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Cheng S, Yang J. A Theoretical Study of Organotin Binding in Aromatase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108954. [PMID: 37240300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used organotin compounds are notorious for their acute toxicity. Experiments revealed that organotin might cause reproductive toxicity by reversibly inhibiting animal aromatase functioning. However, the inhibition mechanism is obscure, especially at the molecular level. Compared to experimental methods, theoretical approaches via computational simulations can help to gain a microscopic view of the mechanism. Here, in an initial attempt to uncover the mechanism, we combined molecular docking and classical molecular dynamics to investigate the binding between organotins and aromatase. The energetics analysis indicated that the van der Waals interaction is the primary driving force of binding the organic tail of organotin and the aromatase center. The hydrogen bond linkage trajectory analysis revealed that water plays a significant role in linking the ligand-water-protein triangle network. As an initial step in studying the mechanism of organotin inhibiting aromatase, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the binding mechanism of organotin. Further, our study will help to develop effective and environmentally friendly methods to treat animals that have already been contaminated by organotin, as well as sustainable solutions for organotin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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2
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De Beer B, Villacis-Perez E, Khalighi M, Saalwaechter C, Vandenhole M, Jonckheere W, Ismaeil I, Geibel S, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. QTL mapping suggests that both cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification and target-site resistance are involved in fenbutatin oxide resistance in Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 145:103757. [PMID: 35301092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The organotin acaricide fenbutatin oxide (FBO) - an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP-synthase - has been one of the most extensively used acaricides for the control of spider mites, and is still in use today. Resistance against FBO has evolved in many regions around the world but only few studies have investigated the molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance to organotin acaricides. Here, we found that FBO resistance is polygenic in two genetically distant, highly resistant strains of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, MAR-AB and MR-VL. To identify the loci underlying FBO resistance, two independent bulked segregant analysis (BSA) based QTL mapping experiments, BSA MAR-AB and BSA MR-VL, were performed. Two QTLs on chromosome 1 were associated with FBO resistance in each mapping experiment. At the second QTL of BSA MAR-AB, several cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes were located, including CYP392E4, CYP392E6 and CYP392E11, the latter being overexpressed in MAR-AB. Synergism tests further implied a role for CYPs in FBO resistance. Subunit c of mitochondrial ATP-synthase was located near the first QTL of both mapping experiments and harbored a unique V89A mutation enriched in the resistant parents and selected BSA populations. Marker-assisted introgression into a susceptible strain demonstrated a moderate but significant effect of the V89A mutation on toxicity of organotin acaricides. The impact of the mutation on organotin inhibition of ATP synthase was also functionally confirmed by ATPase assays on mitochondrial preparations. To conclude, our findings suggest that FBO resistance in the spider mite T. urticae is a complex interplay between CYP-mediated detoxification and target-site resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berdien De Beer
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ernesto Villacis-Perez
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908, XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mousaalreza Khalighi
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marilou Vandenhole
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Ismaeil
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Geibel
- Bayer AG, CropScience Division, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Ip JCH, Leung PTY, Qiu JW, Lam PKS, Wong CKC, Chan LL, Leung KMY. Transcriptomics reveal triphenyltin-induced molecular toxicity in the marine mussel Perna viridis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148040. [PMID: 34091345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is widely used as an active ingredient in antifouling paints and fungicides, and continuous release of this highly toxic endocrine disruptor has caused serious pollution to coastal marine ecosystems and organisms worldwide. Using bioassays and transcriptome sequencing, this study comprehensively investigated the molecular toxicity of TPT chloride (TPTCl) to the marine mussel Perna viridis which is a commercially important species and a common biomonitor for marine pollution in Southeast Asia. Our results indicated that TPTCl was highly toxic to adult P. viridis, with a 96-h LC10 and a 96-h EC10 at 18.7 μg/L and 2.7 μg/L, respectively. A 21-day chronic exposure to 2.7 μg/L TPTCl revealed a strong bioaccumulation of TPT in gills (up to 36.48 μg/g dry weight) and hepatopancreas (71.19 μg/g dry weight) of P. viridis. Transcriptome analysis indicated a time course dependent gene expression pattern in both gills and hepatopancreas. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes were detected at Day 21 (gills: 1686 genes; hepatopancreas: 1450 genes) and at Day 28 (gills: 628 genes; hepatopancreas: 238 genes) when compared with that at Day 7 (gills: 104 genes, hepatopancreas: 112 genes). Exposure to TPT strongly impaired the endocrine system through targeting on nuclear receptors and putative steroid metabolic genes. Moreover, TPT widely disrupted cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, immune response and endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation expression, which might have caused the bioaccumulation of TPT in the tissues and aggregation of peptides and proteins in cells that further activated the apoptosis process in P. viridis. Overall, this study has advanced our understanding on both ecotoxicity and molecular toxic mechanisms of TPT to marine mussels, and contributed empirical toxicity data for risk assessment and management of TPT contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chi-Ho Ip
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biology and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priscilla T Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biology and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biology and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China.
