1
|
Bittenbinder MA, van Thiel J, Cardoso FC, Casewell NR, Gutiérrez JM, Kool J, Vonk FJ. Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 2024; 7:358. [PMID: 38519650 PMCID: PMC10960010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health issue responsible for mortality and severe morbidity. Where mortality is mainly caused by venom toxins that induce cardiovascular disturbances, neurotoxicity, and acute kidney injury, morbidity is caused by toxins that directly or indirectly destroy cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. These are referred to as 'tissue-damaging toxins' and have previously been classified in various ways, most of which are based on the tissues being affected (e.g., cardiotoxins, myotoxins). This categorisation, however, is primarily phenomenological and not mechanistic. In this review, we propose an alternative way of classifying cytotoxins based on their mechanistic effects rather than using a description that is organ- or tissue-based. The mechanisms of toxin-induced tissue damage and their clinical implications are discussed. This review contributes to our understanding of fundamental biological processes associated with snakebite envenoming, which may pave the way for a knowledge-based search for novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás A Bittenbinder
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jory van Thiel
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - José-María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albulescu LO, Westhorpe A, Clare RH, Woodley CM, James N, Kool J, Berry NG, O’Neill PM, Casewell NR. Optimizing drug discovery for snakebite envenoming via a high-throughput phospholipase A2 screening platform. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1331224. [PMID: 38273832 PMCID: PMC10808766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1331224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that causes as many as 1.8 million envenomings and 140,000 deaths annually. To address treatment limitations that exist with current antivenoms, the search for small molecule drug-based inhibitors that can be administered as early interventions has recently gained traction. Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides and small molecules and their composition varies substantially between and within snake species. The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are one of the main pathogenic toxin classes found in medically important viper and elapid snake venoms, yet varespladib, a drug originally developed for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, remains the only PLA2 inhibitor shown to effectively neutralise venom toxicity in vitro and in vivo, resulting in an extremely limited drug portfolio. Here, we describe a high-throughput drug screen to identify novel PLA2 inhibitors for repurposing as snakebite treatments. We present method optimisation of a 384-well plate, colorimetric, high-throughput screening assay that allowed for a throughput of ∼2,800 drugs per day, and report on the screening of a ∼3,500 post-phase I repurposed drug library against the venom of the Russell's viper, Daboia russelii. We further explore the broad-spectrum inhibitory potential and efficacy of the resulting top hits against a range of medically important snake venoms and demonstrate the utility of our method in determining drug EC50s. Collectively, our findings support the future application of this method to fully explore the chemical space to discover novel PLA2-inhibiting drugs of value for preventing severe pathology caused by snakebite envenoming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Westhorpe
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel H. Clare
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nivya James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neil G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proteomic and toxicological characterization of the venoms of the most enigmatic group of rattlesnakes: The long-tailed rattlesnakes. Biochimie 2022; 202:226-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Rucavado A, Chacón M, Villalobos D, Argüello I, Campos M, Guerrero G, Méndez ML, Escalante T, Gutiérrez JM. Coagulopathy induced by viperid snake venoms in a murine model: Comparison of standard coagulation tests and rotational thromboelastometry. Toxicon 2022; 214:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Sachetto ATA, Miyamoto JG, Tashima AK, de Souza AO, Santoro ML. The Bioflavonoids Rutin and Rutin Succinate Neutralize the Toxins of B. jararaca Venom and Inhibit its Lethality. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828269. [PMID: 35264963 PMCID: PMC8899467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom of the Brazilian pit viper Bothrops jararaca (BjV) is a complex mixture of molecules, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and serine proteinases (SVSP) are the most abundant protein families found therein. Toxins present in BjV trigger most of the deleterious disturbances in hemostasis observed in snakebites, i.e., thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and bleedings. The treatment of patients bitten by snakes still poses challenges and the bioflavonoid rutin has already been shown to improve hemostasis in an experimental model of snakebite envenomation. However, rutin is poorly soluble in water; in this study, it was succinylated to generate its water-soluble form, rutin succinate (RS), which was analyzed comparatively regarding the chemical structure and characteristic features of rutin. Biological activities of rutin and RS were compared on hemostatic parameters, and against toxic activities of crude BjV in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with either BjV alone or pre-incubated with rutin, RS or 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phe, an SVMP inhibitor), and the survival rates and hemostatic parameters were analyzed 48 h after envenomation. RS showed the characteristic activities described for rutin – i.e., antioxidant and inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase – but also prolonged the clotting time of fibrinogen and plasma in vitro. Differently from rutin, RS inhibited typical proteolytic activities of SVMP, as well as the coagulant activity of BjV. Importantly, both rutin and RS completely abrogated the lethal activity of BjV, in the same degree as o-phe. BjV induced hemorrhages, falls in RBC counts, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia in mice. Rutin and RS also improved the recovery of platelet counts and fibrinogen levels, and the development of hemorrhages was totally blocked in mice injected with BjV incubated with RS. In conclusion, RS has anticoagulant properties and is a novel SVMP inhibitor. Rutin and RS showed different mechanisms of action on hemostasis. Only RS inhibited directly BjV biological activities, even though both flavonoids neutralized B. jararaca toxicity in vivo. Our results showed clearly that rutin and RS show a great potential to be used as therapeutic compounds for snakebite envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Azevedo Sachetto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Gabriel Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Olívia de Souza
- Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saravia-Otten P, Hernández R, Marroquín N, Pereañez JA, Preciado LM, Vásquez A, García G, Nave F, Rochac L, Genovez V, Mérida M, Cruz SM, Orozco N, Cáceres A, Gutiérrez JM. Inhibition of enzymatic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom and docking analysis of compounds from plants used in Central America to treat snakebite envenoming. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114710. [PMID: 34626780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite envenoming is a public health problem of high impact in Central America. Bothrops asper, known as barba amarilla, terciopelo, and equis, is the snake species responsible for most snakebites in Central America. In this region, there is a long-standing tradition on the use of plants in the management of snakebites, especially in indigenous communities. Ethnomedical use of Eryngium foetidum L., Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass. and Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. to treat snakebite envenoming has been reported in Belice, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Extracts of the leaves of these plants have shown anti-venom activities in in vitro assays in previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the ability of organic fractions from these three plants to inhibit enzymatic activities associated with toxicity of the venom of B. asper, and to study, by docking analysis, the interaction of metalloproteinase and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from B. asper venom with secondary metabolites previously described in these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Organic fractions were obtained from these three plant species and their ability to neutralize proteolytic, PLA2 and in vitro coagulant activities of B. asper venom was assessed. A phytochemical analysis was carried out in these fractions. The interaction of secondary metabolites previously described in these plants with three toxins from B. asper venom (a metalloproteinase, a PLA2 and a PLA2 homologue) was investigated by docking analysis. RESULTS The inhibitory activity of plants was mainly concentrated in their polar fractions. Acetonic fraction from P. dioica was the most active against PLA2 activity, while the acetonic fraction of E. foetidum completely inhibited the proteolytic activity of the venom. Coagulant activity was partially inhibited only by the acetone and ethyl acetate fractions of P. dioica. Phytochemical analysis of the most bioactive fractions identified flavonoids, saponins, essential oils, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins and sesquiterpene lactones. Docking analysis revealed high affinity interactions of several secondary metabolites of these plants with residues in the vicinity of the catalytic site of these enzymes and, in the case of PLA2 homologue myotoxin II, in the hydrophobic channel. CONCLUSIONS Various fractions from these plants have inhibitory activity against enzymatic actions of B. asper venom which are directly associated with toxicological effects. Docking analysis showed structural evidence of the interaction of secondary metabolites with three toxins. These observations provide support to the potential of these plants to inhibit relevant toxic components of this snake venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Saravia-Otten
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala.
