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Kim M, Hong S, Lim YK, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, Yoon JN, Lee HS, Baek SH. Monthly distribution of lipophilic marine biotoxins and associated microalgae in the South Sea Coast of Korea throughout 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165472. [PMID: 37442466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture farms have been established along the South Sea Coast of Korea, supplying most of the seafood consumed domestically. However, annual harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to seafood safety. This study aimed to determine the spatial and seasonal distributions of 12 lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) in phytoplankton and mussels in the region in 2021. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor the cumulative compositions of LMTs in seawater. LMT concentrations were also determined in twelve commercially available species of domestic shellfish to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Gonyaulux spinifera and Dinophysis acuminata, causative microalgae of yessotoxins (YTXs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs), respectively, showed high densities in the region from May to July. This period corresponded to high LMT concentrations in phytoplankton and mussels. Phytoplankton mainly contained PTX-2 and homo-YTX, with a maximum concentration of 2300 ng g-1 wet weight (ww) in May. In contrast, mussels mainly contained homo-YTX and YTX, with a maximum concentration of 1300 ng g-1 ww in July. LMTs-producing microalgae showed low densities and concentrations after July, whereas mussels accumulated toxins until September. In the SPATT sampler, more diverse LMTs were detected than in seawater, phytoplankton, and mussels. For example, dinophysistoxin-1 and azaspiracid-2 were detected only in SPATT. YTXs were detected in domestic seafood samples, including mussels, red scallops, and pen shells, but the concentrations were below the European Food Safety Agency recommended standard of 3.75 mg YTX-eq. kg-1. Moreover, the hazard quotient was less than 100 in all scenarios, indicating that the human health risk was not significant. This study provides valuable data on monthly distribution patterns of LMTs in the South Sea Coast of Korea and can serve as baseline data for future management policies of marine biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kyun Lim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Nam Yoon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
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Lewis NI, Yu R, Rafuse C, Quilliam MA. Seasonal occurrence of toxic phytoplankton and phycotoxins at a mussel aquaculture site in Nova Scotia, Canada. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102528. [PMID: 37951613 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A three-year field study at a mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture site in Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada was carried out between 2004 and 2006 to detect toxic phytoplankton species and dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins and domoic acid. A combination of plankton monitoring and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) techniques were used. Net tow and pipe phytoplankton samples were taken weekly to determine the abundance of potentially toxic species and SPATT samplers were deployed weekly for phycotoxin analysis. Mussels were also collected for toxin analysis in 2005. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyse the samples for spirolides (SPXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), okadaic acid group toxins (OA, DTXs) and domoic acid (DA). Phycotoxins were detected with SPATT samplers beginning from the time of deployment until after the producing organisms were no longer observed in pipe samples. Seasonal changes in toxin composition occurred over the sampling period and were related to changes in cell concentrations of Alexandrium Halim, Dinophysis Ehrenberg and Pseudo-nitzschia (Hasle) Hasle. Spirolides peaked in late spring and early summer, followed by DA in mid-July. Okadaic acid, DTX1 and PTXs occurred throughout the field season but peaked in late summer. Concentrations of some phycotoxins detected in SPATT samplers deployed within the area where mussels were suspended on lines were lower than in those deployed outside the mussel farm. The SPATT samplers provided a useful tool to detect the presence of phycotoxins and to establish trends in their appearance in the Ship Harbour estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Rencheng Yu
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Li R, Wang J, Deng J, Peng G, Wang Y, Li T, Liu B, Zhang Y. Selective enrichments for color microplastics loading of marine lipophilic phycotoxins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132137. [PMID: 37499500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) are two classes of emerging contaminants. Together, they may exacerbate the negative impacts on nearshore marine ecosystems. Herein, the loading of 14 representative MLPs, closely related to toxin-producing algae, on MPs and their relations with colorful MPs have been explored for the first time based on both field and lab data. The objectives of our study are to explore the roles of multiple factors (waterborne MLPs and MP characteristics) in the loading of MLPs by MPs with the applications of various statistical means, and to further explore the role of the color of MP in the loading of specific MLPs through lab simulation experiments. Our results demonstrated that MPs color determined the loading of some specific MLPs on MPs and green MPs can load much more than other colorful fractions (p < 0.05). These interesting phenomena illustrated that the color effects on the loading processes of MLPs on MPs are a dynamic process, and it can be well explained by the shading effect of MP color, which may affect the growth and metabolism of the attached toxic-producing algae on MPs and hence the production of specific MLPs. Furthermore, loading of MLPs on MPs can be considered as the comprehensive physicochemical and biological processes. Our results caution us that special attention should be paid to explore the real-time dynamic color shading effects on all kinds of bio-secreted contaminants loading on MPs, and highlight the necessary to comprehensive investigate the interaction between biota, organic contaminants and MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jiuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Gen Peng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Shartau RB, Turcotte LDM, Bradshaw JC, Ross ARS, Surridge BD, Nemcek N, Johnson SC. Dissolved Algal Toxins along the Southern Coast of British Columbia Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:395. [PMID: 37368696 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed to be caused by the exposure to microcystins (MCs). To address the lack of information about algal toxins in BC marine environments and the risk they pose, this study investigated the presence of MCs and other toxins at aquaculture sites. Sampling was carried out using discrete water samples and Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers from 2017-2019. All 283 SPATT samples and all 81 water samples tested positive for MCs. Testing for okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DA) occurred in 66 and 43 samples, respectively, and all samples were positive for the toxin tested. Testing for dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (20 samples), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) (20 samples), and yessotoxin (YTX) (17 samples) revealed that all samples were positive for the tested toxins. This study revealed the presence of multiple co-occurring toxins in BC's coastal waters and the levels detected in this study were below the regulatory limits for health and recreational use. This study expands our limited knowledge of algal toxins in coastal BC and shows that further studies are needed to understand the risks they pose to marine fisheries and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Lenora D M Turcotte
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Julia C Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | | | - Nina Nemcek
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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Wang J, Li R, Liu B, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Occurrence and distribution of lipophilic marine algal toxins in the coastal seawater of Southeast China and the South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114584. [PMID: 36642003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The composition, levels, and spatial distribution of dissolved lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) including cyclic imines (CIs), yessotoxins (YTXs), okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), and brevetoxins (BTXs) in the coastal waters of Southeast China (Xiamen) and the South China Sea (Hainan Island and Beibu Gulf) were investigated and compared for the first time. Dissolved AZA3 was firstly detected in the coastal seawater of China. OA and PTX2 were widely distributed in the three areas studied. Gymnodimine (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), YTX, and homo-yessotoxins (h-YTX) were found mainly in the South China Sea. The average ∑LMAT concentrations in the coastal waters of Xiamen, Hainan Island, and Beibu Gulf were 10.02 ng/L, 4.21 ng/L, and 44.27 ng/L, respectively. More groups and much higher concentrations of LMATs occurred in the South China Sea than that in the other sea areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Qinzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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Panda D, Dash BP, Manickam S, Boczkaj G. Recent advancements in LC-MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:766-803. [PMID: 33624883 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish-toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes "QuEChERS" extraction or solid-phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC-MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Panda
- Center of Excellence (CoE), Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Bisnu P Dash
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Yaghmour F, Samara F, Ghalayini T, Kanan SM, Elsayed Y, Al Bousi M, Al Naqbi H. Junk food: Polymer composition of macroplastic marine debris ingested by green and loggerhead sea turtles from the Gulf of Oman. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154373. [PMID: 35278539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of the marine environment by plastic marine debris has become one of the most pervasive threats impacting marine environments. In this study, for the first time, we evaluate the polymer types of the plastic marine debris ingested by 49 green and 14 loggerhead sea turtle strandings in the Gulf of Oman. Plastic marine debris was ingested by 73.5% of green and 42.9% of loggerhead sea turtles in this study. Overall, evidence suggested that green sea turtles from the Gulf of Oman coast of the United Arab Emirates ingested high levels of plastic marine debris, predominantly Polypropylene (PP) & Polyethylene (PE), followed by Nylon, PP-PE mixture, Polystyrene (PS), Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), respectively. Loggerhead sea turtles also ingested high levels of plastic marine debris, which also predominantly consisted of PP & PE, followed by PP-PE mixture, Nylon and PS. While recent studies were directed into polymer characterization of micro-plastics in aquatic life, our study focuses on macro-plastics which impose significantly greater risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Yaghmour
- Hefaiyah Mountain Conservation Centre (Scientific Research Department), Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Kalba, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates..
