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Willig JB, de Couto NMG, Vianna DRB, Mariot CDS, Gnoatto SCB, Buffon A, Pilger DA. Betulinic Acid-Brosimine B Hybrid Compound Has a Synergistic Effect with Imatinib in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line, Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040586. [PMID: 37111343 PMCID: PMC10142704 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease characterized by the formation of the BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson) oncoprotein. As many patients display therapeutic resistance, the development of new drugs based on semisynthetic products represents a new potential therapeutic approach for treating the disease. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic activity, possible mechanism of action of a hybrid compound of betulinic acid (BA) and brosimine B in CML cell lines that are sensitive (K-562) and resistant (K-562R) to imatinib, in addition to evaluating lower doses of imatinib in combination with the hybrid compound. The effects of the compound, and its combination with imatinib, on apoptosis, cell cycle, autophagy and oxidative stress were determined. The compound was cytotoxic in K-562 (23.57 ± 2.87 μM) and K-562R (25.80 ± 3.21 μM) cells, and a synergistic effect was observed when it was associated with imatinib. Apoptosis was mediated by the caspase 3 and 9 intrinsic pathway, and cell cycle evaluation showed arrest at G0/G1. In addition, the hybrid compound increased the production of reactive oxygen species and induced autophagy by increasing LC3II and Beclin-1 mRNA levels. Results suggest that this hybrid compound causes the death of both imatinib-sensitive and -resistant cell lines and may hold potential as a new anticancer treatment against CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Biz Willig
- Post-Graduation of Pharmaceutical Science Program, Faculty of Farmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
- Laboratory Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Nádia Miléo Garcês de Couto
- Post-Graduation of Pharmaceutical Science Program, Faculty of Farmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Renz Barreto Vianna
- Post-Graduation of Pharmaceutical Science Program, Faculty of Farmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
- Laboratory Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silveira Mariot
- Laboratory Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Post-Graduation of Pharmaceutical Science Program, Faculty of Farmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratory Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Diogo André Pilger
- Post-Graduation of Pharmaceutical Science Program, Faculty of Farmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
- Laboratory Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
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2
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Skopek R, Palusińska M, Kaczor-Keller K, Pingwara R, Papierniak-Wyglądała A, Schenk T, Lewicki S, Zelent A, Szymański Ł. Choosing the Right Cell Line for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5377. [PMID: 36982453 PMCID: PMC10049680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines are widely used in vitro tools in oncology and hematology research. While these cell lines represent artificial systems and may accumulate genetic aberrations with each passage, they are still considered valuable models for pilot, preliminary, and screening studies. Despite their limitations, cell lines are cost-effective and provide repeatable and comparable results. Choosing the appropriate cell line for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) research is crucial for obtaining reliable and relevant results. Several factors should be considered when selecting a cell line for AML research, such as specific markers and genetic abnormalities associated with different subtypes of AML. It is also essential to evaluate the karyotype and mutational profile of the cell line, as these can influence the behavior and response to the treatment of the cells. In this review, we evaluate immortalized AML cell lines and discuss the issues surrounding them concerning the revised World Health Organization and the French-American-British classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Skopek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Palusińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczor-Keller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał Pingwara
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tino Schenk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, 26-600 Radom, Poland
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Zelent
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Effects of Triterpenes Isolated from Phoradendron wattii on Leukemia Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175616. [PMID: 36080390 PMCID: PMC9458143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antineoplastic agents present multiple disadvantages, driving an ongoing search for new and better compounds. Four lupane-type triterpenes, 3α,24-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (1), 3α,23-dihydroxy-30-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (2), 3α,23-O-isopropylidenyl-3α,23-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3), and 3α,23-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (4), previously isolated from Phoradendron wattii, were evaluated on two cell lines of chronic (K562) and acute (HL60) myeloid leukemia. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 decreased cell viability and inhibit proliferation, mainly in K562, and exhibited an apoptotic effect from 24 h of treatment. Of particular interest is compound 2, which caused arrest in active phases (G2/M) of the cell cycle, as shown by in silico study of the CDK1/Cyclin B/Csk2 complex by molecular docking. This compound [3α,23-dihydroxy-30-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid] s a promising candidate for incorporation into cancer treatments and deserves further study.
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4
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Prabhakar P, Pavankumar GS, Raghu SV, Rao S, Prasad K, George T, Baliga MS. Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1543-1560. [PMID: 35652402 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220601151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS), Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
| | - Giriyapura Srikantachar Pavankumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, India.,Sri Lakshmi Group of Institution, Magadi Main Road, Sunkadakatte, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Konaje, Karnataka India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Radiation Oncology, c Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Medical Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas George
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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5
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Lou H, Li H, Zhang S, Lu H, Chen Q. A Review on Preparation of Betulinic Acid and Its Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:5583. [PMID: 34577056 PMCID: PMC8468263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, is distributed in a variety of plants, such as birch, eucalyptus and plane trees. It shows a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-HIV and antitumor effects. Among them, the antitumor activity of betulinic acid has been extensively studied. However, obtaining betulinic acid from natural resources can no longer meet the needs of medicine and nutrition, so methods such as chemical synthesis and microbial biotransformation have also been used to prepare betulinic acid. At the same time, with the development of synthetic biology and genetic engineering, and the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid, the biosynthesis of betulinic acid has also been extensively researched. This article reviews the preparation of betulinic acid and its pharmacological activities, in order to provide a reference for the research and utilization of betulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (H.L.)
