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Zhylkibayev A, Ung TT, Mobley J, Athar M, Gorbatyuk M. The Involvement of Unfolded Protein Response in the Mechanism of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Ocular Toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:518-525. [PMID: 37914413 PMCID: PMC10801749 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a known surrogate of sulfur mustard, a chemical-warfare agent that causes a wide range of ocular symptoms, from a permanent reduction in visual acuity to blindness upon exposure. Although it has been proposed that the two blistering agents have a similar mechanism of toxicity, the mode of NM-induced cell death in ocular tissue has not been fully explored. Therefore, we hypothesized that direct ocular exposure to NM in mice leads to retinal tissue injury through chronic activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) PERK arm in corneal cells and VEGF secretion, eventually causing cell death. We topically applied NM directly to mice to analyze ocular and retinal tissues at 2 weeks postexposure. A dramatic decline in retinal function, measured by scotopic and photopic electroretinogram responses, was detected in the mice. This decline was associated with enhanced TUNEL staining in both corneal and retinal tissues. In addition, exposure of corneal cells to NM revealed 228 differentially and exclusively expressed proteins primarily associated with the UPR, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. Moreover, these cells exhibited activation of the UPR PERK arm and an increase in VEGF secretion. Enhancement of VEGF staining was later observed in the corneas of the exposed mice. Therefore, our data indicated that the mechanism of NM-induced ocular toxicity should be carefully examined and that future research should identify a signaling molecule transmitted via a prodeath pathway from the cornea to the retina. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrated that NM topical exposure in mice results in dramatic decline in retinal function associated with enhanced TUNEL staining in both corneal and retinal tissues. We also found that the NM treatment of corneal cells resulted in 228 differentially and exclusively expressed proteins primarily associated with ferroptosis. Moreover, these cells manifest the UPR PERK activation and an increase in VEGF secretion. The latter was also found in the corneas of the cexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James Mobley
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Zhao Z, Yan X, Li L, Shu Y, He J, Wang L, Huang Q, Xie J, Zhao J, Peng S. Proliferating Stem Cells are Acutely Affected by DNA Damage Induced by Sulfur Mustard. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:716-726. [PMID: 35834647 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent, can form adducts with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Reactions with DNA lead to the formation of both DNA monoadducts and interstrand cross-links, resulting in DNA damage, and is an important component of SM toxicity. Our previous in vivo studies indicated that dividing cells such as hematopoietic stem cells and intestinal villi stem cells seemed to have increased sensitivity to SM. Therefore, to compare the sensitivity of somatic and stem cells to SM and to investigate the mechanism of SM cytotoxicity, we isolated human foreskin fibroblasts, reprogrammed them into pluripotent stem cells, and then compared the DNA damage repair pathways involved upon SM treatment. Our results indicated that proliferating stem cells were more sensitive to SM-induced DNA damage, and the damage mainly comprised single-stranded breaks. Furthermore, the pathways involved in DNA repair in stem cells and somatic cells were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengming Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xiabei Yan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yulei Shu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhen Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Mao GC, Gong CC, Wang Z, Sun MX, Pei ZP, Meng WQ, Cen JF, He XW, Lu Y, Xu QQ, Xiao K. BMSC-derived exosomes ameliorate sulfur mustard-induced acute lung injury by regulating the GPRC5A-YAP axis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:2082-2093. [PMID: 33654219 PMCID: PMC8633287 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent that causes acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There are no effective therapeutic treatments or antidotes available currently to counteract its toxic effects. Our previous study shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) could exert therapeutic effects against SM-induced lung injury. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of BMSC-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exs) against ALI and the underlying mechanisms. ALI was induced in mice by injection of SM (30 mg/kg, sc) at their medial and dorsal surfaces. BMSC-Exs (20 μg/kg in 200 μL PBS, iv) were injected for a 5-day period after SM exposure. We showed that BMSC-Exs administration caused a protective effect against pulmonary edema. Using a lung epithelial cell barrier model, BMSC-Exs (10, 20, 40 μg) dose-dependently inhibited SM-induced cell apoptosis and promoted the recovery of epithelial barrier function by facilitating the expression and relocalization of junction proteins (E-cadherin, claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1). We further demonstrated that BMSC-Exs protected against apoptosis and promoted the restoration of barrier function against SM through upregulating G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A (GPRC5A), a retinoic acid target gene predominately expressed in the epithelial cells of the lung. Knockdown of GPRC5A reduced the antiapoptotic and barrier regeneration abilities of BMSC-Exs and diminished their therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. BMSC-Exs-caused upregulation of GPRC5A promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and junction proteins via regulating the YAP pathway. In summary, BMSC-Exs treatment exerts protective effects against SM-induced ALI by promoting alveolar epithelial barrier repair and may be an alternative approach to stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chao Mao