| | - Fatin Samara
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thouraya Ghalayini
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofian M Kanan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yehya Elsayed
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwa Al Bousi
- EPAA Kalba Office (Scientific Research Department), Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Kalba, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halima Al Naqbi
- EPAA Kalba Office (Scientific Research Department), Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Kalba, United Arab Emirates
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Mergia MT, Weldemariam ED, Eklo OM, Yimer GT. Pesticide residue levels in surface water, using a passive sampler and in the sediment along the littoral zone of Lake Ziway at selected sites. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-04966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDiaion® HP-20 resin passive samplers deployed in water and sediment samples collected from Lake Ziway were analyzed for 30 organochlorine, organophosphorus, carboxamide, and pyrethroid pesticide residues. The samples were collected from purposely selected sampling stations in five sites on Lake Ziway. Levels of selected pesticides were determined by GC–MS/MS in all samples. p,p′DDE and boscalid residues were the only detected pesticides in sediment samples. Similarly, only metalaxyl and boscalid residues were recovered from HP-20 resins. The concentration of p,p′DDE and boscalid in sediment ranged from 0.66–7.23 and 0.1–15.26 ng g−1 dry weight respectively. The presence of p,p′DDE but no other metabolites of DDT in all sediment samples indicated that DDT residues in Ziway Lake were aged and probably originated from the weathered agricultural soils of the surrounding region. The highest level of boscalid was recorded at Site 2 (near the floriculture enterprises) both in sediment and in HP-20 resins with a mean concentration of 11.8 ng g−1 dw and 39.6 ng g−1 disk respectively. However, the concertation of metalaxyl was the highest in the HP-20 resins deployed at Site1 and Site 4 (near the intensive small-scale vegetable farm) with a mean concentration of 54.7 ng g−1 disk and 54.3 ng g−1 disk respectively. Generally, most sampling sites of p,p′DDE were found to have a moderate ecological risk based on levels specified in the sediment quality standards. Moreover, the relatively high boscalid and metalaxyl levels in HP-20 deployed in Lake Ziway would be the result of recent intensive pesticide use by floriculture enterprises and small-scale vegetable farmers in the region. A spatial variation on the accumulation of detected pesticides among the sampling sites depends on the anthropogenic activities, around the lake from the point and non-point sources. Although most of the analyzed pesticides were below the detectable limit, further studies and continued monitoring of currently used pesticide residues in the Lake are highly recommended.
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Onofrio MD, Egerton TA, Reece KS, Pease SKD, Sanderson MP, Iii WJ, Yeargan E, Roach A, DeMent C, Wood A, Reay WG, Place AR, Smith JL. Spatiotemporal distribution of phycotoxins and their co-occurrence within nearshore waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101993. [PMID: 33980433 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), varying in intensity and causative species, have historically occurred throughout the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.; however, phycotoxin data are sparse. The spatiotemporal distribution of phycotoxins was investigated using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) across 12 shallow, nearshore sites within the lower Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's coastal bays over one year (2017-2018). Eight toxins, azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), and goniodomin A (GDA) were detected in SPATT extracts. Temporally, phycotoxins were always present in the region, with at least one phycotoxin group (i.e., consisting of OA and DTX1) detected at every time point. Co-occurrence of phycotoxins was also common; two or more toxin groups were observed in 76% of the samples analyzed. Toxin maximums: 0.03 ng AZA2/g resin/day, 0.25 ng DA/g resin/day, 15 ng DTX1/g resin/day, 61 ng OA/g resin/day, 72 ng PTX2/g resin/day, and 102,050 ng GDA/g resin/day were seasonal, with peaks occurring in summer and fall. Spatially, the southern tributary and coastal bay regions harbored the highest amount of total phycotoxins on SPATT over the year, and the former contained the greatest diversity of phycotoxins. The novel detection of AZAs in the region, before a causative species has been identified, supports the use of SPATT as an explorative tool in respect to emerging threats. The lack of karlotoxin in SPATT extracts, but detection of Karlodinium veneficum by microscopy, however, emphasizes that this tool should be considered complementary to, but not a replacement for, more traditional HAB management and monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Onofrio
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Sarah K D Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Marta P Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - William Jones Iii
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Evan Yeargan
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Amanda Roach
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Caroline DeMent
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Adam Wood
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - William G Reay
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Allen R Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
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Wu D, Chen J, Wang J, He X, Xin M, Wang B. Monitoring and warning of lipophilic marine algal toxins in mariculture zone based on toxin profiles of phytoplankton. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110647. [PMID: 32315787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some toxigenic dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs), which are potent threats to marine breeding industries. In this study, a new method based on the profiling analysis of six LMAT classes in phytoplankton was developed for the monitoring and warning of LMATs in mariculture zones. This method was applied to monitor and evaluate LMATs in the Jiaozhou Bay and the Changjiang estuary in China. Results demonstrated that the occurrence and spatiotemporal variations of LMATs in mariculture zones can be revealed by the toxin profiles of phytoplankton, indicating the method's effectiveness for the comprehensive monitoring of the composition and levels of various LMATs in coastal aquaculture zones. The method was further used as an alarm for potential pollution risk from LMATs in mariculture zones at an early stage. The "alert" thresholds of LMAT pollution in the mariculture zones were preliminarily proposed based on the statistical data analysis of LMATs in phytoplankton in three typical mariculture areas in China. This study is the first to conduct simultaneous monitoring and warning of multi-class LMATs based on toxin profiles of phytoplankton, thereby providing new insight into the monitoring and early warning of natural poisonous pollutants in coastal aquaculture zones around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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He X, Chen J, Wu D, Wang J, Xin M, Liu L, Sun P, Wang B. Occurrence, distribution, source, and influencing factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110789. [PMID: 31910528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition, distribution, origin, and influencing factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) in surface seawater and phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay, China, were comprehensively investigated for the first time. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2 SA) were discovered in surface seawater, whereas PTX2, OA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, DTX1, PTX2 SA, PTX11, and DTX2 were found in phytoplankton in a decreasing concentration order. ∑LMAT concentrations in seawater and phytoplankton were 1.08-35.66 ng/L (mean: 7.31 ng/L) and 0-3609.75 ng/L (mean: 191.38 ng/L), respectively. LMAT contents in seawater and phytoplankton exhibited the highest levels in the southeastern mouth of Laizhou Bay and decreased toward the inner and outer bays. Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. rotundata, Procentrum lima, and P. minimum were identified as the potential origins of LMATs in Laizhou Bay. Moreover, increased nutrient level and decreased pH in seawater could increase LMAT content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Wu D, Chen J, He X, Wang J, Wang Z, Li X, Wang B. Distribution, partitioning, and seasonal variation of lipophilic marine algal toxins in aquatic environments of a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113299. [PMID: 31585405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) pose a potential threat to the health of marine shellfish consumers and marine breeding industries. In this study, LMATs in dissolved phases (DP) and particulate phases (PP) in the seawater of Jiaozhou Bay were accurately determined over four seasons to understand their composition, level, phase partitioning, spatiotemporal variation, and potential sources in aquatic environments of a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. Various LMATs, such as okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2 SA), and pectenotoxin-11 (PTX11), were detected in DP and PP; of these, OA and PTX2 were the dominant LMATs in DP and PP, respectively. The average proportion of ΣLMATs in DP (97.5%) was significantly higher than that in PP (2.5%), which indicates that LMATs are predominantly partitioned into DP. The total concentrations of LMATs in DP ranged from 4.16 ng/L to 23.19 ng/L (mean, 13.35 ng/L) over four seasons. The highest levels of LMATs in DP and PP were found in summer (mean, 16.71 ng/L) and spring, respectively, while the maximum variety of LMATs was found in autumn. This result suggests that seasonal changes could influence the composition, concentration, and phase partitioning of LMATs in aquatic environments of a coastal semi-closed mariculture bay. ΣLMAT concentrations were higher in the western region than in the eastern region of the bay, where shellfish may have a greater risk of exposure. Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis fortii, and Prorocentrum minimum were the potential sources of LMATs in the aquaculture seawater. Overall, various LMATs occurred in the semi-closed mariculture bay, and the persistence and bioavailability of these toxins in aquaculture seawater should be determined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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14
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He X, Chen J, Wu D, Sun P, Ma X, Wang J, Liu L, Chen K, Wang B. Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Control Factors of Lipophilic Marine Algal Toxins in Changjiang Estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E596. [PMID: 31614878 PMCID: PMC6833110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algal toxins, highly toxic secondary metabolites, have significant influences on coastal ecosystem health and mariculture safety. The occurrence and environmental control factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) in the surface seawater of the Changjiang estuary (CJE) and the adjacent East China Sea (ECS) were investigated. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1), and gymnodimine (GYM) were detected in the CJE surface seawater in summer, with concentration ranges of not detected (ND)-105.54 ng/L, ND-13.24 ng/L, ND-5.48 ng/L, and ND-12.95 ng/L, respectively. DTX1 (ND-316.15 ng/L), OA (ND-16.13 ng/L), and PTX2 (ND-4.97 ng/L) were detected in the ECS during spring. LMATs formed a unique low-concentration band in the Changjiang diluted water (CJDW) coverage area in the typical large river estuary. PTX2, OA, and DTX1 in seawater were mainly derived from Dinophysis caudate and Dinophysis rotundata, while GYM was suspected to be from Karenia selliformis. Correlation analyses showed that LMAT levels in seawater were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and salinity, but negatively correlated with temperature and nutrients, indicating that the hydrological condition and nutritional status of seawater and climatic factors exert significant effects on the distribution of LMATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Qinhuangdao Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Qinhuangdao 066000, China.
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China.
| | - Kan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
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15
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Tillmann U, Edvardsen B, Krock B, Smith KF, Paterson RF, Voß D. Diversity, distribution, and azaspiracids of Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae) along the Norwegian coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:15-34. [PMID: 30502808 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZA) are a group of lipophilic polyether compounds which have been implicated in shellfish poisoning incidents around Europe. They are produced by a few species of the dinophycean genera Azadinium and Amphidoma (Amphidomataceae). The presence of AZA toxins in Norway is well documented, but knowledge of the distribution and diversity of Azadinium and other Amphidomataceae along the Norwegian coast is rather limited and poorly documented. On a research survey along the Norwegian coast in 2015 from the Skagerrak in the South to Trondheimsfjorden in the North, plankton samples from 67 stations were analysed for the presence of Azadinium and Amphidoma and their respective AZA by on-board live microscopy, real-time PCR assays specific for Amphidomataceae, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Microscopy using live samples and positive real-time PCR assays using a general family probe and two species specific probes revealed the presence of Amphidomataceae distributed throughout the sampling area. Overall abundance was low, however, and was in agreement with a lack of detectable AZA in plankton samples. Single cell isolation and morphological and molecular characterisation of established strains revealed the presence of 7 amphidomatacean species (Azadiniun spinosum, Az. poporum, Az. obesum, Az. dalianense, Az. trinitatum, Az. polongum, Amphidoma languida) in the area. Azaspiracids were produced by the known AZA producing species Az. spinosum, Az. poporum and Am. languida only. LC-MS/MS analysis further revealed that Norwegian strains produce previously unreported AZA for Norway (AZA-11 by Az. spinosum, AZA-37 by Az. poporum, AZA-38 and AZA-39 by Am. languida), and also four novel compounds (AZA-50, -51 by Az. spinosum, AZA-52, -53 by Am. languida), whose structural properties are described and which now can be included in existing analytical protocols. A maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated rDNA regions (SSU, ITS1-ITS2, partial LSU) showed that the strains of Az. spinosum fell in two well supported clades, where most but not all new Norwegian strains formed the new Ribotype B. Ribotype differentiation was supported by a minor morphological difference with respect to the presence/absence of a rim around the pore plate, and was consistently reflected by different AZA profiles. Strains of Az. spinosum from ribotype A produce AZA-1, -2 and -33, whereas the new strains of ribotype B produce mainly AZA-11 and AZA-51. Significant sequence differences between both Az. spinosum ribotypes underline the need to redesign the currently used qPCR probes in order to detect all AZA producing Az. spinosum. The results generally underline the conclusion that for the Norwegian coast area it is important that amphidomatacean species are taken into account in future studies and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Bente Edvardsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Privat Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scotland, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Voß
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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Effect of Suspended Particulate Matter on the Accumulation of Dissolved Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins by Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) under Laboratory Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070273. [PMID: 29970810 PMCID: PMC6071173 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, detection of trace amounts of dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins in coastal waters has been possible using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers. To explore the contribution of dissolved diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) to the accumulation of toxins by cultivated bivalves, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of purified okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in filtered (0.45 µm) seawater for 96 h. Accumulation and esterification of DST by mussels under different experimental conditions, including with and without the addition of the food microalga Isochrysis galbana, and with the addition of different size-fractions of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (<75 µm, 75–150 µm, 150–250 µm) were compared. Results showed that mussels accumulated similar amounts of OA and DTX1 from seawater with or without food microalgae present, and slightly lower amounts when SPM particles were added. Mussels preferentially accumulated OA over DTX1 in all treatments. The efficiency of the mussel’s accumulation of OA and DTX1 from seawater spiked with low concentrations of toxins was higher than that in seawater with high toxin levels. A large proportion of OA (86–94%) and DTX1 (65–82%) was esterified to DTX3 by mussels in all treatments. The proportion of I. galbana cells cleared by mussels was markedly inhibited by dissolved OA and DTX1 (OA 9.2 µg L−1, DTX1 13.2 µg L−1) in seawater. Distribution of total OA and DTX1 accumulated in the mussel tissues ranked in all treatments as follows: digestive gland > gills > mantle > residual tissues. However, the percentage of total DST in the digestive gland of mussels in filtered seawater (67%) was higher than with the addition of SPM particles (75–150 µm) (51%), whereas the gills showed the opposite trend in filtered seawater with (27%) and without (14.4%) SPM particles. Results presented here will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of DST accumulation by bivalves in marine aquaculture environments.
