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Kim YR, Kim GC, Nam SH. Evaluation of the Antifungal Effect of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract for Oral Application Potential. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1642. [PMID: 37763761 PMCID: PMC10536533 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study confirms the possibility of using Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) extract as a natural treatment for oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: RVS was extracted with 70% ethanol to examine the antioxidant activity through polyphenol, flavonoid content, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). To evaluate the antifungal effect against Candida albicans (C. albicans; KCTC 7965/ATCC 10231) and evaluate the stability of RVS, a water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay was performed in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Results: The findings revealed that RVS extract has fairly high antioxidant activity. The clear zones of the RVS extract against C. albicans increased in diameter due to the inhibition of fungal growth at higher concentrations. Treatment with the 1.25 mg/mL RVS extract had a more than 99% antifungal effect against C. albicans, and the 20 mg/mL RVS extract had a 100% antifungal effect. The WST-1 assay showed that the RVS extract induced low cell viability in the HaCaT cells, which inhibited their proliferation, and the RVS extract is also toxic to normal cells. Conclusions: Although the RVS extract with high antioxidant activity showed clear antifungal activity against C. albicans, it exhibited a low survival rate. Therefore, the development of a safe natural antibiotic is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rin Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gyoo-Cheon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoul-Hee Nam
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25945, Republic of Korea
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Park CR, Bae HR, Lee GY, Son CG, Cho JH, Cho CK, Lee NH. Feasibility of combination of Gun-Chil-Jung and cytokine-induced killer cells-based immunotherapy for terminal hepatocellular carcinoma patient: a case report. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1203379. [PMID: 37719842 PMCID: PMC10502300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1203379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Terminal-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is inoperable and currently has no form of adjuvant therapy. This study examined the anticancer herbal extract Gun-Chil-Jung (GCJ) combined with cytokine-induced killer (CIK)-cell-based immunotherapy as a palliative therapy for terminal HCC. We report the case of an HCC patient with extended overall survival and improved symptoms and tumor marker levels following combination therapy with GCJ and CIK cell-based immunotherapy. Baseline Characteristics: From March to July 2020, a 57-year-old man who had been diagnosed with HCC underwent combination treatment with GCJ and CIK cell-based immunotherapy. By August 2021, he was prescribed GCJ. After treatment, the patient's condition was evaluated with respect to overall survival, tumor markers, symptoms, abdominal computed tomography findings, chest x-ray results, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) grade. Results: The patient's overall survival, tumor marker levels, ECOG grade, and symptoms, including ascites, lower limb edema, jaundice, pleural effusion, and fatigue, were largely alleviated. Conclusion: We expect that this combination therapy may be an option for palliative therapy of terminal HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ran Park
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Bae
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- East-West Cancer Center, Cheonan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hun Lee
- Department of Hepatology and Hematology, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- East-West Cancer Center, Cheonan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Huh CK. Isolation and Identification of Fisetin: An Antioxidative Compound Obtained from Rhus verniciflua Seeds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144510. [PMID: 35889379 PMCID: PMC9318972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide basic data for the development of functional food and health materials for Rhus verniciflua (R. verniciflua) seeds. We investigated an antioxidative compound obtained from these seeds. Solvent fractionation was carried out on a 50%-ethanol extract of the seeds. The DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured, and high antioxidant activity was seen in the ethyl acetate fraction. The antioxidant compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were isolated using silica-gel column chromatography by adjusting the solvent between chloroform and methanol. Fraction numbers 2–7 showed activity of more than 50%. Next, primary column chromatography was used to mix and concentrate the fractions that demonstrated antioxidant activity. The fractions were then subjected to secondary column chromatography to obtain subfraction 4, which showed high antioxidant activity. The separation of subfraction 4 was then performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three peaks were identified and peak number 2 was judged to be the primary antioxidative compound, which was then isolated by pure separation. Finally, the purified subfraction peak number 2 was identified as a fisetin compound by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Food Industry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Chang-Ki Huh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3251
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Li MC, Zhang YQ, Meng CW, Gao JG, Xie CJ, Liu JY, Xu YN. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley - A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113476. [PMID: 33075438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley (syn. Rhus verniciflua or vernicifera Stokes, Anacardiaceae) (RVS), the lacquer tree, also known as sumac, has been used in China, Japan and South Korea for thousands of years as a highly durable coating material and a traditional herbal medicine, which contains medicinal ingredients with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-rheumatic activities. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review intends to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of RVS, including its phytochemical data, botanical and pharmacological literature that support its therapeutic potential in treatment on human diseases, with emphasis on the isolation of natural occurring compounds and detailed pharmacological investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specific information of RVS was collected by using the key words "Toxicodendron vernicifluum", "Rhus verniciflua Stokes", "Rhus vernicifera Stokes" and "Lacquer tree" through published scientific materials (including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Scifinder, Springer, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar) and other literature sources. RESULTS The major phytoconstituents, 175 of which are presented in this review, including flavonoids, urushiols, terpenes, phenolic acids and other types of compounds, of which flavonoids and urushiols are main components. The extracts and isolates purified from RVS showed a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibition and so on. CONCLUSION The modern pharmacological research of RVS mainly focus on the pharmacological effects of crude extract or active constituents, of which the flavonoids are widely studied. However, there are few reports on the relationship between pharmacological effects and their structures. And at present, there is still a lack of researches that are of both effective and in-depth. Meanwhile, there is little research on quality control. Apart from the wood and lacquer, other botanical parts also need to be explored further. In addition to phenolic compounds, the study on other types of components in T. vernicifluum would start more sparks for the discovery of new bioactive principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cai-Wen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin-Gou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao-Jie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yong Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Lee HS, Jung JI, Kim KH, Park SJ, Kim EJ. Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract suppresses migration and invasion in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:463-477. [PMID: 33029287 PMCID: PMC7520559 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.5.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Many studies have suggested that Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) and its extract are anticancer agents. However, RVS had limited use because it contains urushiol, an allergenic toxin. By improving an existing allergen-removal extraction method, we developed a new allergen-free Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract (RVSE) with higher flavonoid content. In this study, we examined whether RVSE inhibits the ability of AGS gastric cancer cells to migrate and invade. MATERIALS/METHODS The flavonoids content of RVSE was analyzed by HPLC. The effects of RVSE on migration and invasion in AGS cells were analyzed by each assay kit. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) protein expression was analyzed by protein antibody array. The Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 were assayed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS RVSE treatment with 0-100 μg/mL dose-dependently reduced the ability of AGS cells to migrate and invade. Notably, treatment with RVSE strongly inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and uPA and the phosphorylation of STAT3. In contrast, RVSE treatment dramatically increased the expression of PAI-1. These results indicate that the inhibition of MMP-9 and uPA expression and STAT3 phosphorylation and the stimulation of PAI-1 expression contributed to the decreased migration and invasion of AGS cells treated with RVSE. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RVSE may be used as a natural herbal agent to reduce gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | | | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Elagbar ZA, Shakya AK, Barhoumi LM, Al-Jaber HI. Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties of Rhus coriaria. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900561. [PMID: 32141706 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), sumac, is a common condiment, appetizer and souring agent in the Mediterranean region that has a long history in traditional medicine. R. coriaria has been prescribed for the treatment of many ailments including diarrhea, ulcer, hemorrhoids, hemorrhage, wound healing, hematemesis, and eye ailments like ophthalmia and conjunctivitis. The plant is also used as diuresis, antimicrobial, abortifacient and as a stomach tonic. Sumac is known to be rich in different classes of phytochemicals including tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids and essential oils and continues to be a hot topic for extensive research work designed for revealing its phytochemical constituents and evaluating its bioactive properties. This review summarizes the recent phytochemical and diverse bioactivity studies on R. coriaria, especially those concerned with antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaha A Elagbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 263, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ashok K Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 263, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lina M Barhoumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Hala I Al-Jaber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan
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Jun HJ, Park SJ, Kang HJ, Lee GY, Lee N, Park JH, Yoo HS. The Survival Benefit of Combination Therapy With Mild Temperature Hyperthermia and an Herbal Prescription of Gun-Chil-Jung in 54 Cancer Patients Treated With Chemotherapy or Radiation Therapy: A Retrospective Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420926583. [PMID: 32449629 PMCID: PMC7249570 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420926583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The combination of herbal medicine with conventional treatment increases the survival rate of cancer patients, but the effect is not great. Hyperthermia may have a synergistic effect with herbal medicine alongside conventional medicine. Objective: To monitor the efficacy of hyperthermia together with Gun-Chil-Jung (GCJ) capsule for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for the treatment of various cancers. Methods: We collected data retrospectively on 54 cancer patients of all stages. They were divided into 4 groups according to each hyperthermia or GCJ treatment period. Hyperthermia with 0.46 MHz radiofrequency wave was applied a power of 50 to 100 W for 70 minutes. GCJ capsules were administered orally 3 times a day. Results: The median follow-up was 13.4 months, and 25 (55.6%) patients showed disease-related events. Hyperthermia with GCJ treatment was administered in combination group (n = 36, 66.7%) and traditional Korean medicine-only group (n = 17, 31.5%). The median EFS was 190 days, and the median OS was 390 days. The group of hyperthermia 7 times or fewer and GCJ more than 28 days showed longer EFS and OS. The analysis of superiority between hyperthermia and GCJ showed no significant difference (EFS, P = .55; OS, P = .364). Conclusions: The combination of hyperthermia 1 to 2 times a week with GCJ treatment may improve survival of cancer patients treated or being treated with conventional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Joon Jun
- Seoul Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Joong Kang
- Seoul Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhun Lee
- Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Park
- Seoul Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- Seoul Korean Medicine Hospital of
Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Juárez-Aragón MC, Moreno-Ramírez YDR, Guerra-Pérez A, Mora-Olivo A, Olazarán-Santibáñez FE, Torres-Castillo JA. Drying Effects on Phenolics and Free Radical-Scavenging Capacity of Rhus pachyrrhachis and Rhus virens Used in Traditional Medicine. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132438. [PMID: 31269738 PMCID: PMC6651590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhus pachyrrhachis and Rhus virens are medicinal plant species with important uses in northeastern Mexico. They belong to a complex of Rhus species called “lantriscos”, which are used for medicinal applications. The medicinal effects of these species are based on traditional use, however, they require phytochemical research to validate their medicinal properties, as well as structural characterization for their correct identification during the collecting practice and uses. The phytochemical potential of aqueous extracts from R. pachyrrhachis and R. virens was analyzed by the quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), free radical-scavenging potential, and total flavonoids, with a comparison of four drying methods, and some phenolic compounds were identified. Furthermore, the stems and leaves of both species were anatomically characterized to establish a differentiation. R. pachyrrhachis and R. virens showed similar values of phytochemical contents, although the TPC content (0.17 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight, GAE/g DW) was higher in R. virens. The drying method used affected the metabolite contents, and this behavior was related to the species. Regarding the phenolic compounds, shikimic acid, galloylquinic acid, and gallic acid were identified in both species, however, quinic acid was only found in Rhus pachyrrhachis, while vanillic acid O-hexoside was identified only in Rhus virens. At the anatomical level, the pubescence associated with trichomes on the leaves of Rhus pachyrrhachis was highlighted as the main differential characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cruz Juárez-Aragón
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Del Rocio Moreno-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico
| | - Antonio Guerra-Pérez
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico
| | - Arturo Mora-Olivo
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico
| | - Fabián Eliseo Olazarán-Santibáñez
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, División del Golfo 356. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87019, Mexico.
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Kim MS, Lee CW, Kim JH, Lee JC, An WG. Extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Induces p53-Mediated Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:9407340. [PMID: 30881477 PMCID: PMC6383427 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9407340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes has long been used as a food supplement and traditional herbal medicine for various ailments in East Asia. We evaluated the anticancer effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract (RVSE) on MCF-7 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, annexin V/7-AAD staining, and western blotting. In addition, the gallic acid content of RVSE was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. RVSE inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis in the sub-G1 phase. RVSE also significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells and increased the expression of p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, RVSE treatment increased the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and the levels of apoptosis-related factors, such as cleaved caspase-3 and -9 and PARP, in MCF-7 cells. Our findings suggest that the proapoptotic effect of RVSE on MCF-7 cells is mediated by p53, p21, and the intrinsic mitochondrial cascade. Thus, RVSE shows promise for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Longevity life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Cheon Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gun An
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Longevity life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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A Review of Antiplatelet Activity of Traditional Medicinal Herbs on Integrative Medicine Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7125162. [PMID: 30719065 PMCID: PMC6335729 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7125162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic events mainly occurred by platelet activation and aggregation. The vascular occlusion causes serious disease states such as unstable angina, ischemic stroke, and heart attack. Due to the pervading of thrombotic diseases, new antiplatelet drugs are necessary for preventing and treating arterial thrombosis without adverse side effects. Traditional medicinal herbs have been used for the treatment of human ailments for a long time. The clinically useful and safe products from traditional medicinal herbs were identified and developed in numerous pharmacological approaches. A complementary system of traditional medicinal herbs is a good candidate for pharmacotherapy. However, it still has a limitation in its function and efficacy. Thus, it is necessary to study the mode of action of traditional medicinal herbs as alternative therapeutic agents. In this review, we focused on our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of traditional medicinal herbs in antiplatelet activity and antithrombotic effect of traditional medicinal herbs on platelet function.