| | - Rosario Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Nereida Marroquín
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (Lipronat), Escuela de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Jaime A Pereañez
- Toxinología, Alternativas Terapeúticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M Preciado
- Toxinología, Alternativas Terapeúticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Allan Vásquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala
| | - Gabriela García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Federico Nave
- Dirección General de Investigaciones (DIGI), Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Lorena Rochac
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (Lipronat), Escuela de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Vicente Genovez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Max Mérida
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (Lipronat), Escuela de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Sully M Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (Lipronat), Escuela de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Nohemí Orozco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Armando Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (Lipronat), Escuela de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala; Laboratorios de Productos Naturales Farmaya, Guatemala
| | - José M Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva GM, Berto DH, Lima CA, Waitman KB, Lima CFG, Prezoto BC, Vieira ML, Rocha MMT, Gonçalves LRC, Andrade SA. Synergistic effect of serine protease inhibitors and a bothropic antivenom in reducing local hemorrhage and coagulopathy caused by Bothrops jararaca venom. Toxicon 2021; 199:87-93. [PMID: 34126124 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite accidents are a public health problem that affects the whole world, causing thousands of deaths and amputations each year. In Brazil, snakebite envenomations are caused mostly by snakes from the Bothrops genus. The local symptoms are characterized by pain, swelling, ecchymosis, and hemorrhages. Systemic disturbances can lead to necrosis and amputations. The present treatment consists of intravenous administration of bothropic antivenom, which is capable of reversing most of the systemic symptoms, while presenting limitations to treat the local effects, such as hemorrhage and to neutralize the snake venom serine protease (SVSP). In this context, we aimed to evaluate the activity of selective serine protease inhibitors (pepC and pepB) in combination with the bothropic antivenom in vivo. Further, we assessed their possible synergistic effect in the treatment of coagulopathy and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom. For this, we evaluated the in vivo activity in mouse models of local hemorrhage and a series of in vitro hemostasis assays. Our results showed that pepC and pepB, when combinated with the antivenom, increase its protective activity in vivo and decrease the hemostatic disturbances in vitro with high selectivity, possibly by inhibiting botropic proteases. These data suggest that the addition of serine protease inhibitor to the antivenom can improve its overall potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Silva
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - D H Berto
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Lima
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K B Waitman
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C F G Lima
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B C Prezoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M M T Rocha
- Laboratory of Herpetology - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L R C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S A Andrade
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling - Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nayak AG, Kumar N, Shenoy S, Roche M. Evaluation of the merit of the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata to supplement anti-snake venom in reversing secondary hemostatic abnormalities induced by Naja naja venom. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33959471 PMCID: PMC8060375 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a sizable involvement of hemotoxins in the morbidity associated with envenomation by the Indian spectacled cobra, Naja naja (N.N). This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in reversing the hemostatic abnormalities, viz. activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT), prothrombin time(PT) and thrombin time(TT) in citrated plasma. These parameters were assessed in 2 groups of experiments. Group 1: Without the prior incubation of plasma with venom and Group 2: With prior incubation of plasma with venom for 90 min at 37°C. Venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (175%), PT (49%) and TT (34%) in Group 1 and ASV could completely bring them back to normal. MAP showed a concentration-dependent reversal in aPTT, normalization of PT and prolongation of TT. When low concentration of ASV was supplemented with MAP, their combined effect in normalizing aPTT and PT improved by 37% and 26% respectively when compared to ASV alone. In Group 2, venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (231%), PT (312%) and TT (245%). ASV had limited effect in reversing aPTT (52%), TT (31%) but completely normalized PT. MAP was marginally effective in reversing the prolonged aPTT and PT but caused further prolongation of TT. Combination of ASV and MAP was more effective than ASV alone in reversing venom-induced increase in aPTT (52%) and PT (29%). The study proved that, a drastic reduction of ASV by 70%, could be effectively supplemented by MAP in combating hemostatic abnormalities induced by NN venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha Ganesh Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar India
| | - Smita Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Maya Roche
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rudresha GV, Urs AP, Manjuprasanna VN, Milan Gowda MD, Jayachandra K, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Echis carinatus snake venom metalloprotease-induced toxicities in mice: Therapeutic intervention by a repurposed drug, Tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (Disulfiram). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008596. [PMID: 33529194 PMCID: PMC7880489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Echis carinatus (EC) is known as saw-scaled viper and it is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Envenoming by EC represents a major cause of snakebite mortality and morbidity in the Indian subcontinent. Zinc (Zn++) dependent snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) present in Echis carinatus venom (ECV) is well known to cause systemic hemorrhage and coagulopathy in experimental animals. An earlier report has shown that ECV activates neutrophils and releases neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that blocks blood vessels leading to severe tissue necrosis. However, the direct involvement of SVMPs in the release of NETs is not clear. Here, we investigated the direct involvement of EC SVMPs in observed pathological symptoms in a preclinical setup using specific Zn++ metal chelator, Tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TTD)/disulfiram. TTD potently antagonizes the activity of SVMPs-mediated ECM protein degradation in vitro and skin hemorrhage in mice. In addition, TTD protected mice from ECV-induced footpad tissue necrosis by reduced expression of citrullinated H3 (citH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in footpad tissue. TTD also neutralized ECV-induced systemic hemorrhage and conferred protection against lethality in mice. Moreover, TTD inhibited ECV-induced NETosis in human neutrophils and decreased the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) 4, citH3, MPO, and p-ERK. Further, we demonstrated that ECV-induced NETosis and tissue necrosis are mediated via PAR-1-ERK axis. Overall, our results provide an insight into SVMPs-induced toxicities and the promising protective efficacy of TTD can be extrapolated to treat severe tissue necrosis complementing anti-snake venom (ASV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gotravalli V. Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Amog P. Urs
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Krishnegowda Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bannikuppe S. Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pan-American Lancehead Pit-Vipers: Coagulotoxic Venom Effects and Antivenom Neutralisation of Bothrops asper and B. atrox Geographical Variants. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020078. [PMID: 33499001 PMCID: PMC7911261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin composition of snake venoms and, thus, their functional activity, can vary between and within species. Intraspecific venom variation across a species’ geographic range is a major concern for antivenom treatment of envenomations, particularly for countries like French Guiana that lack a locally produced antivenom. Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox are the most medically significant species of snakes in Latin America, both producing a variety of clinical manifestations, including systemic bleeding. These pathophysiological actions are due to the activation by the venom of the blood clotting factors Factor X and prothrombin, thereby causing severe consumptive coagulopathy. Both species are extremely wide-ranging, and previous studies have shown their venoms to exhibit regional venom variation. In this study, we investigate the differential coagulotoxic effects on human plasma of six venoms (four B. asper and two B. atrox samples) from different geographic locations, spanning from Mexico to Peru. We assessed how the venom variation of these venom samples affects neutralisation by five regionally available antivenoms: Antivipmyn, Antivipmyn-Tri, PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and Soro Antibotrópico (SAB). The results revealed both inter- and intraspecific variations in the clotting activity of the venoms. These variations in turn resulted in significant variation in antivenom efficacy against the coagulotoxic effects of these venoms. Due to variations in the venoms used in the antivenom production process, antivenoms differed in their species-specific or geographical neutralisation capacity. Some antivenoms (PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and SAB) showed species-specific patterns of neutralisation, while another antivenom (Antivipmyn) showed geographic-specific patterns of neutralisation. This study adds to current knowledge of Bothrops venoms and also illustrates the importance of considering evolutionary biology when developing antivenoms. Therefore, these results have tangible, real-world implications by aiding evidence-based design of antivenoms for treatment of the envenomed patient. We stress that these in vitro studies must be backed by future in vivo studies and clinical trials before therapeutic guidelines are issued regarding specific antivenom use in a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
11
|