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17
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Roué M, Darius HT, Chinain M. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040167. [PMID: 29677131 PMCID: PMC5923333 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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18
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Peacock MB, Gibble CM, Senn DB, Cloern JE, Kudela RM. Blurred lines: Multiple freshwater and marine algal toxins at the land-sea interface of San Francisco Bay, California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:138-147. [PMID: 29602502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
San Francisco Bay (SFB) is a eutrophic estuary that harbors both freshwater and marine toxigenic organisms that are responsible for harmful algal blooms. While there are few commercial fishery harvests within SFB, recreational and subsistence harvesting for shellfish is common. Coastal shellfish are monitored for domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), but within SFB there is no routine monitoring for either toxin. Dinophysis shellfish toxins (DSTs) and freshwater microcystins are also present within SFB, but not routinely monitored. Acute exposure to any of these toxin groups has severe consequences for marine organisms and humans, but chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses, or synergistic effects from multiple toxins, are poorly understood and rarely addressed. This study documents the occurrence of domoic acid and microcystins in SFB from 2011 to 2016, and identifies domoic acid, microcystins, DSTs, and PSTs in marine mussels within SFB in 2012, 2014, and 2015. At least one toxin was detected in 99% of mussel samples, and all four toxin suites were identified in 37% of mussels. The presence of these toxins in marine mussels indicates that wildlife and humans who consume them are exposed to toxins at both sub-lethal and acute levels. As such, there are potential deleterious impacts for marine organisms and humans and these effects are unlikely to be documented. These results demonstrate the need for regular monitoring of marine and freshwater toxins in SFB, and suggest that co-occurrence of multiple toxins is a potential threat in other ecosystems where freshwater and seawater mix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Peacock
- Northwest Indian College, 2522 Kwina Rd, Bellingham, WA, 98226, USA; Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Corinne M Gibble
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - David B Senn
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - James E Cloern
- United States Geological Survey MS496, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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19
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Chen J, Han T, Li X, He X, Wang Y, Chen F, Song X, Zhou D, Wang X. Occurrence and distribution of marine natural organic pollutants: Lipophilic marine algal toxins in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:931-939. [PMID: 28886545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the composition, concentration and distribution characteristics of typical lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are investigated in surface seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments from the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and okadaic acid (OA) were detected in offshore surface seawater samples (n=67) of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and PTX2 was found in higher concentrations than OA. The concentrations of PTX2 were between 0.49 and 14.14ng/L. OA, dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1), PTX2 and gymnodimine (GYM) were detected in the nearshore surface seawater samples (n=20) of the Haizhou Bay of the Yellow Sea. OA concentrations were between 11.47 and 55.85ng/L. There was a large degree of variation in the concentrations of DTX1, from <limit of quantification (LOQ) up to 143.14ng/L. The nearshore surface seawater samples (n=13) obtained from the Longdao area of the Bohai Sea mainly contain OA (5.00-24.14ng/L) and DTX1 (1.52-49.39ng/L), with PTX2 concentrations being less than the LOQ. Several LMATs were also detected both in the SPM and sediment samples of each study area. In summary, the LMAT composition and concentration levels in the surface seawater found in nearshore samples were substantially different from those of samples from the distant shore, which indicated the obvious regional characteristics of LMATs according to their spatial distribution in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China; Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xincheng Song
- Aquatic Product Quality Inspection Center of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Aquatic Product Quality Inspection Center of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China; Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Lusty MW, Wallace RB, Haynes B, Wang Z, Broadwater M, Deeds JR, Morton SL, Hastback W, Porter L, Chytalo K, Gobler CJ. Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010028. [PMID: 29342840 PMCID: PMC5793076 DOI: 10.3390/md16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide this century. Given these threats, there is an increasing need for improved technologies that can be easily integrated into coastal monitoring programs. This study evaluates approaches for monitoring toxins associated with recurrent toxin-producing Alexandrium and Dinophysis blooms on Long Island, NY, USA, which cause paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (PSP and DSP), respectively. Within contrasting locations, the dynamics of pelagic Alexandrium and Dinophysis cell densities, toxins in plankton, and toxins in deployed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were compared with passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers filled with two types of resin, HP20 and XAD-2. Multiple species of wild shellfish were also collected during Dinophysis blooms and used to compare toxin content using two different extraction techniques (single dispersive and double exhaustive) and two different toxin analysis assays (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP2A)) for the measurement of DSP toxins. DSP toxins measured in the HP20 resin were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.7–0.9, p < 0.001) with total DSP toxins in shellfish, but were detected more than three weeks prior to detection in deployed mussels. Both resins adsorbed measurable levels of PSP toxins, but neither quantitatively tracked Alexandrium cell densities, toxicity in plankton or toxins in shellfish. DSP extraction and toxin analysis methods did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), were highly correlated (R2 = 0.98–0.99; p < 0.001) and provided complete recovery of DSP toxins from standard reference materials. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) were found to accumulate DSP toxins above federal and international standards (160 ng g−1) during Dinophysis blooms while Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) did not. This study demonstrated that SPATT samplers using HP20 resin coupled with PP2A technology could be used to provide early warning of DSP, but not PSP, events for shellfish management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W Lusty
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Ryan B Wallace
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Bennie Haynes
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- JHT, Inc., under contract to NOAA, NOAA Charleston Lab, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Maggie Broadwater
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Steve L Morton
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - William Hastback
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Leonora Porter
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Karen Chytalo
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
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Roué M, Darius HT, Viallon J, Ung A, Gatti C, Harwood DT, Chinain M. Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices for the field detection of Gambierdiscus toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 71:40-49. [PMID: 29306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a food-borne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the Gambierdiscus genus. Since most surveillance programs currently rely on the survey of Gambierdiscus cell densities and species composition, supplementary toxin-based methods allowing the time- and spatially integrated sampling of toxins in ciguateric environments are needed for a more reliable assessment and management of the risks associated with Gambierdiscus proliferation. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) filters use porous synthetic resins capable of adsorbing toxins directly from the water column. To assess the ability of these passive monitoring devices to retain Gambierdiscus toxins, SPATT bags filled with 10g of HP20 resin were deployed for 48h in two French Polynesian locations at high (Nuku Hiva Island) vs. low to moderate (Kaukura Atoll) risk of ciguatera. CTXs could be detected in SPATT bags extracts from Nuku Hiva Island, as assessed by the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Results of in vitro experiments suggest that the saturation limit of CTXs on HP20 resin, for a deployment time of 48h, is ≃ 55ng P-CTX-3C equiv. g-1 resin. Despite the non detection of maitotoxin (MTX), LC-MS/MS analyses showed that two other compounds also produced by Gambierdiscus species were retained on SPATT bags, i.e. iso-P-CTX-3B/C and a putative MTX analogue, known as MTX-3. This study, the first to demonstrate the suitability of SPATT technology for the in situ monitoring of Gambierdiscus toxins, highlights the potential application of this tool for routine ciguatera risk assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 5 29, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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22