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Kim BG, Song Y, Lee MG, Ku JM, Jin SJ, Hong JW, Lee S, Kang H. Macrophages from Mice Administered Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract Show Selective Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121926. [PMID: 30563116 PMCID: PMC6315672 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) is used as a food additive and herbal medicine for various inflammatory disorders and cancer in Eastern Asia. RVS has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages in vitro, but whether oral administration of RVS affects the inflammatory response of macrophage needs to be verified. RVS was given orally to mice for ten days. For isolation of macrophages, intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate was performed. For determination of serum inflammatory response, intraperitoneal injection of LPS was applied. RVS stimulated monocyte differentiation in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis by increasing the population of cells expressing CD11b and class A scavenger receptors. These monocyte-derived macrophages showed an increased uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. When peritoneal macrophages from the RVS group were stimulated with LPS, the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the supernatant decreased, but the level of IL-12 increased. The surface expression of CD86 was reduced, but surface expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules was increased. RVS suppressed the serum levels of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6. Collectively, RVS promoted monocyte differentiation upon inflammatory insults and conferred selective anti-inflammatory activity without causing overall inhibitory effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Geun Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Mi-Gi Lee
- Bio Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - So-Jung Jin
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Joung-Woo Hong
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - SeungGwan Lee
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Hee Kang
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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Significance of serum ferritin as a prognostic factor in advanced hepatobiliary cancer patients treated with Korean medicine: a retrospective cohort study. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:176. [PMID: 29879960 PMCID: PMC5992645 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced hepatobiliary cancers are highly lethal cancers that require precise prediction in clinical practice. Serum ferritin level increases in malignancy and high serum ferritin level is associated with poor survival in various cancers. This study aimed to identify whether serum ferritin could independently predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced hepatobiliary cancers. Methods The retrospective cohort study was performed by reviewing medical records of patients with advanced hepatobiliary cancers from June 2006 to September 2016. The demographic and clinicopathological characteristics as well as the biochemical markers were evaluated at the initiation of Korean medicine (KM) treatment. The OS was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the independent prognostic significance of serum ferritin for survival. Results The median OS of all subjects was 5.1 months (range, 0.5–114.9 months). The median OS of group with low ferritin levels and that with high ferritin levels was 7.5 months (range, 0.7–114.9 months) and 2.8 months (range, 0.5–22.8 months), respectively (P < 0.001). The results of the univariate analysis showed that the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) (P = 0.002), tumor type (P = 0.001), prior treatment (P = 0.023), serum ferritin (P < 0.001), hemoglobin (P = 0.002), total bilirubin (P = 0.002), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P = 0.007), albumin (P = 0.013), white blood cell (P = 0.002), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < 0.001) were significant factors for the patients’ survival outcome. On multivariate analysis controlling confounding factors, ferritin (P = 0.041), CRP (P = 0.010), ECOG-PS (P = 0.010), and tumor type (P = 0.018) were identified as independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions These results indicate that serum ferritin is a valid clinical biochemical marker to predict survival of patients with advanced hepatobiliary cancers.
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Shin H, Park Y, Choi JH, Jeon YH, Byun Y, Sung SH, Lee KY. Structure elucidation of a new triterpene from Rhus trichocarpa roots. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:763-766. [PMID: 28042674 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Yeeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea
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Tabassum S, Ahmed M, Mirza B, Naeem M, Zia M, Shanwari ZK, Khan GM. Appraisal of phytochemical and in vitro biological attributes of an unexplored folklore: Rhus Punjabensis Stewart. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28274230 PMCID: PMC5343295 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of plants for discovery of therapeutic potential accentuates the need to know their biological attributes. The present study aims to comprehend the biological attributes of Rhus punjabensis, an unexplored traditional medicinal plant. METHODS Leaf and stem extracts of R. punjabensis prepared in 11 different organic solvents are evaluated for multimode antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined through colorimetric assays, HPLC-DAD analysis was carried out for quantification of various polyphenols in extracts. Brine shrimp lethality, SRB and MTT assays were used to elucidate plant's cytotoxic and antileishmanial potentials. Disc diffusion assay was used to elucidate the protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial and antifungal spectrum. RESULTS Ethanol + ethyl acetate yielded maximum extract recovery from leaf (6.11 ± 1.09% w/w), total phenolic content (80.5 ± 2.18 μg GAE/mg extract) and reducing power potential (165.4 ± 2.29 μg AAE/mg extract). Maximum flavonoid content (30.50 ± 1.11 μg QE/mg extract) and highest DPPH based free radical scavenging activity (IC50 11.4 ± 2.07) was exhibited by the methanol + chloroform leaf extract. The methanol extract showed maximum total antioxidant capacity (74.5 ± 2.25 μg AAE/mg DW), protein kinase inhibitory (12.5 ± 1.10 bald phenotype at 100 μg/disc) and antifungal (MIC = 25 μg/disc against Aspergillus flavus) potential. Reverse phase HPLC-DAD based quantification reveals presence of gallic acid, apigenin, rutin and catechin in various extracts. Brine shrimp lethality assay demonstrated most extracts as highly cytotoxic (LC50 < 50 μg/mL) whereas chloroform extract of leaf demonstrated maximuminhibition against human leukemia cell line (IC50 7.80 ± 0.01 μg/mL). A significant activity against leishmanial promastigotes was demonstrated by n-hexane leaf extract (IC50 = 15.78 ± 0.15 μg/mL). A better antibacterial activity,by the extracts, against Gram positive strains as compared to Gram negative was observed. CONCLUSIONS Results recommend multiple-solvent system as a critical factor to sumptuous the biological prospective of R. punjabensis and propose it to be a useful natural hub for the discovery of novel antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial and antimicrobial agents.