The Failures of Ethnobotany and Phytomedicine in Delivering Novel Treatments for Snakebite Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120774. [PMID: 33291263 PMCID: PMC7762085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a high-priority, neglected tropical disease. This devastating occupational health hazard disproportionately affects rural farming communities in tropical countries. This is exacerbated by the distribution and densities of venomous snakes, incidence of encounters, and limited access to advanced healthcare, including antivenom. Before the development of antivenom, desperation and spiritual beliefs led patients to experiment with a wide range of traditional treatments. Many of these treatments still survive today, particularly in regions where access to healthcare is limited. Plants are a major source of bioactive molecules, including several lifesaving medications that are widely used to this day. However, much of the research into the use of traditional plant treatments for SBE are limited to preliminary analysis or have focused on techniques used to confirm antibody efficacy that are not suitable for non-antibody-containing treatments. Modern drugs are developed through a robust pharmaceutical drug discovery and development process, which applies as much to SBE as it does to any other disease. This review discusses specifically why research into ethnobotanical practices has failed to identify or develop a novel treatment for SBE and proposes specific approaches that should be considered in this area of research in the future.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nayak AG, Kumar N, Shenoy S, Roche M. Anti-snake venom and methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata: a multipronged strategy to neutralize Naja naja venom acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:476. [PMID: 33083200 PMCID: PMC7561646 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ‘spreading factor’ hyaluronidase from Naja naja (N.N) venom. AChE and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as ‘control’. In Test Group I, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP to the venom. Inhibition of AChE by ASV (100–367 µg) was 12–17%, and of hyaluronidase (22–660 µg) was 33–41%. Under the same conditions, MAP (100–400 µg) inhibited AChE and hyaluronidase to the extent of 17–33% and 17–52%, respectively. When ASV (220 µg) and MAP (100–200 µg) were added together, AChE and hyaluronidase were inhibited to a greater extent from 39–63 to 36–44%, than when either of them was used alone. In Test Group 2, the venom was incubated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP for 10–30 min at 37 °C prior to the assay which enhanced AChE inhibition by 6%, 82% and 18% respectively, when compared to Test Group I. Though there was no change in inhibition of hyaluronidase in the presence of ASV, MAP could further increase the extent of inhibition by 27% and ASV + MAP upto 4%. In Test Group III, venom and substrate were incubated for 90 min and hyaluronidase activity was measured after the addition of inhibitors. Here, ASV + MAP caused increased inhibition by 69% compared to ASV alone. The study confirms the ability of phytochemicals in MAP to contribute to a multipronged strategy by supplementing, thereby augmenting the efficacy of ASV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha Ganesh Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka India
| | - Smita Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka India
| | - Maya Roche
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alangode A, Rajan K, Nair BG. Snake antivenom: Challenges and alternate approaches. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Xie C, Albulescu LO, Bittenbinder MA, Somsen GW, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, Kool J. Neutralizing Effects of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Metal Chelators on Coagulopathic Viperinae Snake Venom Toxins. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E297. [PMID: 32825484 PMCID: PMC7555180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived antivenoms are the only specific therapies currently available for the treatment of snake envenoming, but these products have a number of limitations associated with their efficacy, safety and affordability for use in tropical snakebite victims. Small molecule drugs and drug candidates are regarded as promising alternatives for filling the critical therapeutic gap between snake envenoming and effective treatment. In this study, by using an advanced analytical technique that combines chromatography, mass spectrometry and bioassaying, we investigated the effect of several small molecule inhibitors that target phospholipase A2 (varespladib) and snake venom metalloproteinase (marimastat, dimercaprol and DMPS) toxin families on inhibiting the activities of coagulopathic toxins found in Viperinae snake venoms. The venoms of Echis carinatus, Echis ocellatus, Daboia russelii and Bitis arietans, which are known for their potent haemotoxicities, were fractionated in high resolution onto 384-well plates using liquid chromatography followed by coagulopathic bioassaying of the obtained fractions. Bioassay activities were correlated to parallel recorded mass spectrometric and proteomics data to assign the venom toxins responsible for coagulopathic activity and assess which of these toxins could be neutralized by the inhibitors under investigation. Our results showed that the phospholipase A2-inhibitor varespladib neutralized the vast majority of anticoagulation activities found across all of the tested snake venoms. Of the snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors, marimastat demonstrated impressive neutralization of the procoagulation activities detected in all of the tested venoms, whereas dimercaprol and DMPS could only partially neutralize these activities at the doses tested. Our results provide additional support for the concept that combinations of small molecules, particularly the combination of varespladib with marimastat, serve as a drug-repurposing opportunity to develop new broad-spectrum inhibitor-based therapies for snakebite envenoming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xie
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.-O.A.); (N.R.C.)
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mátyás A. Bittenbinder
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.-O.A.); (N.R.C.)
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bastos VA, Gomes-Neto F, Rocha SLG, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Valente RH. The interaction between the natural metalloendopeptidase inhibitor BJ46a and its target toxin jararhagin analyzed by structural mass spectrometry and molecular modeling. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103761. [PMID: 32247172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming affects millions of people worldwide, being officially considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. The antivenom is effective in neutralizing the systemic effects of envenomation, but local effects are poorly neutralized, often leading to permanent disability. The natural resistance of the South American pit viper Bothrops jararaca to its venom is partly attributed to BJ46a, a natural snake venom metalloendopeptidase inhibitor. Upon complex formation, BJ46a binds non-covalently to the metalloendopeptidase, rendering it unable to exert its proteolytic activity. However, the structural features that govern this interaction are largely unknown. In this work, we applied structural mass spectrometry techniques (cross-linking-MS and hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS) and in silico analyses (molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics simulations) to understand the interaction between BJ46a and jararhagin, a metalloendopeptidase from B. jararaca venom. We explored the distance restraints generated from XL-MS experiments to guide the modeling of BJ46a and jararhagin, as well as the protein-protein docking simulations. HDX-MS data pinpointed regions of protection/deprotection at the interface of the BJ46a-jararhagin complex which, in addition to the molecular dynamics simulation data, reinforced our proposed interaction model. Ultimately, the structural understanding of snake venom metalloendopeptidases inhibition by BJ46a could lead to the rational design of drugs to improve anti-snake venom therapeutics, alleviating the high morbidity rates currently observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane A Bastos
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Surza Lucia G Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The relationship between clinics and the venom of the causative Amazon pit viper (Bothrops atrox). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008299. [PMID: 32511239 PMCID: PMC7302866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins with toxic activities, with many distinct isoforms, affecting different physiological targets, comprised in a few protein families. It is currently accepted that this diversity in venom composition is an adaptive advantage for venom efficacy on a wide range of prey. However, on the other side, variability on isoforms expression has implications in the clinics of human victims of snakebites and in the efficacy of antivenoms. B. atrox snakes are responsible for most of the human accidents in Brazilian Amazon and the type and abundance of protein families on their venoms present individual variability. Thus, in this study we attempted to correlate the individual venom proteome of the snake brought to the hospital by the patient seeking for medical assistance with the clinical signs observed in the same patient. Individual variability was confirmed in venoms of the 14 snakes selected for the study. The abundance of each protein family was quite similar among the venom samples, while the isoforms composition was highly variable. Considering the protein families, the SVMP group presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Considering individual isoforms, some isoforms of venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented expression levels that with statistically significant positive correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. However, some unexpected data were also observed as the correlation between a CTL, CRISP or LAAO isoforms with blister formation, still to be confirmed with a larger number of samples. Although this is still a small number of patient samples, we were able to indicate that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites, to confirm at the bedside the prominent role of SVMPs and to include new possible toxin candidates for the development of toxin inhibitors or to improve antivenom selectiveness, important actions for the next generation treatments of snakebites. Bothrops atrox is a snake of major medical importance in the Amazon. Its venom is specialized to kill preys in the nature, especially because of coagulotoxic and proteolytic activities. B. atrox envenomings cause local inflammation and, in a significant proportion, systemic manifestations, namely bleeding disorders. These signs and symptoms are caused by the various toxins present in the venom of this snake, which act in the organism by different mechanisms. It is not known to what extent the composition of the venom that was inoculated by the snake that caused the envenoming can influence the patient’s clinical condition. To study this subject, this work correlated the constituents of the venom with the clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients, taking advantage of the fact that many patients bring the snake responsible for the bite. The abundance of each toxin family was similar among the venom samples, but the variants composition of each toxin was highly variable. Considering the protein families, a group named metalloproteases (SVMP) presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Some variants of venom SVMPs, and other toxin families, such as C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. Our results show that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites.
