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Xia Z, He D, Wu Y, Kwok HF, Cao Z. Scorpion venom peptides: Molecular diversity, structural characteristics, and therapeutic use from channelopathies to viral infections and cancers. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106978. [PMID: 37923027 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal venom is an important evolutionary innovation in nature. As one of the most representative animal venoms, scorpion venom contains an extremely diverse set of bioactive peptides. Scorpion venom peptides not only are 'poisons' that immobilize, paralyze, kill, or dissolve preys but also become important candidates for drug development and design. Here, the review focuses on the molecular diversity of scorpion venom peptides, their typical structural characteristics, and their multiple therapeutic or pharmaceutical applications in channelopathies, viral infections and cancers. Especially, the group of scorpion toxin TRPTx targeting transient receptor potential (TRP) channels is systematically summarized and worthy of attention because TRP channels play a crucial role in the regulation of homeostasis and the occurrence of diseases in human. We also further establish the potential relationship between the molecular characteristics and functional applications of scorpion venom peptides to provide a research basis for modern drug development and clinical utilization of scorpion venom resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Dangui He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao; Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao; Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao.
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Bio-drug Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Bioactive peptides from scorpion venoms: therapeutic scaffolds and pharmacological tools. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:19-35. [PMID: 36641229 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolution and natural selection have endowed animal venoms, including scorpion venoms, with a wide range of pharmacological properties. Consequently, scorpions, their venoms, and/or their body parts have been used since time immemorial in traditional medicines, especially in Africa and Asia. With respect to their pharmacological potential, bioactive peptides from scorpion venoms have become an important source of scientific research. With the rapid increase in the characterization of various components from scorpion venoms, a large number of peptides are identified with an aim of combating a myriad of emerging global health problems. Moreover, some scorpion venom-derived peptides have been established as potential scaffolds helpful for drug development. In this review, we summarize the promising scorpion venoms-derived peptides as drug candidates. Accordingly, we highlight the data and knowledge needed for continuous characterization and development of additional natural peptides from scorpion venoms, as potential drugs that can treat related diseases.
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Zhang X, Zhao Q, Yang F, Lan Z, Li Y, Xiao M, Yu H, Li Z, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Cao Z, Yin S. Mechanisms underlying the inhibition of KV1.3 channel by scorpion toxin ImKTX58. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:150-160. [PMID: 35764383 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated KV1.3 channel has been reported to be a drug target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and specific inhibitors of Kv1.3 are potential therapeutic drugs for multiple diseases. The scorpions could produce various bioactive peptides which could inhibit KV1.3 channel. Here we identified a new scorpion toxin polypeptide gene ImKTX58 from the venom gland cDNA library of the Chinese scorpion Isometrus maculatus Sequence alignment revealed high similarities between ImKTX58 mature peptide and previously reported KV1.3 channel blockers - LmKTX10 and ImKTX88, suggesting that ImKTX58 peptide might also be a KV1.3 channel blocker. By using electrophysiological recordings, we showed that recombinant ImKTX58 prepared by genetic engineering technologies had a highly selective inhibiting effect on KV1.3 channel. Further alanine scanning mutagenesis and computer simulation identified four amino acid residues in ImKTX58 peptide as key binding sites to KV1.3 channel by forming hydrogen bonds, salt bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Among these four residues, 28th lysine of the ImKTX58 mature peptide was found to be the most critical amino acid residue for blocking KV1.3 channel. Significance Statement In this study, we discovered a scorpion toxin gene ImKTX58 which has not been reported before in Hainan Isometrus maculatus and successfully used prokaryotic expression system to express and purify the polypeptides encoded by this gene. Electrophysiological experiments on ImKTX58 showed that ImKTX58 has a selectively blocking effects on KV1.3 channel over Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.5, SK2, SK3 and BK channels. These findings provide a theoretical basis for designing highly effective KV1.3 blockers to treat autoimmune and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhen Lan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Shijin Yin
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, China