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chu-Chu Gong
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Preventive Medicinne, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Xue Sun
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Pei
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wen-Qi Meng
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jin-Feng Cen
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Wen He
- Origincell Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qing-Qiang Xu
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Akella M, Malla R. Molecular modeling and in vitro study on pyrocatechol as potential pharmacophore of CD151 inhibitor. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107681. [PMID: 32738620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CD151 has been recognized as a prognostic marker, the therapeutic target of breast cancers, but less explored for small molecule inhibitors due to lack of a validated model. The 3-D structure of CD151 large extracellular loop (LEL) was modeled using the LOMETS server and validated by the Ramachandran plot. The validated structure was employed for molecular docking and structure-based pharmacophore analysis. Druglikeness was evaluated by the ADMET description protocol. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by MTT, BrdU incorporation, flow cytometry, and cell death ELISAPLUS assay. This study predicted the best model for CD151-LEL with 94.1% residues in favored regions and Z score -2.79 kcal/mol using the threading method. The web-based receptor cavity method identified one functional target site, which was suitable for the binding of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Molecular docking study identified pyrocatechol (PCL) and 5-fluorouracil (FU) as potential leads of CD151-LEL. The pharmacophore model identified interaction points of modeled CD151-LEL with PCL and FU. Also, the analysis of ADMET properties revealed the drug-likeness of PCL and FU. The viability of MDA-MB 231 cells was significantly reduced with PCL and FU but less affected MCF-12A, normal healthy breast epithelial cell line. With 50% toxic concentration, both PCL and FU significantly inhibited 82.46 and 87.12% proliferation, respectively, of MDA-MB 231 cells by altering morphology and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, PCL and FU inhibited the CD151 expression by 4.5-and 4.8-folds, respectively. This study suggests the further assessment of pyrocatechol as a potential lead of CD151 in breast cancer at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Akella
- Cancer Biology Lab, Dept. of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - RamaRao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Dept. of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Rothmiller S, Balszuweit F, Menacher G, Steinritz D, Kehe K, Thiermann H, Schmidt A. Validation of automated pipetting systems for cell culture seeding, exposure and bio-analytical assays in sulfur mustard toxicology. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:80-86. [PMID: 31809884 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture experiments are highly important techniques to accelerate drug discovery, conduct safety testing and reduce the need for animal studies. Therefore, automatization may help to enhance the technical precision, reduce external (including operator's) influence on the data and thus improve reliability. Prior to application in scientific studies, validation of automated systems is absolutely necessary. In this study we present the validation of two combined automated pipetting systems to conduct toxicity studies in HaCaT cells consisting of cell seeding, noxious agent exposure and several assays to assess cell survival, apoptosis and interleukin production. After initial validation of pipetting accuracy, we compared homogeneity after automated seeding to plates seeded by expert laboratory technicians. Moreover, automated dispensing of a potentially unstable noxious agent was analyzed in terms of speed and consistency. We found a 2 % technical imprecision for the cell survival assay and 4.5-6 % for the other assays, bioluminescent and ELISA techniques. Thus, we could demonstrate the excellent technical precision of our assays. In a final step, we found that intraday variations, though acceptable, were much larger than technical variations and had to assume an intraday biological variability between different wells of the same experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Balszuweit
- Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service Headquarters, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Menacher
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr, Medical Service Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Universität der Bundeswehr München, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department for Sports Sciences, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