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Sham RCT, Ho KKY, Hui TTY, Zhou GJ, Chan JKY, Leung KMY. Tissue distribution of triphenyltin compounds in marine teleost fishes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123426. [PMID: 32763711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous release of the highly toxic triphenyltin compounds (TPT) from antifouling paints and fungicides has caused serious pollution to urbanized coastal marine environments worldwide since the 1960s. Using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), this study investigated the distribution profile of TPT in 15 types of tissues of four marine teleost fish species collected from Hong Kong waters. Concentrations of TPT in various tissues had a significant positive correlation with protein contents in the tissues (r = 0.346, p < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent with lipid contents (r = 0.169, p = 0.020). Highest concentrations of TPT were consistently found in liver, ranging from 1074.9 to 3443.7 ng/g wet weight; whereas fish scales always contained the least concentration of TPT in all species, ranging from 10.4 to 48.5 ng/g wet weight. Through mass balance models and regression analyses, muscle tissues were found to contribute most to the total TPT body burden, and the average TPT concentration of both dorsal and ventral muscles was identified as the best predictor for estimating TPT burden in the entire fish. Hence, further investigations of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of TPT in fishes should adopt this modelling approach in estimating its total body burden in individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K Y Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tommy T Y Hui
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet K Y Chan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Li Y, Lin N, Ji X, Mai J, Li Q. Organotin compound DBDCT induces CYP3A suppression through NF-κB-mediated repression of PXR activity. Metallomics 2020; 11:936-948. [PMID: 30848264 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00361k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organotin anticancer agent di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato)tin(iv) (DBDCT) exerted an inhibitory effect on its major metabolic enzyme cytochrome CYP3A. But whether hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and their regulatory nuclear receptors including pregnane PXR and constitutive androstane CAR binding with retinoid receptor RXR as a heterodimer are involved in the DBDCT-mediated regulation of CYP3A remains unclear. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of DBDCT on CYP3A suppression, focusing on the PXR-mediated and NF-κB pathways. The results indicated DBDCT suppressed CYP3A expression by inhibiting CAR expression. But what's interesting is, both protein and mRNA of PXR increased with increasing DBDCT. A further exploration, dual luciferase reporter gene analysis, clarified that DBDCT induced CYP3A expression elevation via the PXR-mediated pathway and this induction was countered by activation of NF-κB, which played a pivotal role in suppression of CYP3A through disrupting the association of the PXR-RXRα complex with DNA sequences by EMSA. PXR-mediated CYP3A expression was similarly demonstrated by RNAi. As expected, expression of CYP3A and its mRNA levels were reduced by DBDCT only in NF-κB(+/+) but not in NF-κB(-/-) cells. The inductive effect of DBDCT on CYP3A4 mRNA was enhanced in PXR shRNA-transfected cells but weakened in the ip65 group, which showed both PXR up-regulated CYP3A expression and NF-κB p65 activation directly contributed to CYP3A inhibition. In conclusion, activated NF-κB by DBDCT interacts directly with the DNA-binding domain of PXR, and disrupts the binding between the PXR-RXR dimer, thereby affecting the regulatory process for CYP3A transcription and, therefore, leading to a decrease of the expression of the PXR-regulated CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China.