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Naseem MU, Tajti G, Gaspar A, Szanto TG, Borrego J, Panyi G. Optimization of Pichia pastoris Expression System for High-Level Production of Margatoxin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:733610. [PMID: 34658872 PMCID: PMC8511391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Margatoxin (MgTx) is a high-affinity blocker of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. It inhibits Kv1.1–Kv1.3 ion channels in picomolar concentrations. This toxin is widely used to study physiological function of Kv ion channels in various cell types, including immune cells. Isolation of native MgTx in large quantities from scorpion venom is not affordable. Chemical synthesis and recombinant production in Escherichia coli need in vitro oxidative refolding for proper disulfide bond formation, resulting in a very low yield of peptide production. The Pichia pastoris expression system offers an economical approach to overcome all these limitations and gives a higher yield of correctly refolded recombinant peptides. In this study, improved heterologous expression of recombinant MgTx (rMgTx) in P. pastoris was obtained by using preferential codons, selecting the hyper-resistant clone against Zeocin, and optimizing the culturing conditions. About 36 ± 4 mg/L of >98% pure His-tagged rMgTx (TrMgTx) was produced, which is a threefold higher yield than has been previously reported. Proteolytic digestion of TrMgTx with factor Xa generated untagged rMgTx (UrMgTx). Both TrMgTx and UrMgTx blocked the Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 currents (patch-clamp) (Kd for Kv1.2 were 64 and 14 pM, and for Kv1.3, 86 and 50 pM, respectively) with comparable potency to the native MgTx. The analysis of the binding kinetics showed that TrMgTx had a lower association rate than UrMgTx for both Kv1.2 and Kv1.3. The dissociation rate of both the analogues was the same for Kv1.3. However, in the case of Kv1.2, TrMgTx showed a much higher dissociation rate with full recovery of the block than UrMgTx. Moreover, in a biological functional assay, both peptides significantly downregulated the expression of early activation markers IL2R and CD40L in activated CD4+ TEM lymphocytes whose activation was Kv1.3 dependent. In conclusion, the authors report that the Pichia expression system is a powerful method to produce disulfide-rich peptides, the overexpression of which could be enhanced noticeably through optimization strategies, making it more cost-effective. Since the presence of the His-tag on rMgTx only mildly altered the block equilibrium and binding kinetics, recombinant toxins could be used in ion channel research without removing the tag and could thus reduce the cost and time demand for toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Naseem
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor G Szanto
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jesús Borrego
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Zhao Y, Qiu W, Liu J, Yuan X, Mao W, Yin J, Peng B, Liu W, Han S, He X. Blockade of Kv1.3 potassium channel inhibits CD8 + T cell-mediated neuroinflammation via PD-1/Blimp-1 signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:15492-15503. [PMID: 32981181 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000861rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kv1.3 potassium channel is considered as a target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), since Kv1.3 blockade suppresses memory T cell activation including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, the underlying signaling pathway related to autoimmune CD8+ T cell inhibition by Kv1.3 channel in neuroinflammatory diseases remains unclear. We found that ImK, a selective Kv1.3 blocker, reduced auto-reactive CD8+ T cell infiltration in the spinal cords of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats, an animal model of MS. ImK suppressed transcriptional factor Blimp-1 expression and reduced the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells on neuronal cells. Furthermore, ImK upregulated co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 to inhibit B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp-1) in an IL-2 independent way. In addition, PD-1 inhibitor impaired the suppression of ImK on CD8+ T cells and accelerated EAE progression. Our study demonstrated a novel regulatory mechanism of Kv1.3 blockade on modulating CD8+ T cell differentiation through PD-1/Blimp-1 signaling. This work expands the understanding of Kv1.3 channel for modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - BiWen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - WanHong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - XiaoHua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Effect of Ultrafine Powderization and Solid Dispersion Formation via Hot-Melt Extrusion on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and the Human Kv1.3 Channel Inhibitory Activities of Angelica gigas Nakai. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:7846176. [PMID: 32952541 PMCID: PMC7482008 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7846176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) was first processed by ultrafine grinding technology and hot-melt extrusion (HME). The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of AGN with a different process were compared, and the effect on the human Kv1.3 potassium channel was detected. The process of ultrafine powderization on AGN significantly increased the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protective effect. On the contrary, AGN solid dispersion (AGN-SD) based on Soluplus® showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production and the human Kv1.3 channel. In addition, AGN-SD inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 and intracellular reactive oxygen species and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6. Taken together, these results suggest that ultrafine powderization and solid dispersion formation via HME can significantly improve the biological activities of AGN. The results also suggested that ultrafine powderization and HME may be developed and applied in the pharmaceutical industry.
