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López-Dávila AJ, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM. Alterations of the skeletal muscle contractile apparatus in necrosis induced by myotoxic snake venom phospholipases A 2: a mini-review. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2024; 45:69-77. [PMID: 38063951 PMCID: PMC11096208 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common clinical manifestation of snakebite envenoming. The predominant myotoxic components in snake venoms are catalytically-active phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and PLA2 homologs devoid of enzymatic activity, which have been used as models to investigate various aspects of muscle degeneration. This review addresses the changes in the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle induced by these toxins. Myotoxic components initially disrupt the integrity of sarcolemma, generating a calcium influx that causes various degenerative events, including hypercontraction of myofilaments. There is removal of specific sarcomeric proteins, owing to the hydrolytic action of muscle calpains and proteinases from invading inflammatory cells, causing an initial redistribution followed by widespread degradation of myofibrillar material. Experiments using skinned cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle fibers show that these myotoxins do not directly affect the contractile apparatus, implying that hypercontraction is due to cytosolic calcium increase secondary to sarcolemmal damage. Such drastic hypercontraction may contribute to muscle damage by generating mechanical stress and further sarcolemmal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Jesús López-Dávila
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
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2
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Win MN, Yee KT, Htwe KM, Thin EE, Win SM, Kyaw AM, Aye MM, Khaing KK, Thwe WM, Htwe KK, Zaw A. Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom. Toxicon X 2024; 22:100196. [PMID: 38665175 PMCID: PMC11043865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. Cobras are among the most common venomous snakes in Myanmar and are responsible for a considerable number of severe snakebite envenoming. There are three species of cobra (Naja kaouthia, Naja mandalayensis and Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar. The study aims to characterize the N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venoms and to investigate the efficacy of anti-cobra antivenom (BPI) against the two venoms. Protein components and fibrinogenolytic activity were determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activities for PLA2, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD50) and median effective dose (ED50) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. N. kaouthia venom exhibited more in PLA2, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than N. mandalayensis venom. N. mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than N. kaouthia venom. The median lethal dose (LD50) of N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min (N. kaouthia) and in 6 h (N. mandalayensis). The same median effective dose (ED50) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of N. mandalayensis venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom (N. kaouthia) and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (N. mandalayensis). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for N. mandalayensis bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Nila Win
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Ei Ei Thin
- University of Pharmacy, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Myo Myo Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Aung Zaw
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
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Saaiman Engelbrecht EL, Naidoo V, Botha CJ. Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom, a murine model. Evaluation of skeletal and cardio-myonecrosis, kidney injury and inflammatory response along with neutralisation efficacy by the SAIMR/SAVP - And EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenoms. Toxicon 2024; 243:107719. [PMID: 38631492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
African spitting cobra, Naja nigricincta nigricincta (Zebra snake), envenomation is an important cause of snakebite morbidity and mortality in Namibia. The snake is endemic to central and northern Namibia as well as southern Angola. The venom is mainly cytotoxic, resulting in aggressive dermo-necrosis and often accompanied by severe systemic complications. No specific antivenom exists. Rhabdomyolysis, systemic inflammatory response, haemostatic abnormalities, infective necrotising fasciitis as well as acute kidney failure have been documented. Based on murine models, this study assessed SAVP/SAIMR - and EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenom neutralisation as well as subdermal necrosis. Additional muscle, cardiac, kidney and lung histology, creatine kinase measurements and post-mortems were performed. An intravenous median lethal dose (LD50) of Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom was determined at 18.4 (CI: 16.3; 20.52) μg and a subdermal lethal dose at 15.3(CI: 12.96; 17.74)μg. The SAIMR/SAVP polyvalent antivenom median effective dose (ED50) was 1.2 ml antivenom/1 mg venom equating to a potency (WHO) of 1 ml antivenom neutralising 0.63 mg venom and approximately 240 ml (24 vials) needed for initial treatment. The ED50 of the EchiTAb-Plus-ICP was 1 ml antivenom/1 mg venom and a potency of 65 mg venom/ml antivenom (3.3 x LD50), estimating 230 ml (23 vials) for treatment. Histology and serology (creatine kinase) evidenced venom induced skeletal myotoxicity, which was not prevented by the antivenoms tested. Cardiac myonecrosis, an inflammatory response, direct venom kidney tubular necrosis and cardio-pulmonary failure were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esta L Saaiman Engelbrecht
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Namibian Snakebite Interest Group, Namibia.
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christo J Botha
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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4
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Passos JGR, Gomes JAS, Xavier-Santos JB, Yamashita FO, Cavalcanti-Cruz JV, Siqueira EMS, Garcia VB, Zucolotto SM, de Araujo-Junior RF, Ferreira LS, Silva-Junior AA, Félix-Silva J, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Anti-inflammatory, healing and antiophidic potential of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae): From popular use to pharmaceutical formulation in gel. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116290. [PMID: 38458010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. So, a topical gel containing the hydroethanolic extract of its leaves was developed and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antiophidic properties in mice. First, the chemical profile of different parts of the plant was characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using molecular networking. In the leaf extract, 11 compounds were characterized, with a particular emphasis on the identification of flavonoids. The gel efficiently inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema, as well as acute and chronic croton oil-induced ear edema models, thereby reducing inflammatory and oxidative parameters in inflamed tissues. Besides anti-inflammatory activity, the herbal gel showed significant wound healing activity. The edematogenic, hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic activities induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom were effectively inhibited by the treatment with J. mollissima gel. The association with the herbal gel improved in up to 90% the efficacy of commercial snake antivenom in reduce venom-induced edema. Additionally, while antivenom was not able to inhibit venom-induced dermonecrosis, treatment with herbal gel reduced in 55% the dermonocrotic halo produced. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of the herbal gel containing J. mollissima extract, which could be a strong candidate for the development of herbal products that can be used to complement the current antivenom therapy against snake venom local toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia G R Passos
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Jacyra A S Gomes
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Jacinthia B Xavier-Santos
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana O Yamashita
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Joelly V Cavalcanti-Cruz
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Emerson M S Siqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Barreto Garcia
- Cancer and Inflammatory Research Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvana M Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araujo-Junior
- Cancer and Inflammatory Research Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Leandro S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio A Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Félix-Silva
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical Haematology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Matheus F Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
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Bittenbinder MA, van Thiel J, Cardoso FC, Casewell NR, Gutiérrez JM, Kool J, Vonk FJ. Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 2024; 7:358. [PMID: 38519650 PMCID: PMC10960010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health issue responsible for mortality and severe morbidity. Where mortality is mainly caused by venom toxins that induce cardiovascular disturbances, neurotoxicity, and acute kidney injury, morbidity is caused by toxins that directly or indirectly destroy cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. These are referred to as 'tissue-damaging toxins' and have previously been classified in various ways, most of which are based on the tissues being affected (e.g., cardiotoxins, myotoxins). This categorisation, however, is primarily phenomenological and not mechanistic. In this review, we propose an alternative way of classifying cytotoxins based on their mechanistic effects rather than using a description that is organ- or tissue-based. The mechanisms of toxin-induced tissue damage and their clinical implications are discussed. This review contributes to our understanding of fundamental biological processes associated with snakebite envenoming, which may pave the way for a knowledge-based search for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás A Bittenbinder
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jory van Thiel
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - José-María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kolvekar N, Bhattacharya N, Mondal S, Sarkar A, Chakrabarty D. Daboialipase, a phospholipase A 2 from Vipera russelli russelli venom posesses anti-platelet, anti-thrombin and anti-cancer properties. Toxicon 2024; 239:107632. [PMID: 38310691 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Snake venoms are known to contain toxins capable of interfering with normal physiological processes of victims. Specificity of toxins from snake venoms give scope to identify new molecules with therapeutic action and/or help to understand different cellular mechanisms. Russell's viper venom (RVV) is a mixture of many bioactive molecules with enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. The present article describes Daboialipase (DLP), an enzymatic phospholipase A2 with molecular mass of 14.3 kDa isolated from RVV. DLP was obtained after cation exchange chromatography followed by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). The isolated DLP presented strong inhibition of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and collagen induced platelet aggregation. It also showed anti-thrombin properties by significantly extending thrombin time in human blood samples. Trypan blue and resazurin cell viability assays confirmed time-dependent cytotoxic and cytostatic activities of DLP on MCF7 breast cancer cells, in vitro. DLP caused morphological changes and nuclear damage in MCF7 cells. However, DLP did not cause cytotoxic effects on non-cancer HaCaT cells. Peptide sequences of DLP obtained by O-HRLCMS analysis showed similarity with a previously reported PLA2 (Uniprot ID: PA2B_DABRR/PDB ID: 1VIP_A). An active Asp at 49th position, calcium ion binding site and anticoagulant activity sites were identified in 1 VIP_A. These findings are expected to contribute to designing new anti-platelet, anticoagulant and anti-cancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Kolvekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, 403726, India
| | - Navodipa Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, 403726, India
| | - Sukanta Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, 403726, India
| | - Angshuman Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, 403726, India
| | - Dibakar Chakrabarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, 403726, India.