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Sham RCT, Ho KKY, Zhou GJ, Li Y, Wang X, Leung KMY. Occurrence, ecological and human health risks of phenyltin compounds in the marine environment of Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111093. [PMID: 32319922 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) has been known as one of the most toxic compounds being released into the marine environment by anthropogenic means. This study assessed the contamination statuses of TPT and its two major degradants, i.e., monophenyltin and diphenyltin, in seawater, sediment and biota samples from marine environments of Hong Kong, a highly urbanized and densely populated city, and evaluated their ecological and human health risks. The results showed that the Hong Kong's marine environments were heavily contaminated with these chemicals, especially for TPT. Concentration ranges of TPT in seawater, sediment and biota samples were 3.8-11.7 ng/L, 71.8-91.7 ng/g d.w., and 9.6-1079.9 ng/g w.w., respectively. As reflected by high hazard quotients (1.7-5.3 for seawaters; 46.1-59.0 for sediments), TPT exhibited high ecological and human health risks. Our results are essential for the future management and control of anthropogenic TPT use in antifouling paints and as biocides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin King Yan Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Sham RCT, Tao LSR, Mak YKY, Yau JKC, Wai TC, Ho KKY, Zhou GJ, Li Y, Wang X, Leung KMY. Occurrence and trophic magnification profile of triphenyltin compounds in marine mammals and their corresponding food webs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105567. [PMID: 32087482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of triphenyltin (TPT) compounds, a highly toxic antifouling biocide, has been documented in marine environments and organisms all over the world. While some studies showed that marine mammals can be used as sentinel organisms to evaluate the pollution status of emerging contaminants in the environment because of their long lifespans and high trophic levels, information regarding the contamination status of TPT in marine mammal species has been limited over the past decade. More importantly, the primary bioaccumulation pathway of TPT in these long-lived apex predators and the corresponding marine food web is still uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contamination statuses of TPT in two marine mammal species, namely the finless porpoise and the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and assess the trophic magnification potential of TPT along the food webs of these two species, using stable isotope analysis, and chemical analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that TPT is the predominant residue in majority of the analyzed individuals of two marine mammals, with concentrations ranging from 426.2 to 3476.6 ng/g wet weight in their muscle tissues. Our results also demonstrated an exponential increase in the concentration of TPT along the marine food web, indicating that trophic magnification occurs in the respective food webs of the two marine mammals. The range of trophic magnification factors of TPT in the food webs of finless porpoise and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin was 2.51-3.47 and 2.45-3.39, respectively. These results suggest that high trophic organisms may be more vulnerable to the exposure of TPT-contaminated environments due to the high trophic magnification potential, and thus ecological risk of these compounds ought to be assessed with the consideration of their bioaccumulation potentials in these marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lily Shi Ru Tao
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yanny King Yan Mak
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jason Kin Chung Yau
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tak Cheung Wai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kevin King Yan Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Lagadic L, Katsiadaki I, Biever R, Guiney PD, Karouna-Renier N, Schwarz T, Meador JP. Tributyltin: Advancing the Science on Assessing Endocrine Disruption with an Unconventional Endocrine-Disrupting Compound. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 245:65-127. [PMID: 29119384 DOI: 10.1007/398_2017_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) has been recognized as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) for several decades. However, only in the last decade, was its primary endocrine mechanism of action (MeOA) elucidated-interactions with the nuclear retinoid-X receptor (RXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and their heterodimers. This molecular initiating event (MIE) alters a range of reproductive, developmental, and metabolic pathways at the organism level. It is noteworthy that a variety of MeOAs have been proposed over the years for the observed endocrine-type effects of TBT; however, convincing data for the MIE was provided only recently and now several researchers have confirmed and refined the information on this MeOA. One of the most important lessons learned from years of research on TBT concerns apparent species sensitivity. Several aspects such as the rates of uptake and elimination, chemical potency, and metabolic capacity are all important for identifying the most sensitive species for a given chemical, including EDCs. For TBT, much of this was discovered by trial and error, hence important