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Kim JH, Tillmann U, Adams NG, Krock B, Stutts WL, Deeds JR, Han MS, Trainer VL. Identification of Azadinium species and a new azaspiracid from Azadinium poporum in Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:152-167. [PMID: 28962976 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a new suite of toxins, called azaspiracids (AZA), as the cause of human illnesses after the consumption of shellfish from the Irish west coast in 1995, resulted in interest in understanding the global distribution of these toxins and of species of the small dinoflagellate genus Azadinium, known to produce them. Clonal isolates of four species of Azadinium, A. poporum, A. cuneatum, A. obesum and A. dalianense were obtained from incubated sediment samples collected from Puget Sound, Washington State in 2016. These Azadinium species were identified using morphological characteristics confirmed by molecular phylogeny. Whereas AZA could not be detected in any strains of A. obesum, A. cuneatum and A. dalianense, all four strains of A. poporum produced a new azaspiracid toxin, based on LC-MS analysis, named AZA-59. The presence of AZA-59 was confirmed at low levels in situ using a solid phase resin deployed at several stations along the coastlines of Puget Sound. Using a combination of molecular methods for species detection and solid phase resin deployment to target shellfish monitoring of toxin at high-risk sites, the risk of azaspiracid shellfish poisoning can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nicolaus G Adams
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Whitney L Stutts
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Myung-Soo Han
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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23
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Liu Y, Yu RC, Kong FZ, Li C, Dai L, Chen ZF, Zhou MJ. Lipophilic marine toxins discovered in the Bohai Sea using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:380-388. [PMID: 28554022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic marine toxins, which pose potent threats to seafood consumers. In the Bohai Sea, an important semi-closed inland sea with intensive mariculture industry in China, there is little knowledge concerning lipophilic marine toxins and their potential threats. In this study, net-concentrated phytoplankton samples were periodically collected from 5 typical mariculture zones around the Bohai Sea, including Laishan (LS), Laizhou (LZ), Hangu (HG), Qinhuangdao (QHD) and Huludao (HLD) in 2013 and 2014, and a method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a Q-Trap mass spectrometer was applied to analyze seven representative lipophilic marine toxins, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (desMeC). The method had high sensitivity and repeatability, and exhibited satisfactory recoveries for most of the lipophilic marine toxins (92.1-108%) except for AZA1 (65.8-68.9%). Nearly all the lipophilic marine toxins could be detected in phytoplankton samples from the Bohai Sea. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 were predominant components and present in most of the phytoplankton samples. The maximum content of lipophilic marine toxin in phytoplankton samples concentrated from seawater (OA 464 pg L-1; DTX1 783 pg L-1; YTX 86.6 pg L-1; desMeC 15.6 pg L-1; PTX2 1.11 × 103 pg L-1) appeared in June 2014. Based on toxins present in phytoplankton samples, it is implied that seafood in the Bohai Sea is more likely to be contaminated by OA group and PTX group toxins, and spring is the high-risk season for toxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Li Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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24
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Singo A, Myburgh JG, Laver PN, Venter EA, Ferreira GCH, Rösemann GM, Botha CJ. Vertical transmission of microcystins to Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) eggs. Toxicon 2017; 134:50-56. [PMID: 28528816 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria or blue green algae are known for their extensive and highly visible blooms in eutrophic, stagnant freshwater bodies. Climate change and global warming have also contributed to a rise in toxic cyanobacterial blooms. One of the most important cyanobacteria is Microcystis aeruginosa, which can synthesize various microcystins that can affect the health of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Commercial Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) farming in South Africa is based on keeping breeders (adult males and females) in big dams on farms (captive-bred approach). Unfortunately, cyanobacterial blooms in the breeder dams are a concern to farm owners, managers and veterinarians. The main objectives of this research project were to determine if microcystins were present in the contents of crocodile eggs and the liver and yolk of dead hatchlings, and to determine if the reduced hatchability on commercial farms might be caused by these toxins. Furthermore, the concentration of microcystins in the breeder dam was monitored on a monthly basis spanning the ovulation and egg laying period. During the hatching season microcystin concentrations in unfertilised eggs, egg shell membranes and in the yolk and liver of dead hatchlings were determined using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Microcystins were detected in Nile crocodile egg and hatchling samples. Microcystin (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) concentrations in the crocodile egg and hatchling samples collected from clutches with a good hatching rate (≥90%) ranged between 0 and 1.76 ng g-1, with the highest concentration in the egg shell membranes. Microcystin concentrations in samples collected from clutches with a bad hatching rate (≤10%) ranged from 0 - 1.63 ng g-1 with the highest concentration detected in the hatchling yolk. However, the concentrations were probably underestimated as the percentage recovery from spiked samples was very low with the extraction method employed. Bayesian analysis suggests that the liver, yolk and unfertilised egg all have similar microcystin concentrations, while the membranes have (with moderate to high certainty) higher microcystin concentrations. There appears to be no difference in microcystin concentrations among good and bad clutches across all tissue types or within a specific tissue type, but due to the small sample size, it was not possible to determine whether microcystin affected the hatchability of Nile crocodile eggs. However, vertical transmission of microcystin variants to the Nile crocodile egg does occur and the possible implications for the survival of wild Nile crocodile populations should be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alukhethi Singo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan G Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter N Laver
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth A Venter
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gezina C H Ferreira
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Christo J Botha
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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25
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Occurrence and variation of lipophilic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton, shellfish and seawater samples from the aquaculture zone in the Yellow Sea, China. Toxicon 2017; 127:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Chen J, Li X, Wang S, Chen F, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in marine aquaculture environment using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:32-40. [PMID: 27776236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an exact mass suspect screening approach to perform finding of multiple lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and marine sediment from marine aquaculture area using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). The method was validated and proven to be reliable for the screening of various LMTs. Then, the method was applied to screen LMTs in marine environmental samples collected from mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), etc were detected and tentatively identified. Positive detection results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and contents of OA and PTX2 in seawater, SPM and marine sediment were also quantified. The mean concentration of OA ranged from 2.71 to 14.06 ng L-1 in seawater and from 0.78 to 3.34 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The mean concentration of PTX2 ranged from 0.86 to 7.90 ng L-1 in seawater, from 1.56 to 10.67 ng in SPM obtained from 1 L seawater sample and from 0.95 to 2.23 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The above results suggested that the proposed method was convenient and reliable for the screening of LMTs in different marine environmental samples. In addition, typical LMTs exist in different marine environmental media of the mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Follow-up studies should focus on improving current understanding on the environmental behavior of these LMTs in the marine aquaculture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