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Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Vishwanath BS, Rajaiah R. Naja naja snake venom-induced local toxicities in mice is by inflammasome activation. Toxicon 2024; 238:107590. [PMID: 38163462 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Snake bite envenomation causes tissue damage resulting in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Inflammasome activation is one of the factors involved in tissue damage in a mouse model of snake envenomation. The present study examines the potency of Indian Big Four snake venoms in the activation of inflammasome and its role in local and systemic tissue toxicity. Among Indian Big Four snake venoms, Naja naja venom activated NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse macrophages. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was also observed in mouse foot paw and thigh muscle upon administration of N. naja venom. Intraperitoneal administration of N. naja venom cause systemic lung damage showed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Treatment with MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor effectively inhibited N. naja venom-induced activation of caspase-1 and liberation of IL-1β in macrophages. In mice, MCC950 partially inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in N. naja venom administered foot paw and thigh muscle. In conclusion, the present data showed that inflammasome is one of the host responses involved in N. naja snake venom-induced toxicities. The inhibition of inflammasome activation will provide new insight into better management of snake bite-induced local tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuganahalli B Nandana
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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de Oliveira ALN, Lacerda MT, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Viper Venom Phospholipase A2 Database: The Structural and Functional Anatomy of a Primary Toxin in Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:71. [PMID: 38393149 PMCID: PMC10893444 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. As snakebite envenoming is the deadliest neglected tropical disease, a complete understanding of these proteins' properties and their mechanisms of action is urgently needed. Therefore, we created a database comprising information on the holo-form, cofactor-bound 3D structure of 217 vvPLA2 and PLA2-like proteins in their physiologic environment, as well as 79 membrane-bound viper species from 24 genera, which we have made available to the scientific community to accelerate the development of new anti-snakebite drugs. In addition, the analysis of the sequenced, 3D structure of the database proteins reveals essential aspects of the anatomy of the proteins, their toxicity mechanisms, and the conserved binding site areas that may anchor universal interspecific inhibitors. Moreover, it pinpoints hypotheses for the molecular origin of the myotoxicity of the PLA2-like proteins. Altogether, this study provides an understanding of the diversity of these toxins and how they are conserved, and it indicates how to develop broad, interspecies, efficient small-molecule inhibitors to target the toxin's many mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Requimte-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-000 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.N.d.O.); (M.T.L.); (M.J.R.)
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Kiran KS, Kameshwar VH, Mudnakudu Nagaraju KK, Nagalambika P, Varadaraju KR, Karthik NA, Dugganaboyana GK, Nanjunda Swamy S, Krishna KL, Kumar JR. Diosmin: A Daboia russelii venom PLA 2s inhibitor- purified, and characterized from Oxalis corniculata L medicinal plant. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116977. [PMID: 37544341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oxalis corniculata L is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Oxalidaceae family. It is a little, slow-growing plant with a frail appearance typically found in mild temperate and tropical areas like Pakistan and India. This plant also includes many other bioactive substances, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phlobatannins, and steroids. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Compound diosmin, which is derived from Oxalis corniculata L, on VRV-PL-5 and VRV-PL-8a isolated from Vipera russelli. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction, purification, and characterization of bioactive by TLC, HPTLC, FT-IR analysis, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, LC-MS/MS Analysis, NMR, XRD Analysis, In vitro evaluation, Circular dichroism spectroscopy, in vivo, and in silico studies. RESULTS In this study, the extract of Oxalis corniculata was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect against PLA2. The methanolic extract decreased hemolytic activity by about 60% at 1:75 w/w and neutralized the hemolytic activity completely at 1:100 w/w concentration. Diosmin inhibited VRV-PL-5 and VRV-PL-8a in a dose-dependent manner, with the extent of inhibition being about 56% for VRV-PL-5120 μM and VRV-PL-8a by 62% at the same concentration with IC50 concentrations of 87.08 μM for VRV-PL-5 and 82.08 μM for VRV-PL-8a, while at 75 μM. Diosmin inhibited the hemolytic activity of VRV-PL-5 by about 85%, and at the same concentration, VRV-PL-8a inhibited by about 75%. UV-CD spectra at the IC50 concentration of diosmin disrupted the secondary structure of VRV-PL-5 &VRV-PL-8a. In vivo, studies showed decreased myotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of the VRV-PL-5 &VRV-PL-8a, which was seen in the decrease in cytoplasmic markers LDH and CPK levels in the serum when incubated with diosmin. Furthermore, Histopathological studies of Muscles and lungs revealed that diosmin considerably protects against cellular abnormality caused by VRV-PL-5 & VRV-PL-8a. Molecular docking, MM/GBSA, and molecular dynamics simulation studies show that the diosmin is a potent inhibitor for VRV-PL-5 and VRV-PL-8a. CONCLUSION This study shows that diosmin is a potentially effective VRV-PL-5 and VRV-PL-8a.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kiran
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - Vivek Hamse Kameshwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara- 571448, Nagamangala (T), Mandya (D), Karnataka, India; Department of Biotechnology, Adichunchanagiri School of Natural Sciences, ACU-CRI, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara- 571448, Nagamangala (T), Mandya (D), Karnataka, India
| | | | - Prasad Nagalambika
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - Kavitha Raj Varadaraju
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - N Awathade Karthik
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - Guru Kumar Dugganaboyana
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - S Nanjunda Swamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technological University, Mysore, India
| | - K L Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India
| | - J R Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-15, India.
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Carvalho ÉDS, Souza ARDN, Melo DFC, de Farias AS, Macedo BBDO, Sartim MA, Caggy MC, Rodrigues BDA, Ribeiro GS, Reis HN, Araújo FQ, da Silva IM, Sachett A, Sampaio VDS, Balieiro AADS, Zamuner SR, Vissoci JRN, Cabral LN, Monteiro WM, Sachett JDAG. Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:70-80. [PMID: 38048090 PMCID: PMC10696517 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Importance Bothrops venom acts almost immediately at the bite site and causes tissue damage. Objective To investigate the feasibility and explore the safety and efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing the local manifestations of B atrox envenomations. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, in Manaus, Brazil. A total of 60 adult participants were included from November 2020 to March 2022, with 30 in each group. Baseline characteristics on admission were similarly distributed between groups. Data analysis was performed from August to December 2022. Intervention The intervention group received LLLT combined with regular antivenom treatment. The laser used was a gallium arsenide laser with 4 infrared laser emitters and 4 red laser emitters, 4 J/cm2 for 40 seconds at each application point. Main Outcomes and Measures Feasibility was assessed by eligibility, recruitment, and retention rates; protocol fidelity; and patients' acceptability. The primary efficacy outcome of this study was myolysis estimated by the value of creatine kinase (U/L) on the third day of follow-up. Secondary efficacy outcomes were (1) pain intensity, (2) circumference measurement ratio, (3) extent of edema, (4) difference between the bite site temperature and that of the contralateral limb, (5) need for the use of analgesics, (6) frequency of secondary infections, and (7) necrosis. These outcomes were measured 48 hours after admission. Disability assessment was carried out from 4 to 6 months after patients' discharge. P values for outcomes were adjusted with Bonferroni correction. Results A total of 60 patients (mean [SD] age, 43.2 [15.3] years; 8 female individuals [13%] and 52 male individuals [87%]) were included. The study was feasible, and patient retention and acceptability were high. Creatine kinase was significantly lower in the LLLT group (mean [SD], 163.7 [160.0] U/L) 48 hours after admission in relation to the comparator (412.4 [441.3] U/L) (P = .03). Mean (SD) pain intensity (2.9 [2.7] vs 5.0 [2.4]; P = .004), circumference measurement ratio (6.6% [6.6%] vs 17.1% [11.6%]; P < .001), and edema extent (25.8 [15.0] vs 40.1 [22.7] cm; P = .002) were significantly lower in the LLLT group in relation to the comparator. No difference was observed between the groups regarding the mean difference between the bite site temperature and the contralateral limb. Secondary infections, necrosis, disability outcomes, and the frequency of need for analgesics were similar in both groups. No adverse event was observed. Conclusions and Relevance The data from this randomized clinical trial suggest that the use of LLLT was feasible and safe in a hospital setting and effective in reducing muscle damage and the local inflammatory process caused by B atrox envenomations. Trial Registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: RBR-4qw4vf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica da Silva Carvalho
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrea Renata do Nascimento Souza
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dessana Francis Chehuan Melo
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Altair Seabra de Farias
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mariela Costa Caggy
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Heloísa Nunes Reis
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - André Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lioney Nobre Cabral
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
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11
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Kumar A, Madni ZK, Chaturvedi S, Salunke DM. Recombinant human scFv antibody fragments against phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and Echis carinatus snake venoms: In vivo neutralization and mechanistic insights. Mol Immunol 2024; 165:55-67. [PMID: 38154407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Snake envenomation results in a range of clinical sequelae, and widely used animal-based conventional antivenoms exhibit several limitations including the adverse immunological effects in human snake bite victims. Therefore, human monoclonal anti-snake venom antibodies or fragments can be an alternate therapy for overcoming the existing limitations. We developed venom-neutralizing humanized scFv antibodies and analyzed biochemical mechanisms associated with the inhibition of toxicity. Tomlinson I and J human scFv antibody libraries were screened against Naja naja and Echis carinatus venoms, and seven unique scFv antibodies were obtained. Further, specific toxins of snake venom interacting with each of these scFvs were identified, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was found to be prominently captured by the phage-anchored scFv antibodies. Our study indicated PLA2 to be one of the abundant toxins in Naja naja and Echis carinatus venom samples. The scFvs binding to PLA2 were used to perform in vivo survival assay using the mouse model and in vitro toxin inhibition assays. scFv N194, which binds to acidic PLA2, protected 50% of mice treated with Naja naja venom. Significant prolongation of survival time and 16% survival were observed in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice treated with scFv E113 and scFv E10, respectively. However, a combination comprised of an equal amount of two scFvs, E113 and E10, both interacting with basic PLA2, exhibited synergistically enhanced survival of 33% in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice. No such synergistically enhanced survival was observed in the case of combinatorial treatment with anti-Naja naja scFvs, N194, and N248. These scFvs demonstrated partial inhibition of venom-induced myotoxicity, and E113 also inhibited hemolysis by 50%, which corroborates the enhanced survival during combinatorial treatment in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Zaid Kamal Madni