Collapse
|
17
|
Layfield HJ, Williams HF, Ravishankar D, Mehmi A, Sonavane M, Salim A, Vaiyapuri R, Lakshminarayanan K, Vallance TM, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S. Repurposing Cancer Drugs Batimastat and Marimastat to Inhibit the Activity of a Group I Metalloprotease from the Venom of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050309. [PMID: 32397419 PMCID: PMC7290494 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation causes over 140,000 deaths every year, predominantly in developing countries. As a result, it is one of the most lethal neglected tropical diseases. It is associated with incredibly complex pathophysiology due to the vast number of unique toxins/proteins present in the venoms of diverse snake species found worldwide. Here, we report the purification and functional characteristics of a Group I (PI) metalloprotease (CAMP-2) from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Its sensitivity to matrix metalloprotease inhibitors (batimastat and marimastat) was established using specific in vitro experiments and in silico molecular docking analysis. CAMP-2 shows high sequence homology to atroxase from the venom of Crotalus atrox and exhibits collagenolytic, fibrinogenolytic and mild haemolytic activities. It exerts a mild inhibitory effect on agonist-induced platelet aggregation in the absence of plasma proteins. Its collagenolytic activity is completely inhibited by batimastat and marimastat. Zinc chloride also inhibits the collagenolytic activity of CAMP-2 by around 75% at 50 μM, while it is partially potentiated by calcium chloride. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated that batimastat and marimastat are able to bind strongly to the active site residues of CAMP-2. This study demonstrates the impact of matrix metalloprotease inhibitors in the modulation of a purified, Group I metalloprotease activities in comparison to the whole venom. By improving our understanding of snake venom metalloproteases and their sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors, we can begin to develop novel and improved treatment strategies for snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Layfield
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Harry F. Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
- Toxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641042, India; (R.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Divyashree Ravishankar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Amita Mehmi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Medha Sonavane
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Anika Salim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Rajendran Vaiyapuri
- Toxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641042, India; (R.V.); (K.L.)
| | | | - Thomas M. Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Andrew B. Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (A.B.B.); (K.P.)
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (A.B.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (H.J.L.); (H.F.W.); (D.R.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (T.M.V.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nakamoto M, Zhao D, Benice OR, Lee SH, Shea KJ. Abiotic Mimic of Endogenous Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases: Engineering Synthetic Polymer Nanoparticles for Use as a Broad-Spectrum Metalloproteinase Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2338-2345. [PMID: 31918547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a process for engineering a synthetic polymer nanoparticle (NP) that functions as an effective, broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor. Inhibition is achieved by incorporating three functional elements in the NP: a group that interacts with the catalytic zinc ion, functionality that enhances affinity to the substrate-binding pocket, and fine-tuning of the chemical composition of the polymer to strengthen NP affinity for the enzyme surface. The approach is validated by synthesis of a NP that sequesters and inhibits the proteolytic activity of snake venom metalloproteinases from five clinically relevant species of snakes. The mechanism of action of the NP mimics that of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. The strategy provides a general design principle for synthesizing abiotic polymer inhibitors of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Olivia Rose Benice
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Shih-Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Kenneth J Shea
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsai TH, Lin CC, Mao YC, Hung CL, Yang YC, Yang CC, Jeng MJ. Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan: An epidemiological survey from 1990 to 2016. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:77-83. [PMID: 31714443 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venomous snakebites are common during hot seasons in Taiwan. However, rarely is venom spat directly into the subject's eyes, causing eye injury. Despite being uncommon, analytical data regarding venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan have been lacking. This study thus aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan during the past decades to improve future care of such patients. METHODS Registered records of cases with snake venom injuries at the Taiwan National Poison Control Center from 1990 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, enrolling those with records of cobra venom-spit eye injuries and excluding exotic species. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, snake species, ocular conditions, management, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 39 cases suffering from Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia were enrolled. The overall incidence rate was 1.6 cases per million people from 1990 to 2016. Among the included cases, most were unilaterally injured (82%), male (95%), aged 18 to 59 years (90%), injured during catching (51%), and injured in spring and summer (92%). Ocular symptoms occurred in 90% of the cases, majority of which included ocular pain (90%) and redness (85%). Conjunctivitis (67%) and corneal injury (59%) of involved eyes were common. Immediate water irrigations were done in all cases, most of whom received further topical eye drops, including antibiotics, corticosteroids, and vasoconstrictors. Although topical or intravenous antivenoms were administered in 11 cases, no obviously superior outcome was observed. Most cases (77%) were symptom free after the acute stage. CONCLUSION Although Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan is uncommon, the risk for transient ocular symptoms and corneal/conjunctival injury does exists. Prompt ocular irrigation and professional ophthalmic care after envenomation help prevent serious ocular sequelae. Moreover, superior outcomes were not achieved with the use of antivenom. Nonetheless, further studies are required to clarify the role antivenoms play in venom-spit ophthalmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Tsai
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lien Hung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chiang Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Jy Jeng
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Potential of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Local Tissue Damage Induced by a Type P-I Snake Venom Metalloproteinase. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010008. [PMID: 31861940 PMCID: PMC7020480 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake bite envenoming is a public health problem that was recently included in the list of neglected tropical diseases of the World Health Organization. In the search of new therapies for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), we tested the inhibitory activity of peptidomimetic compounds designed as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases on the activities of the SVMP Batx-I, from Bothrops atrox venom. The evaluated compounds show great potential for the inhibition of Batx-I proteolytic, hemorrhagic and edema-forming activities, especially the compound CP471474, a peptidomimetic including a hydroxamate zinc binding group. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that binding of this compound to the enzyme is mediated by the electrostatic interaction between the hydroxamate group and the zinc cofactor, as well as contacts, mainly hydrophobic, between the side chain of the compound and amino acids located in the substrate binding subsites S1 and S1′. These results show that CP471474 constitutes a promising compound for the development of co-adjuvants to neutralize local tissue damage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wiezel GA, Bordon KC, Silva RR, Gomes MS, Cabral H, Rodrigues VM, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Subproteome of Lachesis muta rhombeata venom and preliminary studies on LmrSP-4, a novel snake venom serine proteinase. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e147018. [PMID: 31131000 PMCID: PMC6521711 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1470-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lachesis muta rhombeata is one of the venomous snakes of
medical importance in Brazil whose envenoming is characterized by local and
systemic effects which may produce even shock and death. Its venom is mainly
comprised of serine and metalloproteinases, phospholipases A2 and
bradykinin-potentiating peptides. Based on a previously reported
fractionation of L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV), we decided
to perform a subproteome analysis of its major fraction and investigated a
novel component present in this venom. Methods: LmrV was fractionated through molecular exclusion chromatography and the main
fraction (S5) was submitted to fibrinogenolytic activity assay and