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27
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Passive Sampling for Freshwater and Marine Algal Toxins. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Zendong Z, Bertrand S, Herrenknecht C, Abadie E, Jauzein C, Lemée R, Gouriou J, Amzil Z, Hess P. Passive Sampling and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Profiling of French Coastal Areas with a Focus on Marine Biotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8522-8529. [PMID: 27463836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers (solid phase adsorption toxin tracking: SPATT) are able to accumulate biotoxins produced by microalgae directly from seawater, thus providing useful information for monitoring of the marine environment. SPATTs containing 0.3, 3, and 10 g of resin were deployed at four different coastal areas in France and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Quantitative targeted screening provided insights into toxin profiles and showed that toxin concentrations and profiles in SPATTs were dependent on the amount of resin used. Between the three amounts of resin tested, SPATTs containing 3 g of resin appeared to be the best compromise, which is consistent with the use of 3 g of resin in SPATTs by previous studies. MassHunter and Mass Profiler Professional softwares were used for data reprocessing and statistical analyses. A differential profiling approach was developed to investigate and compare the overall chemical diversity of dissolved substances in different coastal water bodies. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for spatial differentiation between areas. Similarly, SPATTs retrieved from the same location at early, medium, and late deployment periods were also differentiated by PCA, reflecting seasonal variations in chemical profiles and in the microalgal community. This study used an untargeted metabolomic approach for spatial and temporal differentiation of marine environmental chemical profiles using SPATTs, and we propose this approach as a step forward in the discovery of chemical markers of short- or long-term changes in the microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS, LOV, UMR 7093, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche/mer, Paris F-06230, France
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS, LOV, UMR 7093, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche/mer, Paris F-06230, France
| | - Jérémie Gouriou
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Bretagne Occidentale (LER-BO), Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croi, BP 40537, Concarneau F-29185, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
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29
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Li FL, Li ZX, Guo MM, Wu HY, Zhang TT, Song CH. Investigation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Lingshan Bay, Yellow Sea, China, using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1367-73. [PMID: 27295385 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of toxin contamination in shellfish (i.e., prior to harvest) would be of considerable advantage to fish farmers, researchers and food safety administrators. In 2004, a solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) technique was developed to study algal toxins in New Zealand shellfish harvesting areas. In subsequent years, the basic idea have been further developed. Using a SPATT method, an investigation into diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) was conducted over a 10.5-month period in 2012 in shellfish farming areas in Lingshan Bay (Yellow Sea, China). This paper discusses the relationship among DSTs in toxic algae, seawater and contaminated shellfish. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 toxins were found in this shellfish farming area from summer to autumn. In shellfish the maximum concentrations of OA and DTX1 were 81 and 41 ng g(-1) respectively. PTX2 was very low. The maximum levels of OA and DTX1 in seawater were 165 and 56 ng g(-1) respectively, and were detected on June, separated by a 14-day period. Shellfish had accumulated the highest levels of OA and DTX1 recorded in this study. Comparison of the variations in DST levels in seawater showed there to be about 2 weeks for administrators to warn of the potential for toxin contamination in shellfish. Further research to explore the relationship between the variables of seawater temperature, sunlight and salinity, and DSTs in shellfish may help to establish a more suitable model for forecasting DST contamination in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhao-Xin Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Meng-Meng Guo
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cai-Hu Song
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
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Algal toxin profiles in Nigerian coastal waters (Gulf of Guinea) using passive sampling and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2016; 114:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Chen J, Li Z, Wang S, Shi Q, Cao W, Zheng X, Sun C, Wang X, Zheng L. Determination of typical lipophilic marine toxins in marine sediments from three coastal bays of China using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after accelerated solvent extraction. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:954-960. [PMID: 26507511 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method based on sample preparation by accelerated solvent extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was validated and used for determination of seven typical lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in marine sediment samples collected from three typical coastal bays in China. Satisfactory specificity, reproducibility (RSDs ≤ 14.76%), stability (RSDs ≤ 17.37%), recovery (78.0%-109.0%), and detection limit (3.440 pg/g-61.85 pg/g) of the developed method were achieved. The results obtained from the analysis of samples from Hangzhou Bay revealed okadaic acid as the predominant LMT with concentrations ranging from 186.0 to 280.7 pg/g. Pecenotoxin-2 was quantified in sediment samples from Laizhou Bay at the concentrations from 256.4 to 944.9 pg/g. These results suggested that the proposed method was reliable for determining the typical LMTs in marine sediments and that the sediments obtained from Hangzhou Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay were all contaminated by certain amounts of LMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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McCarthy M, Bane V, García-Altares M, van Pelt FN, Furey A, O'Halloran J. Assessment of emerging biotoxins (pinnatoxin G and spirolides) at Europe's first marine reserve: Lough Hyne. Toxicon 2015; 108:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Silva M, Pratheepa VK, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Emergent toxins in North Atlantic temperate waters: a challenge for monitoring programs and legislation. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:859-85. [PMID: 25785464 PMCID: PMC4379530 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Vijaya K Pratheepa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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Fan L, Sun G, Qiu J, Ma Q, Hess P, Li A. Effect of seawater salinity on pore-size distribution on a poly(styrene)-based HP20 resin and its adsorption of diarrhetic shellfish toxins. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Approaches for the detection of harmful algal blooms using oligonucleotide interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:95-116. [PMID: 25381608 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of microscopic algae in our waterways are becoming an increasingly important environmental concern. Many are sources of harmful biotoxins that can lead to death in humans, marine life and birds. Additionally, their biomass can cause damage to ecosystems such as oxygen depletion, displacement of species and habitat alteration. Globally, the number and frequency of harmful algal blooms has increased over the last few decades, and monitoring and detection strategies have become essential for managing these events. This review discusses developments in the use of oligonucleotide-based 'molecular probes' for the selective monitoring of algal cell numbers. Specifically, hybridisation techniques will be a focus.