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Betulinic Acid-Doxorubicin-Drug Combination Induced Apoptotic Death via ROS Stimulation in a Relapsed AML MOLM-13 Cell Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091456. [PMID: 34573088 PMCID: PMC8471649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, cell death regulation and induction in AML cell line from a relapsed MLL-rearranged cell model (MOLM-13) was investigated with doxorubin (Dox) and betulinic acid (BetA), singly and in combination. CyQUANT Direct® and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining were used to measure the cytotoxic and cell death induction effects of the compounds, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining. Expressions of proteins and genes were examined by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. BetA (20 μM) and Dox (1 μM) indicated a synergistic growth inhibitory effect on MOLM-13 cells. The combined drug caused more cells to reside in irreversible late apoptotic stage compared to the single treatments (p < 0.05). Elevation in ROS may be the synergistic mechanism involved in MOLM-13 cell death since ROS can directly disrupt mitochondrial activity. In contrast, in leukaemic U-937 cells, the combination treatments attenuated Dox-induced cell death. Dox and the drug combination selectively reduced (p < 0.05) a recently reported anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein isoform p15-20-Bcl-2 in MOLM-13 by our group, without affecting the usually reported p26-Bcl-2-α. Further studies using known inhibitors of apoptosis are required to confirm the potential of Dox-BetA combination to modulate these pathways.
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Barreto Vianna DR, Gotardi J, Baggio Gnoatto SC, Pilger DA. Natural and Semisynthetic Pentacyclic Triterpenes for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Therapy: Reality, Challenges and Perspectives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1835-1860. [PMID: 33682360 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a neoplasm characterized by BCR-ABL1, an oncoprotein with vital role in leukemogenesis. Its inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitors represents the main choice of treatment. However, therapeutic failure is worrying given the lack of pharmacological options. Pentacyclic triterpenes are phytochemicals with outstanding antitumoral properties and have also been explored as a basis for the design of potential leads. In this review, we have gathered and discuss data regarding both natural and semisynthetic pentacyclic triterpenes applied to CML cell treatment. We found consistent evidence that the class of pentacyclic triterpenes in general exerts promising pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative activities in sensitive and resistant CML cells, and thus represents a rich source for drug development. We also analyze the predicted drug-like properties of the molecules, discuss the structural changes with biological implications and show the great opportunities this class represents, as well as the perspectives they provide on drug discovery for CML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Renz Barreto Vianna
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752 CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Gotardi
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo André Pilger
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752 CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cell-penetrating corosolic acid liposome as a functional carrier for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:301-313. [PMID: 32081779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits antitumor and synergistic therapy effect with chemotherapeutic drugs mainly through inhibiting STAT3 activation. In this study, it is found that CA possesses cholesterol-like properties in liposome by regulating membrane phase behavior to form stable cholesterol-free CA liposomes (CALP). Compared with traditional cholesterol liposomes (CHOLP), CALP exhibit stronger membrane fusion and higher cellular uptake, and other functions including inhibition of STAT3 activation and suppression of the recruitment of macrophages to tumor microenvironment. Therefore, CALP is used as a functional carrier, and doxorubicin-loaded CALP (DOX/CALP) based on PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOXILⓇ) are prepared by replacing its cholesterol with CA. The physicochemical properties and biological activities are compared with those of doxorubicin-loaded cholesterol liposomes (DOX/LP). Both DOX/CALP and DOX/LP possess approximately similar physical properties and exhibit high stability and low drug leakage as shown by the published data of DOXILⓇ. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that DOX/CALP displays higher in vitro cellular uptake and tumor spheroid permeation along with stronger cytotoxicity against tumor cells than DOX/LP. Despite DOX/CALP has the same PK parameters, normal tissue biodistribution, and safety profile as DOX/LP, the results of an in vivo study in 4T1-bearing mice indicate that the DOX/CALP treatment group exhibit higher tumor accumulation, more significant tumor growth inhibition, and longer life span than the DOX/LP group. Overall, DOX/CALP is a representative example of CA-doped liposomes, suggesting that CALP as a functional drug carrier for solving low efficacy of present liposomal drugs might have promising application potential. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: An original drug delivery nanocarrier, corosolic acid liposome (CALP), was developed in this study. It was found that CA possesses cholesterol-like function to regulate phospholipid membrane phase behavior. By replacing the cholesterol with CA, the liposomes were converted into high cellular uptake carriers, possessing anti-inflammatory activity and synergism with chemotherapeutic drugs. The variability of CALP formulations enabled to deliver therapeutic agents. The use of CALP to deliver doxorubicin not only significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy compared with the classic PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, but also maintained the improved safety. Because CALP can be obtained by conventional liposome preparation methods, its use as functional drug carriers for solving low efficacy of present liposomal drugs would have promising application potential.