fractionated by reversed-phase chromatography. The N-terminal sequences of
the subfractions eluted from reversed-phase chromatography were determined
by automated Edman degradation. Enzyme activity of LmrSP-4 was evaluated
upon chromogenic substrates for thrombin (S-2238), plasma kallikrein
(S-2302), plasmin and streptokinase-activated plasminogen (S-2251) and
Factor Xa (S-2222) and upon fibrinogen. All assays were carried out in the
presence or absence of possible inhibitors. The fluorescence resonance
energy transfer substrate Abz-KLRSSKQ-EDDnp was used to determine the
optimal conditions for LmrSP-4 activity. Molecular mass of LmrSP-4 was
determined by MALDI-TOF and digested peptides after trypsin and Glu-C
treatments were analyzed by high resolution MS/MS using different
fragmentation modes. Results: Fraction S5 showed strong proteolytic activity upon fibrinogen. Its
fractionation by reversed-phase chromatography gave rise to 6 main fractions
(S5C1-S5C6). S5C1-S5C5 fractions correspond to serine proteinases whereas
S5C6 represents a C-type lectin. S5C4 (named LmrSP-4) had its N-terminal
determined by Edman degradation up to the 53rd amino acid residue
and was chosen for characterization studies. LmrSP-4 is a fibrinogenolytic
serine proteinase with high activity against S-2302, being inhibited by PMSF
and benzamidine, but not by 1,10-phenantroline. In addition, this enzyme
exhibited maximum activity within the pH range from neutral to basic and
between 40 and 50 °C. About 68% of the LmrSP-4 primary structure was
covered, and its molecular mass is 28,190 Da. Conclusions: Novel serine proteinase isoforms and a lectin were identified in LmrV.
Additionally, a kallikrein-like serine proteinase that might be useful as
molecular tool for investigating bradykinin-involving process was isolated
and partially characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Cf Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronivaldo R Silva
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Sr Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemical and Physical, State University of Southwest Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, até 873 874, 45506-210, Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Resource Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 430 East 29th St., 10016, New York City, USA
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Williams HF, Mellows BA, Mitchell R, Sfyri P, Layfield HJ, Salamah M, Vaiyapuri R, Collins-Hooper H, Bicknell AB, Matsakas A, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S. Mechanisms underpinning the permanent muscle damage induced by snake venom metalloprotease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007041. [PMID: 30695027 PMCID: PMC6368331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a major neglected tropical health issue that affects over 5 million people worldwide resulting in around 1.8 million envenomations and 100,000 deaths each year. Snakebite envenomation also causes innumerable morbidities, specifically loss of limbs as a result of excessive tissue/muscle damage. Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are a predominant component of viper venoms, and are involved in the degradation of basement membrane proteins (particularly collagen) surrounding the tissues around the bite site. Although their collagenolytic properties have been established, the molecular mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the purification and characterisation of an SVMP from a viper (Crotalus atrox) venom. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that this protein is most likely to be a group III metalloprotease (showing high similarity to VAP2A) and has been referred to as CAMP (Crotalus atrox metalloprotease). CAMP displays both collagenolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities and inhibits CRP-XL-induced platelet aggregation. To determine its effects on muscle damage, CAMP was administered into the tibialis anterior muscle of mice and its actions were compared with cardiotoxin I (a three-finger toxin) from an elapid snake (Naja pallida) venom. Extensive immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that CAMP significantly damages skeletal muscles by attacking the collagen scaffold and other important basement membrane proteins, and prevents their regeneration through disrupting the functions of satellite cells. In contrast, cardiotoxin I destroys skeletal muscle by damaging the plasma membrane, but does not impact regeneration due to its inability to affect the extracellular matrix. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben A. Mellows
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maryam Salamah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew B. Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Herrera C, Bolton F, Arias AS, Harrison RA, Gutiérrez JM. Analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol in standard toxicity assays in mice injected with venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxicon 2018; 154:35-41. [PMID: 30268394 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Routine laboratory animal tests necessary to assess the toxicity of snake venoms and the preclinical neutralizing ability of antivenoms and other inhibitory substances induce significant pain and distress. This has prompted initiatives to introduce the routine use of analgesia. In this study, the analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol was assessed in tests assessing the lethal, hemorrhagic, myotoxic and edema-forming activities of the venom of the viperid snake Bothrops asper. The Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) and mouse-exploration activity were used to assess pain and its inhibition by the analgesics. Results demonstrate that tests assessing lethality and myotoxicity induce higher levels of pain than assays quantifying hemorrhagic and edema-forming activities. Our observations also indicate that pretreatment of mice with both analgesics, at the doses used, were similarly effective in reducing the MGS magnitude and increase mouse-exploration activity after the administration of B. asper venom. Moreover, the analgesic effect of both drugs was more evident in the myotoxic and lethality assays. Combined with previous observations showing that these analgesics do not alter the extent of toxic effects induced by B. asper venom, our results strongly indicate that the use of analgesia (using either morphine or tramadol) should be considered in the routine assessment of venom toxicity and antivenom efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fiona Bolton
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Silvia Arias
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salama WH, Abdel-Aty AM, Fahmy AS. Rosemary leaves extract: Anti-snake action against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:465-475. [PMID: 30302327 PMCID: PMC6174259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity caused by viper bites is very dangerous and the anti-venom therapy couldn't treat the local injures such as hemorrhage, edema, necrosis and inflammation of bitten tissues. Searching for safe and effective anti-venom compounds from natural sources is very important. This study was designed to explore the neutralizing ability of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves aqueous extract (RMAE) against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes (Cc) viper venom toxicity. The RMAE contained a considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents with 3,300 and 800 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The RMAE showed a considerable variation of phenolic acids by using HPLC technique. Rosmarinic acid is the major component of the RMAE which recorded 400 mg/100 g dry weight and 64% of all the identified compounds. In vitro, the RMAE neutralized the enzymatic activities of proteases, l-amino acid oxidases, and phospholipases A2 of the Cc venom dose-dependently. In addition, the RMAE effectively neutralized the gelatinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic and procoagulant activities of Cc venom. In vivo, the RMAE markedly reduced lethality, hemorrhage, edema, muscle and liver toxicities induced by Cc venom. In conclusion, the venom neutralizing property of the RMAE gives a new prospect for efficient treatment of the lethal viper bites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza M. Abdel-Aty
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferreira FB, Pereira TM, Souza DLN, Lopes DS, Freitas V, Ávila VMR, Kümmerle AE, Sant’Anna CMR. Structure-Based Discovery of Thiosemicarbazone Metalloproteinase Inhibitors for Hemorrhage Treatment in Snakebites. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1136-1141. [PMID: 29152044 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The venoms of snakes are composed by many toxins, which are responsible for various toxic effects including intense pain, bleeding disorders, and local tissue damage caused by hemorrhage and necrosis. The snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are proteolytic zinc-dependent enzymes acting in different hemostatic mechanisms. In this work, a structure-based molecular modeling strategy was used for the rational design, by means of a homology 3D model of an SVMP isolated from Bothrops pauloensis venom (BpMP-I), followed by synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new thiosemicarbazones as the first inhibitors of the B. pauloensis SVMP. Besides being effective for the SVMP inhibition, two molecules were shown to be effective also in vivo, inhibiting hemorrhage caused by the B. pauloensis whole venom. Docking studies on metalloproteinases from other snake species suggest that the thiosemicarbazones activity is not confined to BpMP-I, but seems to be a common feature of metzincins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis B. Ferreira