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Lee EJ, Lee G, Sohn SH, Bae H. Extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes enhances Th1 response and NK cell activity. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kang SH, Hwang IH, Son E, Cho CK, Choi JS, Park SJ, Jang BC, Lee KB, Lee ZW, Lee JH, Yoo HS, Jang IS. Allergen-Removed Rhus verniciflua Extract Induces Ovarian Cancer Cell Death via JNK Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1719-1735. [PMID: 27848251 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-[Formula: see text]B (NF-[Formula: see text]B)/Rel transcription factors are best known for their central roles in promoting cell survival in cancer. NF-[Formula: see text]B antagonizes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text]-induced apoptosis through a process involving attenuation of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, the role of JNK activation in apoptosis induced by negative regulation of NF-[Formula: see text]B is not completely understood. We found that allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes (aRVS) extract-mediated NF-[Formula: see text]B inhibition induces apoptosis in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells via the serial activation of caspases and SKOV-3 cells are most specifically suppressed by aRVS. Here, we show that in addition to activating caspases, aRVS extract negatively modulates the TNF-[Formula: see text]-mediated I[Formula: see text]B/NF-[Formula: see text]B pathway to promote JNK activation, which results in apoptosis. When the cytokine TNF-[Formula: see text] binds to the TNF receptor, I[Formula: see text]B dissociates from NF-[Formula: see text]B. As a result, the active NF-[Formula: see text]B translocates to the nucleus. aRVS extract (0.5[Formula: see text]mg/ml) clearly prevented NF-[Formula: see text]B from mobilizing to the nucleus, resulting in the upregulation of JNK phosphorylation. This subsequently increased Bax activation, leading to marked aRVS-induced apoptosis, whereas the JNK inhibitor SP600125 in aRVS extract treated SKOV-3 cells strongly inhibited Bax. Bax subfamily proteins induced apoptosis through caspase-3. Thus, these results indicate that aRVS extract contains components that inhibit NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling to upregulate JNK activation in ovarian cancer cells and support the potential of aRVS as a therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Kang
- * Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hu Hwang
- † Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Son
- ‡ Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- § East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- * Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea.,‡ Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Park
- ¶ Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- ∥ Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- * Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Zee-Won Lee
- * Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- ** Department of Integrative Cancer Center, Woosuk Korean Medicine Hospital, Woosuk University, Jeonju 560-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- § East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- * Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Jang IS, Park JW, Jo EB, Cho CK, Lee YW, Yoo HS, Park J, Kim J, Jang BC, Choi JS. Growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of allergen-free Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract on A549 human lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3037-3043. [PMID: 27667098 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) or its extract has the potential to be used for the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. However, direct use of RVS or its extract as a herbal medicine has been limited due to the presence of urushiol, an allergenic toxin. In the present study, we prepared an extract of the allergen‑removed RVS (aRVS) based on a traditional method and investigated its inhibitory effect on the growth of various types of human cancer cells, including lung (A549), breast (MCF-7) and prostate (DU-145) cancer cell lines. Notably, among the cell lines tested, treatment with the aRVS extract strongly inhibited proliferation of the A549 cells at a 0.5 mg/ml concentration for 24 h that was not cytotoxic to normal human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, aRVS extract treatment largely reduced the survival and induced apoptosis of the A549 cells. At the mechanistic levels, treatment with the aRVS extract led to the downregulation of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins, the activation of caspase-9/-3 proteins, an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c levels, the upregulation of Bax protein, an increase in phosphorylated p53 protein but a decrease in phosphorylated S6 protein in the A549 cells. Importantly, treatment with z-VAD‑fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor attenuated aRVS extract-induced apoptosis in the A549 cells. These results demonstrate firstly that aRVS extract has growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects on A549 human lung cancer cells through modulation of the expression levels and/or activities of caspases, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, p53 and S6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bi Jo
- Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Weol Lee
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Im WK, Park HJ, Lee KS, Lee JH, Kim YD, Kim KH, Park SJ, Hong S, Jeon SH. Fisetin-Rich Extracts ofRhus vernicifluaStokes Improve Blood Flow Rates in Mice Fed Both Normal and High-Fat Diets. J Med Food 2016; 19:120-6. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyun Im
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Young Dong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
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Song A, Eo W, Lee S. Comparison of selected inflammation-based prognostic markers in relapsed or refractory metastatic colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12410-12420. [PMID: 26604648 PMCID: PMC4649124 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of systemic inflammation-based prognostic markers on overall survival in relapsed/refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients.
METHODS: To investigate prognostic markers in mCRC patients, this study was performed with patients who have experienced relapsed/refractory mCRC with standard chemotherapy or were inapplicable to conventional treatment modality because of poor performance status, age, or comorbidity. We reviewed the medical records of 177 mCRC patients managed with Korean Medicine (KM) treatment modality using an anticancer agent of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract from June 2006 to April 2013. The clinicopathologic characteristics, laboratory test, the systemic inflammation markers including the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were analyzed. The overall survival of patients was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and the statistical significance was compared using with the log-rank test. To compare the impact of systemic inflammation based markers, the hazard ratio (HR) of mGPS, NLR, PLR, LMR, and PNI for overall survival were evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS: The majority of mCRC patients had relapsed/refractory to standard chemotherapy; 128 patients (72.3%) had undergone more than second line chemotherapy, and the median time from diagnosis of mCRC to initiation of KM was 9.4 mo. The median overall survival of enrolled patients was 8.3 mo. On univariate analyses, the inflammation markers of higher mGPS (P < 0.001), NLR ≥ 5 (P < 0.001), PLR > 300 (P = 0.004), LMR ≤ 3.4 (P < 0.001), and PNI ≤ 45.3 (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased survival time. On stepwise multivariate proportional hazards model, mGPS at 2 vs 0 (HR = 3.212, 95%CI: 1.437-7.716, P = 0.004), and LMR ≤ 3.4 (HR = 1.658, 95%CI: 1.092-2.518, P = 0.018) as independent predictors associated with poor overall survival along with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (HR = 1.482, 95%CI: 1.007-2.182, P = 0.046), AST ≥ 40 (HR = 2.377, 95%CI: 1.359-4.155, P = 0.002), and the treatment duration for KM less than 2.9 mo (HR = 1.718, 95%CI: 1.160-2.543, P = 0.007).
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the inflammatory markers, mGPS and LMR are independent prognostic factors for predicting overall survival in relapsed/refractory mCRC patients.