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Lu T, Wei D, Yu K, Ma D, Xiong J, Fang Q, Wang J. Betulinic acid restores imatinib sensitivity in BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent, imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia by increasing HDAC3 ubiquitination and degradation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1467:77-93. [PMID: 31930541 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although imatinib (IM) has been demonstrated to be an efficient treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), some patients still experience IM resistance and disease relapse. Through in vitro studies, we observed that HDAC3 levels were elevated in BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent, IM-resistant primary cells from CML patients and in IM-resistant K562 (K562R) cells and that downregulation of HDAC3 could enhance IM efficacy in K562R cells. Furthermore, betulinic acid (BA), a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin isolated from birch trees, restored IM sensitivity in the BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent, IM-resistant primary cells and in K562R cells, as well as in primary CD34+ bone marrow cells from CML patients. We found that BA restored IM sensitivity through inhibition of HDAC3 accumulation in cells, and that this was mediated by BA-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of HDAC3. BA at low dosage significantly increased IM antitumor effects on murine xenografts bearing K562R cells and inhibited HDAC3 expression in tumor tissue. Our findings demonstrated that HDAC3 is an essential factor in BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent IM resistance, and that BA in combination with IM may be a novel treatment strategy for overcoming IM resistance in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Danna Wei
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guizhou, China
| | - Kunlin Yu
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guizhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guizhou, China
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Lee D, Lee SR, Kang KS, Ko Y, Pang C, Yamabe N, Kim KH. Betulinic Acid Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation through Induction of Apoptosis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E257. [PMID: 31277238 PMCID: PMC6681197 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide in women, and the most malignant cancer among the different gynecological cancers. In this study, we explored potentially anticancer compounds from Cornus walteri (Cornaceae), the MeOH extract of which has been reported to show considerable cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. Phytochemical investigations of the MeOH extract of the stem and stem bark of C. walteri by extensive application of chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds (1-14). The isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effects on the viability of A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. An 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to assess the anticancer effects of compounds 1-14 on A2780 cells, which showed that compound 11 (betulinic acid) reduced the viability of these cells in a concentration-dependent manner and had an half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 44.47 μM at 24 h. Nuclear staining and image-based cytometric assay were carried out to detect the induction of apoptosis by betulinic acid. Betulinic acid significantly increased the condensation of nuclei and the percentage of apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner in A2780 cells. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of apoptosis. The results indicated that the expression levels of cleaved caspase-8, -3, -9, and Bax were increased in A2780 cells treated with betulinic acid, whereas those of Bcl-2 were decreased. Thus, we provide the experimental evidence that betulinic acid can induce apoptosis in A2780 cells through both mitochondria-dependent and -independent pathways and suggest the potential use of betulinic acid in the development of novel chemotherapeutics for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Yuri Ko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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11
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Kolomitsyn IV, Holy J, Perkins E, Krasutsky PA. Analysis and Antiproliferative Activity of Bark Extractives of Betula Neoalaskana and B. Papyrifera. Synthesis of the Most Active Extractive Component - Betulin 3-Caffeate. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical content of outer birch bark extractive from the North American birches Betula papyrifera Marshall (paper birch) and B. neoalaskana Sargent (Alaskan paper birch) has been evaluated by GC/MS, HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. The comparative antiproliferative activity of the extractive and major triterpenoid components was studied using a number of human and murine malignant (P19, N2/D1, K1735-M2, PC-3 and CaOV3) and normal (BJ) cell lines. Betulin 3-caffeate was found to exhibit the highest antiproliferative activity among all triterpenoid components, including betulinic acid. Synthesis of betulin 3-caffeate from betulin has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Kolomitsyn
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA
| | - Jon Holy
- Department of Anatomy, Microbiology and Pathology University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, 1035 University Avenue, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, 1035 University Avenue, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pavel A. Krasutsky
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA
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Saeed MEM, Mahmoud N, Sugimoto Y, Efferth T, Abdel-Aziz H. Betulinic Acid Exerts Cytotoxic Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells via Targeting Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor (AMFR). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:481. [PMID: 29867487 PMCID: PMC5962668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BetA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the outer bark of white-barked birch trees and many other medicinal plants. Here, we studied betulinic acid's cytotoxic activity against drug-resistant tumor cell lines. P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) and BCRP (ABCG2) are known ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters that mediating MDR. ABCB5 is a close relative to ABCB1, which also mediates MDR. Constitutive activation of the EGF receptor is tightly linked to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance. BetA inhibited P-gp, BCRP, ABCB5 and mutation activated EGFR overexpressing cells with similar efficacy as their drug-sensitive parental counterparts. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of ABCB1, BCRP, ABCB5 and EGFR were not related to the 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) for BetA in a panel of 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA. In addition to well-established MDR mechanisms, we attempted to identify other molecular mechanisms that play a role in mediating BetA's cytotoxic activity. For this reason, we performed COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of the transcriptome-wide microarray-based mRNA expression of the NCI cell lines panel. Various genes significantly correlating to BetA's activity were involved in different biological processes, e.g., cell cycle regulation, microtubule formation, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, cell adhesion, tumor suppression, ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Immunoblotting and in silico analyses revealed that the inhibition of AMFR activity might be one of the mechanisms for BetA to overcome MDR phenotypes. In conclusion, BetA may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Medical and Clinical Affairs Phytomedicines, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kumar P, Singh AK, Raj V, Rai A, Keshari AK, Kumar D, Maity B, Prakash A, Maiti S, Saha S. Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-loaded nanoparticles of betulinic acid for improved treatment of hepatic cancer: characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:975-990. [PMID: 29497292 PMCID: PMC5818879 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The application of betulinic acid (B), a potent antineoplastic agent, is limited due to poor bioavailability, short plasma half-life and inappropriate tissue distribution. Thus, we aimed to prepare novel 50:50 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-loaded B nanoparticles (BNP) and to compare its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity with parent B. METHODS BNP were synthesized and characterized using different methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and particle size analyses. Particle size of BNP was optimized through the application of the stabilizer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The anti-HCC response was evaluated through in vitro cell line study using Hep-G2 cells, confocal microscopy, in vivo oral pharmacokinetics and animal studies. Further, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to observe the changes in the expression of specific genes. RESULTS Particle size of BNP was optimized through the application of the stabilizer, polyvinyl alcohol. Physicochemical characterization exhibited particle size of 257.1 nm with zeta potential -0.170 mV (optimized batch B, BNP). SEM and FTIR analyses of BNP showed that cylindrical particles of B converted to spherical particles in BNP and there were no interaction between B and used polymers. The release study of optimized BNP was highest (≥80%) than any other formulation. Later, in vitro cell culture analysis using Hep-G2 cells and confocal microscopy studies revealed that BNP had the highest inhibition and penetration properties than parent B. Oral pharmacokinetics studies using albino Wistar rats at single 100 mg dose again exhibited BNP had the higher 50% of plasma concentration (t1/2), a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and took longer to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) than parent B. Next, our in vivo study using nitrosodiethyl amine (NDEA)-induced HCC model documented BNP decreased in number of nodules, restored body weight, oxidative stress parameters, liver marker enzymes and histological architecture than parent B. Lastly, qRT-PCR studies further demonstrated that anti-HCC properties of BNP may be due to over expression of antiapoptotic caspases i.e., caspase 3 and 8. CONCLUSION The prepared BNP showed a better therapeutic response against HCC and could be attributed as future candidate molecule for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinit Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit K Keshari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Synthesis, characterization and augmented anticancer potential of PEG-betulinic acid conjugate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 73:616-626. [PMID: 28183653 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic lupine-type triterpene, is reported to inhibit cell growth in a variety of cancers. However, its efficacy is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and relatively short half-life. In this study, BA-monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) conjugate was synthesized by covalent coupling the C-28 carboxylic acid position of BA with amine groups of mPEG, in order to improve its solubility and anticancer efficacy. mPEG-BA conjugate was characterized using various analytical techniques including NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-MS. The mPEG-BA conjugate was cytotoxic, demonstrated internalization and induced cell apoptosis in Hep3B and Huh7 hepatic cancer cells. The western-blot analysis revealed, marked decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and increase in cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase-3 expressions. In vivo studies in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) model following intravenous administration demonstrated significant reduction in tumor volume in case of PEGylated BA as compare to native BA. Furthermore, PEGylated BA treated EAT mice showed no biochemical and histological toxicities. These findings demonstrate the potential of PEGylated BA in cancer therapy, with improved water solubility and efficacy.