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Li X, Li Z, Chen J, Shi Q, Zhang R, Wang S, Wang X. Detection, occurrence and monthly variations of typical lipophilic marine toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the coastal seawater of Qingdao City, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:560-567. [PMID: 24997966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, related research has mainly examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in contaminated bivalves or toxic algae, whereas the levels of LMTs in seawater remain largely unexplored. Okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) are three typical LMTs produced by certain marine algae that are closely linked to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, a new method of solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of OA, YTX, and PTX2 in seawater simultaneously. Satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability (RSD<25.00%) and recovery (56.25-70.18%) of the method were achieved. Then, the method was applied to determine the amounts of the three toxins in the coastal seawater. OA and PTX2 were detected in all the seawater samples collected from eight locations along the coastline of Qingdao City, China on October 23, 2012, with concentration ranges of OA 4.24-9.64ngL(-1) and PTX2 0.42-0.74ngL(-1). Monthly concentrations of OA and PTX2 in the seawater of four locations were determined over the course of a year, with concentration ranges of OA 1.41-89.52ngL(-1) and PTX2 below detectable limit to 1.70ngL(-1). The peak values of OA and PTX2 in coastal seawater were observed in August and July, respectively. Our results suggest that follow-up research on the fate modeling and risk assessment of LMTs in coastal seawater should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Qian Shi
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Rutan Zhang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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McCarthy M, van Pelt FNAM, Bane V, O'Halloran J, Furey A. Application of passive (SPATT) and active sampling methods in the profiling and monitoring of marine biotoxins. Toxicon 2014; 89:77-86. [PMID: 25064272 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase adsorbent and toxin tracking (SPATT) enables temporally and spatially integrated monitoring of biotoxins in aquatic environments. Monitoring using two adsorbent resins was performed over a four-month period at Lough Hyne Marine Reserve, Ireland. A range of Diarhettic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins were detected from SPATT extracts throughout the study period. The majority of biotoxins were detected in the top 20-30 m of the water column and a spike in toxin accumulation was measured during August 2010. Phytoplankton analysis confirmed the presence of toxin-producing species Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata during the bloom. SPATT has the potential to provide useful information on phycotoxin distribution in the water column; enabling evidence-based decisions regarding appropriate depths for obtaining phytoplankton and shellfish samples in marine biotoxin monitoring programmes. Active sampling was performed continuously over 7-days and high quantities of toxins were successfully accumulated in the HP-20 resin, okadaic acid (∼13 mg), dinophysis toxin-2 (∼29 mg), pectenotoxin-2 (∼20 mg) and pectenotoxin-2-seco acid (∼6 mg) proving this an effective method for accumulating DSP toxins from the marine environment. The method has potential application as a tool for assessing toxin profiles at proposed shellfish harvesting sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira McCarthy
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork The Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Frank N A M van Pelt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Vaishali Bane
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) Incorporating the PROTEOBIO and Team Elucidate Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John O'Halloran
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork The Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) Incorporating the PROTEOBIO and Team Elucidate Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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Zhuo L, Fu W, Yang Y, Qiu B, Lin Z, Shan L, Zheng L, Li J, Chen G. Simultaneous determination of biotoxins DSP and AZAs in bivalve molluscs and fish by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1479-1488. [PMID: 24861598 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A method has been developed for simultaneous determination of the toxins OA, DTX-1, AZA-1, AZA-2 and AZA-3 in various aquatic products as these can cause diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, an intoxication characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. METHODS Separation of the toxins was achieved on a C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm) using an acetonitrile/water gradient with formic acid as an eluent modifier. Electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used to generate the molecule related ion [M-H](-), for OA and DTX-1, while ESI in positive mode was used to generate the molecule related ion [M+H](+) for AZAs. Samples were extracted with 80% methanol, followed by partitioning with ethyl acetate, purified on a Poly-Sery MAX cartridge and finally analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of qualification (LOQ) of the method were in the range of 0.02-0.79 µg/kg and 0.07-2.64 µg/kg in Scomberomorus niphonius, blood clam and oyster, respectively, recoveries of the toxins at three fortification levels ranged from 71.3% to 104.8% with relative standard deviation from 1.0% to 12.5%. The calibration curves were well linear between the LC peak area of the selected ion pair and the concentration of the toxins, with the correlation coefficient over 0.99. CONCLUSIONS The method was sufficiently sensitive to permit the determination of the toxins DSP and AZA in sea food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Quality Inspection Institute of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
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Zendong Z, Herrenknecht C, Abadie E, Brissard C, Tixier C, Mondeguer F, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Hess P. Extended evaluation of polymeric and lipophilic sorbents for passive sampling of marine toxins. Toxicon 2014; 91:57-68. [PMID: 24709758 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are algal metabolites that can accumulate in fish or shellfish and render these foodstuffs unfit for human consumption. These toxins, released into seawater during algal occurrences, can be monitored through passive sampling. Acetone, methanol and isopropanol were evaluated for their efficiency in extracting toxins from algal biomass. Isopropanol was chosen for further experiments thanks to a slightly higher recovery and no artifact formation. Comparison of Oasis HLB, Strata-X, BondElut C18 and HP-20 sorbent materials in SPE-mode led to the choice of Oasis HLB, HP-20 and Strata-X. These three sorbents were separately exposed as passive samplers for 24 h to seawater spiked with algal extracts containing known amounts of okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracids (AZAs), pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G), 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX1) and palytoxins (PlTXs). Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (PDMS) strips were tested in parallel on similar mixtures of spiked natural seawater for 24 h. These strips gave significantly lower recoveries than the polymeric sorbents. Irrespective of the toxin group, the adsorption rate of toxins on HP-20 was slower than on Oasis HLB and Strata-X. However, HP-20 and Strata-X gave somewhat higher recoveries after 24 h exposure. Irrespective of the sorbent tested, recoveries were generally highest for cyclic imines and OA group toxins, slightly lower for AZAs, and the lowest for palytoxins. Trials in re-circulated closed tanks with mussels exposed to Vulcanodinium rugosum or Prorocentrum lima allowed for further evaluation of passive samplers. In these experiments with different sorbent materials competing for toxins in the same container, Strata-X accumulated toxins faster than Oasis HLB, and HP-20, and to higher levels. The deployment of these three sorbents at Ingril French Mediterranean lagoon to detect PnTX-G in the water column showed accumulation of higher levels on HP-20 and Oasis HLB compared to Strata-X. This study has significantly extended the range of sorbents for passive sampling of marine toxins. In particular, sorbents were included that had previously been evaluated for polyhalogenated contaminants, pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals or veterinary residues. Moreover, this study has for the first time demonstrated the usefulness of the polymeric Oasis HLB and Strata-X sorbents in laboratory and field studies for various microalgal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Languedoc-Roussillon, Av. Jean Monnet, 34203 Sète, France
| | - Charline Brissard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Florence Mondeguer
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
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Identification of microcystins in a Lake Victoria cyanobacterial bloom using LC–MS with thiol derivatization. Toxicon 2013; 70:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jauffrais T, Kilcoyne J, Herrenknecht C, Truquet P, Séchet V, Miles CO, Hess P. Dissolved azaspiracids are absorbed and metabolized by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Toxicon 2013; 65:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao H, Qiu J, Fan H, Li A. Mechanism and application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking for monitoring microcystins. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:159-64. [PMID: 23489492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of toxic microcystins by cyanobacteria is an important safety issue in terms of ecological food chains and drinking water supplies. Studies were carried out to demonstrate the applicability of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) to the monitoring of microcystins in fresh water. Work focused on the distribution of the intra- and extra-cellular toxins MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa (FACHB 905). The dynamic adsorption and desorption behavior of both toxins on aromatic resins HP20 and SP700 was examined, and the use of SPATT bags for monitoring microcystins in cyanobacterial cultures is discussed. It was shown that intracellular MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR are released continuously during batch incubation. The adsorption capacity of the SP700 resin was higher than that of the HP20 resin, while the opposite was true for desorption efficiency. The highest desorption efficiency of HP20 was 91.5±4.6% and 89.0±7.1% for MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR, respectively; accordingly, that of SP700 was 78.1±4.1% and 72.3±2.1%, respectively. Taking both adsorption and desorption behavior into consideration, HP20 is recommended as an adsorbent for SPATT monitoring of microcystins in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Harman C, Allan IJ, Vermeirssen ELM. Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler--a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2724-38. [PMID: 23012256 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of strict environmental quality standards for polar organic priority pollutants poses a challenge for monitoring programs. The polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) may help to address the challenge of measuring low and fluctuating trace concentrations of such organic contaminants, offering significant advantages over traditional sampling. In the present review, the authors evaluate POCIS calibration methods and factors affecting sampling rates together with reported environmental applications. Over 300 compounds have been shown to accumulate in POCIS, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, and industrial chemicals. Polar organic chemical integrative sampler extracts have been used for both chemical and biological analyses. Several different calibration methods have been described, which makes it difficult to directly compare sampling rates. In addition, despite the fact that some attempts to correlate sampling rates with the properties of target compounds such as log K(OW) have been met with varying success, an overall model that can predict uptake is lacking. Furthermore, temperature, water flow rates, salinity, pH, and fouling have all been shown to affect uptake; however, there is currently no robust method available for adjusting for these differences. Overall, POCIS has been applied to a wide range of sampling environments and scenarios and has been proven to be a useful screening tool. However, based on the existing literature, a more mechanistic approach is required to increase understanding and thus improve the quantitative nature of the measurements.