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Jin MJ, Kim IS, Rehman SU, Dong MS, Na CS, Yoo HH. A Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of 10 Bioactive Components in Rhus verniciflua Extracts. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:390-6. [PMID: 26499118 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous method to quantify 10 bioactive compounds in Rhus verniciflua extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed using a C18 column under gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase solvents. The analytes were detected in the negative-ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring detection with an electrospray ionization interface. The calibration curves for all the analytes showed good linearity (r(2) >0.997) over the concentration range of 1-1,000 ng/mL. The recovery values were within 89.53-110.14%, and the intra- and interday coefficients of variation were <4.86% for all the tested compounds. The developed method was successfully applied to a quality assessment of the R. verniciflua extract samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaheed Ur Rehman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Soo Na
- Lifetree Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
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Systematic Review of the Use of Phytochemicals for Management of Pain in Cancer Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:506327. [PMID: 26576425 PMCID: PMC4630373 DOI: 10.1155/2015/506327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pain in cancer therapy is a common condition and there is a need for new options in therapeutic management. While phytochemicals have been proposed as one pain management solution, knowledge of their utility is limited. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the biomedical literature for the use of phytochemicals for management of cancer therapy pain in human subjects. Of an initial database search of 1,603 abstracts, 32 full-text articles were eligible for further assessment. Only 7 of these articles met all inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The average relative risk of phytochemical versus control was 1.03 [95% CI 0.59 to 2.06]. In other words (although not statistically significant), patients treated with phytochemicals were slightly more likely than patients treated with control to obtain successful management of pain in cancer therapy. We identified a lack of quality research literature on this subject and thus were unable to demonstrate a clear therapeutic benefit for either general or specific use of phytochemicals in the management of cancer pain. This lack of data is especially apparent for psychotropic phytochemicals, such as the Cannabis plant (marijuana). Additional implications of our findings are also explored.
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Jin MJ, Kim IS, Park JS, Dong MS, Na CS, Yoo HH. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Eight Phenolic Compounds and Their Conjugated Metabolites after Oral Administration of Rhus verniciflua Extracts in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5410-5416. [PMID: 25998231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) is a medicinal tree popularly used in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea as a food additive or herbal medicine because of its beneficial effects. R. verniciflua extract (RVE) contains diverse phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, as its major biological active constituents. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of eight phenolic compounds were investigated following oral administration of RVE to rats. The eight phenolic compounds were 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, fisetin, fustin, butin, sulfuretin, taxifolin, and garbanzol. The plasma concentrations of the eight compounds were determined by using a liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase. When 1.5 g/kg RVE was administered, the eight compounds were all detected in plasma, mainly as conjugated forms. These pharmacokinetic data would be useful for understanding the pharmacological effects of RVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji Jin
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - In Sook Kim
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Park
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Dong
- §School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Chun-Soo Na
- #Lifetree Biotech Company, Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-350, Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
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Lee WJ, Kang JE, Choi JH, Jeong ST, Kim MK, Choi HS. Comparison of the Flavonoid and Urushiol Content in Different Parts of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Grown in Wonju and Okcheon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2015.47.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anti-inflammatory effect of Rhus verniciflua stokes extract in the murine macrophage cell line, Raw264.7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim KH, Moon E, Choi SU, Pang C, Kim SY, Lee KR. Identification of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from the bark of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:231-237. [PMID: 25582488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley (Anacardiaceae) has traditionally been used as a food supplement and in traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and cancers for centuries in Korea. This study was designed to isolate the bioactive constituents from the ethanol extract of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark and evaluate their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark resulted in the isolation and identification of three new polyphenols (1-3) and six flavonoids (4-9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ((1)H, (13)C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments), and high resolution (HR)-mass spectrometry, and their absolute configurations were further confirmed by chemical methods and circular dichroism (CD) data analysis. Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15), and anti-inflammatory activities by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels in the medium of murine microglia BV-2 cells. RESULTS The isolated compounds were characterized as in the following: three new polyphenols, rhusopolyphenols G-I (1-3) and six flavonoids including two aurones, 2-benzyl-2,3',4',6-tetrahydroxybenzo[b]furan-3(2H)-one (4), sulfuretin (5), two dihydroflavonols, (+)-(2S,3R)-fustin (6), (+)-epitaxifolin (7), one chalcone, butein (8), and one flavonol, fisetin (9). The published NMR assignments of 4 were corrected by the detailed analysis of spectroscopic data in this study. Among the tested compounds, compounds 4-9 showed antiproliferative activity against the tested cells, with IC50 values of 4.78-28.89 μM. Compounds 5 and 8 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 23.37 and 11.68 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Polyphenols including flavonoids were one of the main constituents of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark, and activities demonstrated by the isolated compounds support the ethnopharmacological use of Toxicodendron vernicifluum as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Wang S, Zhu F, Marcone MF. Synergistic interaction of sumac and raspberry mixtures in their antioxidant capacities and selective cytotoxicity against cancerous cells. J Med Food 2014; 18:345-53. [PMID: 25313437 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous works on staghorn sumac (Rhus hirta) were mostly dedicated to its phytochemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic potentials. This study explored the potential of staghorn-sumac-derived functional ingredients for food and pharmacological applications. Sumac may have other biological functions, such as inhibitory effect on cancerous cells independent of its antioxidant properties. We characterized sumac and raspberry interactions, and their antioxidant capacities (ACs) and their inhibitory effect on both normal and cancerous cells. Mixing sumac and raspberry extracts yielded significantly higher ACs than the sum of sumac and raspberry as evaluated by three in vitro AC assays. However, the potential use of staghorn sumac as a natural source of dietary antioxidant supplement for oxidative-stress-related disorders might be challenged by its cytotoxicity in culturing normal cells. Remarkably, mixing sumac and raspberry showed maximal inhibition of the growth of both rat colon and human breast cancer cells with relatively low cytotoxicity toward normal rat colon and human breast epithelial cells, as compared with sumac or raspberry treatment alone. Sumac-derived products and their synergistic interactions with other food ingredients have great promise as functional food or nutraceutical products that would target cancer cells with minimal toxic effects to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Wang
- 1 Canadian Food and Wine Institute, Niagara College , Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada
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Inhibition of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Allergen Removed Rhus verniciflua Stoke Standardized Extract and Constituents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:150351. [PMID: 25061471 PMCID: PMC4100265 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Potential interactions between herbal extracts and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system lead to serious adverse events or decreased drug efficacy. Rhus verniciflua stoke (RVS) and its constituents have been reported to have various pharmacological properties. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of RVS and its constituents on the major CYP isoforms. Methods. The effects of allergen removed RVS (aRVS) standardized extract and major components, fustin and fisetin isolated from aRVS, were evaluated on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 isoenzyme activity by a luminescent CYP recombinant human enzyme assay. Results. The aRVS extract showed relative potent inhibitory effects on the CYP2C9 (IC50, <0.001 μg/mL), CYP2C19 (IC50, 9.68 μg/mL), and CYP1A2 (IC50, 10.0 μg/mL). However, it showed weak inhibition on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Fustin showed moderate inhibitory effects on the CYP2C19 (IC50, 64.3 μg/mL) and weak inhibition of the other CYP isoforms similar to aRVS. Fisetin showed potent inhibitory effects on CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2. Fisetin showed moderate inhibition of CYP2D6 and weak inhibition of CYP3A4. Conclusions. These results indicate that aRVS, a clinically available herbal medicine, could contribute to herb-drug interactions when orally coadministered with drugs metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2.