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15
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Kumar D, Dubey KK. Chapter 8 Betulin Biotransformation toward Its Antitumor Activities. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Martins WK, Gomide AB, Costa ÉT, Junqueira HC, Stolf BS, Itri R, Baptista MS. Membrane damage by betulinic acid provides insights into cellular aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3129-3143. [PMID: 27773704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell senescence is a process of central importance to the understanding of aging as well as to the development of new drugs. It is related with genomic instability, which has been shown to occur in the presence of autophagy deficiency. Yet, the mechanism that triggers genomic instability and senescence from a condition of autophagy deficiency remains unknown. By analyzing the consequences of treating human keratinocytes (HaCaT) with the pentacyclic triterpenoid Betulinic Acid (BA) we were able to propose that cell senescence can develop as a response to parallel damage in the membranes of mitochondria and lysosome. METHODS We performed biochemical, immunocytochemical and cytometric assays after challenging HaCaT cells with BA. We also evaluated membrane leakage induced by BA in liposomes and giant unilamellar vesicles. RESULTS By destabilizing lipid bilayers of mitochondria and lysosomes, BA triggers the misbalance in the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis leading to perceived autophagy impairment, lipofuscinogenesis, genomic instability and cell senescence. The progressive accumulation of mitochondria and lipofuscin, which comes from imperfect mitophagy triggered by BA, provides a continuous source of reactive species further damaging lysosomes and leading to cell aging. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals that the initial trigger of cell senescence can be the physical damage in the membranes of lysosomes and mitochondria. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This concept will help in the search of new drugs that act as senescence-inductors. BA is under evaluation as chemotherapeutic agent against several types of tumors and induction of cell senescence should be considered as one of its main mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska K Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de Santo Amaro, Brazil
| | - Andreza B Gomide
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário Padre Anchieta, Brazil
| | - Érico T Costa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) at Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz S Stolf
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Ali-Seyed M, Jantan I, Vijayaraghavan K, Bukhari SNA. Betulinic Acid: Recent Advances in Chemical Modifications, Effective Delivery, and Molecular Mechanisms of a Promising Anticancer Therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:517-36. [PMID: 26535952 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important method of drug discovery is examination of diverse life forms, including medicinal plants and natural products or bioactive compounds isolated from these sources. In cancer research, lead structures of compounds from natural sources can be used to design novel chemotherapies with enhanced biological properties. Betulinic acid (3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid or BetA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene with a wide variety of biological activities, including potent antitumor properties. Non-malignant cells and normal tissues are not affected by BetA. Because BetA exerts its effects directly on the mitochondrion and triggers death of cancerous cells, it is an important alternative when certain chemotherapy drugs fail. Mitochondrion-targeted agents such as BetA hold great promise to circumvent drug resistance in human cancers. BetA is being developed by a large network of clinical trial groups with the support of the U.S. National Cancer Institute. This article discusses recent advances in research into anticancer activity of BetA, relevant modes of delivery, and the agent's therapeutic efficacy, mechanism of action, and future perspective as a pipeline anticancer drug. BetA is a potentially important agent in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali-Seyed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia.,School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Vandalur, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
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Dash SK, Chattopadhyay S, Dash SS, Tripathy S, Das B, Mahapatra SK, Bag BG, Karmakar P, Roy S. Self assembled nano fibers of betulinic acid: A selective inducer for ROS/TNF-alpha pathway mediated leukemic cell death. Bioorg Chem 2015; 63:85-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Parallel damage in mitochondrial and lysosomal compartments promotes efficient cell death with autophagy: The case of the pentacyclic triterpenoids. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26213355 PMCID: PMC4515638 DOI: 10.1038/srep12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in cell death is still controversial and a lot of debate has concerned the transition from its pro-survival to its pro-death roles. The similar structure of the triterpenoids Betulinic (BA) and Oleanolic (OA) acids allowed us to prove that this transition involves parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosome. After treating immortalized human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) with either BA or OA, we evaluated cell viability, proliferation and mechanism of cell death, function and morphology of mitochondria and lysosomes, and the status of the autophagy flux. We also quantified the interactions of BA and OA with membrane mimics, both in-vitro and in-silico. Essentially, OA caused mitochondrial damage that relied on autophagy to rescue cellular homeostasis, which failed upon lysosomal inhibition by Chloroquine or Bafilomycin-A1. BA caused parallel damage on mitochondria and lysosome, turning autophagy into a destructive process. The higher cytotoxicity of BA correlated with its stronger efficiency in damaging membrane mimics. Based on these findings, we underlined the concept that autophagy will turn into a destructive outcome when there is parallel damage in mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes. We trust that this concept will help the development of new drugs against aggressive cancers.