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dinakar M Salunke
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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12
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Antony JS, Birrer P, Bohnert C, Zimmerli S, Hillmann P, Schaffhauser H, Hoeflich C, Hoeflich A, Khairallah R, Satoh AT, Kappeler I, Ferreira I, Zuideveld KP, Metzger F. Local application of engineered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA demonstrates regenerative therapeutic potential in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102055. [PMID: 37928443 PMCID: PMC10622308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth-promoting anabolic hormone that fosters cell growth and tissue homeostasis. IGF-I deficiency is associated with several diseases, including growth disorders and neurological and musculoskeletal diseases due to impaired regeneration. Despite the vast regenerative potential of IGF-I, its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile has prevented it from being used therapeutically. In this study, we resolved these challenges by the local administration of IGF-I mRNA, which ensures desirable homeostatic kinetics and non-systemic, local dose-dependent expression of IGF-I protein. Furthermore, IGF-I mRNA constructs were sequence engineered with heterologous signal peptides, which improved in vitro protein secretion (2- to 6-fold) and accelerated in vivo functional regeneration (16-fold) over endogenous IGF-I mRNA. The regenerative potential of engineered IGF-I mRNA was validated in a mouse myotoxic muscle injury and rabbit spinal disc herniation models. Engineered IGF-I mRNA had a half-life of 17-25 h in muscle tissue and showed dose-dependent expression of IGF-I over 2-3 days. Animal models confirm that locally administered IGF-I mRNA remained at the site of injection, contributing to the safety profile of mRNA-based treatment in regenerative medicine. In summary, we demonstrate that engineered IGF-I mRNA holds therapeutic potential with high clinical translatability in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sina Zimmerli
- Versameb AG, Technology Park, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Sampat GH, Hiremath K, Dodakallanavar J, Patil VS, Harish DR, Biradar P, Mahadevamurthy RK, Barvaliya M, Roy S. Unraveling snake venom phospholipase A 2: an overview of its structure, pharmacology, and inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1454-1473. [PMID: 37926795 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Snake bite is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide. WHO reported approximately 5 million people are bitten by various species of snakes each year, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths and an additional three times cases of permanent disability. Snakes utilize the venom mainly for immobilization and digestion of their prey. Snake venom is a composition of proteins and enzymes which is responsible for its diverse pharmacological action. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (SvPLA2) is an enzyme that is present in every snake species in different quantities and is known to produce remarkable functional diversity and pharmacological action like inflammation, necrosis, myonecrosis, hemorrhage, etc. Arachidonic acid, a precursor to eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, is released when SvPLA2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 positions of membrane glycerophospholipids, which is responsible for its actions. Polyvalent antivenom produced from horses or lambs is the standard treatment for snake envenomation, although it has many drawbacks. Traditional medical practitioners treat snake bites using plants and other remedies as a sustainable alternative. More than 500 plant species from more than 100 families reported having venom-neutralizing abilities. Plant-derived secondary metabolites have the ability to reduce the venom's adverse consequences. Numerous studies have documented the ability of plant chemicals to inhibit the enzymes found in snake venom. Research in recent years has shown that various small molecules, such as varespladib and methyl varespladib, effectively inhibit the PLA2 toxin. In the present article, we have overviewed the knowledge of snake venom phospholipase A2, its classification, and the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of cytotoxicity, myonecrosis, anticoagulation, and inflammation clinical application and inhibitors of SvPLA2, along with the list of studies carried out to evaluate the potency of small molecules like varespladib and secondary metabolites from the traditional medicine for their anti-PLA2 effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh H Sampat
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Kashinath Hiremath
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Jagadeesh Dodakallanavar
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Vishal S Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Darasaguppe R Harish
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Prakash Biradar
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | | | - Manish Barvaliya
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
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14
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Qin WG, Zhuo ZP, Hu H, Lay M, Li QQ, Huang JT, Zeng LB, Liang ZJ, Long F, Liang Q. Proteomic characteristics of six snake venoms from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in China and their relation to local tissue necrosis. Toxicon 2023; 235:107317. [PMID: 37839739 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients envenomed by snakes from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in China often have varying degrees of local tissue necrosis. Due to the relative clinical characteristics of local tissue necrosis and ulceration following envenoming, this study has analyzed the proteome of six snake venoms from the Viperidae and Elapidae family, and the toxin profiles of each snake were compared and correlated with the clinical manifestations that follow cytotoxic envenoming. Deinagkistrodon acutus and Naja atra envenomation induce severe ulceration, which is absent in Bungarus multicinctus envenomation and mild in the other three vipers. It is interesting to note that the proportion of c-type lectins (CTL) (20.63%) in Deinagkistrodon acutus venom was relatively high, which differs from the venom of other vipers. In addition, three-fingered toxin (3FTx) (2.15%) is present in the venom of Deinagkistrodon acutus, but has not been detected in the remaining three vipers. Snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP) (34.4%-44.7%), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (9.81%-40.83%), and snake venom serine protease (SVSP) (9.44%-16.2%) represent the most abundant families of toxin in Viperidae venom. The Elapidae venom proteome was mainly composed of neurotoxins and cytotoxins, including 3FTx (39.28%-60.08%) and PLA2 (8.24%-58.95%) toxins, however, the proportion of CRISPS (26.36%) in Naja atra venom was relatively higher compared to Bungarus multicinctus venom. Significant differences in SVMP, SVSP, and 3FTx expression levels exist between the Viperidae and the Elapidae family. The main toxins responsible for the development of tissue necrosis and ulcerations following Viperidae envenoming are hematotoxins (SVSMP, SVSP) and myotoxins (PLA2). Deinagkistrodon acutus venom contains high levels of CTL and traces of 3FTx, leading to more severe local necrosis. However, Naja atra venom can also cause severe local necrosis through the effects of myotoxin (3FTx, CRISP, PLA2). Bungarus multicinctus venom does not contain myotoxins, resulting in pure systemic neurological manifestations no obvious necrosis of local tissue in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Gang Qin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Zhuo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mimi Lay
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Qian-Qin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liang-Bo Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zi-Jing Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fei Long
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China; Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia.
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15
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López-Dávila AJ, Weber N, Nayak A, Fritz L, Moustafa KR, Gand LV, Wehry E, Kraft T, Thum T, Fernández J, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B. Skeletal muscle fiber hypercontraction induced by Bothrops asper myotoxic phospholipases A 2 ex vivo does not involve a direct action on the contractile apparatus. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1193-1202. [PMID: 37474774 PMCID: PMC10499977 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Myonecrosis is a frequent clinical manifestation of envenomings by Viperidae snakes, mainly caused by the toxic actions of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes and sPLA2-like homologs on skeletal muscle fibers. A hallmark of the necrotic process induced by these myotoxins is the rapid appearance of hypercontracted muscle fibers, attributed to the massive influx of Ca2+ resulting from cell membrane damage. However, the possibility of myotoxins having, in addition, a direct effect on the contractile machinery of skeletal muscle fibers when internalized has not been investigated. This question is here addressed by using an ex vivo model of single-skinned muscle fibers, which lack membranes but retain an intact contractile apparatus. Rabbit psoas skinned fibers were exposed to two types of myotoxins of Bothrops asper venom: Mt-I, a catalytically active Asp49 sPLA2 enzyme, and Mt-II, a Lys49 sPLA2-like protein devoid of phospholipolytic activity. Neither of these myotoxins affected the main parameters of force development in striated muscle sarcomeres of the skinned fibers. Moreover, no microscopical alterations were evidenced after their exposure to Mt-I or Mt-II. In contrast to the lack of effects on skinned muscle fibers, both myotoxins induced a strong hypercontraction in myotubes differentiated from murine C2C12 myoblasts, with drastic morphological alterations that reproduce those described in myonecrotic tissue in vivo. As neither Mt-I nor Mt-II showed direct effects upon the contractile apparatus of skinned fibers, it is concluded that the mechanism of hypercontraction triggered by both myotoxins in patients involves indirect effects, i.e., the large cytosolic Ca2+ increase after sarcolemma permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Jesús López-Dávila
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Natalie Weber
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnab Nayak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leon Fritz
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kian Rami Moustafa
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luis Vincens Gand
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enke Wehry
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
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16
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Bittenbinder MA, Capinha L, Da Costa Pereira D, Slagboom J, van de Velde B, Casewell NR, Jennings P, Kool J, Vonk FJ. Development of a high-throughput in vitro screening method for the assessment of cell-damaging activities of snake venoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011564. [PMID: 37590328 PMCID: PMC10465002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a globally important public health issue that has devastating consequences on human health and well-being, with annual mortality rates between 81,000 and 138,000. Snake venoms may cause different pathological effects by altering normal physiological processes such as nervous transfer and blood coagulation. In addition, snake venoms can cause severe (local) tissue damage that may result in life-long morbidities, with current estimates pointing towards an additional 450,000 individuals that suffer from permanent disabilities such as amputations, contractions and blindness. Despite such high morbidity rates, research to date has been mainly focusing on neurotoxic and haemotoxic effects of snake venoms and considerably less on venom-induced tissue damage. The molecular mechanisms underlaying this pathology include membrane disruption and extracellular matrix degradation. This research describes methods used to study the (molecular) mechanisms underlaying venom-induced cell- and tissue damage. A selection of cellular bioassays and fluorescent microscopy were used to study cell-damaging activities of snake venoms in multi-well plates, using both crude and fractionated venoms. A panel of 10 representative medically relevant snake species was used, which cover a large part of the geographical regions most heavily affected by snakebite. The study comprises both morphological data as well as quantitative data on cell metabolism and viability, which were measured over time. Based on this data, a distinction could be made in the ways by which viper and elapid venoms exert their effects on cells. We further made an effort to characterise the bioactive compounds causing these effects, using a combination of liquid chromatography methods followed by bioassaying and protein identification using proteomics. The outcomes of this study might prove valuable for better understanding venom-induced cell- and tissue-damaging pathologies and could be used in the process of developing and improving snakebite treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas A. Bittenbinder