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7
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Li S, Sunchen S, He D, Qin C, Zuo Z, Shen B, Cao Z, Hong W, Miao L. ImKTx96, a peptide blocker of the Kv1.2 ion channel from the venom of the scorpion Isometrus maculates. Peptides 2020; 123:170172. [PMID: 31626826 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion venom contains diverse bioactive peptides that can recognize and interact with membrane proteins such as ion channels. These natural toxins are believed to be useful tools for exploring the structure and function of ion channels. In this study, we characterized a K+-channel toxin gene, ImKTx96, from the venom gland cDNA library of the scorpion Isometrus maculates. The peptide deduced from the ImKTx96 precursor nucleotide sequence contains a signal peptide of 27 amino acid residues and a mature peptide of 29 residues with three disulfide bridges. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that ImKTx96 is similar with the scorpion toxins that typically target K+-channels. The recombined ImKTx96 peptide (rImKTx96) was expressed in the Escherichia coli system, and purified by GST-affinity chromatography and RP-HPLC. Results from whole-cell patch-clamp experiments revealed that rImKTx96 can inhibit the current of the Kv1.2 ion channel expressed in HEK293 cells. The 3D structure of ImKTx96 was constructed by molecular modeling, and the complex formed by ImKTx96 interacting with the Kv1.2 ion channel was obtained by molecular docking. Based on its structural features and pharmacological functions, ImKTx96 was identified as one member of K+-channel scorpion toxin α-KTx10 group and may be useful as a molecular probe for investigating the structure and function of the Kv1.2 ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipian Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Shuwen Sunchen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Dangui He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chenhu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zheng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bingzheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research, Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Lixia Miao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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Oliveira IS, Ferreira IG, Alexandre-Silva GM, Cerni FA, Cremonez CM, Arantes EC, Zottich U, Pucca MB. Scorpion toxins targeting Kv1.3 channels: insights into immunosuppression. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e148118. [PMID: 31131004 PMCID: PMC6483409 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1481-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are natural sources of molecules that have, in addition to their
toxic function, potential therapeutic applications. In this source the
neurotoxins can be found especially those that act on potassium channels.
Potassium channels are responsible for maintaining the membrane potential in the
excitable cells, especially the voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv),
including Kv1.3 channels. These channels (Kv1.3) are expressed by various types
of tissues and cells, being part of several physiological processes. However,
the major studies of Kv1.3 are performed on T cells due its importance on
autoimmune diseases. Scorpion toxins capable of acting on potassium channels
(KTx), mainly on Kv1.3 channels, have gained a prominent role for their possible
ability to control inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Some of these toxins have
already left bench trials and are being evaluated in clinical trials, presenting
great therapeutic potential. Thus, scorpion toxins are important natural
molecules that should not be overlooked in the treatment of autoimmune and other
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora S Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela G Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe A Cerni
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Cremonez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Umberto Zottich
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
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RIP1 kinase inhibitor halts the progression of an immune-induced demyelination disease at the stage of monocyte elevation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5675-5680. [PMID: 30837313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819917116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) underlies many human diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We report here the findings of our study of the CNS demyelination process using immune-induced [experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)] and chemical-induced [cuprizone (CPZ)] mouse models of demyelination. We found that necroptosis, a receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) kinase and its substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-dependent cell death program, played no role in the demyelination process, whereas the MLKL-dependent, RIP3-independent function of MLKL in the demyelination process initially discovered in the peripheral nervous system in response to nerve injury, also functions in demyelination in the CNS in these models. Moreover, a receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase inhibitor, RIPA-56, blocked disease progression in the EAE-induced model but showed no effect in the CPZ-induced model. It does so most likely at a step of monocyte elevation downstream of T cell activation and myelin-specific antibody generation, although upstream of breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. RIP1-kinase dead knock-in mice shared a similar result as mice treated with the RIP1 inhibitor. These results indicate that RIP1 kinase inhibitor is a potential therapeutic agent for immune-mediated demyelination diseases that works by prevention of monocyte elevation, a function previously unknown for RIP1 kinase.