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Dash SK, Dash SS, Chattopadhyay S, Ghosh T, Tripathy S, Mahapatra SK, Bag BG, Das D, Roy S. Folate decorated delivery of self assembled betulinic acid nano fibers: a biocompatible anti-leukemic therapy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to develop folate receptor mediated delivery of self assembled betulinic acid nano fibers to leukemic cells and to investigate their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore-721 102
- India
| | - Shib Shankar Dash
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore 721 102
- India
| | - Sourav Chattopadhyay
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore-721 102
- India
| | - Totan Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700 009
- India
| | - Satyajit Tripathy
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore-721 102
- India
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Immunology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
| | - Braja Gopal Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore 721 102
- India
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700 009
- India
| | - Somenath Roy
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health
- Vidyasagar University
- Midnapore-721 102
- India
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Flasiński M, Hąc-Wydro K, Broniatowski M. Incorporation of pentacyclic triterpenes into mitochondrial membrane--studies on the interactions in model 2D lipid systems. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12927-37. [PMID: 25358079 DOI: 10.1021/jp508743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Three representatives of naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) were subjected to comprehensive studies aimed at the analysis of their interactions with phospholipids found naturally in mitochondrial membrane. To reach this goal, the selected compounds--α-amyrin (AMalf), betulinic acid (BAc), and ursolic acid (Urs)--were incorporated into two-component and multicomponent Langmuir monolayers acting as a model of mitochondrial membrane. As the lipids characteristic for mitochondria, phosphatidylcholine (POPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), and cardiolipin (BHCL) were chosen. Our studies were motivated by the fact that, according to the literature, the anticancer activity of PTs is correlated with their ability to incorporate into mitochondrial membrane and modify its properties. The undertaken studies were based on the surface pressure (π)-molecular area (A) isotherm registration complemented with the thermodynamic analysis and BAM visualization. It was found that all three terpenes with the exception of high betulinic acid proportion (30 and 50%) interact beneficially with POPC in two-component monolayers, while incorporation of BAc and Urs into POPE film is energetically unfavorable. As far as the model mitochondrial membrane composed of POPC/POPE/BHCL is concerned, the largest destructive influence (high positive values of ΔG(Exc) and decrease of the model monolayer condensation) was found in the case of terpene acids, while the effect of α-amyrin was energetically favorable. We postulated that the origin of the observed findings is connected with the specific interactions between bolaamphlilic terpene acids and POPE, known from its propensity to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Flasiński
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Broniatowski M, Flasiński M, Zięba K, Miśkowiec P. Interactions of pentacyclic triterpene acids with cardiolipins and related phosphatidylglycerols in model systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2530-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kim HI, Quan FS, Kim JE, Lee NR, Kim HJ, Jo SJ, Lee CM, Jang DS, Inn KS. Inhibition of estrogen signaling through depletion of estrogen receptor alpha by ursolic acid and betulinic acid from Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:282-7. [PMID: 25088993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Prunella vulgaris have been shown to exert antiestrogenic effects. To identify the compounds responsible for these actions, we isolated the constituents of P. vulgaris and tested their individual antiestrogenic effects. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid, hyperoside, rutin and betulinic acid (BA) were isolated from the flower stalks of P. vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai (Labiatae). Among these constituents, UA and BA showed significant antiestrogenic effects, measured as a decrease in the mRNA level of GREB1, an estrogen-responsive protein; the effects of BA were stronger than those of UA. UA and BA were capable of suppressing estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent luciferase activity and expression of estrogen-responsive genes in response to exposure to estradiol, further supporting the suppressive role of these compounds in estrogen-induced signaling. However, neither UA nor BA was capable of suppressing estrogen signaling in cells ectopically overexpressing estrogen receptor α (ERα). Furthermore, both mRNA and protein levels of ERα were reduced by treatment with UA or BA, suggesting that UA and BA inhibit estrogen signaling by suppressing the expression of ERα. Interestingly, both compounds enhanced prostate-specific antigen promoter activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that UA and BA are responsible for the antiestrogenic effects of P. vulgaris and suggest their potential use as therapeutic agents against estrogen-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ji Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyung-Heedaero, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Tiwari R, Puthli A, Balakrishnan S, Sapra BK, Mishra KP. Betulinic acid-induced cytotoxicity in human breast tumor cell lines MCF-7 and T47D and its modification by tocopherol. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:402-8. [PMID: 25019212 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.933234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) has been shown to cause apoptosis in neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of BA in two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D differing in their p53 status. Treatment with BA resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. This indicates p53-independent apoptotic pathway, because response of both p53 mutant and wild type cell line were found unaffected after treatment with pifithrin-α, an inhibitor of p53. Cells were significantly protected when treated by tocopherol suggesting involvement of membrane centered lipid peroxidation-mediated mechanism in BA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Tiwari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai , Mumbai , India , 1
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Mitochondrial toxin betulinic acid induces in vitro eryptosis in human red blood cells through membrane permeabilization. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:755-68. [PMID: 24241250 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a compound isolated from the bark of white birch (Betula pubescens), was reported to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer through mitochondrial dysfunction with low side effects in normal cells. Because of these features, BA is regarded as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, the effect of BA on the induction of cell death in human erythrocytes remains unknown. Given that BA is a mitochondrial toxin and mitochondria are the central cell death regulator, we hypothesized that BA is unable to elicit apoptosis (also known as eryptosis or erythroptosis) in human erythrocytes devoid of mitochondria. This study therefore tried to determine the in vitro effect of BA on the induction of eryptosis/erythroptosis. Contrary to our prediction, BA caused phosphatidylserine externalization, increase in cellular Ca(2+) ion concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and eryptosis/erythroptosis in human erythrocytes with a lethal dose larger than that in cancer lines. Mechanistically, the rise of [Ca(2+)]i seems not to be the only key mediator in the BA-mediated eryptosis/erythroptosis because depletion of external Ca(2+) and use of Ca(2+) channels blockers could not eliminate the BA's effect. Also, BA was able to elicit discocyte-echinocyte transformation and release calcein from the RBC ghosts in a way similar to digitonin through membrane permeabilization. Collectively, we report here for the first time that BA induced eryptosis/erythroptosis in human erythrocytes through Ca(2+) loading and membrane permeabilization.