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Capinha
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Da Costa Pereira
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Velde
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhao HY, He N, Sun Y, Wang YC, Zhang HB, Chen HH, Zhang YQ, Gao JF. Phylogeny-Related Variations in Venomics: A Test in a Subset of Habu Snakes ( Protobothrops). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050350. [PMID: 37235384 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comparative analysis to unveil the divergence among venoms from a subset of Old World habu snakes (Protobothrops) in terms of venomic profiles and toxicological and enzymatic activities. A total of 14 protein families were identified in the venoms from these habu snakes, and 11 of them were shared among these venoms. The venoms of five adult habu snakes were overwhelmingly dominated by SVMP (32.56 ± 13.94%), PLA2 (22.93 ± 9.26%), and SVSP (16.27 ± 4.79%), with a total abundance of over 65%, while the subadult P. mangshanensis had an extremely low abundance of PLA2 (1.23%) but a high abundance of CTL (51.47%), followed by SVMP (22.06%) and SVSP (10.90%). Apparent interspecific variations in lethality and enzymatic activities were also explored in habu snake venoms, but no variations in myotoxicity were found. Except for SVSP, the resemblance of the relatives within Protobothrops in other venom traits was estimated to deviate from Brownian motion evolution based on phylogenetic signals. A comparative analysis further validated that the degree of covariation between phylogeny and venom variation is evolutionarily labile and varies among clades of closely related snakes. Our findings indicate a high level of interspecific variation in the venom proteomes of habu snakes, both in the presence or absence and the relative abundance of venom protein families, and that these venoms might have evolved under a combination of adaptive and neutral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhao
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Na He
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao-Bing Zhang
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hui-Hui Chen
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ya-Qi Zhang
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Salvador GHM, Pinto ÊKR, Ortolani PL, Fortes-Dias CL, Cavalcante WLG, Soares AM, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM. Structural basis of the myotoxic inhibition of the Bothrops pirajai PrTX-I by the synthetic varespladib. Biochimie 2023; 207:1-10. [PMID: 36403756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Varespladib (LY315920) is a potent inhibitor of human group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) originally developed to control inflammatory cascades of diseases associated with high or dysregulated levels of endogenous PLA2. Recently, varespladib was also found to inhibit snake venom PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. Herein, ex vivo neuromuscular blocking activity assays were used to test the inhibitory activity of varespladib. The binding affinity between varespladib and a PLA2-like toxin was quantified and compared with other potential inhibitors for this class of proteins. Crystallographic and bioinformatic studies showed that varespladib binds to PrTX-I and BthTX-I into their hydrophobic channels, similarly to other previously characterized PLA2-like myotoxins. However, a new finding is that an additional varespladib binds to the MDiS region, a particular site that is related to muscle cell disruption by these toxins. The present results further advance the characterization of the molecular interactions of varespladib with PLA2-like myotoxins and provide additional evidence for this compound as a promising inhibitor candidate for different PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Êmylle K R Pinto
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Paula L Ortolani
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Brazil
| | | | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Ophirex, Inc. Corte Madera, CA, 94925, USA; Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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19
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de Oliveira AK, Pramoonjago P, Rucavado A, Moskaluk C, Silva DT, Escalante T, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Mapping the Immune Cell Microenvironment with Spatial Profiling in Muscle Tissue Injected with the Venom of Daboia russelii. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030208. [PMID: 36977099 PMCID: PMC10057198 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological and inflammatory events in muscle after the injection of snake venoms vary in different regions of the affected tissue and at different time intervals. In order to study such heterogeneity in the immune cell microenvironment, a murine model of muscle necrosis based on the injection of the venom of Daboia russelii was used. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were utilized to identify areas in muscle tissue with a different extent of muscle cell damage, based on the presence of hypercontracted muscle cells, a landmark of necrosis, and on the immunostaining for desmin. A gradient of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages) was observed from heavily necrotic areas to less damaged and non-necrotic areas. GeoMx® Digital Spatial Profiler (NanoString, Seattle, WA, USA) was used for assessing the presence of markers of various immune cells by comparing high-desmin (nondamaged) and low-desmin (damaged) regions of muscle. Markers of monocytes, macrophages, M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, leukocyte adhesion and migration markers, and hematopoietic precursor cells showed higher levels in low-desmin regions, especially in samples collected 24 hr after venom injection, whereas several markers of lymphocytes did not. Moreover, apoptosis (BAD) and extracellular matrix (fibronectin) markers were also increased in low-desmin regions. Our findings reveal a hitherto-unknown picture of immune cell microheterogeneity in venom-injected muscle which greatly depends on the extent of muscle cell damage and the time lapse after venom injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | | | - Dilza T. Silva
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Coelho KF, Neves JCF, Ibiapina HNS, Magalhães-Gama F, Barbosa FBA, Silva FS, Wellmann IAM, Sachett JAG, Tarragô AM, Ferreira LCL, Malheiro A, Monteiro WM, Costa AG. Exploring the Profile of Cell Populations and Soluble Immunological Mediators in Bothrops atrox Envenomations. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:196. [PMID: 36977086 PMCID: PMC10051854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox envenomations are common in the Brazilian Amazon. The venom of B. atrox is highly inflammatory, which results in severe local complications, including the formation of blisters. Moreover, there is little information on the immune mechanisms associated with this condition. Thus, a longitudinal study was carried out to characterize the profile of the cell populations and soluble immunological mediators in the peripheral blood and blisters in B. atrox patients s according to their clinical manifestations (mild and severe). A similar response in both B. atrox patient groups (MILD and SEV) was observed, with an increase in inflammatory monocytes, NKT, and T and B cells, as well as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-1β and IL-10, when compared with the group of healthy blood donors. After the administration of antivenom, the participation of patrolling monocytes and IL-10 in the MILD group was observed. In the SEV group, the participation of B cells was observed, with high levels of CCL2 and IL-6. In the blister exudate, a hyperinflammatory profile was observed. In conclusion, we revealed the involvement of cell populations and soluble mediators in the immune response to B. atrox envenomation at the local and peripheral level, which is related to the onset and extent of the inflammation/clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerolaine Fonseca Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Juliana Costa Ferreira Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Hiochelson Najibe Santos Ibiapina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Fábio Magalhães-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Minas), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bianca Albuquerque Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Flavio Souza Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
| | - Irmgardt Alicia María Wellmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta (FUAM), Manaus 69065-130, AM, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Lima Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil
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21
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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22
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Zuntini ACS, Damico MV, Gil CD, Godinho RO, Pacini ESA, Fortes-Dias CL, Moreira V. The early inhibition of the COX-2 pathway in viperid phospholipase A 2-induced skeletal muscle myotoxicity accelerates the tissue regeneration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 461:116384. [PMID: 36702313 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of injury and muscle regeneration is still contradictory in effectiveness, especially regarding the timing of their administration. This can interfere with the production of prostaglandins originating from inflammatory isoform cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is essential to modulate tissue regeneration. The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from viperid venoms cause myotoxicity, therefore constituting a tool for the study of supportive therapies to improve skeletal muscle regeneration. This study investigated the effect of early administration of lumiracoxib (selective inhibitor of COX-2) on the degeneration and regeneration stages of skeletal muscle after injury induced by a myotoxic PLA2. After 30 min and 48 h of intramuscular injection of PLA2, mice received lumiracoxib orally and histological, functional, and transcriptional parameters of muscle were evaluated from 6 h to 21 days. Inhibition of COX-2 in the early periods of PLA2-induced muscle degeneration reduced leukocyte influx, edema, and tissue damage. After the second administration of lumiracoxib, in regenerative stage, muscle showed increase in number of basophilic fibers, reduction in fibrosis content and advanced recovery of functionality characterized by the presence of fast type II fibers. The expression of Pax7 and myogenin were increased, indicating a great capacity for storing satellite cells and advanced mature state of tissue. Our data reveals a distinct role of COX-2-derived products during muscle degeneration and regeneration, in which early administration of lumiracoxib was a therapeutic strategy to modulate the effects of prostaglandins, providing a breakthrough in muscle tissue regeneration induced by a myotoxic PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Siqueira Zuntini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Marcio Vinícius Damico
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Enio Setsuo Arakaki Pacini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
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23
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In Vitro Efficacy of Antivenom and Varespladib in Neutralising Chinese Russell's Viper ( Daboia siamensis) Venom Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010062. [PMID: 36668882 PMCID: PMC9864994 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The venom of the Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) contains neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipase A2 toxins which can cause irreversible damage to motor nerve terminals. Due to the time delay between envenoming and antivenom administration, antivenoms may have limited efficacy against some of these venom components. Hence, there is a need for adjunct treatments to circumvent these limitations. In this study, we examined the efficacy of Chinese D. siamensis antivenom alone, and in combination with a PLA2 inhibitor, Varespladib, in reversing the in vitro neuromuscular blockade in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Pre-synaptic neurotoxicity and myotoxicity were not reversed by the addition of Chinese D. siamensis antivenom 30 or 60 min after venom (10 µg/mL). The prior addition of Varespladib prevented the neurotoxic and myotoxic activity of venom (10 µg/mL) and was also able to prevent further reductions in neuromuscular block and muscle twitches when added 60 min after venom. The addition of the combination of Varespladib and antivenom 60 min after venom failed to produce further improvements than Varespladib alone. This demonstrates that the window of time in which antivenom remains effective is relatively short compared to Varespladib and small-molecule inhibitors may be effective in abrogating some activities of Chinese D. siamensis venom.