relationships and important sensitive taxa were not identified until several decades after its introduction to the environment. As recognized for many years, TBT-induced responses are known to occur at very low concentrations for molluscs, a fact that has more recently also been observed in fish species. This review explores the MeOA and effects of TBT in different species (aquatic molluscs and other invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals) according to the OECD Conceptual Framework for Endocrine Disruptor Testing and Assessment (CFEDTA). The information gathered on biological effects that are relevant for populations of aquatic animals was used to construct Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) based on No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) and Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOECs). Fish appear at the lower end of these distributions, showing that they are as sensitive as molluscs, and for some species, even more sensitive. Concentrations in the range of 1 ng/L for water exposure (10 ng/g for whole-body burden) have been shown to elicit endocrine-type responses, whereas mortality occurs at water concentrations ten times higher. Current screening and assessment methodologies as compiled in the OECD CFEDTA are able to identify TBT as a potent endocrine disruptor with a high environmental risk for the original use pattern. If those approaches had been available when TBT was introduced to the market, it is likely that its use would have been regulated sooner, thus avoiding the detrimental effects on marine gastropod populations and communities as documented over several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, Monheim am Rhein, 40789, Germany.
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ron Biever
- Smithers Viscient, 790 Main Street, Wareham, MA, 02571, USA
| | - Patrick D Guiney
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Natalie Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Tamar Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - James P Meador
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sun L, Liang J, Guo Z, Xu L. Protein phosphatases 2A as well as reactive oxygen species involved in tributyltin-induced apoptosis in mouse livers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:234-242. [PMID: 22223438 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), a highly toxic environmental contaminant, has been shown to induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human amniotic cells through protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition and consequent JNK activation. This in vivo study was undertaken to further verify the results derived from our previous in vitro study. Mice were orally dosed with 0, 10, 20, and 60 mg/kg of body weight TBT, and levels of PP2A, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were detected in the mouse livers. Apoptosis was also evaluated using the TUNEL assay. The results showed that PP2A activity was inhibited, ROS levels were elevated, and MAPKs including ERK, JNK, and p38 were activated in mouse livers treated with the highest dose of TBT. Additionally, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased, caspase-3 was activated, and apoptosis in mouse livers could be detected in the highest dose group. Therefore, a possible signaling pathway in TBT-induced apoptosis in mouse livers involves PP2A inhibition and ROS elevation serving a pivotal function as upstream activators of MAPKs; activation of MAPKs in turn leads to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, ultimately leading to the activation of caspase-3. The results give a comprehensive and novel description of the mechanism of TBT-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of medicine, Zhejiang University, 866th Yu Hang Tang Road, 310058, Hangzhou, China
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Biodegradation of octyltin compounds by Cochliobolus lunatus and influence of xenobiotics on fungal fatty acid composition. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Geng B, Liu X, Tian Y, Ye J, Li H, Wu J. Investigation on the interaction between endocrine disruptor triphenyltin with human serum albumin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 120:512-516. [PMID: 24211812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between triphenyltin (TPT) and human serum albumin (HSA) in physiological buffer (pH=7.4) was investigated by the fluorescence quenching technique. The results of fluorescence titration revealed that TPT could strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching procedure. The apparent binding constants K and number of binding sites n of TPT with HSA were 2.51×10(3) and 0.96 at 298 K which were obtained by the fluorescence quenching method. The thermodynamic parameters enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS) were positive, which indicated that the interaction of TPT with HSA was driven mainly by hydrophobic forces. The process of binding was a spontaneous process in which Gibbs free energy change was negative. The distance r between donor (HSA) and acceptor (TPT) was calculated to be 3.13 nm based on Forster's non-radiative energy transfer theory. The results of synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that the triphenyltin induced conformational changes of HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Geng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Xue Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongna Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jinbao Wu