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Balali-Mood M, Riahi-Zanjani B, Mahmoudi M, Sadeghi M. Current status of the acquired immune system of Iranian patients with long-term complications of sulfur mustard poisoning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:43-48. [PMID: 30715678 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a powerful blistering chemical warfare agent that has genotoxic effects. Cells with excessive proliferation such as lymphocytes may inherit this cellular toxicity which can lead to their malfunctions in the long-term. This study was designed to evaluate the status of acquired immunity among SM poisoned veterans around three decades after exposure. METHODS Thirty five male Iranian veterans having at least 25% disability due to SM poisoning with long-term complications in the respiratory system, skin or eyes were investigated. Non-functional/functional tests including hematological parameters, immunostaining analysis, lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine profile, and levels of total serum IgM, IgG and IgA were performed. RESULTS The results showed that most of the parameters of adaptive immune system of the veterans were currently within the normal ranges. However, changes in the proliferation index (PI) of lymphocytes showed problems with the lymphocytes which cannot be proliferated appropriately. PI values for PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in presence of PHA (Phytohemagglutinin-A) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide) mitogens were 1.16 ± 0.14 and 1.13 ± 0.07, respectively which are less than expected. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results gathered in this study, most of the parameters of acquired immunity were normal. However, the observed failure of lymphocyte functions may disrupt physiological activity of whole immune system leading to long-term complications; including recurrent respiratory tract infections. Indeed, further cellular and molecular studies with regard to lymphocytes function are required to better understand the status of adaptive immunity in these patients. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmood Sadeghi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Menacher G, Balszuweit F, Lang S, Thiermann H, Kehe K, Gudermann T, Schmidt A, Steinritz D, Popp T. Necrosulfonamide - Unexpected effect in the course of a sulfur mustard intoxication. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 298:80-85. [PMID: 30391637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although its first military use in Ypres was 100 years ago, no causal therapy for sulfur mustard (SM) intoxications exists so far. To improve the therapeutic options for the treatment of SM intoxications, we developed a co-culture of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and immunocompetent cells (THP-1 cells) to identify potential substances for further research. Here, we report on the influence of necrosulfonamide (NSA) on the course of a SM intoxication in vitro. The cells were challenged with 100, 200 and 300 μM SM and after 1 h treated with NSA (1, 5, 10 μM). NSA was chosen for its known ability to inhibit necroptosis, a specialized pathway of programmed necrosis. However, in our settings NSA showed only mild effects on necrotic cell death after SM intoxication, whereas it had an immense ability to prevent apoptosis. Furthermore, NSA was able to reduce the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 at certain concentrations. Our data highlight NSA as a candidate compound to address cell death and inflammation in SM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Menacher
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Simon Lang
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Dept. Medical CBRN Defense, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr University Munich, Faculty of Human Sciences, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Menacher G, Steinritz D, Schmidt A, Popp T, Worek F, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Balszuweit F. Effects of anti-inflammatory compounds on sulfur mustard injured cells: Recommendations and caveats suggested by in vitro cell culture models. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anti-apoptotic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects of berberine in sulfur mustard exposed keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:2-8. [PMID: 28916288 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin affections after sulfur mustard (SM) exposure include erythema, blister formation and severe inflammation. An antidote or specific therapy does not exist. Anti-inflammatory compounds as well as substances counteracting SM-induced cell death are under investigation. In this study, we investigated the benzylisoquinoline alkaloide berberine (BER), a metabolite in plants like berberis vulgaris, which is used as herbal pharmaceutical in Asian countries, against SM toxicity using a well-established in vitro approach. Keratinocyte (HaCaT) mono-cultures (MoC) or HaCaT/THP-1 co-cultures (CoC) were challenged with 100, 200 or 300mM SM for 1h. Post-exposure, both MoC and CoC were treated with 10, 30 or 50μM BER for 24h. At that time, supernatants were collected and analyzed both for interleukine (IL) 6 and 8 levels and for content of adenylate-kinase (AK) as surrogate marker for cell necrosis. Cells were lysed and nucleosome formation as marker for late apoptosis was assessed. In parallel, AK in cells was determined for normalization purposes. BER treatment did not influence necrosis, but significantly decreased apoptosis. Anti-inflammatory effects were moderate, but also significant, primarily in CoC. Overall, BER has protective effects against SM toxicity in vitro. Whether this holds true should be evaluated in future in vivo studies.