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24
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Resiere D, Mehdaoui H, Neviere R. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Snakebite Envenomation: A Brief Descriptive Review and Clinical Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110802. [PMID: 36422976 PMCID: PMC9694585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a pathological condition which may occur in response to the injection of venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of biologically active molecules which are responsible for a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from local tissue injuries to fatal complications. Snake venom administration commonly provokes local tissue injury often associated with systemic effects, including neurotoxic and cardiotoxic manifestations, bleeding, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis. An important spectrum of pathogenesis of snake envenomation is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can directly provoke tissue damage and also potentiate the deleterious consequences of inflammation at the bite site. Snake venom components known to induce oxidative stress include phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, three-finger toxins, and L-amino acid oxidase. Clear evidence is mounting suggesting that inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the destructive effects of envenoming, including acute renal failure, tissue necrosis, and unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage), mostly due to hypocoagulability, neuro/cardio toxicity, and myonecrosis. Impaired regulation of oxidative stress may also set the stage for secondary/long-term complications of snakebite envenomation such as musculoskeletal disabilities. Some aspects of natural antioxidant therapeutic options are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabor Resiere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Correspondence:
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25
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Varespladib in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming: Development History and Preclinical Evidence Supporting Advancement to Clinical Trials in Patients Bitten by Venomous Snakes. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110783. [PMID: 36422958 PMCID: PMC9695340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of effective, reliably accessible, and affordable treatments for snakebite envenoming is a critical and long unmet medical need. Recently, small, synthetic toxin-specific inhibitors with oral bioavailability used in conjunction with antivenom have been identified as having the potential to greatly improve outcomes after snakebite. Varespladib, a small, synthetic molecule that broadly and potently inhibits secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s) venom toxins has renewed interest in this class of inhibitors due to its potential utility in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. The development of varespladib and its oral dosage form, varespladib-methyl, has been accelerated by previous clinical development campaigns to treat non-envenoming conditions related to ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, sepsis, and acute coronary syndrome. To date, twenty-nine clinical studies evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and efficacy of varespladib for non-snakebite envenoming conditions have been completed in more than 4600 human subjects, and the drugs were generally well-tolerated and considered safe for use in humans. Since 2016, more than 30 publications describing the structure, function, and efficacy of varespladib have directly addressed its potential for the treatment of snakebite. This review summarizes preclinical findings and outlines the scientific support, the potential limitations, and the next steps in the development of varespladib's use as a snakebite treatment, which is now in Phase 2 human clinical trials in the United States and India.
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26
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Histopathological Changes in the Liver, Heart and Kidneys Following Malayan Pit Viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) Envenoming and the Neutralising Effects of Hemato Polyvalent Snake Antivenom. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090601. [PMID: 36136539 PMCID: PMC9505761 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper) is a medically important snake species that is widely distributed across Southeast Asia. Systemic coagulopathy causing severe haemorrhage and local tissue injury is commonly observed following C. rhodostoma envenoming. However, nephrotoxicity and congestive heart failure were previously reported in a patient who had a long length of hospital stay. In this study, we determined the effect of C. rhodostoma envenoming on cardiovascular disturbances and the associated morphological changes in the liver, heart and kidneys using animal models. We also evaluated the efficacy of Hemato polyvalent antivenom (HPAV; Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) of the Thai Red Cross Society, Thailand) in neutralising the histopathological effects of C. rhodostoma venom. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of C. rhodostoma venom (1000 µg/kg) caused a rapid decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) followed by complete cardiac collapse in anaesthetized rats. Moreover, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of C. rhodostoma venom (11.1 mg/kg; 3 × LD50) for 24 h caused cellular lesions in the liver and heart tissues. C. rhodostoma venom also induced nephrotoxicity, as indicated by the presence of tubular injury, interstitial vascular congestion and inflammatory infiltration in the whole area of the kidney. The administration of HPAV, at manufacturer-recommended doses, 15 min prior to or after the addition of C. rhodostoma venom reduced the extent of the morphological changes in the liver, heart and kidneys. This study found that experimental C. rhodostoma envenoming induced cardiovascular disturbances, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. We also highlighted the potential broad utility of HPAV to neutralise the histopathological effects of C. rhodostoma venom. The early delivery of antivenom appears capable of preventing envenoming outcomes.
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Diversity of Phospholipases A2 from Bothrops atrox Snake Venom: Adaptive Advantages for Snakes Compromising Treatments for Snakebite Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080543. [PMID: 36006204 PMCID: PMC9414272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of snake venoms resulted in multigene toxin families that code for structurally similar isoforms eventually harboring distinct functions. PLA2s are dominant toxins in viper venoms, and little is known about the impact of their diversity on human envenomings and neutralization by antivenoms. Here, we show the isolation of three distinct PLA2s from B. atrox venom. FA1 is a Lys-49 homologue, and FA3 and FA4 are catalytic Asp-49 PLA2s. FA1 and FA3 are basic myotoxic proteins, while FA4 is an acid non-myotoxic PLA2. FA3 was the most potent toxin, inducing higher levels of edema, inflammatory nociception, indirect hemolysis, and anticoagulant activity on human, rat, and chicken plasmas. FA4 presented lower anticoagulant activity, and FA1 had only a slight effect on human and rat plasmas. PLA2s presented differential reactivities with antivenoms, with an emphasis on FA3, which was not recognized or neutralized by the antivenoms used in this study. Our findings reveal the functional and antigenic diversity among PLA2s from B. atrox venom, highlighting the importance of assessing venom variability for understanding human envenomations and treatment with antivenoms, particularly evident here as the antivenom fails to recognize FA3, the most active multifunctional toxin described.
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Adeyi AO, Mustapha KK, Ajisebiola BS, Adeyi OE, Metibemu DS, Okonji RE. Inhibition of Echis ocellatus venom metalloprotease by flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves: in vitro and in silico approaches. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1893334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olubisi Esther Adeyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Raphael Emuebie Okonji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Dias ÊR, de Oliveira LA, Sales Lauria PS, Bordon KDCF, Rodrigues Domênico AM, da Silva Guerreiro ML, Wiezel GA, Cardoso IA, Rossini BC, Marino CL, Pimenta DC, Arantes EC, Casais-e-Silva LL, Branco A, dos Santos LD, Biondi I. Bothrops leucurus snake venom protein profile, isolation and biological characterization of its major toxin PLA2s-likeds. Toxicon 2022; 213:27-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Proleón A, Torrejón D, Urra FA, Lazo F, López-Torres C, Fuentes-Retamal S, Quispe E, Bautista L, Agurto A, Gavilan RG, Sandoval GA, Rodríguez E, Sánchez EF, Yarlequé A, Vivas-Ruiz DE. Functional, immunological characterization, and anticancer activity of BaMtx: A new Lys49- PLA 2 homologue isolated from the venom of Peruvian Bothrops atrox snake (Serpentes: Viperidae). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:990-1002. [PMID: 35321814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bothorps atrox is responsible for most of the ophidism cases in Perú. As part of the envenoming, myotoxicity is one of the most recurrent and destructive effects. In this study, a myotoxin, named BaMtx, was purified from B. atrox venom to elucidate its biological, immunological, and molecular characteristics. BaMtx was purified using CM-Sephadex-C-25 ion-exchange resin and SDS-PAGE analysis showed a unique protein band of 13 kDa or 24 kDa under reducing or non-reducing conditions, respectively. cDNA sequence codified a 122-aa mature protein with high homology with other Lys49-PLA2s; modeled structure showed a N-terminal helix, a β-wing region, and a C-terminal random coil. This protein has a poor phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity. BaMtx has myotoxic (DMM = 12.30 ± 0.95 μg) and edema-forming (DEM = 26.00 ± 1.15 μg) activities. Rabbit immunization with purified enzyme produced anti-BaMtx antibodies that reduced 50.28 ± 10.15% of myotoxic activity and showed significant cross-reactivity against B. brazili and B pictus venoms. On the other hand, BaMtx exhibits mild anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on breast cancer cells, affecting the ROS and NADH levels, which may reduce mitochondrial respiration. These results contribute to the understanding of B. atrox Lys49-PLA2 effects and establish the anticancer potential de BaMtx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Proleón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Daniel Torrejón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Felix A Urra
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fanny Lazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Camila López-Torres
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Edwin Quispe
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Lorgio Bautista
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Andrés Agurto
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Ronnie G Gavilan
- Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud-Perú, Jesús María, Lima, Peru; Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo A Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Edith Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Eladio F Sánchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando Yarlequé
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Perú.