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
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Pavlikova N, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, estrogenic responses and biotransformation system in the liver of salmon exposed to tributyltin and second messenger activator. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:176-85. [PMID: 20466441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which organotin compounds produce modulations of the endocrine systems and other biological responses are not fully understood. In this study, juvenile salmon were force-fed diet containing TBT (0: solvent control, 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg fish) for 72 h. Subsequently, fish exposed to solvent control and 10mg TBT were exposed to waterborne concentration (200 microg/l) of the adenylate cyclase (AC) stimulator, forskolin for 2 and 4h. The overall aim of the study was to explore whether TBT endocrine disruptive effects involve second messenger activation. Liver was sampled from individual fish (n=8) at the end of the exposures. The transcription patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotype and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), aromatase isoform, estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), pregnane X receptor (PXR), CYP3A and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our data showed a consistent increase in PPAR alpha, PPAR beta and PPAR gamma mRNA and protein expression after TBT exposure that were inversely correlated with ACOX1 mRNA levels. Forskolin produced PPAR isotype-specific mRNA and protein effects that were modulated by TBT. ACOX1 expression was decreased (at 2h) and increased (at 4h) by forskolin and the presence of TBT potentiated these effects. TBT apparently increased mRNA and protein levels of cyp19a, compared to the solvent control, whereas cyp19b mRNA levels were unaffected by TBT treatment. Combined TBT and forskolin exposure produced respective decrease and increase of mRNA levels of cyp19a and cyp19b, compared with control. TBT decreased ER alpha mRNA at low dose (1mg/kg) and forskolin exposure alone produced a consistent decrease of ER alpha mRNA levels that were not affected by the presence of TBT. Interestingly, PXR and CYP3A mRNA levels were differentially affected, either decreased or increased, after exposure to TBT and forskolin, singly and also in combination. GST mRNA was increased by TBT exposure. Exposure to forskolin alone increased GST expression with time, and combined exposure with TBT potentiated these respective effects. Overall, the present study demonstrates multiple biological effects of TBT given singly or in combination with cAMP activator. There are no studies known to us that have evaluated the endocrine disruptive effects of TBT in the presence of a second messenger activator, and our data suggest that TBT may exert endocrine, biotransformation and lipid peroxidative effects through modulation of cAMP/PKA second messenger signaling with overt physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pavlikova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Lee CH, Chen IH, Lee CR, Chi CH, Tsai MC, Tsai JL, Lin HF. Inhibition of gap junctional Intercellular communication in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells by triphenyltin chloride through MAPK and PI3-kinase pathways. J Occup Med Toxicol 2010; 5:17. [PMID: 20591183 PMCID: PMC2904784 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organotin compounds (OTCs) have been widely used as stabilizers in the production of plastic, agricultural pesticides, antifoulant plaints and wood preservation. The toxicity of triphenyltin (TPT) compounds was known for their embryotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic and immunotoxic effects in mammals. The carcinogenicity of TPT was not well understood and few studies had discussed the effects of OTCs on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) of cells. Method In the present study, the effects of triphenyltin chloride (TPTC) on GJIC in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells were evaluated, using the scrape-loading dye transfer technique. Results TPTC inhibited GJIC after a 30-min exposure in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor did not modify the response, but the specific MEK 1 inhibitor PD98059 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 decreased substantially the inhibition of GJIC by TPTC. After WB-F344 cells were exposed to TPTC, phosphorylation of Cx43 increased as seen in Western blot analysis. Conclusions These results show that TPTC inhibits GJIC in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells by altering the Cx43 protein expression through both MAPK and PI3-kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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14