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Li Y, Shao J, Shen K, Xu Y, Liu J, Qian X. E2F1-dependent pathways are involved in amonafide analogue 7-d-induced DNA damage, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis in p53-deficient K562 cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3165-77. [PMID: 22593008 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The E2F1 gene well known is its pivotal role in regulating the entry from G1 to S phase, while the salvage antitumoral pathway which implicates it, especially in the absence of p53, is not fully characterized. We therefore attempted to identify the up- and down-stream events involved in the activation of the E2F1-dependent pro-apoptotic pathway. For this purpose, a amonafide analogue, 7-d (2-(3-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethylamino)propyl)-6-(dodecylamino)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione) was screened, which exhibited high antitumor activity against p53-deficient human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) K562 cells. Analysis of flow cytometry and western blots of K562 cells treated with 7-d revealed an appreciable G2/M cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose and time-dependent manner via p53-independent pathway. A striking increase in "Comet tail" formation and γ-H2AX expression showed that DNA double strand breaks (DSB) were caused by 7-d treatment. ATM/ATR signaling was reported to connect E2F1 induction with apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Indeed, 7-d-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis were antagonized by ATM/ATR signaling inhibitor, Caffeine, which suggested that ATM/ATR signaling was activated by 7-d treatment. Furthermore, the increased expression of E2F1, p73, and Apaf-1 and p73 dissociation from HDM2 was induced by 7-d treatment, however, knockout of E2F1 expression reversed p73, Apaf-1, and p21(Cip1/WAF1) expression, reactivated cell cycle progression, and inhibited 7-d-induced apoptosis. Altogether our results for the first time indicate that 7-d mediates its growth inhibitory effects on CML p53-deficient cells via the activation of an E2F1-dependent mitochondrial and cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathway which subsequently targets p73, Apaf-1, and p21(Cip1/WAF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Broniatowski M, Flasiński M, Wydro P. Investigation of the interactions of lupane type pentacyclic triterpenes with outer leaflet membrane phospholipids--Langmuir monolayer and synchrotron X-ray scattering study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 381:116-24. [PMID: 22682981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lupane type pentacyclic triterpenes (LTs) are pharmacologically active natural products isolated from different plants. They have broad spectrum of therapeutic action ranging from anticancer via anti-HIV, antibiotic to anti-inflammatory and anti-protozoal activity. Many scientific papers underline that the key stage in the LT mechanism of action is their incorporation into cellular membrane and the interaction with the structural lipids. In our research we apply Langmuir monolayers as a versatile platform for the investigation of these phenomena, since till now important aspects concerning this issue are incomprehensible. We focus our attention on the interactions of lupeol and betulinic acid with choline-headgroup structural lipids: a representative of saturated glycerophosphatidylcholines (DPPCs), and octadecyl-sphingomyelin--a representative of membrane sphingolipids. Application of complementary physicochemical techniques such as the Langmuir technique, Brewster angle microscopy, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction supported by thermodynamic analysis enabled us to investigate the intermolecular interactions in such binary model systems. Our results corroborate that LT is miscible with the outer leaflet membrane phospholipids, both DPPC and SM in the whole range of mole ratios. Moreover, the introduction of LT into the phospholipid film, even in small proportion, leads to the loss of periodical ordering of the phospholipid molecules and the disappearance of the diffraction signal as observed by GIXD. Our results also proved that LT does not form any surface complexes of fixed stoichiometry resembling the well characterized lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Broniatowski
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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Broniatowski M, Flasiński M, Wydro P. Lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenes in Langmuir monolayers: a synchrotron radiation scattering study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5201-5210. [PMID: 22360277 DOI: 10.1021/la300024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenes (lupeol, betulin, and betulinic acid) are natural products isolated from various plant sources. The terpenes exhibit a vast spectrum of biological activity and are applied in therapies for different diseases, among which the anticancer, anti-HIV, antihypercholesteremic, and antiinflammatory are the most promising. These chemicals possess amphiphilic structure and were proved to interact strongly with biomembranes, which can be the key stage in their mechanism of action. In our studies, we applied Langmuir monolayers as versatile models of biomembranes. It turned out that the three investigated terpenes are capable of stable monolayer formation; however, these monolayers differ profoundly regarding their physicochemical characteristics. In our research, we applied the Langmuir technique (surface pressure-mean molecular area (π-A) isotherm registration) coupled with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), but the main focus was on the synchrotron radiation scattering method, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), which provides information on the amphiphilic molecule ordering in the angström scale. It was proved that all the investigated terpenes form crystalline phases in their monolayers. In the case of lupeol, only the closely packed upright phase was observed, whereas for betulin and betulinic acid, the phase situation was more complex. Betulinic acid molecules can be organized in an upright phase, which is crystalline, and in a tilted phase, which is amorphous. The betulin film is a conglomerate of an upright crystalline monolayer phase, tilted amorphous monolayer phase, and a crystalline tilted bilayer. In our paper, we discuss the factors leading to the formation of the observed phases and the implications of our results to the therapeutic applications of the native lupane-type triterpenes.