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Kim JH, Shin YC, Ko SG. Integrating traditional medicine into modern inflammatory diseases care: multitargeting by Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:154561. [PMID: 25024508 PMCID: PMC4082934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that numerous researches were performed on prevention and treatment of inflammation related diseases, the overall incidence has not changed remarkably. This requires new approaches to overcome inflammation mediated diseases, and thus traditional medicine could be an efficacious source for prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of traditional medicine, especially Rhus verniciflua Stokes, to modern medicine against diverse inflammation mediated diseases. Traditionally, this remedy has been used in Eastern Asia for the treatment of gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against such disorders and diseases. Various chemical constituents have been identified from this plant, including phenolic acid, and flavonoids. Cell-based studies have exhibited the potential of this as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, and anticancer activities. Enormous animal studies have shown the potential of this against proinflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, and chemical insults. At the molecular level, this medicinal plant has been shown to modulate diverse cell-signaling pathways. In clinical studies, Rhus verniciflua Stokes has shown efficacy against various cancer patients such as colorectal, gastric, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and pulmonary cancers. Thus, this remedy is now exhibiting activities in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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The cytoprotective effect of sulfuretin against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity through Nrf2/ARE and JNK/ERK MAPK-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8863-77. [PMID: 24857917 PMCID: PMC4057764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfuretin is one of the major flavonoid components in Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae) isolates. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of sulfuretin against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative injury. The results indicated that the addition of sulfuretin before t-BHP treatment significantly inhibited cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human liver-derived HepG2 cells. Sulfuretin up-regulated the activity of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase (HO)-1 via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation into the nucleus and increased the promoter activity of the antioxidant response element (ARE). Moreover, sulfuretin exposure enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Furthermore, cell treatment with a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059) reduced sulfuretin-induced HO-1 expression and decreased its protective effects. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of sulfuretin against t-BHP-induced oxidative damage in human liver-derived HepG2 cells is attributable to its ability to scavenge ROS and up-regulate the activity of HO-1 through the Nrf2/ARE and JNK/ERK signaling pathways. Therefore, sulfuretin could be advantageous as a bioactive source for the prevention of oxidative injury.
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Standardized Rhus verniciflua stokes extract and its major flavonoid fustin attenuate oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-013-4201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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LI YANG, MA CHENGYUAN, QIAN MING, WEN ZHONGMEI, JING HONGYU, QIAN DONGHUA. Butein induces cell apoptosis and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:763-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kim SA, Kim SH, Kim IS, Lee D, Dong MS, Na CS, Nhiem NX, Yoo HH. Simultaneous determination of bioactive phenolic compounds in the stem extract of Rhus verniciflua stokes by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2013; 141:3813-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kim KH, Moon E, Choi SU, Kim SY, Lee KR. Polyphenols from the bark of Rhus verniciflua and their biological evaluation on antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:113-121. [PMID: 23752101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the extract of Rhus verniciflua bark resulted in the identification of six polyphenols, rhusopolyphenols A-F (1-6), together with four known compounds including (2R,3S,10S)-7,8,9,13-tetrahydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-2,3,10-trihydrobenzopyrano[3,4-c]-2-benzopyran-1-one (7), peapolyphenol C (8), cilicione-b (9) and (αR)-α,3,4,2',4'-pentahydroxydihydrochalcone (10). The structures of these polyphenols were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESIMS, and their absolute configurations were further confirmed by a combination of chemical methods and CD data analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15), and compounds 4-6, 9 and 10 showed antiproliferative activity against the tested cells, with IC50 values of 3.31-18.51 μM. On the basis of the expanded understanding that inflammation is a crucial cause of tumor progression, the anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels in the medium of murine microglia BV-2 cells. Compounds 5 and 10 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 28.90 and 12.70 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Niero ELDO, Machado-Santelli GM. Cinnamic acid induces apoptotic cell death and cytoskeleton disruption in human melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:31. [PMID: 23701745 PMCID: PMC3667113 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer activities of cinnamic acid derivatives include induction of apoptosis by irreversible DNA damage leading to cell death. The present work aimed to compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of cinnamic acid in human melanoma cell line (HT-144) and human melanocyte cell line derived from blue nevus (NGM). Viability assay showed that the IC50 for HT-144 cells was 2.4 mM, while NGM cells were more resistant to the treatment. The growth inhibition was probably associated with DNA damage leading to DNA synthesis inhibition, as shown by BrdU incorporation assay, induction of nuclear aberrations and then apoptosis. The frequency of cell death caused by cinnamic acid was higher in HT-144 cells. Activated-caspase 3 staining showed apoptosis after 24 hours of treatment with cinnamic acid 3.2 mM in HT-144 cells, but not in NGM. We observed microtubules disorganization after cinnamic acid exposure, but this event and cell death seem to be independent according to M30 and tubulin labeling. The frequency of micronucleated HT-144 cells was higher after treatment with cinnamic acid (0.4 and 3.2 mM) when compared to the controls. Cinnamic acid 3.2 mM also increased the frequency of micronucleated NGM cells indicating genotoxic activity of the compound, but the effects were milder. Binucleation and multinucleation counting showed similar results. We conclude that cinnamic acid has effective antiproliferative activity against melanoma cells. However, the increased frequency of micronucleation in NGM cells warrants the possibility of genotoxicity and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Luís de Oliveira Niero
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av, Prof, Lineu Prestes, 1524, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hiruma W, Suruga K, Kadokura K, Tomita T, Sekino Y, Komatsu Y, Kimura M, Ono N. The Antitumor Effects of a Plant Extract Mixture. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:487-91. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hiruma
- Medicinal Informatics and Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
- International Operations Department, Kibun Foods Inc
| | - Kohei Suruga
- International Operations Department, Kibun Foods Inc
| | | | | | | | | | - Masahiko Kimura
- Medicinal Informatics and Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Nobufumi Ono
- Medicinal Informatics and Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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Impact of Standardized Allergen-Removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract on Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: A Case Series. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:203168. [PMID: 23710214 PMCID: PMC3654714 DOI: 10.1155/2013/203168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV) is a rare malignancy that has a better prognosis than other periampullary cancers. However, the standard treatment for patients with relapsed or metastatic AAV has not been established. We investigated the clinical feasibility of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua stokes (aRVS) extract for advanced or metastatic AAV. Patients and Methods. From July 2006 to April 2011, we retrospectively reviewed all patients with advanced AAV treated with aRVS extract alone. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 12 patients were eligible for the final analysis. We assessed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients during the follow-up period. Results. The median aRVS administration period was 147.0 days (range: 72–601 days). The best tumor responses according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were as follows: two with complete response, two with stable disease, and eight with progressive disease. The median OS was 15.1 months (range: 4.9–25.1 months), and the median PFS was 3.0 months (range: 1.6–11.4 months). Adverse reactions to the aRVS treatment were mostly mild and self-limiting. Conclusions. Prolonged survival was observed in patients with advanced AAV under the treatment of standardized aRVS extract without significant adverse effects.