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Khan F, Niaz K, Ismail Hassan F, Abdollahi M. An evidence-based review of the genotoxic and reproductive effects of sulfur mustard. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1143-1156. [PMID: 28032143 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent which is cytotoxic in nature, and at the molecular level, SM acts as DNA alkylating agent leading to genotoxic and reproductive effects. Mostly, the exposed areas of the body are the main targets for SM; however, it also adversely affects various tissues of the body and ultimately exhibits long-term complications including genotoxic and reproductive effects, even in the next generations. The effect of SM on reproductive system is the reason behind male infertility. The chronic genotoxic and reproductive complications of SM have been observed in the next generation, such as reproductive hormones disturbances, testicular atrophy, deficiency of sperm cells, retarded growth of sperm and male infertility. SM exerts toxic effects through various mechanisms causing reproductive dysfunction. The key mechanisms include DNA alkylation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion. However, the exact molecular mechanism of such long-term effects of SM is still unclear. In general, DNA damage, cell death and defects in the cell membrane are frequently observed in SM-exposed individuals. SM can activate various cellular and molecular mechanisms related to oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory responses throughout the reproductive system, which can cause decreased spermatogenesis and impaired sperm quality via damage to tissue function and structure. Moreover, the toxic effects of SM on the reproductive system as well as the occurrence of male infertility among exposed war troopers in the late exposure phase is still uncertain. The chronic effects of SM exposure in parents can cause congenital defects in their children. In this review, we aimed to investigate chronic genotoxic and reproductive effects of SM and their molecular mechanisms in the next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlullah Khan
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Kamal Niaz
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Fatima Ismail Hassan
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
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Liu F, Jiang N, Xiao ZY, Cheng JP, Mei YZ, Zheng P, Wang L, Zhang XR, Zhou XB, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. Effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibition on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injuries in vitro and in vivo. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1890. [PMID: 27077006 PMCID: PMC4830333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early studies with first-generation poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have already indicated some therapeutic potential for sulfur mustard (SM) injuries. The available novel and more potential PARP inhibitors, which are undergoing clinical trials as drugs for cancer treatment, bring it back to the centre of interest. However, the role of PARP-1 in SM-induced injury is not fully understood. In this study, we selected a high potent specific PARP inhibitor ABT-888 as an example to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitor in SM injury. The results showed that in both the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) and HaCaT cell model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 can reduce cell damage induced by severe SM injury. ABT-888 significantly reduced SM induced edema and epidermal necrosis in MEVM. In the HaCaT cell model, ABT-888 can reduce SM-induced NAD(+)/ATP depletion and apoptosis/necrosis. Then, we studied the mechanism of PARP-1 in SM injury by knockdown of PARP-1 in HaCaT cells. Knockdown of PARP-1 protected cell viability and downregulated the apoptosis checkpoints, including p-JNK, p-p53, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, c-PARP and Caspase 3 following SM-induced injury. Furthermore, the activation of AKT can inhibit autophagy via the regulation of mTOR. Our results showed that SM exposure could significantly inhibit the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway. Knockdown of PARP-1 reversed the SM-induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway. In summary, the results of our study indicated that the protective effects of downregulation of PARP-1 in SM injury may be due to the regulation of apoptosis, necrosis, energy crisis and autophagy. However, it should be noticed that PARP inhibitor ABT-888 further enhanced the phosphorylation of H2AX (S139) after SM exposure, which indicated that we should be very careful in the application of PARP inhibitors in SM injury treatment because of the enhancement of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Jun-Ping Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Yi-Zhou Mei
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Pan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Xin-Bo Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Wen-Xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Yong-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