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Pereira
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Daiana S. Lopes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor Freitas
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur E. Kümmerle
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Preciado LM, Pereañez JA. Low molecular mass natural and synthetic inhibitors of snake venom metalloproteinases. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1309550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Preciado
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Segura Á, Herrera M, Reta Mares F, Jaime C, Sánchez A, Vargas M, Villalta M, Gómez A, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Proteomic, toxicological and immunogenic characterization of Mexican west-coast rattlesnake ( Crotalus basiliscus ) venom and its immunological relatedness with the venom of Central American rattlesnake ( Crotalus simus ). J Proteomics 2017; 158:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Inhibition of Snake Venom Metalloproteinase by β-Lactoglobulin Peptide from Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Colostrum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1415-1432. [PMID: 28155167 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptide research has experienced considerable therapeutic interest owing to varied physiological functions, efficacy in excretion, and tolerability of peptides. Colostrum is a rich natural source of bioactive peptides with many properties elucidated such as anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, opioid, immunomodulatory, etc. In this study, a variant peptide derived from β-lactoglobulin from buffalo colostrum was evaluated for the anti-ophidian property by targeting snake venom metalloproteinases. These are responsible for rapid local tissue damages that develop after snakebite such as edema, hemorrhage, myonecrosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. The peptide identified by LC-MS/MS effectively neutralized hemorrhagic activity of the Echis carinatus venom in a dose-dependent manner. Histological examinations revealed that the peptide mitigated basement membrane degradation and accumulation of inflammatory leucocytes at the venom-injected site. Inhibition of proteolytic activity was evidenced in both casein and gelatin zymograms. Also, inhibition of fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities was seen. The UV-visible spectral study implicated Zn2+ chelation, which was further confirmed by molecular docking and dynamic studies by assessing molecular interactions, thus implicating the probable mechanism for inhibition of venom-induced proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities. The present investigation establishes newer vista for the BLG-col peptide with anti-ophidian efficacy as a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dias L, Rodrigues MA, Inoue BR, Rodrigues RL, Rennó AL, de Souza VB, Torres-Huaco FD, Sousa NC, Stroka A, Melgarejo AR, Hyslop S. Pharmacological analysis of hemodynamic responses to Lachesis muta (South American bushmaster) snake venom in anesthetized rats. Toxicon 2016; 123:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
30
|
Lewin M, Samuel S, Merkel J, Bickler P. Varespladib (LY315920) Appears to Be a Potent, Broad-Spectrum, Inhibitor of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 and a Possible Pre-Referral Treatment for Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090248. [PMID: 27571102 PMCID: PMC5037474 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite remains a neglected medical problem of the developing world with up to 125,000 deaths each year despite more than a century of calls to improve snakebite prevention and care. An estimated 75% of fatalities from snakebite occur outside the hospital setting. Because phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity is an important component of venom toxicity, we sought candidate PLA2 inhibitors by directly testing drugs. Surprisingly, varespladib and its orally bioavailable prodrug, methyl-varespladib showed high-level secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) inhibition at nanomolar and picomolar concentrations against 28 medically important snake venoms from six continents. In vivo proof-of-concept studies with varespladib had striking survival benefit against lethal doses of Micrurus fulvius and Vipera berus venom, and suppressed venom-induced sPLA2 activity in rats challenged with 100% lethal doses of M. fulvius venom. Rapid development and deployment of a broad-spectrum PLA2 inhibitor alone or in combination with other small molecule inhibitors of snake toxins (e.g., metalloproteases) could fill the critical therapeutic gap spanning pre-referral and hospital setting. Lower barriers for clinical testing of safety tested, repurposed small molecule therapeutics are a potentially economical and effective path forward to fill the pre-referral gap in the setting of snakebite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lewin
- Research and Development, Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Stephen Samuel
- General Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK.
| | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Philip Bickler
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang B, Liu D, Liu G, Zhang X, Wang Q, Zheng J, Zhou Y, He Q, Zhang L. Protective effects of batimastat against hemorrhagic injuries in delayed jellyfish envenomation syndrome models. Toxicon 2015; 108:232-9. [PMID: 26546696 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we established delayed jellyfish envenomation syndrome (DJES) models and proposed that the hemorrhagic toxins in jellyfish tentacle extracts (TE) play a significant role in the liver and kidney injuries of the experimental model. Further, we also demonstrated that metalloproteinases are the central toxic components of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (C. capillata), which may be responsible for the hemorrhagic effects. Thus, metalloproteinase inhibitors appear to be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of hemorrhagic injuries in DJES. In this study, we examined the metalloproteinase activity of TE from the jellyfish C. capillata using zymography analyses. Our results confirmed that TE possessed a metalloproteinase activity, which was also sensitive to heat. Then, we tested the effect of metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) on TE-induced hemorrhagic injuries in DJES models. Firstly, using SR-based X-ray microangiography, we found that BB-94 significantly improved TE-induced hepatic and renal microvasculature alterations in DJES mouse model. Secondly, under synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-μCT), we also confirmed that BB-94 reduced TE-induced hepatic and renal microvasculature changes in DJES rat model. In addition, being consistent with the imaging results, histopathological and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP end labeling (TUNEL)-like staining observations also clearly corroborated this hypothesis, as BB-94 was highly effective in neutralizing TE-induced extensive hemorrhage and necrosis in DJES rat model. Although it may require further clinical studies in the near future, the current study opens up the possibilities for the use of the metalloproteinase inhibitor, BB-94, in the treatment of multiple organ hemorrhagic injuries in DJES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Third Cadet Battalion of Naval Medicine Department, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiemin Zheng
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This review is on the pulmonary complications of snakebites, which can have fatal consequences. We identified three common themes as reported in the literature regarding envenomation: generalized neuromuscular paralysis affecting airway and respiratory muscles, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhages or thrombosis due to coagulopathy. Respiratory paralysis and pulmonary edema can be due to either elapid or viper bites, whereas pulmonary complications of coagulopathy are exclusively reported with viper bites. The evidence for each complication, timeline of appearance, response to treatment, and details of pathophysiology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariaranee Gnanathasan
- From the The Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chaturaka Rodrigo