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Yuan XL, Zhao YP, Huang J, Liu JC, Mao WQ, Yin J, Peng BW, Liu WH, Han S, He XH. A Kv1.3 channel-specific blocker alleviates neurological impairment through inhibiting T-cell activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:967-977. [PMID: 29577640 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by mistaken attacks of inflammatory cells against the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in demyelination and axonal damage. Kv1.3 channel blockers can inhibit T-cell activation and have been designed for MS therapy. However, little is known about the effects of Kv1.3 blockers on protecting myelin sheaths/axons in MS. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotection efficacy of a selective Kv1.3 channel blocker ImKTx88 (ImK) in MS animal model. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model was established. The neuroprotective effect of ImK was assessed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the antiinflammatory effect of ImK by suppressing T-cell activation was assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA in vitro. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ImK administration ameliorated EAE clinical severity. Moreover, ImK increased oligodendrocytes survival, preserved axons, and myelin integrity and reduced the infiltration of activated T cells into the CNS. This protective effect of the peptide may be related to its suppression of autoantigen-specific T-cell activation via calcium influx inhibition. CONCLUSION ImK prevents neurological damage by suppressing T-cell activation, suggesting the applicability of this peptide in MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Chen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Qian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Shen B, Cao Z, Li W, Sabatier JM, Wu Y. Treating autoimmune disorders with venom-derived peptides. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1065-1075. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1346606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Huang J, Han S, Sun Q, Zhao Y, Liu J, Yuan X, Mao W, Peng B, Liu W, Yin J, He X. Kv1.3 channel blocker (ImKTx88) maintains blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:31. [PMID: 28596825 PMCID: PMC5463463 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent infiltration of auto-reactive T lymphocytes are major characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Kv1.3 channel blockers are demonstrated potential therapeutic effects on MS patients and EAE models, maybe via reducing activation of T cells. However, it remains to be explored whether Kv1.3 channel blockers maintain integrity of BBB in MS model. RESULTS In this study, ImKTx88, a highly selective Kv1.3 channel blocker, was used to determine the role of Kv1.3 channel in the pathogenesis of EAE, particularly in the maintenance of BBB. ImKTx88 ameliorated pathological severity in the EAE rats, and reduced extravasation into CNS. ImKTx88 also ameliorated the severity of loss or redistribution of tight junction proteins, and inhibited over-expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the brain from EAE rats. Furthermore ImKTx88 protection was associated with activation of Ang-1/Tie-2 axis, and might be due to decreased IL-17 production. CONCLUSIONS ImKTx88 may be a novel therapeutic agent for MS treatment by stabilizing the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yipeng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Junchen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaolu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Wenqian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
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Wu W, Li Z, Ma Y. Adaptive evolution of insect selective excitatory β-type sodium channel neurotoxins from scorpion venom. Peptides 2017; 92:31-37. [PMID: 28363794 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Insect selective excitatory β-type sodium channel neurotoxins from scorpion venom (β-NaScTxs) are composed of about 70-76 amino acid residues and share a common scaffold stabilized by four unique disulfide bonds. The phylogenetic analysis of these toxins was hindered by limited sequence data. In our recent study, two new insect selective excitatory β-NaScTxs, LmIT and ImIT, were isolated from Lychas mucronatus and Isometrus maculatus, respectively. With the sequences previously reported, we examined the adaptive molecular evolution of insect selective excitatory β-NaScTxs by estimating the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous rate ratio (ω=dN/dS). The results revealed 12 positively selected sites in the genes of insect selective excitatory β-NaScTxs. Moreover, these positively selected sites match well with the sites important for interacting with sodium channels, as demonstrated in previous mutagenesis study. These results reveal that adaptive evolution after gene duplication is one of the most important genetic mechanisms of scorpion neurotoxin diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Wu
- Medical School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Medical School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yibao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Housley DM, Housley GD, Liddell MJ, Jennings EA. Scorpion toxin peptide action at the ion channel subunit level. Neuropharmacology 2016; 127:46-78. [PMID: 27729239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review categorizes functionally validated actions of defined scorpion toxin (SCTX) neuropeptides across ion channel subclasses, highlighting key trends in this rapidly evolving field. Scorpion envenomation is a common event in many tropical and subtropical countries, with neuropharmacological actions, particularly autonomic nervous system modulation, causing significant mortality. The primary active agents within scorpion venoms are a diverse group of small neuropeptides that elicit specific potent actions across a wide range of ion channel classes. The identification and functional characterisation of these SCTX peptides has tremendous potential for development of novel pharmaceuticals that advance knowledge of ion channels and establish lead compounds for treatment of excitable tissue disorders. This review delineates the unique specificities of 320 individual SCTX peptides that collectively act on 41 ion channel subclasses. Thus the SCTX research field has significant translational implications for pathophysiology spanning neurotransmission, neurohumoral signalling, sensori-motor systems and excitation-contraction coupling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Venom-derived Peptides as Pharmacological Tools.'