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Weber F, Endesfelder S, Bührer C, Berns M. Effects of progesterone on hyperoxia-induced damage in mouse C8-D1A astrocytes. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00435. [PMID: 27099799 PMCID: PMC4831416 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The birth of most mammals features a dramatic increase in oxygen while placenta-derived hormones such as β-estradiol and progesterone plummet. In experimental newborn animals, transiently elevated oxygen concentrations cause death of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursors. High oxygen has been associated with cerebral palsy in human preterm infants while progesterone is being used to prevent preterm delivery and investigated as a neuroprotective agent. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperoxia (80% O2 for 24, 48, and 72 h) on cultured C8-D1A astrocytes in the presence or absence of progesterone at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-5) mol/L. RESULTS Hyperoxia measured by methytetrazolium assay (MTT) reduced cell viability, increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduced carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-assessed cell proliferation, and downregulated Cylin D2 expression. Progesterone did not affect any of these hyperoxia-mediated indicators of cell death or malfunctioning. Real-time PCR analysis showed that hyperoxia caused downregulation of the progesterone receptors PR-AB und PR-B. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments showed that there was no protective effect of progesterone on hyperoxia-inducted cell damage on mouse C8-D1A astrocytes. Down regulation of the progesterone receptors might be linked to the lack of protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Weber
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| | | | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| | - Monika Berns
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
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13
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Protective effects of the thiol compounds GSH and NAC against sulfur mustard toxicity in a human keratinocyte cell line. Toxicol Lett 2016; 244:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Balszuweit F, Menacher G, Bloemeke B, Schmidt A, Worek F, Thiermann H, Steinritz D. Development of a co-culture of keratinocytes and immune cells for in vitro investigation of cutaneous sulfur mustard toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Zhu XJ, Xu R, Meng X, Chu HB, Zhao C, Lian CJ, Wang T, Guo WJ, Zhang SM. Mechanistic Insights of Sulfur Mustard-Induced Acute Tracheal Injury in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:382-92. [PMID: 25163474 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814548730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is believed to be a major threat to civilian populations because of the persistent asymmetric threat by nonstate actors, such as terrorist groups, the ease of synthesis and handling, and the risk of theft from stockpiles. The purpose of this study was to establish mechanisms of acute tracheal injury in rats induced by SM using histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical parameters. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were anesthetized, intratracheally intubated, and exposed to 2 mg/kg of SM. Animals were euthanized 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hour postexposure, and intracavitary blood samples from the heart and tracheal tissues were collected. Exposure of rats to SM resulted in rapid tracheal injury, including tracheal epithelial cell shedding, focal ulceration, and abundant lymphocyte invasion of the submucosa. There was also evidence of a large number of apoptotic cells in the epithelium and submucosa, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β (IL) 1β, IL-6, and γ-glutamyl transferase peaked at 24 hours, and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance peaked at 6 hours. The SM exposure also resulted in a loss of the cellular membrane, leakage of cytoplasm, fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes in ciliated and goblet cells, and the nuclear chromatin appeared marginated in basal cells and fibroblasts. The results in the propylene glycol group were the same as the control group. These data demonstrated the histologic changes, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage following SM (2 mg/kg)-induced acute tracheal injury; the severity of changes was time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ji Zhu
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hai-Bo Chu
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Cheng-Jin Lian
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Guo
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Zhang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Serum cytokine profiles of Khorasan veterans 23 years after sulfur mustard exposure. Cytokine 2014; 70:161-4. [PMID: 25138016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is an incapacitating chemical warfare agent that was used against Iranian soldiers during the period from 1983 to 1988. We have investigated serum cytokines profiles of Khorasan veterans who were exposed to SM >23 years earlier. Forty-four male Iranian veterans who had >40% disabilities due to delayed complications of SM poisoning and had disabilities were investigated. A total of 30 healthy male volunteers (relatives of the veterans) were selected as the control group. Cytokine levels were measured in the serum of case and control subjects using commercial ELISA kits. Hematologic parameters (white/red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, immune cell differentials) were also performed on blood samples from the study subjects. The results indicated that serum levels of ICAM-1 were significantly higher in the samples from SM-exposed veterans (772.8 [± 15.1] ng/ml [p=0.014] vs. control values of 710.2 [± 20.0] ng/ml). On the other hand, serum IL-1β, IL-8 levels and TNFα, were significantly lower for the veterans than the controls (IL-1β: 3.8 [± 0.1] vs. 4.3 [± 0.2] pg/ml, p=0.037; IL-8: 21.0 [± 6.1] vs. 84.6 [± 20.3] pg/ml, p=0.002; TNFα: 4.5 [± 0.1] vs. 5.5 [± 0.1] pg/ml, p=0.027). Levels of other assayed cytokines, e.g., IL-2, -4, -5, -6, -10, and -12, IFNγ, TNFβ, and sVCAM-1 were not significantly different between the study populations. None of the assayed hematologic parameters appeared to differ as well. It seems possible that dysfunctions could have been induced in the innate immune functions of the SM-exposed veterans as a result of these changes in cytokine expression and that these, in turn, may have contributed to the increased incidence of a myriad of diseases that have been documented in these veterans, including cancers. Future studies must focus on examining the significance of these changes in circulating cytokines and their potential contribution to the development of different diseases in veterans exposed to SM.
