS Using the LLNA-DA method, 31 chemicals were tested and the results were compared with those of other test methods. The accuracy of LLNA-DA vs LLNA, guinea pig tests, and human tests was 93% (28/30), 80% (20/25), and 79% (15/19), respectively. The estimated concentration (EC) 3 value was calculated and compared with that of the original LLNA. It was found that the EC3 values obtained by LLNA-DA were almost equal to those obtained by the original LLNA. DISCUSSION The SI value based on ATP content is similar to that of the original LLNA as a result of the modifications in the chemical treatment procedure, which contribute to improving the SI value. It is concluded that LLNA-DA is a promising non-RI alternative method for evaluating the skin-sensitizing potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Idehara
- Analysis Service Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan.
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Koeper LM, Schulz A, Ahr HJ, Vohr HW. In vitro differentiation of skin sensitizers by cell signaling pathways. Toxicology 2008; 242:144-52. [PMID: 18029079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal testing causes ethical problems and in view of EU regulations (e.g. EU-Guideline (76/768/EEC, February 2003)) or REACH the development of reliable in vitro assays has become even more important. Up to now, we use the modified local lymph node assay (IMDS) for toxicological hazard identification of sensitizing and irritant properties of chemicals in accordance with OECD Guideline 429. In this study, we investigated whether analyses of cell signaling pathways can provide a methodology for the detection of sensitizing compounds in vitro. Murine and human skin explants as well as reconstituted skin models (epidermal model EST-1000 and full-thickness model AST-2000) were exposed to sensitizing (oxazolone and DNFB) or irritant compounds (SDS and TritonX-100). Phosphorylation of MAP-kinases (p38, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2), STAT1 and PLCgamma were determined by cytometric bead array (CBA). In skin explants, all three MAP-kinases were exclusively activated after exposure to sensitizing compounds. For the reconstituted skin models phosphorylations of p38 and JNK1/2 were obtained after stimulation with allergens, whereas treatments with irritant compounds led to ERK1/2 activation. Activation of PLCgamma and STAT1 were never detected. In conclusion, MAP-kinase activation provides a promising in vitro tool for the discrimination between sensitizers and irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Koeper
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Toxicology, Aprather Weg, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Ku HO, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Pyo HM, Cho JH, Son SW, Ryu DY. Analysis of differential gene expression in auricular lymph nodes draining skin exposed to sensitizers and irritants. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kang JS, Lee K, Han SB, Ahn JM, Lee H, Han MH, Yoon YD, Yoon WK, Park SK, Kim HM. Induction of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome-like skin lesions by repeated topical application of a crude extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1616-22. [PMID: 16919834 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mite antigen has been considered to play important roles in the development of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). In the present study, we attempted to induce an AEDS-like skin lesion in mice using Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus crude extract (DPE) as an antigen and performed pathophysiological evaluations. Ears of mice were tape-stripped and DPE was painted 3 times a week. Eczematous skin lesion and ear swelling were apparent in NC/Nga mice treated with DPE after 2 weeks, whereas neither skin lesion nor ear swelling were observed in BALB/c mice even after 30 days. Histological evaluation demonstrated that edema, epidermal hyperplasia and the accumulation of inflammatory cells were apparent in the ears of DPE-treated NC/Nga mice. In contrast to skin lesion and ear swelling, total serum IgE levels were increased in both NC/Nga and BALB/c mice. Treatment with DPE also increased auricular lymph node weight in both NC/Nga mice and BALB/c mice. To further characterize, we analyzed cytokine mRNA expression in ears and lymph nodes of DPE-treated NC/Nga mice. Increased expression of IL-4 and TNF-alpha mRNA was observed in both ears and lymph nodes of NC/Nga mice treated with DPE. Additionally, there was no change in the responsiveness of BALB/c mice to DPE treatment by adaptive transfer of serum from DPE-treated NC/Nga mice to BALB/c mice. Taken together, our results indicate that eczematous skin lesion and ear swelling caused by repeated application of DPE in NC/Nga mice has a Th2-dominant background and that inflammation is involved in this process. The animal model of AEDS established in this report may be used to investigate the pathogenesis of AEDS and evaluate the potential therapeutic agents for AEDS.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/pathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Edema/immunology
- Edema/pathology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soon Kang
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon,305-333, Republic of Korea