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Sandesha VD, Darshan B, Tejas C, Girish KS, Kempaiah K. A comparative cross-reactivity and paraspecific neutralization study on Hypnale hypnale, Echis carinatus, and Daboia russelii monovalent and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010292. [PMID: 35344557 PMCID: PMC9037957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenoming by the hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) raises concern as it inflicts significant debilitation and death in the Western Ghats of India and in the adjacent island nation of Sri Lanka. In India, its medical significance was realized only during 2007 due to its misidentification as Echis carinatus and sometimes as Daboia russelii. Of late, several case reports have underlined the ineptness of the existing polyvalent anti-venom therapy against H. hypnale envenoming. Currently, H. hypnale bite has remained dreadful in India due to the lack of neutralizing anti-venom therapy. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish a systematic comparative, biochemical, pathological, and immunological properties of Sri Lankan H. hypnale venom alongside Indian E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms. All three venoms differed markedly in the extent of biochemical activities including proteolytic, deoxyribonuclease, L-amino acid oxidase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, and indirect hemolytic activities. The venoms also differed markedly in their pathological properties such as edema, hemorrhage, myotoxic, cardiotoxic, and coagulant activities. The venoms showed stark differences in their protein banding pattern. Strikingly, the affinity-purified rabbit monovalent anti-venoms prepared against H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms readily reacted and neutralized the biochemical and pathological properties of their respective venoms, but they insignificantly cross-reacted with, and thus failed to show paraspecific neutralization of any of the effects of the other two venoms, demonstrating the large degree of variations between these venoms. Further, the Indian therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms from VINS Bioproducts, and Bharath Serums and Vaccines failed to protect H. hypnale venom-induced lethal effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhaskar Darshan
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekar Tejas
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kesturu S. Girish
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kemparaju Kempaiah
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Soares BS, Rocha SLG, Bastos VA, Lima DB, Carvalho PC, Gozzo FC, Demeler B, Williams TL, Arnold J, Henrickson A, Jørgensen TJD, Souza TACB, Perales J, Valente RH, Lomonte B, Gomes-Neto F, Neves-Ferreira AGC. Molecular Architecture of the Antiophidic Protein DM64 and its Binding Specificity to Myotoxin II From Bothrops asper Venom. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:787368. [PMID: 35155563 PMCID: PMC8830425 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.787368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DM64 is a toxin-neutralizing serum glycoprotein isolated from Didelphis aurita, an ophiophagous marsupial naturally resistant to snake envenomation. This 64 kDa antitoxin targets myotoxic phospholipases A2, which account for most local tissue damage of viperid snakebites. We investigated the noncovalent complex formed between native DM64 and myotoxin II, a myotoxic phospholipase-like protein from Bothrops asper venom. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and size exclusion chromatography indicated that DM64 is monomeric in solution and binds equimolar amounts of the toxin. Attempts to crystallize native DM64 for X-ray diffraction were unsuccessful. Obtaining recombinant protein to pursue structural studies was also challenging. Classical molecular modeling techniques were impaired by the lack of templates with more than 25% sequence identity with DM64. An integrative structural biology approach was then applied to generate a three-dimensional model of the inhibitor bound to myotoxin II. I-TASSER individually modeled the five immunoglobulin-like domains of DM64. Distance constraints generated by cross-linking mass spectrometry of the complex guided the docking of DM64 domains to the crystal structure of myotoxin II, using Rosetta. AUC, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), molecular modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the DM64-myotoxin II complex is structured, shows flexibility, and has an anisotropic shape. Inter-protein cross-links and limited hydrolysis analyses shed light on the inhibitor's regions involved with toxin interaction, revealing the critical participation of the first, third, and fifth domains of DM64. Our data showed that the fifth domain of DM64 binds to myotoxin II amino-terminal and beta-wing regions. The third domain of the inhibitor acts in a complementary way to the fifth domain. Their binding to these toxin regions presumably precludes dimerization, thus interfering with toxicity, which is related to the quaternary structure of the toxin. The first domain of DM64 interacts with the functional site of the toxin putatively associated with membrane anchorage. We propose that both mechanisms concur to inhibit myotoxin II toxicity by DM64 binding. The present topological characterization of this toxin-antitoxin complex constitutes an essential step toward the rational design of novel peptide-based antivenom therapies targeting snake venom myotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S. Soares
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane A. Bastos
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B. Lima
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulo C. Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabio C. Gozzo
- Dalton Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Tayler L. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Janelle Arnold
- Department of Environmental Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Amy Henrickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas J. D. Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tatiana A. C. B. Souza
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard H. Valente
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Barbosa ED, Lima Neto JX, Bezerra KS, Oliveira JIN, Machado LD, Fulco UL. Quantum Biochemical Investigation of Lys49-PLA 2 from Bothrops moojeni. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12972-12980. [PMID: 34793159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation via snakebites occurs largely in areas where it is harder to access the hospital. Its mortality rate and sequelae acquired by the survivors symbolize a big challenge for antivenom therapy. In particular, the homologous phospholipase A2 (Lys49-PLA2) proteins can induce myonecrosis and are not effectively neutralized by current treatments. Thus, by taking advantage of crystallographic structures of Bothrops moojeni Lys49-PLA2 complexed with VRD (varespladib) and AIN (aspirin), a quantum biochemistry study based on the molecular fractionation with conjugate cap scheme within the density functional theory formalism is performed to unveil these complexes' detailed interaction energies. The calculations revealed that important interactions between ligands and the Lys49-PLA2 pocket could occur up to a pocket radius of r = 6.5 (5.0 Å) for VRD (AIN), with the total interaction energy of the VRD ligand being higher than that of the AIN ligand, which is well-correlated with the experimental binding affinity. Furthermore, we have identified the role played by the amino acids LYS0069, LYS0049, LEU0005, ILE0009, CYS0029, GLY0030, HIS0048, PRO0018, ALA0019, CYS0045, TYR0052, TYR0022, PRO0125*, and PHE0126* (LYS0069, LYS0049, GLY0032, LEU0002, and LEU0005) in the VRD↔Lys49-PLA2 (AIN↔Lys49-PLA2) complex. Our simulations are a valuable tool to support the big challenge for neutralizing the damages in victims of snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Barbosa
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - J X Lima Neto
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - K S Bezerra
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - J I N Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - L D Machado
- Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - U L Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Venom proteomic analysis of medically important Nigerian viper Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans snake species. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101164. [PMID: 34765747 PMCID: PMC8571701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming remains a neglected tropical disease which poses severe health hazard, especially for the rural inhabitants in Africa. In Nigeria, vipers are responsible for the highest number of deaths. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with LC-MS/MS was used to analyze the crude venoms of Echis ocellatus (Carpet viper) and Bitis arietans (Puff adder) in order to understand their venom proteomic identities. Results obtained revealed that gel-free proteomic analysis of the crude venoms led to the identification of 85 and 79 proteins, respectively. Seventy-eight (78) proteins were common between the two snake species with a 91.8% similarity score. The identified proteins belong to 18 protein families in E. ocellatus and 14 protein families in B. arietans. Serine proteases (22.31%) and metalloproteinases (21.06%) were the dominant proteins in the venom of B. arietans; while metalloproteinases (34.84%), phospholipase A2s (21.19%) and serine proteases (15.50%) represent the major toxins in the E. ocellatus venom. Other protein families such as three-finger toxins and cysteine-rich venom proteins were detected in low proportions. This study provides an insight into the venom proteomic analysis of the two Nigerian viper species, which could be useful in identifying the toxin families to be neutralized in case of envenomation. Venom proteomic of Nigeria's most medically important snakes is presented. SVMP, SVSP and PLA2 were the major toxin families in E. ocellatus and B. arietans. The venom proteomes of these vipers displayed 91.8% similarity in composition.
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López-Dávila AJ, Weber N, Kraft T, Matinmehr F, Arias-Hidalgo M, Fernández J, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM. Cytotoxicity of snake venom Lys49 PLA2-like myotoxin on rat cardiomyocytes ex vivo does not involve a direct action on the contractile apparatus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19452. [PMID: 34593882 PMCID: PMC8484475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperid snake venoms contain a unique family of cytotoxic proteins, the Lys49 PLA2 homologs, which are devoid of enzymatic activity but disrupt the integrity of cell membranes. They are known to induce skeletal muscle damage and are therefore named 'myotoxins'. Single intact and skinned (devoid of membranes and cytoplasm but with intact sarcomeric proteins) rat cardiomyocytes were used to analyze the cytotoxic action of a myotoxin, from the venom of Bothrops asper. The toxin induced rapid hypercontraction of intact cardiomyocytes, associated with an increase in the cytosolic concentration of calcium and with cell membrane disruption. Hypercontraction of intact cardiomyocytes was abrogated by the myosin inhibitor para-aminoblebbistatin (AmBleb). No toxin-induced changes of key parameters of force development were observed in skinned cardiomyocytes. Thus, although myosin is a key effector of the observed hypercontraction, a direct effect of the toxin on the sarcomeric proteins -including the actomyosin complex- is not part of the mechanism of cytotoxicity. Owing to the sensitivity of intact cardiomyocytes to the cytotoxic action of myotoxin, this ex vivo model is a valuable tool to explore in further detail the mechanism of action of this group of snake venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Faramarz Matinmehr
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariela Arias-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
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Investigating myotoxicity following Australian red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256653. [PMID: 34506531 PMCID: PMC8432874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myotoxicity is one of the common clinical manifestations of red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation characterised by elevated creatine kinase (CK) concentrations of greater than 1000 U/L. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of myotoxicity in patients following envenomation. Methods/Principal findings Patient characteristics and serial blood samples (timed venom concentrations and CK concentrations, pre- and post- antivenom) from 114 patients (median age 41, 2-90y; 80 male) were extracted from the Australian Snakebite Project database. Patients were categorised into three groups based on peak CK concentrations [no myotoxicity (<1000 U/L), mild (1000–10,000 U/L) and severe (>10,000 U/L)]. The odds of (mild or severe) myotoxicity was lower in patients that received early antivenom (within 6 hours post-bite) compared to those that received late or no antivenom (odd ratio was 0.186; 95% confidence interval, 0.052–0.664). A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was developed to describe the relationship between the time course of venom (a mixture of toxins) and effect (elevated CK). In addition, a kinetic-pharmacodynamic (KPD) model was developed to describe the relationship between time course of a theoretical toxin and effect. Model development and parameter estimation was performed using NONMEM v7.3. No single set of parameter values from either the PKPD or KPD models were found that could accurately describe the time course of different levels of severity of myotoxicity. The predicted theoretical toxin half-life from the KPD model was 11 ± 3.9 hours compared to the half-life of venom of 5.3 ± 0.36 hours. This indicates that the putative causative toxin’s concentration-time profile does not parallel that of venom. Conclusion Early antivenom administration reduces the incidence of myotoxicity. The venom concentration profile does not appear to be the driver for myotoxicity following envenomation. Additional factors that affect the sensitivity of the patient to snake venom/toxins must be explored to understand the relationship with myotoxicity.