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Pavlikova N, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Modulation of acute steroidogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and CYP3A/PXR in salmon interrenal tissues by tributyltin and the second messenger activator, forskolin. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:119-27. [PMID: 20211155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are uncertainties regarding the role of sex steroids in sexual development and reproduction of gastropods, leading to the recent doubts as to whether organotin compounds do inhibit steroidogenic enzymes in these species. These doubts have led us to suspect that organotin compounds may affect other target molecules, particularly signal transduction molecules or secondary mediators of steroid hormone and lipid synthesis/metabolism. Therefore, we have studied the effects of TBT exposure through food on acute steroidogenesis, PPARs and CYP3A responses in the presence and absence of a cyclic AMP (cAMP) activator, forskolin. Two experiments were performed. Firstly, juvenile salmon were force-fed once with diet containing TBT doses (0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg fish) dissolved in ethanol and sampled after 72h. Secondly, fish exposed to solvent control and 10mg/kg TBT for 72h were transferred to new tanks and exposed to waterborne forskolin (200microg/L) for 2 and 4h. Our data show that juvenile salmon force-fed TBT showed modulations of multiple biological responses in interrenal tissues that include, steroidogenesis (cAMP/PKA activities; StAR and P450scc mRNA, and plasma cortisol), and mRNA for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma), acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1) and CYP3A/PXR (pregnan X receptor). In addition, forskolin produced differential effects on these responses both singly and also in combination with TBT. Overall, combined forskolin and TBT exposure produced higher effects compared with TBT exposure alone, for most of the responses (cortisol, PPARbeta, ACOX1 and CYP3A). Interestingly, forskolin produced PPAR isoform-specific effects when given singly or in combination with TBT. Several TBT mediated toxicity in fish that includes thymus reduction, decrease in numbers of lymphocytes, inhibition of gonad development and masculinization, including the imposex phenomenon have been reported. When these effects are considered with the present findings, it suggests that studies on mechanisms of action or field studies may reveal endocrine, reproductive or other effects of TBT at lower concentrations than those reported to date from subchronic tests of fishes. Since the metabolic fate of organotin compounds may contribute to the toxicity of these chemicals, the present findings may represent some new aspects of TBT toxicity not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pavlikova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Abass K, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O. An evaluation of the cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of selected pesticides in human hepatic microsomes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:553-563. [PMID: 20183062 DOI: 10.1080/03601230902997766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to study the ability of 18 pesticides to inhibit selective model activities for all major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, namely CYP1A1/2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4. Generally organophosphorus insecticides were the most potent and extensive inhibitors, especially towards CYP1A1/2 (IC(50) values of chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and profenofos approximately 3 micro M), CYP2B6 (IC(50) values of chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion 2.5 micro M), CYP2C8 (fenitrothion 4.3 micro M), CYP2C9 (fenitrothion and malathion 4.8 and 2.5 micro M, respectively), CYP2D6 (chlorpyrifos and phenthoate approximately 3 micro M) and CYP3A4 (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and phenthoate 3-4 micro M). Otherwise there were quite considerable differences in potency and extent of inhibition between different organophosphates. Pyrethroids were in general very weak or inactive. Deltamethrin and fenvalerate were potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (IC(50) values of approximately 3 micro M) while lambda-cyhalothrin potently inhibited both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4-mediated activities (IC(50)'s about 3-4 micro M). Some pesticides caused relatively potent inhibitions sporadically (carbendazim, CYP2D6, IC(50) = 12 micro M; atrazine, CYP3A4, IC(50) = 2.8 micro M; glyphosate, CYP2C9, IC(50) = 3.7 micro M; hexaflumuron, IC(50) = 6.0 micro M). With the exceptions of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, isoproturon, carbaryl and abamectin, most pesticides inhibited relatively potently at least one CYP-selective activity, which may have relevance for potential interactions in occupational exposures and for further studies on the CYP-associated metabolism of respective pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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16
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Porcelli F, Triggiani D, Buck-Koehntop BA, Masterson LR, Veglia G. Pseudoenzymatic dealkylation of alkyltins by biological dithiols. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:1219-25. [PMID: 19626349 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the time dependence of the degradation of three alkyltin derivatives by a nine amino acid linear peptide (I(1)LGCWCYLR(9)) containing a CXC motif derived from the primary sequence of stannin, a membrane protein involved in alkyltin toxicity. We monitored the reaction kinetics using the intrinsic fluorescence of the tryptophan residue in position 5 of the peptide and found that all of the alkyltins analyzed are progressively degraded to dialkyl derivatives, following a pseudoenzymatic reaction mechanism. The end point of the reactions is the formation of a covalent complex between the disubstituted alkyltin and the peptide cysteines. These data agree with the speciation profiles proposed for polysubstituted alkyltins in the environment and reveal a possible biotic degradation pathway for these toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Porcelli