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Krock B, Tillmann U, Voß D, Koch BP, Salas R, Witt M, Potvin É, Jeong HJ. New azaspiracids in Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae). Toxicon 2012; 60:830-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miles CO, Sandvik M, Nonga HE, Rundberget T, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Ballot A. Thiol derivatization for LC-MS identification of microcystins in complex matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8937-8944. [PMID: 22834560 DOI: 10.1021/es301808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptides originating from cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria also produce a range of peptides and other compounds that can result in complex chromatograms when samples are analyzed by LC-MS. Derivatization with appropriate thiols (e.g., mercaptoethanol) of the olefin in the α,β-unsaturated amide present in most microcystins was shown to simplify analysis of LC-MS chromatograms of sample extracts, making it much easier to identify peaks corresponding to candidate microcystins. Furthermore, interpretation of MS(2) spectra was facilitated by addition of the mass associated with the thiol to the α,β-unsaturated amide of microcystins. Cyanotoxins containing Mdha or Dha reacted readily with thiols, whereas Mser, Ser, Mdhb, and thiol-derivatives of Mdha or Dha did not react under the conditions used. This approach therefore provides a convenient LC-MS method to obtain evidence for the presence of Mdha or Dha and can likely be used to differentiate between the isobaric amino acids Mdha and Dhb in candidate cyanotoxin peaks. When O-(2-mercaptoethyl)-O'-methyl-hexa(ethylene glycol) (MEMHEG) (M(w)t. 356) was used as the thiol, the resulting derivatives eluted in an LC-MS mass window that was largely free of interferences. This approach simplifies detection of candidate microcystin analogues even in the presence of complex mixtures of coeluting components. The method was used for qualitative analysis of a Microcystis aeruginosa culture from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the results were verified using precursor-ion scanning and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Kilcoyne J, Keogh A, Clancy G, LeBlanc P, Burton I, Quilliam MA, Hess P, Miles CO. Improved isolation procedure for azaspiracids from shellfish, structural elucidation of azaspiracid-6, and stability studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2447-2455. [PMID: 22329755 DOI: 10.1021/jf2048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids are a group of lipophilic polyether toxins produced by the small dinoflagellate Azadinium spinosum. They may accumulate in shellfish and can result in illnesses when consumed by humans. Research into analytical methods, chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of azaspiracids has been severely constrained by the scarcity of high-purity azaspiracids. Consequently, since their discovery in 1995, considerable efforts have been made to develop methods for the isolation of azaspiracids in sufficient amounts and purities for toxicological studies, in addition to the preparation of standard reference materials. A seven-step procedure was improved for the isolation of azaspiracids-1-3 (1, 2, and 3) increasing recoveries 2-fold as compared to previous methods and leading to isolation of sufficiently purified azaspiracid-6 (6) for structural determination by NMR spectroscopy. The procedure, which involved a series of partitioning and column chromatography steps, was performed on 500 g of Mytilus edulis hepatopancreas tissue containing ~14 mg of 1. Overall yields of 1 (52%), 2 (43%), 3 (43%), and 6 (38%) were good, and purities were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 6 was determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The stability of 6 relative to 1 was also assessed in three solvents in a short-term study that demonstrated the greatest stability in aqueous acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Renville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland.
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Černoch I, Fránek M, Diblíková I, Hilscherová K, Randák T, Ocelka T, Bláha L. POCIS sampling in combination with ELISA: Screening of sulfonamide residues in surface and waste waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:250-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10652j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rundberget T, Aasen JAB, Selwood AI, Miles CO. Pinnatoxins and spirolides in Norwegian blue mussels and seawater. Toxicon 2011; 58:700-11. [PMID: 21920377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast-acting cyclic imines belonging to the pinnatoxin and pteriatoxin group of toxins were originally identified in shellfish of the genera Pinna and Pteria in Japan, after food poisoning events in China linked to consumption of Pinna spp. Recently, a range of new and known pinnatoxin analogs has been identified in shellfish, sediment, and seawater samples from Australia and New Zealand. Although the structurally closely-related spirolide toxins are better known, and have a worldwide distribution including Norway and other parts of Europe, the presence of pinnatoxins has not been reported in European waters or shellfish. Here we report results from a survey of Norwegian blue mussels for the presence of pinnatoxins and spirolides, by LC-MS/MS analysis of extracts obtained as part of Norway's routine monitoring programme for regulated algal toxins during late autumn and early winter 2009. Spirolides and pinnatoxin G were widespread (pinnatoxin G (1), spirolide C (2), iso-spirolide C (3), 13-desmethylspirolide C (4), 13,19-didesmethylspirolide C (5), and 20-methylspirolide G (6) were detected in 69%, 13%, 60%, 22%, 33%, and 77%, respectively, of the shellfish samples) and, although levels were generally low, concentrations of up to 115 μg/kg of pinnatoxin G (1) and 226 μg/kg of 13-desmethylspirolide C (4) were detected. We also analyzed stored extracts from passive sampling disks deployed as part of a separate study in autumn 2007. All the stored extracts contained 20-methylspirolide G (which predominated at most locations), most contained pinnatoxin G (73%) and 13,19-didesmethylspirolide C (67%), but iso-spirolide C (36%) and 13-desmethylspirolide C (52%) were also detected in many of the samples. These results suggest that pinnatoxins may be much more widespread than previously suspected, and indicate that they or related compounds could be responsible for sporadic incidents of rapid-onset symptoms during mouse bioassays of shellfish in Europe and elsewhere. The toxicological significance of these levels of pinnatoxins and spirolides is at present unclear. However, although pinnatoxins appear to be less toxic than spirolides by intraperitoneal injection in the mouse bioassay, recently published preliminary toxicological data indicate that pinnatoxins may be as much as an order of magnitude more toxic than spirolides by oral ingestion via food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rundberget
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Laboratory Services, Oslo, Norway
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Li A, Ma F, Song X, Yu R. Dynamic adsorption of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in passive sampling relates to pore size distribution of aromatic adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1437-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Černoch I, Fránek M, Diblíková I, Hilscherová K, Randák T, Ocelka T, Bláha L. Determination of atrazine in surface waters by combination of POCIS passive sampling and ELISA detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2582-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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