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KIM JEONGMI, NOH EUNMI, KWON KANGBEOM, KIM JONGSUK, YOU YONGOUK, HWANG JINKI, HWANG BOMI, KIM MINSEUK, LEE SEUNGJIN, JUNG SUNGHOO, YOUN HYUNJO, CHUNG EUNYONG, LEE YOUNGRAE. Suppression of TPA-induced tumor cell invasion by sulfuretin via inhibition of NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 expression. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1231-7. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Shin SH, Koo KH, Bae JS, Cha SB, Kang IS, Kang MS, Kim HS, Heo HS, Park MS, Gil GH, Lee JY, Kim KH, Li Y, Lee HK, Song SW, Choi HS, Kang BH, Kim JC. Single and 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity studies of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:617-26. [PMID: 23416650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (FRVSB) extract, an urushiol-free extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) fermented with Fomitella fraxinea, has various biological activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of the FRVSB extract following single and repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. In the single dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats at single doses of 0, 2500, 5000, and 10,000mg/kg. No animals died and no toxic changes were observed in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings during the 15-day period following administration. In the repeated dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats for 90days at doses of 0, 556, 1667, and 5000mg/kg/day. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathology at any dose tested. The approximate lethal dose of the FRVSB extract was >10,000mg/kg in both genders, the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level of the FRVSB extract was >5000mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Ho Shin
- Preclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., 334 Jeil-ri, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-826, Republic of Korea
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Lee KW, Chung KS, Seo JH, Yim SV, Park HJ, Choi JH, Lee KT. Sulfuretin from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua triggers apoptosis through activation of Fas, Caspase-8, and the mitochondrial death pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2835-44. [PMID: 22492309 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuretin, a flavonoid isolated from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua, has been reported to have anti-cancer activities but the underlying molecular mechanism was not clear. In this study, sulfuretin induced apoptosis by activating caspases-8, -9, and -3 as well as cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, treatment with sulfuretin caused mitochondrial dysfunctions, including the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the translocations of Bax and tBid. Sulfuretin also activated the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, that is, it increased the expressions of Fas and FasL, the activation of caspase-8, and the cleavage of Bid. Furthermore, blocking the FasL-Fas interaction with NOK-1 monoclonal antibody prevented the sulfuretin-induced apoptosis. The therapeutical effect of sulfuretin in leukemia is due to its potent apoptotic activity through the extrinsic pathway driven by a Fas-mediated caspase-8-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Duraipandiyan V, Baskar AA, Ignacimuthu S, Muthukumar C, Al-Harbi NA. Anticancer activity of Rhein isolated from Cassia fistula L. flower. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lee S, Kim K, Jung H, Lee S, Cheon S, Kim S, Eo W, Choi W. Efficacy and safety of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract in patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a Korean single-center experience. Oncology 2011; 81:312-8. [PMID: 22179506 DOI: 10.1159/000334695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis because of poor response to conventional therapy. We investigated the clinical feasibility of the standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes (aRVS) extract as a potential therapeutic agent for advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From July 2006 to June 2010, patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were checked in our institution. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 42 patients were eligible for the final analysis. Overall survival, clinical benefit and adverse events of these patients treated with aRVS in the aftercare period were determined. RESULTS In May 2011, 39 patients had died and the remaining 3 patients were alive with evidence of disease. The mean RVS administration period was 3.86 months (95% confidence interval 2.52-5.20). The median overall survival for the entire population was 7.87 months (95% confidence interval 5.14-10.59), and the 1-year survival rate was 26.2%, which is compatible with external controls. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, aRVS treatment including performance status and prognostic index significantly affected overall survival. A clinical benefit response was also shown by aRVS treatment which was not dependent on concurrent chemotherapy. Adverse reactions to aRVS treatment were mostly mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS The standardized aRVS extract might be beneficial for patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer since it positively affected overall survival and clinical symptoms without significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Integrative Cancer Center, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rhus verniciflua stokes against advanced cancer: a perspective from the Korean Integrative Cancer Center. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:874276. [PMID: 22174564 PMCID: PMC3228301 DOI: 10.1155/2012/874276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Active anticancer molecules have been searched from natural products; many drugs were developed from either natural products or their derivatives following the conventional pharmaceutical paradigm of drug discovery. However, the advances in the knowledge of cancer biology have led to personalized medicine using molecular-targeted agents which create new paradigm. Clinical benefit is dependent on individual biomarker and overall survival is prolonged through cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects to cancer cell. Therefore, a different approach is needed from the single lead compound screening model based on cytotoxicity. In our experience, the Rhus verniciflua stoke (RVS) extract traditionally used for cancer treatment is beneficial to some advanced cancer patients though it is herbal extract not single compound, and low cytotoxic in vitro. The standardized RVS extract's action mechanisms as well as clinical outcomes are reviewed here. We hope that these preliminary results would stimulate different investigation in natural products from conventional chemicals.