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Stahlmann R, Wegner M, Riecke K, Kruse M, Platzek T. Sensitising potential of four textile dyes and some of their metabolites in a modified local lymph node assay. Toxicology 2006; 219:113-23. [PMID: 16388883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the sensitising and allergenic potentials of the textile dyes disperse yellow 3, disperse orange 30, disperse red 82, disperse yellow 211 and two metabolites of disperse yellow 3, 4-aminoacetanilide and 2-amino-p-cresol, using modified protocols of the murine "local lymph node assay" (LLNA). Test substances were applied either to the dorsum of the mice ears (sensitisation protocol) or they were first applied to the skin of their backs and 2 weeks later to their ears (sensitisation-challenge protocol). In addition to the endpoints weight and cell number of the draining ear lymph nodes we analysed lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. In the sensitisation protocol, disperse yellow 3 and its metabolite 4-aminoacetanilide did not induce significant effects, whereas in the sensitisation-challenge protocol cell number and lymph node weight increased significantly indicating a sensitising potential in NMRI mice. Hence, two-phase treatment (skin of the back, ear) increased the sensitivity of this assay. The second metabolite of disperse yellow 3, 2-amino-p-cresol, showed distinct effects in both treatment protocols; this applied mainly to the parameters cell number and lymph node weight. The dye disperse red 82 caused ambiguous increases in lymph node weight and cell number in the sensitisation protocol which were not reproduced in the sensitisation-challenge protocol, ruling out a relevant sensitising potential for this dye in NMRI mice. Disperse yellow 211 and disperse orange 30 did not induce relevant changes under our experimental conditions. Phenotyping of lymphocytes did not influence the assessment of these dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Stahlmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Ehling G, Hecht M, Heusener A, Huesler J, Gamer AO, van Loveren H, Maurer T, Riecke K, Ullmann L, Ulrich P, Vandebriel R, Vohr HW. An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay: First round. Toxicology 2005; 212:60-8. [PMID: 15950356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new OECD guideline 429 (skin sensitization: local lymph node assay) is based upon a protocol, which utilises the incorporation of radioactivity into DNA as a measure for cell proliferation in vivo. The guideline also enables the use of alternative endpoints in order to assess draining lymph node (LN) cell proliferation. Here we describe the first round of an inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints in the LLNA conducted in seven laboratories. The validation study was managed and supervised by the Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, Swissmedic. Statistical analyses of all data were performed by an independent centre at the University of Bern, Department of Statistics. Ear-draining, LN weight and cell count were used to assess proliferation instead of radioactive labeling of lymph node cells. In addition, the acute inflammatory skin reaction was measured by ear swelling and weight of circular biopsies of the ears to identify skin irritating properties of the test items. Hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA) and three blinded test items were applied to female, 8--10 weeks old NMRI and BALB/c mice. Results were sent via the independent study coordinator to the statistician. The results of this first round showed that the alternative endpoints of the LLNA are sensitive and robust parameters. The use of ear weights added an important parameter assessing the skin irritation potential, which supports the differentiation of pure irritative from contact allergenic potential. There were absolute no discrepancies between the categorisation of the three test substances A--C determined by each single participating laboratories. The results highlighted also that many parameters do have an impact on the strength of the responses. Therefore, such parameters have to be taken into consideration for the categorisation of compounds due to their relative sensitizing potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ehling
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, ProTox, D-65795 Hattersheim, Germany
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Hans-Werner V, Jürgen AH. The local lymph node assay being too sensitive? Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:721-8. [PMID: 16025312 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) and modifications thereof were recently recognized by the OECD as stand-alone methods for the detection of skin-sensitizing potential. However, although the validity of the LLNA was acknowledged by the ICCVAM, attention was drawn to one major problem, i.e., the possibility of false positive results caused by non-specific cell activation as a result of inflammatory processes in the skin (irritation). This is based on the fact that inflammatory processes in the skin may lead to non-specific activation of dendritic cells, cell migration and non-specific proliferation of lymph node cells. Measuring cell proliferation by radioactive or non-radioactive methods, without taking the irritating properties of test items into account, leads thus to false positive reactions. In this paper, we have compared both endpoints: (1) cell proliferation alone and (2) cell proliferation in combination with inflammatory (irritating) processes. It turned out that a considerable number of tests were "false positive" to the definition mentioned above. By excluding such false positive results the LLNA seems not to be more sensitive than relevant guinea pig assays. These various methods and results are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vohr Hans-Werner
- Toxicology, Bayer HealthCare AG, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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