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Shi G, Chen D, Zhai G, Chen MS, Cui QC, Zhou Q, He B, Dou QP, Jiang G. The proteasome is a molecular target of environmental toxic organotins. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:379-386. [PMID: 19337512 PMCID: PMC2661907 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the vital importance of the proteasome pathway, chemicals affecting proteasome activity could disrupt essential cellular processes. Although the toxicity of organotins to both invertebrates and vertebrates is well known, the essential cellular target of organotins has not been well identified. We hypothesize that the proteasome is a molecular target of environmental toxic organotins. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to test the above hypothesis by investigating whether organotins could inhibit the activity of purified and cellular proteasomes and, if so, the involved molecular mechanisms and downstream events. RESULTS We found that some toxic organotins [e.g., triphenyltin (TPT)] can potently and preferentially inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasomes and human breast cancer cellular 26S proteasomes. Direct binding of tin atoms to cellular proteasomes is responsible for the observed irreversible inhibition. Inhibition of cellular proteasomes by TPT in several human cell lines results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and natural proteasome target proteins, accompanied by induction of cell death. CONCLUSIONS The proteasome is one of the molecular targets of environmental toxic organotins in human cells, and proteasome inhibition by organotins contributes to their cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- School of Applied Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Chen
- Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Guangshu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Marina S. Chen
- Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qiuzhi Cindy Cui
- Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Antizar-Ladislao B. Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. a review. b_antizar@hotmail.com. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:292-308. [PMID: 17959247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a toxic chemical used for various industrial purposes such as slime control in paper mills, disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters, antifouling agents, and the preservation of wood. Due to its widespread use as an antifouling agent in boat paints, TBT is a common contaminant of marine and freshwater ecosystems exceeding acute and chronic toxicity levels. TBT is the most significant pesticide in marine and freshwaters in Europe and consequently its environmental level, fate, toxicity and human exposure are of current concern. Thus, the European Union has decided to specifically include TBT compounds in its list of priority compounds in water in order to control its fate in natural systems, due to their toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative and endocrine disruptive characteristics. Additionally, the International Maritime Organization has called for a global treaty that bans the application of TBT-based paints starting 1 of January 2003, and total prohibition by 1 of January 2008. This paper reviews the state of the science regarding TBT, with special attention paid to the environmental levels, toxicity, and human exposure. TBT compounds have been detected in a number of environmental samples. In humans, organotin compounds have been detected in blood and in the liver. As for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is most probably the main route of exposure to TBT compounds for the general population. However, data concerning TBT levels in foodstuffs are scarce. It is concluded that investigations on experimental toxicity, dietary intake, potential human health effects and development of new sustainable technologies to remove TBT compounds are clearly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Antizar-Ladislao
- Department of Water and Environment Science and Technology, University of Cantabria, Bulevar Ronda Rufino Peón 254, 39316 Torrelavega, Cantabria, Spain
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Cooke GM, Forsyth DS, Bondy GS, Tachon R, Tague B, Coady L. Organotin speciation and tissue distribution in rat dams, fetuses, and neonates following oral administration of tributyltin chloride. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:384-395. [PMID: 18246498 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701801653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a biocide that contaminates human foodstuffs, especially shellfish. TBT is an endocrine disrupter, producing imposex in several marine gastropods. Previous studies showed that oral dosing of rat dams with TBT chloride leads to abnormal fetal and postnatal development. In this study, the tissue distribution and speciation of organotins in tissues were examined in dams, fetuses, and neonates following dosing of rat dams commencing on gestational day (GD) 8 by oral gavage with TBT in olive oil at 0, 0.25, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d. Dams' body weights were significantly reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment. At GD20, there were no significant effects of any TBT treatment on pup weights, litter size, sex ratio, or tissue weights. However, at postnatal day (PND) 6 and 12, neonatal pup weights were reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment but tissue weights were unaffected, except for the liver weight of female pups, which was reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment. Tissues harvested on GD20 and PND6 and PND12 were extracted for determination of organotins by gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED). In most tissues, TBT and its metabolite dibutyltin (DBT) were evident but monobutyltin (MBT) was rarely measured above the detection limit. The livers and brains of fetuses contained TBT and DBT at levels that were approximately 50% of the equivalent tissues in the dams. Furthermore, these tissues appeared to preferentially absorb/retain organotins, since the concentrations were greater than were found for the total loading in whole pups. The placenta also contained relatively large quantities of TBT and DBT. Postnatally, the TBT levels in pups decreased markedly, a probable consequence of the extremely low levels of organotins in rat milk. However, DBT levels in pups livers and brains were maintained, probably due to metabolism of TBT to DBT. Similarly, while dams' spleens contained significant quantities of organotins, the pups' spleens contained smaller quantities, and these decreased rapidly between PND6 and PND12. These results show that organotins cross the placenta and accumulate in fetal tissues but that during lactation, the pups would receive minimal organotins through the milk and during this period, the levels of TBT in pups' tissues decreases rapidly. Consequently, fetuses would be at greater risk of the adverse effects of TBT, but due to the lack of transfer through milk, the risk would be reduced during the lactational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Cooke
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Hurst S, Loi CM, Brodfuehrer J, El-Kattan A. Impact of physiological, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical factors in absorption and metabolism mechanisms on the drug oral bioavailability of rats and humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.4.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mortensen AS, Arukwe A. Modulation of xenobiotic biotransformation system and hormonal responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure to tributyltin (TBT). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:431-41. [PMID: 17344101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple biological effects of tributyltin (TBT) on juvenile salmon have been investigated. Fish were exposed for 7 days to waterborne TBT at nominal concentrations of 50 and 250 microg/L dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Hepatic samples were analyzed for gene expression patterns in the hormonal and xenobiotic biotransformation pathways using validated real-time PCR method. Immunochemical and several cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated enzyme activity (ethoxyresorufin: EROD, benzyloxyresorufin: BROD, methoxyresorufin: MROD and pentoxyresorufin: PROD) assays were analyzed. Our data show that TBT produced concentration-specific decrease of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha), vitellogenin (Vtg), zona radiata protein (Zr-protein) and increase of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) and androgen receptor-beta (ARbeta) in the hormonal pathway. In the xenobiotic biotransformation pathway, TBT produced apparent increase and decrease at respective low and high concentration, on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-alpha (AhRalpha), AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and AhR repressor (AhRR) mRNA. The expression of CYP1A1 and GST showed a TBT concentration-dependent decrease. The AhRbeta, CYP3A and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT) mRNA expressions were significantly induced after exposure to TBT. Immunochemical analysis of CYP3A and CYP1A1 protein levels confirmed the TBT effects observed at the transcriptional levels. The effect of TBT on the biotransformation enzyme gene expressions partially co-related but did not directly parallel enzyme activity levels for EROD, BROD, MROD and PROD. In general, these findings confirm previous reports on the endocrine effects of TBT, in addition to effects on hepatic CYP1A isoenzyme at the transcriptional level that transcends to protein and enzymatic levels. The induced expression patterns of CYP3A and UGT mRNA after TBT exposure, suggest the involvement of CYP3A and UGT in TBT metabolism in fish. The effect of TBT on CYP3A is proposed to represent another hormonal effect of TBT not previously reported in any fish or lower vertebrate. The proposed androgenic effect is supported by the observation that TBT also induced ARbeta mRNA expression in a concentration-specific manner. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has simultaneously studied multiple responses after exposure to TBT in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skjetne Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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