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Jeong GS, Lee DS, Song MY, Park BH, Kang DG, Lee HS, Kwon KB, Kim YC. Butein from Rhus verniciflua protects pancreatic β cells against cytokine-induced toxicity mediated by inhibition of nitric oxide formation. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:97-102. [PMID: 21212525 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone), a plant polyphenol, is a major component in isolate of Rhus verniciflua STOKES (Anacardiaceae). It is shown to exert various potent effects such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory induction of apoptosis among many properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of butein on cytokine-induced β-cell damage. Pre-treatment with butein is shown to increase the viability of cytokine-treated INS-1 cells at concentrations of 15-30 µM. Butein prevented cytokine-mediated cell death, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production, and these effects correlated well with reduced levels of protein expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms by which butein inhibits iNOS gene expression appeared to be through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation. In a second set of experiments, rat islets were used to demonstrate the protective effects of butein and the results were essentially the same as those observed in Beutin pretreated INS-1 cells. Butein prevented cytokine-induced NO production, iNOS expression, and NF-κB translocation and inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In conclusion, these results suggest that butein can be used for the prevention of functional β-cell damage and preventing the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Saeng Jeong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570–749, Republic of Korea
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Cho JY, Sohn MJ, Lee J, Kim WG. Isolation and identification of pentagalloylglucose with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity from Rhus trichocarpa Miquel. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Butein downregulates phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced COX-2 transcriptional activity in cancerous and non-cancerous breast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:24-30. [PMID: 20826149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Butein is a flavonoid isolated from the bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes and the flowers of Butea monosperma, and is known to be a potential therapeutic drug for treating inflammation and cancer. Cyclooxygenase (COX) converts arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and increased expression of its isoform COX-2 has been observed in breast cancer tissues. It has been suggested that COX inhibitors can be used as chemopreventive agents against breast carcinogenesis. This study examined the potential suppressive effect of the flavonoid on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced COX-2 expression in the non-tumorigenic MCF-10A and cancerous MCF-7 breast cells. Immunoblot and mRNA analyses revealed that butein at or below 10 μM significantly inhibited PMA-induced COX-2 expression in these breast cells. The blocking of the PKC signaling pathway appeared to be the underlying mechanism. Butein treatment reduced the amount of phospho-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK-1/2, and the total activity of PKC. Activated ERKs might trigger the transcriptional activation of COX-2. Reporter gene assays as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) illustrated that butein inhibited transcription of this gene. This study showed that butein down-regulated PMA-induced COX-2 expression in both cancerous and non-cancerous breast cells, and such findings could provide the basis for pharmaceutical development of butein.
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Choi KC, Chung WT, Kwon JK, Jang YS, Yu JY, Park SM, Lee JC. Chemoprevention of a flavonoid fraction from Rhus verniciflua Stokes on aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic damage in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:150-6. [PMID: 20737424 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-mediated hepatic damage is related to the production of AFB(1)-8,9-epoxide and reactive oxygen species, bioactive compounds having antioxidant potentials are suggested to be capable of reducing AFB(1)-induced toxicity. We previously purified a mixture of flavonoids that we named RCMF (Rhus verniciflua Stokes chloroform-methanol fraction), from a traditional Korean food additive and herbal medicine. RCMF exhibited various biological effects, including antioxidant and antitumor activities. In this study, we examined whether RCMF protects against AFB(1)-induced liver injury using in vitro and in vivo systems. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with RCMF significantly reduced AFB(1)-stimulated production of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) to the control levels. RCMF also prevented the reduction in HepG2 cell viability caused by AFB(1). Oral administration of RCMF to mice significantly suppressed an AFB(1)-induced increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. It also prevented MDA formation and blocked decreases in glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities in the livers of AFB(1)-treated mice. In addition, RCMF supplementation prevented an AFB(1) -induced decrease in serum titers of IgA and IgG1. Collectively, these results suggest that RCMF attenuates AFB(1)-mediated damage to the liver, and that this effect is at least partially related to the restoration of antioxidant defense systems and an increase in AFB(1)-GSH conjugate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Choon Choi
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suweon, Korea
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Kim KS, Jung HS, Choi WC, Eo WK, Cheon SH. A case of recurred hepatocellular carcinoma refractory to doxorubicin after liver transplantation showing response to herbal medicine product, Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 9:100-4. [PMID: 20308087 DOI: 10.1177/1534735409359772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no established protocol proven to be beneficial for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation. Only a few reports have shown direct treatment by surgery or ablation to be independent predictors of survival for localized recurrence. Moreover, the necessity of immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection makes many physicians hesitate to administer systemic chemotherapy. This case report documents a case in which the administration of an herbal product, an extract of the lacquer tree, Rhus verniciflua Stokes, was associated with a decrease in the size of lung metastases in a patient with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation refractory to doxorubicin. This patient experienced prolonged survival compared with average survival times and little toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Seok Kim
- Kyunghee University College of Oriental Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shin JS, Park YM, Choi JH, Park HJ, Shin MC, Lee YS, Lee KT. Sulfuretin isolated from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua inhibits LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression via the down-regulation of NF-kappaB in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:943-50. [PMID: 20546946 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that Rhusverniciflua exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities. However, little is known about biological activity of sulfuretin, a flavonoid isolated from R.verniciflua. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms of sulfuretin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Sulfuretin dose-dependently reduced the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induced by LPS. Consistent with these findings, sulfuretin significantly suppressed the LPS-induced expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta. In addition, sulfuretin attenuated LPS-induced DNA binding and the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), which was accompanied by a parallel reduction of degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B-alpha (I kappaB-alpha) and consequently by decreased nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, pretreatment with sulfuretin significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated activation of I kappaB kinase beta (IKK beta). Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of sulfuretin in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages is associated with the suppression of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity via the inhibitory regulation of IKKbeta phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee DS, Jeong GS, Li B, Park H, Kim YC. Anti-inflammatory effects of sulfuretin from Rhus verniciflua Stokes via the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:850-8. [PMID: 20450988 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae) has traditionally been used as an ingredient in East Asian medicines used to treat oxidative damage and cancer. Sulfuretin is one of the major flavonoid components isolated from R. verniciflua. In the present study, we isolated sulfuretin from R. verniciflua and demonstrated that sulfuretin inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA expression, reduced iNOS-derived NO, suppressed COX-2 protein and mRNA expression, and reduced COX-derived PGE(2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, sulfuretin reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production. In addition, sulfuretin suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of I kappaB-alpha as well as the nuclear translocation of p65 by the stimulation of LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore sulfuretin induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression through nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf)2 and increased heme oxygenase (HO) activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. The effects of sulfuretin on LPS-induced NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta production were partially reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP). Therefore, it is suggested that sulfuretin-induced HO-1 expression plays a role of the resulting anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. This indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of sulfuretin in macrophages might be exerted through a novel mechanism that involves HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Lee SK, Jung HS, Eo WK, Lee SY, Kim SH, Shim BS. Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract as a potential option for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: report of two cases. Ann Oncol 2010; 21:1383-1385. [PMID: 20363807 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- Mμ Integrative Cancer Center, East West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - H S Jung
- Mμ Integrative Cancer Center, East West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W K Eo
- Mμ Integrative Cancer Center, East West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Y Lee
- Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA, USA
| | - S H Kim
- Graduate School of East West Medical Science
| | - B S Shim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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