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Challa S, Zhao H, Gumbs A, Chetty CS, Bose HS. New ionic derivatives of betulinic acid as highly potent anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1734-8. [PMID: 22264477 PMCID: PMC3274637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid is a natural compound with high in vitro cytotoxicity toward many cancer cells. However, the poor water solubility of this compound hampers an effective in vivo cancer study. We prepared new ionic derivatives of betulinic acid with higher water solubilities, without losing the structural integrity and functionality of this compound. As a result, these new ionic derivatives have shown much higher inhibitory effects against different cancer cell lines such as melanoma A375, neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7. For A375 cell lines, the derivative 5 exhibited a low IC(50) value of 36 μM (vs 154 μM for betulinic acid); for MCF7 cell lines, the derivative 5 also exhibited a low IC(50) value of 25 μM (vs 112 μM for betulinic acid). The high cytotoxicity of these new derivatives can be linked to their greatly improved water solubility. Our assay method used little DMSO in aiding the dissolution of these derivatives to demonstrate the advantage of improved water solubility and to mimic the in vivo study conditions. The cell viability studies based on both MTT and LDH assay methods have confirmed the high inhibitory effect of our ionic derivatives of betulinic acid (particularly 4 and 5) against different cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Challa
- Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, AP, India
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Angelique Gumbs
- Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Chellu S. Chetty
- Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Himangshu S. Bose
- Mercer University School of Medicine and Memorial University Medical Center, Anderson Cancer Research Institute, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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New betulinic acid derivatives induce potent and selective antiproliferative activity through cell cycle arrest at the S phase and caspase dependent apoptosis in human cancer cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:1065-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chen Y, Sun R, Wang B. Monolayer behavior of binary systems of betulinic acid and cardiolipin: thermodynamic analyses of Langmuir monolayers and AFM study of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 353:294-300. [PMID: 20888569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA, a natural pentacyclic triterpene) can induce mitochondrial membrane damage and trigger the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in tumor cells. The monolayer behavior of binary systems of BA and cardiolipin (CL, a unique phospholipid found only in mitochondria membrane in animals) was studied by surface pressure-area (π-A) measurements and analyses and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation. The miscibility analysis presents that in mixed monolayers BA takes both tilted and nearly perpendicular orientations at surface pressure below 30 mN/m but only nearly perpendicular orientation at 30 mN/m. The thermodynamic stability analysis indicates that phase separation and repulsion occur in mixed BA/CL monolayers. The compressibility analysis shows that at 30 mN/m, 20% addition of BA does markedly translate the liquid-condensed CL monolayer to mixed BA/CL monolayer with the coexistence of liquid-condensed and liquid-expanded phases. The AFM images of supported monolayers give direct evidence of the conclusions obtained from the analyses of π-A isotherms. These results confirm that at high surface pressure near to real biologic situations, BA orients nearly perpendicularly with hydroxyl group toward water, causes phase separation and changes the permeability of CL film, which correlates with the mitochondrial membrane damage induced by BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- College of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang-an Street No. 199, Xi'an 710062, China
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Antitumor effect of betulinic acid on human acute leukemia K562 cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:453-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumar D, Mallick S, Vedasiromoni JR, Pal BC. Anti-leukemic activity of Dillenia indica L. fruit extract and quantification of betulinic acid by HPLC. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:431-435. [PMID: 19679456 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extract of Dillenia indica L. fruits showed significant anti-leukemic activity in human leukemic cell lines U937, HL60 and K562. This finding led to fractionation of the methanolic extract, on the basis of polarity, in which the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest anti-leukemic activity. A major compound, betulinic acid, was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by silica gel column chromatography and was identified and characterized. Betulinic acid could explain the anti-leukemic activity of the methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction. Hence the quantitative estimation of betulinic acid was approached in methanolic extract and fractions using HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Abstract
New therapies using novel mechanisms to induce tumor cell death are needed with plants playing a crucial role as a source for potential anticancer compounds. One highly promising class of natural compounds are the triterpenoids with betulinic acid (BetA) as the most prominent representative. In-vitro studies have identified this agent as potently effective against a wide variety of cancer cells, also those derived from therapy-resistant and refractory tumors, whereas it has been found to be relatively nontoxic for healthy cells. In-vivo preclinically applied BetA showed some remarkable anticancer effects and a complete absence of systemic toxicity in rodents. BetA also cooperated with other therapies to induce tumor cell death and several potent derivatives have been discovered. Its antitumor activity has been related to its direct effects on mitochondria where it induces Bax/Bak-independent cytochrome-c release.
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Abstract
Triterpenoids are structurally diverse organic compounds, characterized by a basic backbone modified in multiple ways, allowing the formation of more than 20 000 naturally occurring triterpenoid varieties. Several triterpenoids, including ursolic and oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, celastrol, pristimerin, lupeol, and avicins possess antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. To improve antitumor activity, some synthetic triterpenoid derivatives have been synthesized, including cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9 (11)-dien-28-oic (CDDO), its methyl ester (CDDO-Me), and imidazolide (CDDO-Im) derivatives. Of these, CDDO, CDDO-Me, and betulinic acid have shown promising antitumor activities and are presently under evaluation in phase I studies. Triterpenoids are highly multifunctional and the antitumor activity of these compounds is measured by their ability to block nuclear factor-kappaB activation, induce apoptosis, inhibit signal transducer, and activate transcription and angiogenesis.