- From the The Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The lethality test used for estimating the potency of antivenoms against Bothrops asper snake venom: Pathophysiological mechanisms, prophylactic analgesia, and a surrogate in vitro assay. Toxicon 2015; 93:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Shabbir A, Shahzad M, Masci P, Gobe GC. Protective activity of medicinal plants and their isolated compounds against the toxic effects from the venom of Naja (cobra) species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:222-227. [PMID: 25291011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Various medicinal plants have protective properties against the toxicities of the venom of cobra snake (Naja species). They may be used as local first aid for the treatment of snakebite victims, and can significantly inhibit lethality, cardio-, neuro-, nephro- and myotoxicity, hemorrhage, and respiratory paralysis induced by the cobra snake venom. The plants or their extracts may also complement the benefits of conventional anti-serum treatment. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides information on the protective, anti-venom, properties of medicinal plants against snakebites from cobras. In addition, it identifies knowledge gaps and suggests further research opportunities. METHODS The literature was searched using databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed journals written in English with the exception of some books and a few articles in foreign languages. RESULTS The plants possess neutralization properties against different cobra venom enzymes, such as hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A2 and plasma proteases. Different active constituents that show promising activity against the effects of cobra venom include lupeol acetate, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, rediocides A and G, quercertin, aristolochic acid, and curcumin, as well as the broad chemical groups of tannins, glycoproteins, and flavones. The medicinal plants can increase snakebite victim survival time, decrease the severity of toxic signs, enhance diaphragm muscle contraction, block antibody attachment to venom, and inhibit protein destruction. In particular, the cardiovascular system is protected, with inhibition of blood pressure decline and depressed atrial contractility and rate, and prevention of damage to heart and vessels. The designs of experimental studies that show benefits, or otherwise, of use of medicinal plants have some limitations: deficiency in identification and isolation of active constituents responsible for therapeutic activity; lack of comparison with reference drugs; and little investigation of the mechanism of anti-venom activity. CONCLUSION Despite some current deficiencies in experimental or clinical analysis, medicinal plants with anti-venom characteristics are effective and so are candidates for future therapeutic agents. We suggest that emphasis on identification and testing of active ingredients in research in the future will assist better understanding of their anti-venom activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arham Shabbir
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Paul Masci
- Venomics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gómez-Betancur I, Benjumea D, Patiño A, Jiménez N, Osorio E. Inhibition of the toxic effects of Bothrops asper venom by pinostrobin, a flavanone isolated from Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) MAAS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1609-1615. [PMID: 25138354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Renealmia alpinia has been traditionally used to treat snakebites by indigenous Embera-Katíos tribes belonging to the regions of Antioquia and Chocó, Colombia, and it has been shown to inhibit the enzymatic and biological activities of Bothrops venoms and their purified phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins. In addition to its common local usage against snakebites, Renealmia alpinia is commonly used to treat pain. To evaluate the inhibitory ability of pinostrobin, the main compound in the dichloromethane extract of Renealmia alpinia, on the toxic effects of Bothrops asper venom through in vitro and in vivo models and to evaluate its activity against pain and edema. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pinostrobin was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Renealmia alpinia leaves. The protective properties of the extract and of pinostrobin against the indirect hemolytic, coagulant and proteolytic effects of Bothrops asper venom were evaluated in vitro, and the anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated in vivo. RESULTS Renealmia alpinia extract significantly inhibited the proteolytic activity and indirect hemolytic activity of Bothrops asper venom at a venom:extract ratio of 1:20. Moreover, the present data demonstrate that pinostrobin may mitigate some venom-induced local tissue damage due to hemorrhagic effects, and the compound is also responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract from Renealmia alpinia. This is the first report to describe pinostrobin in the species Renealmia alpinia and its properties in vitro against Bothrops asper venom. CONCLUSION Our studies of the activity of Renealmia alpinia against the venom of Bothrops asper have confirmed that this species possesses inhibitory effects against Bothrops asper venom in both in vitro and in vivo models and that these effects may be due to pinostrobin, supporting the traditional usage of the plant. Additionally, pinostrobin may be responsible for the anti-hemorrhagic and analgesic activity (peripheral analgesic activity) of Renealmia alpinia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gómez-Betancur
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Torre 2 Laboratorio 631, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Dora Benjumea
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Torre 2 Laboratorio 631, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Arley Patiño
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Torre 2 Laboratorio 631, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Nora Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yamashita KM, Alves AF, Barbaro KC, Santoro ML. Bothrops jararaca venom metalloproteinases are essential for coagulopathy and increase plasma tissue factor levels during envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2814. [PMID: 24831016 PMCID: PMC4022520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bleeding tendency, coagulopathy and platelet disorders are recurrent manifestations in snakebites occurring worldwide. We reasoned that by damaging tissues and/or activating cells at the site of the bite and systemically, snake venom toxins might release or decrypt tissue factor (TF), resulting in activation of blood coagulation and aggravation of the bleeding tendency. Thus, we addressed (a) whether TF and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an oxireductase involved in TF encryption/decryption, were altered in experimental snake envenomation; (b) the involvement and significance of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and serine proteinases (SVSP) to hemostatic disturbances. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Crude Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) was preincubated with Na2-EDTA or AEBSF, which are inhibitors of SVMP and SVSP, respectively, and injected subcutaneously or intravenously into rats to analyze the contribution of local lesion to the development of hemostatic disturbances. Samples of blood, lung and skin were collected and analyzed at 3 and 6 h. Platelet counts were markedly diminished in rats, and neither Na2-EDTA nor AEBSF could effectively abrogate this fall. However, Na2-EDTA markedly reduced plasma fibrinogen consumption and hemorrhage at the site of BjV inoculation. Na2-EDTA also abolished the marked elevation in TF levels in plasma at 3 and 6 h, by both administration routes. Moreover, increased TF activity was also noticed in lung and skin tissue samples at 6 h. However, factor VII levels did not decrease over time. PDI expression in skin was normal at 3 h, and downregulated at 6 h in all groups treated with BjV. CONCLUSIONS SVMP induce coagulopathy, hemorrhage and increased TF levels in plasma, but neither SVMP nor SVSP are directly involved in thrombocytopenia. High levels of TF in plasma and TF decryption occur during snake envenomation, like true disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, and might be implicated in engendering bleeding manifestations in severely-envenomed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine M. Yamashita
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André F. Alves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia C. Barbaro
- Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L. Santoro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Ayvazyan N, Halassy B. Paraspecificity of Vipera a. ammodytes-specific antivenom towards Montivipera raddei and Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venoms. Toxicon 2013; 78:103-12. [PMID: 24378834 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antivenom raised against the venom of nose-horned viper, Vipera ammodytes (V. a.) ammodytes (European viper venom antiserum, Zagreb antivenom), contains neutralising equine F(ab')₂ fragments that are clinically successful against homologous venom, but also against the venoms of several others medically important European snakes due to its paraspecific action. In this work we demonstrated that Zagreb antivenom is preclinically effective in neutralising lethal toxicity and hemorrhagicity of venoms of Armenian mountain snakes--Montivipera raddei and Macrovipera lebetina obtusa as well. In order to better understand the biochemical basis of the observed paraspecificity, the ability of anti-V. a. ammodytes serum to recognise and neutralise proteinases of the two venoms was also investigated. Anti-V. a. ammodytes serum showed surprisingly low capacity to inhibit metalloproteinases of both venoms included in the study, probably due to weak immunorecognition of their P-I representatives. Also, it completely failed to abolish enzymatic action of serine proteinases from Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom. Relevance of such finding is yet to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- Institute of Immunology Inc., Rockefellerova 10, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Naira Ayvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22, Orbeli Bros. str., Yerevan 0028, Armenia
| | - Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mora-Obando D, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Prieto-Sánchez R, Beltrán J, Rucavado A, Sasa M, Gutiérrez JM, Ayerbe S, Lomonte B. Proteomic and functional profiling of the venom of Bothrops ayerbei from Cauca, Colombia, reveals striking interspecific variation with Bothrops asper venom. J Proteomics 2013; 96:159-72. [PMID: 24231109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bothrops ayerbei, a pitviper inhabiting the Patía River's basin (Valle Alto del Río Patía) in the Southwestern Department of Cauca, Colombia, was considered as a variant form of Bothrops asper prior to being proposed as a new species in 2010, on the basis of subtle morphological differences. This study reports the proteomic and functional profiling of B. ayerbei venom. Its most striking feature is an almost complete absence (0.7%) of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which is in contrast to the high proportion of these enzymes (25.3%) in the venom of B. asper from Cauca, as well as in other species of Bothrops. The predominant proteins in B. ayerbei venom are metalloproteinases (53.7%), in agreement with its higher hemorrhagic and lethal activities compared to B. asper venom. Moreover, the negligible content of PLA2s in B. ayerbei venom correlates with its weaker myotoxic effect, in contrast to B. asper venom, here shown to contain abundant Asp49- and Lys49-type PLA2s responsible for its strong myotoxic activity. Other components identified in B. ayerbei venom include bradykinin-potentiating-like peptides and proteins belonging to the C-type lectin/lectin-like, serine proteinase, l-amino acid oxidase, disintegrin, cysteine-rich secretory protein, nerve growth factor, and phosphodiesterase families. The venom composition of B. ayerbei resembles that of neonate specimens of B. asper, which shows a predominance of metalloproteinases, with only low amounts of PLA2s. Therefore, the present findings suggest that the expression of venom proteins in B. ayerbei, in contrast to B. asper, might retain a marked 'paedomorphic' condition. Altogether, the proteomic and toxicological characterization of the venom of B. ayerbei here reported argues in favor of its taxonomical separation from B. asper in Cauca, Colombia. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE B. ayerbei, a pitviper found in Cauca, Colombia, had been considered as a variant form of B. asper, but was recently described as a new species on the basis of subtle morphological differences. Our study provides the first detailed proteomic and functional analysis of the venom of B. ayerbei, revealing striking interspecific variation from B. asper, thus arguing in favor of their taxonomical separation. In addition, the observed composition of the venom of B. ayerbei correlates well with its functional and toxicological properties, helping to predict the main clinical manifestations in envenomings by this species, which inflicts a considerable number of snakebites in the Southwestern regions of Colombia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mora-Obando
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - José Beltrán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Santiago Ayerbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Systemic effects induced by the venom of the snake Bothrops caribbaeus in a murine model. Toxicon 2013; 63:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
40
|
Wahby A, Mahdy ESM, EL-mezayen HA, Salama WH, Abdel-Aty AM, Fahmy AS. Egyptian horned viper Cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase: Purification, partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor. Toxicon 2012; 60:1380-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Segura A, Herrera M, Villalta M, Vargas M, Uscanga-Reynell A, de León-Rosales SP, Jiménez-Corona ME, Reta-Mares JF, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Venom of Bothrops asper from Mexico and Costa Rica: intraspecific variation and cross-neutralization by antivenoms. Toxicon 2011; 59:158-62. [PMID: 22119752 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops asper is the species that induces the highest incidence of snakebite envenomation in southern Mexico, Central America and parts of northern South America. The intraspecies variability in HPLC profile and toxicological activities between the venoms from specimens collected in Mexico (Veracruz) and Costa Rica (Caribbean and Pacific populations) was investigated, as well as the cross-neutralization by antivenoms manufactured in these countries. Venoms differ in their HPLC profiles and in their toxicity, since venom from Mexican population showed higher lethal and defibrinogenating activities, whereas those from Costa Rica showed higher hemorrhagic and in vitro coagulant activities. In general, antivenoms were more effective in the neutralization of homologous venoms. Overall, both antivenoms effectively neutralized the various toxic effects of venoms from the two populations of B. asper. However, antivenom raised against venom from Costa Rican specimens showed a higher efficacy in the neutralization of defibrinogenating and coagulant activities, thus highlighting immunochemical differences in the toxins responsible for these effects associated with hemostatic disturbances in snakebite envenoming. These observations illustrate how intraspecies venom variation may influence antivenom neutralizing profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kurtović T, Brgles M, Leonardi A, Balija ML, Križaj I, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Ammodytagin, a heterodimeric metalloproteinase from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom with strong hemorrhagic activity. Toxicon 2011; 58:570-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Aggarwal P, Jamshed N. What's new in emergencies, trauma, and shock? Snake envenomation and organophosphate poisoning in the emergency department. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011; 1:59-62. [PMID: 19561981 PMCID: PMC2700618 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.43180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Aggarwal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sunitha K, Hemshekhar M, Gaonkar SL, Sebastin Santhosh M, Suresh Kumar M, Basappa, Priya BS, Kemparaju K, Rangappa KS, Nanjunda Swamy S, Girish KS. Neutralization of Haemorrhagic Activity of Viper Venoms by 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-Oxo-1,3-Dihydroisobenzofuran-5-Carbonitrile. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:292-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
45
|
Harrison RA, Cook DA, Renjifo C, Casewell NR, Currier RB, Wagstaff SC. Research strategies to improve snakebite treatment: challenges and progress. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1768-80. [PMID: 21723969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antivenom is an effective treatment of snakebite but, because of the complex interplay of fiscal, epidemiological, therapeutic efficacy and safety issues, the mortality of snakebite remains unacceptably high. Efficiently combating this high level of preventable death amongst the world's most disadvantaged communities requires the globally-coordinated action of multiple intervention programmes. This is the overall objective of the Global Snakebite Initiative. This paper describes the challenges facing the research community to develop snakebite treatments that are more efficacious, safe and affordable than current therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Harrison
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Solano G, Segura Á, Herrera M, Gómez A, Villalta M, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Study of the design and analytical properties of the lethality neutralization assay used to estimate antivenom potency against Bothrops asper snake venom. Biologicals 2010; 38:577-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
47
|
Neutralization of Bothrops asper venom by antibodies, natural products and synthetic drugs: Contributions to understanding snakebite envenomings and their treatment. Toxicon 2009; 54:1012-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Experimental pathophysiology of systemic alterations induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:976-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
Gutiérrez JM, Sanz L, Flores-Díaz M, Figueroa L, Madrigal M, Herrera M, Villalta M, León G, Estrada R, Borges A, Alape-Girón A, Calvete JJ. Impact of Regional Variation in Bothrops asper Snake Venom on the Design of Antivenoms: Integrating Antivenomics and Neutralization Approaches. J Proteome Res 2009; 9:564-77. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9009518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Marietta Flores-Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Lucía Figueroa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Marvin Madrigal
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Ricardo Estrada
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Adolfo Borges
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rucavado A, Henríquez M, García J, Gutiérrez JM. Assessment of metalloproteinase inhibitors clodronate and doxycycline in the neutralization of hemorrhage and coagulopathy induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 52:754-9. [PMID: 18824013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) play a prominent role in the local and systemic manifestations of viperid snakebite envenomations. Thus, the possibility of using metalloproteinase inhibitors in the treatment of these envenomations is a promising therapeutic alternative. This study assessed the ability of two metalloproteinase inhibitors, the biphosphonate clodronate and the tetracycline doxycycline, to inhibit proteolytic, hemorrhagic, coagulant and defibrinogenating effects of Bothrops asper venom. Both compounds were able to inhibit these activities, at concentrations in the mM range, when incubated with venom prior to testing. However, when inhibition of hemorrhage was assessed in assays involving independent injection of venom and drug, inhibition was poor, even when these compounds were injected immediately after envenomation. These findings support the concept that the effectiveness of compounds, such as clodronate and doxycycline, whose inhibitory action on SVMPs is based on zinc chelation alone, is limited, and stress the view that more specific molecules are required for an effective inhibition of SVMPs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|