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Hasan HF, Mostafa DM, Lotfy DM. Concerted hepatoprotective effect of bradykinin potentiating factor and low dose of γ- radiation on Naja haje envenomed rats via Bax/Bcl2 pathway. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:67-76. [PMID: 34353221 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1965276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the concerted hepatoprotective effects for three doses of bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) and/or followed by exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation (LDR) against Naja haje envenoming in rats. Male rats were injected with three consecutive doses of BPF (1 μg/g i.p. for 3 days), followed by exposure to a low dose of gamma radiation (0.5 Gy), and then rats were injected with a dose of Naja haje venom (250 μg/kg i.p.). Results showed that Naja haje causes liver damage, significant elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cytochrome c, Nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant depletion in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) contents. In addition, significant depletion in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and significant elevation in BcL-2 associated X (Bax protein), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in hepatocytes. Bradykinin potentiating factor and/or low dose of γ-radiation caused improvement in liver damage caused by Naja haje venom by a significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP levels, Bax, cytochrome c, NF-κB, IL-1β, NO and MDA contents, BPF alone or combined with low dose radiation caused a significant increase in Bcl2 and GPx contents. In conclusion, the concerted impact of BPF and LDR may provide an effective venom detoxification tool that helps to reduce hepatic toxicity and extends the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Farouk Hasan
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Mostafa
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Mahmoud Lotfy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
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Teixeira SC, da Silva MS, Gomes AAS, Moretti NS, Lopes DS, Ferro EAV, Rodrigues VDM. Panacea within a Pandora's box: the antiparasitic effects of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) from snake venoms. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:80-94. [PMID: 34364805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, mainly in low-income regions. There is no cure for most of these diseases, and the treatment relies on drugs that have side effects and lead to drug resistance, emphasizing the urgency to find new treatments. Snake venom has been gaining prominence as a rich source of molecules with antiparasitic potentials, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Here, we compile the findings involving PLA2s with antiparasitic activities against helminths, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and trypanosomatids. We indicate their molecular features, highlighting the possible antiparasitic mechanisms of action of these proteins. We also demonstrate interactions between PLA2s and some parasite membrane components, shedding light on potential targets for drug design that may provide better treatment for the illnesses caused by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- DNA Replication and Repair Laboratory (DRRL), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Dourado DM, Matias R, da Silva BAK, Milanesi FF, Martello MD, Dos Santos CHM, Cardoso CAL, Vieira WF, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Benefits of Sebastiania hispida (Euphorbiaceae) extract and photobiomodulation therapy as potentially adjunctive strategies to be explored against snake envenoming. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1069-1085. [PMID: 34341968 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the topic use of Sebastiania hispida extract and low-level gallium-arsenide laser irradiation (GaAs, 904 nm) to reduce the local myonecrosis and edema of Bothrops moojeni snake venom-injected gastrocnemius. Wistar rats receiving intramuscular venom injection (VBm) were compared with saline control (S) and envenomed rats receiving local exposure to plant extract (VExt) or laser irradiation (VL). The phytochemistry and thin-layer chromatography of S. hispida extract indicated the presence of phenolic compounds like gallic acid and flavonoids including quercetin. Gastrocnemius of VExt and VL groups had a significant reduction of edema and creatine kinase (CK) activities and a greater Myogenin (MyoG) expression compared to VBm group, with the plant extract efficacy better than laser exposure. Reduction of edema and serum CK activities reflects a lessening of muscle damage, whereas the increase of MyoG indicates myoblast differentiation and acceleration of muscle repair. The S. hispida richness in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, such as the light modulatory ability to triggering a multitude of cell signalings likely underlie the positive outcomes. Our findings suggest both treatments as potential auxiliary tools to be explored in clinical trials in combination with anti-venom therapy after Bothropic snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroty Mesquita Dourado
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Medicinal Plants, Anhanguera-Uniderp University, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Matias
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, Anhanguera-Uniderp University, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Baldomero Antonio Kato da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Av. São Sebastião 2819, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Fiorela Faria Milanesi
- Health and Environment: Biodiversity Program at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation MS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mayra Duarte Martello
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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40
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Silva NC, Alvarez AM, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Fortes-Dias CL, Moreira V. Catalytically active phospholipase A 2 myotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus induces proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts dependent on prostaglandins produced by both COX-1 and COX-2 pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:603-613. [PMID: 34314795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although crotoxin B (CB) is a well-established catalytically active secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) myotoxin, we investigated its potential stimulatory effect on myogenesis with the involvement of prostaglandins (PGs) produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 pathways. Myoblast C2C12 were cultured in proliferation or commitment protocols and incubated with CB followed by lumiracoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) or valeryl salicylate (selective COX-1 inhibitor) and subjected to analysis of PG release, cell proliferation and activation of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). Our data showed that CB in non-cytotoxic concentrations induces an increase of COX-2 protein expression and stimulates the activity of both COX isoforms to produce PGE2, PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2. CB induced an increase in the proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cells dependent on PGs from both COX-1 and COX-2 pathways. In addition, CB stimulated the activity of Pax7, MyoD, Myf5 and myogenin in proliferated cells. Otherwise, CB increased myogenin activity but not MyoD in committed cells. Our findings evidence the role of COX-1- and COX-2-derived PGs in modulating CB-induced activation of MRFs. This study contributes to the knowledge that CB promote early myogenic events via regulatory mechanisms on PG-dependent COX pathways, showing new concepts about the effect of sPLA2-IIA in skeletal muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Silva
- Pharmacology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Angela M Alvarez
- Pharmacology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Vanessa Moreira
- Pharmacology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
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41
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Vieira SAPB, Dos Santos BM, Santos Júnior CD, de Paula VF, Gomes MSR, Ferreira GM, Gonçalves RL, Hirata MH, da Silva RA, Brandeburgo MIH, Mendes MM. Isohemigossypolone: Antiophidic properties of a naphthoquinone isolated from Pachira aquatica Aubl. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109028. [PMID: 33676005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antiophidic properties of isohemigossypolone (ISO), a naphthoquinone isolated from the outer bark of the Pachira aquatic Aubl. The inhibition of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by Bothrops pauloensis venom (Pb) was investigated. For this, we use samples resulting from the incubation of Pb with ISO in different concentrations (1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 w/w), we also evaluated the condition of treatment using ISO after 15 min of venom inoculation. The activities of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic induced by the B. pauloensis venom were significantly inhibited when the ISO was pre-incubated with the crude venom. For in vivo neutralization tests, the results were observed even when the ISO was applied after 15 min of inoculation of the venom or metalloprotease (BthMP). Also, to identify the inhibition mechanism, we performed in silico assays, across simulations of molecular coupling and molecular dynamics, it was possible to identify the modes of interaction between ISO and bothropic toxins BmooMPα-I, Jararacussin-I and BNSP-7. The present study shows that naphthoquinone isohemigossypolone isolated from the P. aquatica plant inhibited part of the local and systemic damage caused by venom proteins, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this compound in neutralizing the harmful effects caused by snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedito Matheus Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio Dias Santos Júnior
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderlúcia Fonseca de Paula
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Sciences and Technology, State University of Bahia Southwest (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Rocha Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mirian Machado Mendes
- Special Academic Unit of Biosciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Jataí, GO, Brazil.
