1
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Dulić T, Svirčev Z, Palanački Malešević T, Faassen EJ, Savela H, Hao Q, Meriluoto J. Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030215. [PMID: 35324712 PMCID: PMC8953721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henna Savela
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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2
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Falcone-Dias MF, Rodrigues MV, Nielsen JL, de Jonge N, Jørgensen NOG, Alonso DP, David GS, da Silva RJ, Araújo Júnior JP. Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and microcystins in hydroelectric reservoirs used for fish farming. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:983-994. [PMID: 33328369 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish farming can have a negative impact on water quality and aquatic organisms due to emerging blooms of Cyanobacteria and the production of cyanotoxins. In this study, the effect of aquaculture in hydroelectric reservoirs in Brazil was evaluated in six fish farms and in upstream and downstream water through analysis of the microbiome, Cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations. Synechococcus and Microcystis were observed at all six locations, while Limnothrix was also observed abundantly at two locations. An increase in the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria inside the fish farms was observed at two locations, while an increase of Cyanobacteria was observed in downstream at five of the six locations. Microcystins were detected in significant and high values in all locations, with concentrations up to 1.59 μg/L. The trend in microcystin concentrations was mirrored in copy numbers of the mcyE gene (encodes microcystin synthetase) and presence of Microcystis, but not in any of the other observed cyanobacterial groups. In summary, the study shows that aquaculture production influenced the water microbiome inside and downstream the fish farms, and a direct correlation was found between mcyE gene copies, microcystin production and abundance of Microcystis, but not for the total abundance of Cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Falcone-Dias
- São Paulo State Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA) at Jaú, CP 66 Jaú, São Paulo, CEP 17340-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Marianna Vaz Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) at Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nadieh de Jonge
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels O G Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) at Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Gianmarco S David
- São Paulo State Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA) at Jaú, CP 66 Jaú, São Paulo, CEP 17340-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) at Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) at Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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3
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Li Y, You J, He Y, Ge Y, Song G, Zhou J. Two‐Fragment‐Dummy‐Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Mn Doped ZnS Quantum Dots Based Room‐Temperature Phosphorescene Probing for Hepatotoxic Homologues of Microcystin. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyue Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Jiaqi You
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Yu He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Yili Ge
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Gongwu Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environment Response Wuhan 430062 China
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4
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Kumar P, Rautela A, Kesari V, Szlag D, Westrick J, Kumar S. Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22582. [PMID: 32662914 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are produced by the toxic cyanobacterial species present in algal blooms formed in water bodies due to nutrient over-enrichment by human influences and natural environmental conditions. Extensive studies are available on the most widely encountered cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) in fresh and brackish water bodies. MC contaminated water poses severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life. Therefore, commonly occurring MCs should be monitored. Occasionally, detection and quantification of these toxins are difficult due to the unavailability of pure standards. Enzymatic, immunological assays, and analytical techniques like protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and biosensors are used for their detection and quantification. There is no single method for the detection of all the different types of MCs; therefore, various techniques are often combined to yield reliable results. Biosensor development offered a problem-solving approach in the detection of MCs due to their high accuracy, sensitivity, rapid response, and portability. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover emerging techniques used for the detection and quantification of the MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hemmati M, Tejada-Casado C, Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Rajabi M, del Olmo-Iruela M. Monitoring of cyanotoxins in water from hypersaline microalgae colonies by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection following salting-out liquid-liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Liu Y, Ji J, Cui F, Sun J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Development of a two-step immunochromatographic assay for microcystin-LR based on fluorescent microspheres. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Cui Y, Li S, Yang X, Wang Y, Dai Z, Shen Q. HLB/PDMS-Coated Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction of Microcystins in Shellfish Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Scherer PI, Millard AD, Miller A, Schoen R, Raeder U, Geist J, Zwirglmaier K. Temporal Dynamics of the Microbial Community Composition with a Focus on Toxic Cyanobacteria and Toxin Presence during Harmful Algal Blooms in Two South German Lakes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2387. [PMID: 29255452 PMCID: PMC5722842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterioplankton plays an essential role in aquatic ecosystems, and cyanobacteria are an influential part of the microbiome in many water bodies. In freshwaters used for recreational activities or drinking water, toxic cyanobacteria cause concerns due to the risk of intoxication with cyanotoxins, such as microcystins. In this study, we aimed to unmask relationships between toxicity, cyanobacterial community composition, and environmental factors. At the same time, we assessed the correlation of a genetic marker with microcystin concentration and aimed to identify the main microcystin producer. We used Illumina MiSeq sequencing to study the bacterioplankton in two recreational lakes in South Germany. We quantified a microcystin biosynthesis gene (mcyB) using qPCR and linked this information with microcystin concentration to assess toxicity. Microcystin biosynthesis gene (mcyE)-clone libraries were used to determine the origin of microcystin biosynthesis genes. Bloom toxicity did not alter the bacterial community composition, which was highly dynamic at the lowest taxonomic level for some phyla such as Cyanobacteria. At the OTU level, we found distinctly different degrees of temporal variation between major bacteria phyla. Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes showed drastic temporal changes in their community compositions, while the composition of Actinobacteria remained rather stable in both lakes. The bacterial community composition of Alpha- and Beta-proteobacteria remained stable over time in Lake Klostersee, but it showed temporal variations in Lake Bergknappweiher. The presence of potential microcystin degraders and potential algicidal bacteria amongst prevalent Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria implied a role of those co-occurring heterotrophic bacteria in cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. Comparison of both lakes studied revealed a large shared microbiome, which was shaped toward the lake specific community composition by environmental factors. Microcystin variants detected were microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR. The maximum microcystin concentrations measured was 6.7 μg/L, a value still acceptable for recreational waters but not drinking water. Microcystin concentration correlated positively with total phosphorus and mcyB copy number. We identified low abundant Microcystis sp. as the only microcystin producer in both lakes. Therefore, risk assessment efforts need to take into account the fact that non-dominant species may cause toxicity of the blooms observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia I Scherer
- Limnological Research Station Iffeldorf, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew D Millard
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Miller
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Renate Schoen
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Uta Raeder
- Limnological Research Station Iffeldorf, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juergen Geist
- Limnological Research Station Iffeldorf, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Zwirglmaier
- Limnological Research Station Iffeldorf, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Tatters AO, Howard MDA, Nagoda C, Busse L, Gellene AG, Caron DA. Multiple Stressors at the Land-Sea Interface: Cyanotoxins at the Land-Sea Interface in the Southern California Bight. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E95. [PMID: 28282935 PMCID: PMC5371850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems have received considerable attention in recent years, but their occurrence and potential importance at the land-sea interface has not been widely recognized. Here we present the results of a survey of discrete samples conducted in more than fifty brackish water sites along the coastline of southern California. Our objectives were to characterize cyanobacterial community composition and determine if specific groups of cyanotoxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, nodularins, and saxitoxins) were present. We report the identification of numerous potentially harmful taxa and the co-occurrence of multiple toxins, previously undocumented, at several locations. Our findings reveal a potential health concern based on the range of organisms present and the widespread prevalence of recognized toxic compounds. Our results raise concerns for recreation, harvesting of finfish and shellfish, and wildlife and desalination operations, highlighting the need for assessments and implementation of monitoring programs. Such programs appear to be particularly necessary in regions susceptible to urban influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery O Tatters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - Meredith D A Howard
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Carey Nagoda
- San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2375 Northside Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92108, USA.
| | - Lilian Busse
- German Federal Environmental Agency, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany.
| | - Alyssa G Gellene
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
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10
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Demey H, Tria SA, Soleri R, Guiseppi-Elie A, Bazin I. Sorption of his-tagged Protein G and Protein G onto chitosan/divalent metal ion sorbent used for detection of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15-24. [PMID: 26667644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific, simple, and rapid chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed for the determination of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by using strategies for oriented immobilization of functionally intact polyclonal antibodies on chitosan surface. Several physicochemical parameters such as metal ion adsorption, hexahistidine-tagged Protein G sorption, the dilution ratio polyclonal antibody concentration, and peroxidase-labeled MC-LR concentration were studied and optimized. The sorption in batch system of G-histidine and G-proteins was studied on a novel sorbent consisting of chitosan/divalent metal ions. Transition metals as Ni++ and Zn++ were immobilized through interaction with -NH2 groups of chitosan in order to supply a material capable to efficiently remove the proteins from aqueous solutions. The maximum uptake of divalent metals onto the chitosan material was found to be 230 mg g-1 for Zn++ and 62 mg g-1 for Ni++. Experimental data were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich models; the results were well fitted with the Langmuir model; chitosan/Ni++ foam was found to be the best sorbent for G-protein, maximum sorption capacity obtained was 17 mg g-1, and chitosan/Zn++ was found to be the best for G-histidine with a maximum sorption capacity of 44 mg g-1. Kinetic data was evaluated with pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models; the sorption kinetics were in all cases better represented by a pseudo-second-order model. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve obtained for MC-LR gave detection limits of 0.5 ± 0.06 μg L-1, the 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) was 2.75 ± 0.03 μg L-1, and the quantitative detection range was 0.5-25 μg L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) attained from the calibration curves and the results obtained demonstrate the potential use of CLEIA with chitosan support as a screening tool for the analysis of pollutants in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hary Demey
- École des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Scherrine A Tria
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Romain Soleri
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 ETB, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ingrid Bazin
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France.