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Housley
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science & Engineering, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Ernest A Jennings
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Queensland 4878, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, QLD, Australia
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15
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Toxins Targeting the Kv1.3 Channel: Potential Immunomodulators for Autoimmune Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1749-64. [PMID: 25996605 PMCID: PMC4448172 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are usually accompanied by tissue injury caused by autoantigen-specific T-cells. KV1.3 channels participate in modulating calcium signaling to induce T-cell proliferation, immune activation and cytokine production. Effector memory T (TEM)-cells, which play major roles in many autoimmune diseases, are controlled by blocking KV1.3 channels on the membrane. Toxins derived from animal venoms have been found to selectively target a variety of ion channels, including KV1.3. By blocking the KV1.3 channel, these toxins are able to suppress the activation and proliferation of TEM cells and may improve TEM cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes mellitus.
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Isolation and Characterization of an Anti-Insect β-Toxin from the Venom of the ScorpionIsometrus maculatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:205-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Non-Selective β-Toxin from the Venom of the ScorpionIsometrus maculatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2089-92. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Quintero-Hernández V, Jiménez-Vargas J, Gurrola G, Valdivia H, Possani L. Scorpion venom components that affect ion-channels function. Toxicon 2013; 76:328-42. [PMID: 23891887 PMCID: PMC4089097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number and types of venom components that affect ion-channel function are reviewed. These are the most important venom components responsible for human intoxication, deserving medical attention, often requiring the use of specific anti-venoms. Special emphasis is given to peptides that recognize Na(+)-, K(+)- and Ca(++)-channels of excitable cells. Knowledge generated by direct isolation of peptides from venom and components deduced from cloned genes, whose amino acid sequences are deposited into databanks are nowadays in the order of 1.5 thousands, out of an estimate biodiversity closed to 300,000. Here the diversity of components is briefly reviewed with mention to specific references. Structural characteristic are discussed with examples taken from published work. The principal mechanisms of action of the three different types of peptides are also reviewed. Na(+)-channel specific venom components usually are modifier of the open and closing kinetic mechanisms of the ion-channels, whereas peptides affecting K(+)-channels are normally pore blocking agents. The Ryanodine Ca(++)-channel specific peptides are known for causing sub-conducting stages of the channels conductance and some were shown to be able to internalize penetrating inside the muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Quintero-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J.M. Jiménez-Vargas
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - G.B. Gurrola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
- Cardiovascular Center 2139, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5644, U.S.A
| | - H.H.F. Valdivia
- Cardiovascular Center 2139, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5644, U.S.A
| | - L.D. Possani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
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Feng J, Yu C, Wang M, Li Z, Wu Y, Cao Z, Li W, He X, Han S. Expression and characterization of a novel scorpine-like peptide Ev37, from the scorpion Euscorpiops validus. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 88:127-33. [PMID: 23262394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion venom contains a group of two-domain peptides that function to block potassium channels or have cytolytic activities. These peptides, whose functions are poorly studied, are named β-KTx or scorpine-like peptides. Ev37, the first identified gene in the Euscorpiidae family, which encoded a novel scorpine-like peptide, was cloned from the venom cDNA library of scorpion Euscorpiops validus. Sequence analysis showed that the mature Ev37 peptide contained 78 amino acid residues, which formed two structural domains: a putative α-helical N-terminus and a C-terminus with the cysteine-stabilized α/β motif. The peptide rEv37 and two truncated peptides representing the individual structural domains (Ev37-N and Ev37-C) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for functional study. Unlike classic scorpine-like peptides, rEv37 and truncated peptides showed no cytolytic activity against bacteria or eukaryotic cells. Interestingly, rEv37 selectively inhibited Kv1.3 channel without effectively blocking Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 channels. Neither Ev37-N nor Ev37-C blocked Kv1.3 channel, suggesting that both the N-terminal and C-terminal domain of Ev37 are likely involved in the interaction with Kv1.3 channel. These results not only