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Reyes-Zurita FJ, Rufino-Palomares EE, Lupiáñez JA, Cascante M. Maslinic acid, a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L., induces apoptosis in HT29 human colon-cancer cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Lett 2009; 273:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Uapaca genus (Euphorbiaceae), a good source of betulinic acid. Fitoterapia 2008; 80:32-4. [PMID: 18926889 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid, isolated in substantial amounts from stem barks of five distinct species of Uapaca could be considered as an important chemotaxomic marker of the Uapaca genus. It inhibited Trypanosoma brucei GAPDH with an IC(50) value of 240 microM and has been shown to be a competitive reversible inhibitor (Ki=200+/-10 microM) of this enzyme with respect to its cofactor NAD(+).
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Simultaneous determination of jujuboside A, B and betulinic acid in semen Ziziphi spinosae by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1467-70. [PMID: 18977107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for simultaneous determination of jujuboside A, B and betulinic acid in semen Ziziphi spinosae. The analysis was performed by gradient elution, using an aqueous mobile phase (containing 0.1% acetic acid) modified by acetonitrile. The evaporator tube temperature of ELSD was set at 45 degrees C, and with the nebulizing gas flow-rate of 1.8l/min. The method was validated for accuracy, reproducibility, precision and limits of detection and quantification. Quantification of the three active compounds in semen Ziziphi spinosae from different locations was performed by this method, which provides a new tool for quality assessment of semen Ziziphi spinosae.
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He L, Wang YS, Wang QJ. In vitroantitumor activity of triterpenes fromCeriops tagal. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21:1228-33. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701369516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kessler JH, Mullauer FB, de Roo GM, Medema JP. Broad in vitro efficacy of plant-derived betulinic acid against cell lines derived from the most prevalent human cancer types. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:132-45. [PMID: 17169485 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a widely available plant-derived triterpene with reported activity against cancer cells of neuroectodermal origin and leukaemias. Treatment with BA was shown to protect mice against transplanted human melanoma and led to tumor regression. In contrast, cells from healthy tissues were resistant to BA and toxic side-effects in animals were absent. These findings have raised interest in the chemotherapeutical anti-cancer potential of BA. A comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of BA against the clinically most important cancer types is currently lacking. Therefore, we tested the in vitro sensitivity of broad cell line panels derived from lung, colorectal, breast, prostate and cervical cancer, which are the prevalent cancer types characterized with highest mortalities in woman and men. Multiple assays were used in order to allow a reliable assessment of anti-cancer efficacy of BA. After 48 h of treatment with BA, cell viability as assessed with MTT and cell death as measured with propidium iodide exclusion showed clear differences in sensitivity between cell lines. However, in all cell lines tested colony formation was completely halted at remarkably equal BA concentrations that are likely attainable in vivo. Our results substantiate the possible application of BA as a chemotherapeutic agent for the most prevalent human cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This review will detail progress made in the previous decade on the chemistry and bioactivity of birch bark extractive products. Current and future applications of birch bark natural products in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of cancer, HIV,and other human pathogens are reviewed. Current developments in the technology of birch bark processing are discussed. New approaches for the synthesis of potentially valuable birch bark triterpenoid derivatives are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Krasutsky
- University of Minnesota-Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, Minnesota 55811-1442, USA.
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Rzeski W, Stepulak A, Szymański M, Sifringer M, Kaczor J, Wejksza K, Zdzisińska B, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Betulinic acid decreases expression of bcl-2 and cyclin D1, inhibits proliferation, migration and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 374:11-20. [PMID: 16964520 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in many plant species, among others in the bark of white birch Betula alba. BA was reported to display a wide range of biological effects, including antiviral, antiparasitic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, and in particular to inhibit growth of cancer cells. The aim of the study was further in vitro characterization of BA anticancer activity. In this study, we demonstrated a remarkable antiproliferative effect of BA in all tested tumor cell cultures including neuroblastoma, rabdomyosarcoma-medulloblastoma, glioma, thyroid, breast, lung and colon carcinoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, as well as in primary cultures isolated from ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Furthermore, we have shown that BA decreased cancer cell motility and induced apoptotic cell death. We also observed decrease of bcl2 and cyclin D1 genes expression, and increase of bax gene expression after betulinic acid treatment. These findings demonstrate the anticancer potential of betulinic acid and suggest that it may be taken into account as a supportive agent in the treatment of cancers with different tissue origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Dzubak P, Hajduch M, Vydra D, Hustova A, Kvasnica M, Biedermann D, Markova L, Urban M, Sarek J. Pharmacological activities of natural triterpenoids and their therapeutic implications. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:394-411. [PMID: 16741586 DOI: 10.1039/b515312n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dzubak
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University and Faculty Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Karpova MB, Sanmun D, Henter JI, Smirnov AF, Fadeel B. Betulinic acid, a natural cytotoxic agent, fails to trigger apoptosis in human Burkitt's lymphoma-derived B-cell lines. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:246-52. [PMID: 16003746 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene of natural origin, effectively induces apoptosis in neuroectodermal tumors and was recently shown to be a potent trigger of cell death in human leukemia-derived cell lines. To explore the potential of BA in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, we tested a panel of 10 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL)-derived B-cell lines for sensitivity to BA. The human Jurkat T leukemia cell line was included as a positive control. Our studies show that BA exerts cytotoxic effects in some of the BL cell lines tested, including DG75, a chemoresistant BL cell line. However, cell death was caspase-independent, as evidenced by a lack of protection by zVAD-fmk, a pancaspase inhibitor, and displayed signs of necrosis. Furthermore, BA-induced caspase activation was seen to a minor extent in only 1 of the 10 BL cell lines tested (Ramos, a p53-deficient cell line), but was readily detected in Jurkat cells. Together, these studies indicate that resistance to BA-induced apoptosis is a common feature of BL-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Karpova
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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