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11
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McNamee SE, Elliott CT, Greer B, Lochhead M, Campbell K. Development of a planar waveguide microarray for the monitoring and early detection of five harmful algal toxins in water and cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13340-9. [PMID: 25361072 DOI: 10.1021/es504172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiplex microarray has been developed for the detection of five groups of harmful algal and cyanobacterial toxins found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments including domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA, and analogues), saxitoxin (STX, and analogues), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins (MC, and analogues). The sensitivity and specificity were determined and feasibility to be used as a screening tool investigated. Results for algal/cyanobacterial cultures (n = 12) and seawater samples (n = 33) were compared to conventional analytical methods, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Detection limits for the 15 min assay were 0.37, 0.44, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.40 ng/mL for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively. The correlation of data obtained from the microarray compared to conventional analysis for the 12 cultures was r(2) = 0.83. Analysis of seawater samples showed that 82, 82, 70, 82, and 12% of samples were positive (>IC20) compared to 67, 55, 36, 0, and 0% for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively, for conventional analytical methods. The discrepancies in results can be attributed to the enhanced sensitivity and cross-reactivity profiles of the antibodies in the MBio microarray. The feasibility of the microarray as a rapid, easy to use, and highly sensitive screening tool has been illustrated for the five-plex detection of biotoxins. The research demonstrates an early warning screening assay to support national monitoring agencies by providing a faster and more accurate means of identifying and quantifying harmful toxins in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu L, Xing C, Yan H, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an ELISA and immunochromatographic strip for highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:14672-85. [PMID: 25120158 PMCID: PMC4179011 DOI: 10.3390/s140814672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody for microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) was produced by cell fusion. The immunogen was synthesized in two steps. First, ovalbumin/ bovine serum albumin was conjugated with 6-acetylthiohexanoic acid using a carbodiimide EDC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride)/ NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) reaction. After dialysis, the protein was reacted with MC-LR based on a free radical reaction under basic solution conditions. The protein conjugate was used for immunization based on low volume. The antibodies were identified by indirect competitive (ic)ELISA and were subjected to tap water and lake water analysis. The concentration causing 50% inhibition of binding of MC-LR (IC50) by the competitive indirect ELISA was 0.27 ng/mL. Cross-reactivity to the MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-WR was good. The tap water and lake water matrices had no effect on the detection limit. The analytical recovery of MC-LR in the water samples in the icELISA was 94%-110%. Based on this antibody, an immunochromatographic biosensor was developed with a cut-off value of 1 ng/mL, which could satisfy the requirement of the World Health Organization for MC-LR detection in drinking water. This biosensor could be therefore be used as a fast screening tool in the field detection of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Changrui Xing
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Huijuan Yan
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
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13
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Li Y, Ma J, Fang Q, Li X. c-fosandc-junExpression in the Liver of Silver Carp and the Effect of Microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:157-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Fang
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
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14
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Determination of 7 microcystins in Spirulina health food products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2013; 30:584-9. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Transcription alterations of microRNAs, cytochrome P4501A1 and 3A65, and AhR and PXR in the liver of zebrafish exposed to crude microcystins. Toxicon 2013; 73:17-22. [PMID: 23851223 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding regulatory RNAs that not only control diverse cellular processes but also regulate gene expression induced by environmental chemicals. However, little is known about the role of microRNAs in liver response of fish to the exposure of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystins (MCs). In the present study, the transcription levels of 4 miRNAs (dre-miR-21, dre-miR-122, dre-miR-27b, and dre-miR-148), cytochromes P450s CYP1A1 and CYP3A65, and their receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR, for CYP1A1) and pregnane X receptor (PXR, for CYP3A65), in the liver of zebrafish were evaluated after 24 h of 50, 200, or 800 μg/L of crude MCs exposure by using the quantitative real-time PCR method. The results showed that MCs-exposure elevated the transcription levels of dre-miR-21 and dre-miR-27b while down-regulated the expressions of dre-miR-122 and dre-miR-148. However, CYP1A1 transcription remained unchanged while mRNA levels of AhRR1 and AhR2 were significantly higher than that of control. Furthermore, the expressions of CYP3A65 and its receptor PXR were up-regulated by MCs-exposure at higher concentrations (200, or 800 μg/L of crude MCs). Therefore we suggest that CYP3A65 and PXR may be involved in the metabolization and detoxification of MCs in zebrafish, which may be regulated by dre-miR-27b. This work might be beneficial for the discovery of new potential diagnostic biomarker and drug target for hepatosis caused by MC.