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Averin AS, Utkin YN. Cardiovascular Effects of Snake Toxins: Cardiotoxicity and Cardioprotection. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:4-14. [PMID: 34707893 PMCID: PMC8526186 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms, as complex mixtures of peptides and proteins, affect various vital systems of the organism. One of the main targets of the toxic components from snake venoms is the cardiovascular system. Venom proteins and peptides can act in different ways, exhibiting either cardiotoxic or cardioprotective effects. The principal classes of these compounds are cobra cardiotoxins, phospholipases A2, and natriuretic, as well as bradykinin-potentiating peptides. There is another group of proteins capable of enhancing angiogenesis, which include, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factors possessing hypotensive and cardioprotective activities. Venom proteins and peptides exhibiting cardiotropic and vasoactive effects are promising candidates for the design of new drugs capable of preventing or constricting the development of pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases, which are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. For example, a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from Bothrops jararaca snake venom was the first snake venom compound used to create the widely used antihypertensive drugs captopril and enalapril. In this paper, we review the current state of research on snake venom components affecting the cardiovascular system and analyse the mechanisms of physiological action of these toxins and the prospects for their medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia
| | - Yu. N. Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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43
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Xie C, Bittenbinder MA, Slagboom J, Arrahman A, Bruijns S, Somsen GW, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, García-Vallejo JJ, Kool J. Erythrocyte haemotoxicity profiling of snake venom toxins after nanofractionation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122586. [PMID: 33839052 PMCID: PMC7613003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite is classified as a priority Neglected Tropical Disease by the World Health Organization. Understanding the pathology of individual snake venom toxins is of great importance when developing more effective snakebite therapies. Snake venoms may induce a range of pathologies, including haemolytic activity. Although snake venom-induced erythrocyte lysis is not the primary cause of mortality, haemolytic activity can greatly debilitate victims and contributes to systemic haemotoxicity. Current assays designed for studying haemolytic activity are not suitable for rapid screening of large numbers of toxic compounds. Consequently, in this study, a high-throughput haemolytic assay was developed that allows profiling of erythrocyte lysis, and was validated using venom from a number of medically important snake species (Calloselasma rhodostoma, Daboia russelii, Naja mossambica, Naja nigricollis and Naja pallida). The assay was developed in a format enabling direct integration into nanofractionation analytics, which involves liquid chromatographic separation of venom followed by high-resolution fractionation and subsequent bioassaying (and optional proteomics analysis), and parallel mass spectrometric detection. Analysis of the five snake venoms via this nanofractionation approach involving haemolytic assaying provided venom-cytotoxicity profiles and enabled identification of the toxins responsible for haemolytic activity. Our results show that the elapid snake venoms (Naja spp.) contained both direct and indirect lytic toxins, while the viperid venoms (C. rhodostoma and D. russelii) only showed indirect lytic activities, which required the addition of phospholipids to exert cytotoxicity on erythrocytes. The haemolytic venom toxins identified were mainly phospholipase A2s and cytotoxic three finger toxins. Finally, the applicability of this new analytical method was demonstrated using a conventional snakebite antivenom treatment and a small-molecule drug candidate to assess neutralisation of venom cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xie
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matyas A Bittenbinder
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arif Arrahman
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Madhushani U, Thakshila P, Hodgson WC, Isbister GK, Silva A. Effect of Indian Polyvalent Antivenom in the Prevention and Reversal of Local Myotoxicity Induced by Common Cobra ( Naja naja) Venom from Sri Lanka In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050308. [PMID: 33926022 PMCID: PMC8146937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bites by many Asiatic and African cobras (Genus: Naja) cause severe local dermonecrosis and myonecrosis, resulting in permanent disabilities. We studied the time scale in which two Indian polyvalent antivenoms, VINS and Bharat, remain capable of preventing or reversing in vitro myotoxicity induced by common cobra (Naja naja) venom from Sri Lanka using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. VINS fully prevented while Bharat partially prevented (both in manufacturer recommended concentrations) the myotoxicity induced by Naja naja venom (10 µg/mL) when added to the organ baths before the venom. However, both antivenoms were unable to reverse the myotoxicity when added to organ baths 5 and 20 min post-venom. In contrast, physical removal of the venom from the organ baths by washing the preparation 5 and 20 min after the venom resulted in full and partial prevention of the myotoxicity, respectively, indicating the lag period for irreversible cellular injury. This suggests that, although the antivenoms contain antibodies against cytotoxins of the Sri Lankan Naja naja venom, they are either unable to reach the target sites as efficiently as the cytotoxins, unable to bind efficiently with the toxins at the target sites, or the binding with the toxins simply fails to prevent the toxin-target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesha Madhushani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; (U.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Prabhani Thakshila
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; (U.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
| | - Geoffrey K. Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
| | - Anjana Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; (U.M.); (P.T.)
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +94-252-226-388
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45
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Vieira WF, Kenzo-Kagawa B, Alvares LE, Cogo JC, Baranauskas V, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:571-583. [PMID: 33895984 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Envenoming caused by snakebites is a very important neglected tropical disease worldwide. The myotoxic phospholipases present in the bothropic venom disrupt the sarcolemma and compromise the mechanisms of energy production, leading to myonecrosis. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been used as an effective tool to treat diverse cases of injuries, such as snake venom-induced myonecrosis. Based on that, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PBMT through low-level laser irradiation (904 nm) on the muscle regeneration after the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (Bjssu) injection, focusing on myogenic regulatory factors expression, such as Pax7, MyoD, and Myogenin (MyoG). Male Swiss mice (Mus musculus), 6-8-week-old, weighing 22 ± 3 g were used. Single sub-lethal Bjssu dose or saline was injected into the right mice gastrocnemius muscle. At 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after injections, mice were submitted to PBMT treatment. When finished the periods of 48 and 72 h, mice were euthanized and the right gastrocnemius were collected for analyses. We observed extensive inflammatory infiltrate in all the groups submitted to Bjssu injections. PBMT was able to reduce the myonecrotic area at 48 and 72 h after envenomation. There was a significant increase of MyoG mRNA expression at 72 h after venom injection. The data suggest that beyond the protective effect promoted by PBMT against Bjssu-induced myonecrosis, the low-level laser irradiation was able to stimulate the satellite cells, thus enhancing the muscle repair by improving myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Kenzo-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Itaquera - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Baranauskas
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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46
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Vargas-Valerio S, Robleto J, Chaves-Araya S, Monturiol-Gross L, Lomonte B, Tonello F, Fernández J. Localization of Myotoxin I and Myotoxin II from the venom of Bothrops asper in a murine model. Toxicon 2021; 197:48-54. [PMID: 33862027 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and PLA2-like proteins are significant components of snake venoms. Some of these proteins act as potent toxins causing muscle necrosis, which may lead to amputation in severe envenomings. Fundamental aspects of the mechanism of action of these toxins are still not completely known. Myotoxin-I is a catalytically active Asp49 PLA2 from the venom of Bothrops asper, a medically relevant pit viper from Central America. Myotoxin-II is a catalytically inactive Lys49 PLA2-homolog also present in the venom of this snake. For the first time, the in vivo cellular localization of these myotoxins was studied in mouse skeletal muscle using immunofluorescence. Results showed that after 5 min of injection in the gastrocnemius muscle, both toxins initially interacted with the sarcolemma, and some colocalization with nuclei was already evident, especially for Mt-II. After 3 h of injection, a significant colocalization with the nuclei was observed for both toxins. These in vivo results confirm the importance of the initial interaction of these toxins with the sarcolemma and furthermore highlight the internalization and interaction of the toxins with nuclei during their pathophysiological activities, as observed in recent studies using cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Vargas-Valerio
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Joby Robleto
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stephanie Chaves-Araya
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Laura Monturiol-Gross
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fiorella Tonello
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Salvador GHM, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM. The synthetic varespladib molecule is a multi-functional inhibitor for PLA 2 and PLA 2-like ophidic toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129913. [PMID: 33865953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment for snakebites is early administration of antivenom, which can be highly effective in inhibiting the systemic effects of snake venoms, but is less effective in the treatment of extra-circulatory and local effects. To complement standard-of-care treatments such as antibody-based antivenoms, natural and synthetic small molecules have been proposed for the inhibition of key venom components such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like toxins. Varespladib (compound LY315920) is a synthetic molecule developed and clinically tested aiming to block inflammatory cascades of several diseases associated with high PLA2s. Recent studies have demonstrated this molecule is able to potently inhibit snake venom catalytic PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. METHODS In vivo and in vitro techniques were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of varespladib against MjTX-I. X-ray crystallography was used to reveal details of the interaction between these molecules. A new methodology that combines crystallography, mass spectroscopy and phylogenetic data was used to review its primary sequence. RESULTS Varespladib was able to inhibit the myotoxic and cytotoxic effects of MjTX-I. Structural analysis revealed a particular inhibitory mechanism of MjTX-I when compared to other PLA2-like myotoxin, presenting an oligomeric-independent function. CONCLUSION Results suggest the effectiveness of varespladib for the inhibition of MjTX-I, in similarity with other PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Varespladib appears to be a promissory molecule in the treatment of local effects led by PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins (oligomeric dependent and independent), indicating that this is a multifunctional or broadly specific inhibitor for different toxins within this superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael J Borges
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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48
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Ranéia E Silva PA, de Lima DS, Mesquita Luiz JP, Câmara NOS, Alves-Filho JCF, Pontillo A, Bortoluci KR, Faquim-Mauro EL. Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:687-701. [PMID: 33620070 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Andrade Ranéia E Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Farias Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTC-Mol),Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Yu C, Yue Y, Yin X, Li R, Yu H, Li P. Identifying and revealing the geographical variation in Nemopilema nomurai venom metalloprotease and phospholipase A 2 activities. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129164. [PMID: 33310516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Venom geographical variation is common among venomous animals. This phenomenon presents problems in the development of clinical treatments and medicines against envenomation. The venomous giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai, Scyphozoan, is a blooming jellyfish species in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea that causes numerous jellyfish sting cases every year. Metalloprotease and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are the main components in Nemopilema nomurai venom and may activate many toxicities, such as hemolysis, inflammation and lethality. Geographical variation in the content and activity of these enzymes may cause different symptoms and therapeutic problems. For the first time, we verified metalloprotease and PLA2 geographical variation in Nemopilema nomurai venom by performing a comparative analysis of 31 venom samples by SDS-PAGE, analyzing protease zymography, enzymatic activity, and drawing contour maps. Band locations and intensities of SDS-PAGE and protease zymograms showed geographical differences. The enzymatic activities of both metalloprotease and PLA2 showed a trend of geographic regularity. The distribution patterns of these activities are directly shown in contour maps. Metalloproteinase activity was lower near the coast. PLA2-like activity was lower in the Southern Yellow Sea. We surmised that metalloproteinase and PLA2-like activities might be related to venom ontogeny and species abundance respectively, and influenced by similar environmental factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for further ecological and medical studies of Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiujing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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50
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Cytotoxicity of snake venom enzymatic toxins: phospholipase A2 and l-amino acid oxidase. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:719-731. [PMID: 32267491 PMCID: PMC7200639 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) are two major enzymes found in the venoms from most snake species. These enzymes have been structurally and functionally characterised for their pharmacological activities. Both PLA2 and LAAO from different venoms demonstrate considerable cytotoxic effects on cancer cells via induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of proliferation. These enzymes produce more pronounced cytotoxic effects in cancer cells than normal cells, thus they can be potential sources as chemotherapeutic agents. It is proposed that PLA2 and LAAO contribute to an elevated oxidative stress due to their catalytic actions, for instance, the ability of PLA2 to produce reactive oxygen species during lipolysis and formation of H2O2 from LAAO catalytic activity which consequently lead to cell death. Nonetheless, the cell-death signalling pathways associated with exposure to these enzymatic toxins are not fully elucidated yet. Here in this review, we will discuss the cytotoxic effects of PLA2 and LAAO in relationship to their catalytic mechanisms and the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxic actions.
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