enrich our knowledge of scorpion toxins from scorpine-like subfamily but also provide a novel template with unique structure for designing new types of selective Kv1.3 blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Nie Y, Zeng XC, Luo X, Wu S, Zhang L, Cao H, Zhou J, Zhou L. Tremendous intron length differences of the BmKBT and a novel BmKBT-like peptide genes provide a mechanical basis for the rapid or constitutive expression of the peptides. Peptides 2012; 37:150-6. [PMID: 22705625 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA sequence encoding a novel BmKBT-like peptide (referred to as BmKBy) was cloned and sequenced from the scorpion Mesobuthus martensii Karsch. Functional analysis indicated that both BmKBT and BmKBy possess strong toxicity in mice, but very weak toxicity in cotton bollworm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BmKBy and BmKBT represent evolutionary intermediates between the α- and β-toxins from scorpions. The genomic sequences of BmKBT and BmKBy were also obtained. It is interesting to see that two genes, which contain an intron of 225 and 1529bp, respectively, exactly code for the BmKBT peptide. One gene, which contains an intron of 1312bp, codes for BmKBy. Given that genes with long introns favor constitutive expression, whereas those with short introns are rapidly regulated in response to stimulations, the BmKBT_a and BmKBT_b genes provide a mechanical basis for either constitutive expression or rapid generation of the toxic peptides in response to different signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Nie
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
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21
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Li Z, Liu WH, Han S, Peng BW, Yin J, Wu YL, He XH, Li WX. Selective inhibition of CCR7(-) effector memory T cell activation by a novel peptide targeting Kv1.3 channel in a rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29479-94. [PMID: 22761436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.379594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K(+) channel in effector memory T cells serves as a new therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis. In our previous studies, the novel peptide ADWX-1 was designed and synthesized as a specific Kv1.3 blocker. However, it is unclear if and how ADWX-1 alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for multiple sclerosis. In this study, the administration of ADWX-1 significantly ameliorated the rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model by selectively inhibiting CD4(+)CCR7(-) phenotype effector memory T cell activation. In contrast, the Kv1.3-specific peptide had little effect on CD4(+)CCR7(+) cells, thereby limiting side effects. Furthermore, we determined that ADWX-1 is involved in the regulation of NF-κB signaling through upstream protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) in the IL-2 pathway of CD4(+)CCR7(-) cells. The elevated expression of Kv1.3 mRNA and protein in activated CD4(+)CCR7(-) cells was reduced by ADWX-1 engagement; however, an apparent alteration in CD4(+)CCR7(+) cells was not observed. Moreover, the selective regulation of the Kv1.3 channel gene expression pattern by ADWX-1 provided a further and sustained inhibition of the CD4(+)CCR7(-) phenotype, which depends on the activity of Kv1.3 to modulate its activation signal. In addition, ADWX-1 mediated the activation of differentiated Th17 cells through the CCR7(-) phenotype. The efficacy of ADWX-1 is supported by multiple functions, which are based on a Kv1.3(high) CD4(+)CCR7(-) T cell selectivity through two different pathways, including the classic channel activity-associated IL-2 pathway and the new Kv1.3 channel gene expression pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Xie S, Feng J, Yu C, Li Z, Wu Y, Cao Z, Li W, He X, Xiang M, Han S. Identification of a new specific Kv1.3 channel blocker, Ctri9577, from the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus. Peptides 2012; 36:94-9. [PMID: 22580271 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion toxins are valuable resources for discovering new ion channel modulators and drug candidates. Potassium channel Kv1.3 is an important pharmacological target of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, which are encouraging the screening and design of the specific peptide blockers for Kv1.3 channel. Ctri9577, the first neurotoxin gene of Chaerilidae family was cloned from the venom of the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus through the constructing its cDNA library. The sequence analysis showed that the mature peptide of Ctri9577 contained 39 amino acid residues including six conserved cysteines, whose low sequence similarity indicated that it was a new member of α-KTx15 subfamily. By using expression and purification technology, the recombinant peptide was obtained. Subsequently, the electrophysiological experiments indicated that the Ctri9577 peptide selectively inhibited Kv1.3 channel current with an IC(50) of 0.49±0.45 nM without effectively blocking potassium channels Kv1.1, Kv1.2, hERG and SK3. All these findings not only enrich the knowledge of toxins from the Chaerilidae family, but also present a novel potential drug candidate targeting Kv1.3 channels for the therapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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