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Lu J, Wei W, Yin L, Pu Y, Liu S. Flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay of microcystin-LR by using PEI-modified magnetic beads as capturer and HRP-functionalized silica nanoparticles as signal amplifier. Analyst 2013; 138:1483-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hayama T, Katoh K, Aoki T, Itoyama M, Todoroki K, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi M, Nohta H. Liquid chromatographic determination of microcystins in water samples following pre-column excimer fluorescence derivatization with 4-(1-pyrene)butanoic acid hydrazide. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 755:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zamyadi A, MacLeod SL, Fan Y, McQuaid N, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant: a monitoring and treatment challenge. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1511-1523. [PMID: 22137293 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins has intensified in recent years in both drinking water sources and the raw water of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the breakthrough and accumulation of toxic cyanobacteria in water, scums and sludge inside a DWTP, and 2) to determine whether chlorination can be an efficient barrier to the prevention of cyanotoxin breakthrough in drinking water. In a full scale DWTP, the fate of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins was studied after the addition of coagulant and powdered activated carbon, post clarification, within the clarifier sludge bed, after filtration and final chlorination. Elevated cyanobacterial cell numbers (4.7 × 10(6)cells/mL) and total microcystins concentrations (up to 10 mg/L) accumulated in the clarifiers of the treatment plant. Breakthrough of cells and toxins in filtered water was observed. Also, a total microcystins concentration of 2.47 μg/L was measured in chlorinated drinking water. Cyanobacterial cells and toxins from environmental bloom samples were more resistant to chlorination than results obtained using laboratory cultured cells and dissolved standard toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zamyadi
- École Polytechnique de Montreal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Herranz S, Marazuela M, Moreno-Bondi M. Automated portable array biosensor for multisample microcystin analysis in freshwater samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ghanem A, Ikegami T. Recent advances in silica-based monoliths: Preparations, characterizations and applications. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1945-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Optimisation and validation of a fast HPLC method for the quantification of sulindac and its related impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Neffling MR, Spoof L, Quilliam M, Meriluoto J. LC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS for faster and accurate determination of microcystins and nodularins in serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2433-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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An SPR biosensor for the detection of microcystins in drinking water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu RN, Polzin J, Kranz M, Vaca P, Metchkarova M, Rieser MJ, El-Shourbagy TA. Strategies for Developing Sensitive and Automated LC-MS/MS Assays of a Pharmaceutical Compound and Its Metabolite from Whole Blood Matrix. Pharmaceutics 2010; 2:159-170. [PMID: 27721348 PMCID: PMC3986713 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics2020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared with biological samples in other matrices (plasma, urine, etc.) that are typically seen in bioanalytical applications, whole blood samples present unique challenges in method development, because of the viscous nature of blood and complexity of its constituents. In this article, we have developed and validated a series of quantitative bioanalytical methods for the determination of a pharmaceutical compound, Compound A, and its phosphate metabolite from whole blood matrices using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All methods employed a simple protein precipitation procedure that was automated in 96-well format. The methods were subjected to vigorous tests in precision, accuracy, matrix effect, reproducibility, and robustness. Monolithic chromatography was used to improve sample throughput in one of the methods. The results also demonstrated that proper sample preparation procedures, such as sample transfer and lysing of blood cells prior to the extraction, are key to reproducible results for pharmacokinetic parameter determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond N Xu
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Jill Polzin
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Michelle Kranz
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Phillip Vaca
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Maria Metchkarova
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Matthew J Rieser
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Tawakol A El-Shourbagy
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Spoof L, Neffling MR, Meriluoto J. Separation of microcystins and nodularins by ultra performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3822-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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