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Yoshihisa Y, Rehman MU, Shimizu T. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, inhibits ultraviolet-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:178-83. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Mati ur Rehman
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
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Balszuweit F, John H, Schmidt A, Kehe K, Thiermann H, Steinritz D. Silibinin as a potential therapeutic for sulfur mustard injuries. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Batal M, Boudry I, Mouret S, Wartelle J, Emorine S, Bertoni M, Bérard I, Cléry-Barraud C, Douki T. Temporal and spatial features of the formation of DNA adducts in sulfur mustard-exposed skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:644-50. [PMID: 24141030 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that targets skin where it induces large blisters. DNA alkylation is a critical step to explain SM-induced cutaneous symptoms. We determined the kinetics of formation of main SM-DNA adducts and compare it with the development of the SM-induced pathogenesis in skin. SKH-1 mice were exposed to 2, 6 and 60 mg/kg of SM and treated skin was biopsied between 6h and 21 days. Formation of SM DNA adducts was dose-dependent with a maximum immediately after exposure. However, adducts were persistent and still detectable 21 days post-exposure. The time-dependent formation of DNA adducts was also found to be correlated with the appearance of apoptotic cells. This temporal correlation suggests that these two early events are responsible for the severity of the damage to the skin. Besides, SM-DNA adducts were also detected in areas located next to contaminated zone, thus suggesting that SM diffuses in skin. Altogether, this work provides for the first time a clear picture of SM-induced genotoxicity using DNA adducts as a marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Batal
- Laboratoire «Lésions des Acides Nucléiques», Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1, CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France; Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, France
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Schmidt A, Scherer M, Thiermann H, Steinritz D. Mesenchymal stem cells are highly resistant to sulfur mustard. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:505-11. [PMID: 23933411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sulfur mustard (SM) to the direct injured tissues of the skin, eyes and airways is well investigated. Little is known about the effect of SM to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, this is an interesting aspect. Comparing the clinical picture of SM it is known today that MSC play an important role e.g. in chronic impaired wound healing. Therefore we wanted to get an understanding about how SM affects MSC and if these findings might become useful to get a better understanding of the effect of sulfur mustard gas with respect to skin wounds. We used mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from femoral heads from healthy donors and treated them with a wide range of SM to ascertain the dose-response-curve. With the determined inhibitory concentrations IC1 (1μM), IC5 (10μM), IC10 (20μM) and IC25 (40μM) we did further investigations. We analyzed the migratory ability and the differentiation capacity under influence of SM. Already very low concentrations of SM demonstrated a strong effect to the migratory activity whereas the differentiation capacity seemed not to be affected. Putting these findings together it seems to be likely that a link between MSC and the impaired wound healing after SM exposure might exist. Same as in patients with chronic impaired wound healing MSC had shown a reduced migratory activity. The fact that MSC are able to tolerate very high concentrations of SM and still do not lose their differentiation capacity may reveal new ways of treating wounds caused by sulfur mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportplatz Müngersdorf, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Panahi Y, Davoudi SM, Beiraghdar F, Saadat A, Sahebkar A. Relationship between levels of IFNγ, TNFα, and TGFβ and pruritus in sulfur mustard-exposed veterans. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:173-7. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.707697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vrančić M, Banjanac M, Nujić K, Bosnar M, Murati T, Munić V, Stupin Polančec D, Belamarić D, Parnham MJ, Eraković Haber V. Azithromycin distinctively modulates classical activation of human monocytes in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1348-60. [PMID: 21726210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Azithromycin has been reported to modify activation of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. Here, we have sought to identify the mechanisms underlying this modulatory effect of azithromycin on human monocytes, classically activated in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human blood monocytes were primed with IFN-γ for 24 h and activated with LPS for 24 h. Azithromycin, anti-inflammatory and lysosome-affecting agents were added 2 h before IFN-γ. Cytokine and chemokine expression was determined by quantitative PCR and protein release by ELISA. Signalling molecules were determined by Western blotting and transcription factor activation quantified with a DNA-binding ELISA kit. KEY RESULTS Azithromycin (1.5-50 µM) dose-dependently inhibited gene expression and/or release of M1 macrophage markers (CCR7, CXCL 11 and IL-12p70), but enhanced CCL2, without altering TNF-α or IL-6. Azithromycin also enhanced the gene expression and/or release of M2 macrophage markers (IL-10 and CCL18), and the pan-monocyte marker CD163, but inhibited that of CCL22. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling pathway was modulated, down-regulating NF-κB and STAT1 transcription factors. The inhibitory profile of azithromycin differed from that of dexamethasone, the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast and the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 but was similar to that of the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine. Effects of concanamycin and NH4Cl, which also act on lysosomes, differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Azithromycin modulated classical activation of human monocytes by inhibition of TLR4-mediated signalling and possible effects on lysosomal function, and generated a mediator expression profile that differs from that of monocyte/macrophage phenotypes so far described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vrančić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Limited, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Polančec DS, Munić Kos V, Banjanac M, Vrančić M, Čužić S, Belamarić D, Parnham MJ, Polančec D, Haber VE. Azithromycin drives in vitro GM-CSF/IL-4-induced differentiation of human blood monocytes toward dendritic-like cells with regulatory properties. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:229-43. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1210655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wood LW, Shillitoe EJ. Effect of a caspase inhibitor, zVADfmk, on the inhibition of breast cancer cells by herpes simplex virus type 1. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:685-94. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tong JS, Zhang QH, Huang X, Fu XQ, Qi ST, Wang YP, Hou Y, Sheng J, Sun QY. Icaritin causes sustained ERK1/2 activation and induces apoptosis in human endometrial cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16781. [PMID: 21408143 PMCID: PMC3050810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icaritin, a compound from Epimedium Genus, has selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulating activities, and posses anti-tumor activity. Here, we examined icaritin effect on cell growth of human endometrial cancer Hec1A cells and found that icaritin potently inhibited proliferation of Hec1A cells. Icaritin-inhibited cell growth was associated with increased levels of p21 and p27 expression and reduced cyclinD1 and cdk 4 expression. Icaritin also induced cell apoptosis accompanied by activation of caspases as evidenced by the cleavage of endogenous substrate Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cytochrome c release, which was abrogated by pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Icaritin treatment also induced expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax with a concomitant decrease of Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, icaritin induced sustained phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (the MAPK/ ERK1/2) in Hec1A cells and U0126, a specific MAP kinase kinase (MEK1/2) inhibitor, blocked the ERK1/2 activation by icaritin and abolished the icaritin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that icaritin induced sustained ERK 1/2 activation and inhibited growth of endometrial cancer Hec1A cells, and provided a rational for preclinical and clinical evaluation of icaritin for endometrial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qi Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Tao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (QYS); (JS)
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QYS); (JS)
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The Role of Fas-FasL Signaling Pathway in Induction of Apoptosis in Patients with Sulfur Mustard-Induced Chronic Bronchiolitis. J Toxicol 2011; 2010:373612. [PMID: 21317984 PMCID: PMC3026972 DOI: 10.1155/2010/373612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent that induces apoptosis and necrosis in cells. Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) interaction could induce apoptosis as well. In this study, it was hypothesized that apoptosis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of SM-induced lung injury via Fas-FasL signaling pathway. In a case-control study, Fas and FasL levels, caspase-3 activity and percent of apoptotic cells were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients 20 years after exposure to sulfur mustard and compared with the control group.
Results show that Fas and FasL levels were significantly higher in BAL fluid cells in patients group compared with the control (P = .001). No significant differences were observed between mild and moderate-severe groups. BAL fluid cells caspase-3 activity was not significantly different among the mild, moderate-severe, and control groups. The data suggest that Fas-FasL-induced apoptosis was impaired in BAL fluid cells of SM-exposed patients which might be one of the initiators of pathogenesis in SM-induced lung injury in these patients.
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Implication of the c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase pathway in the neuroprotective effect of puerarin against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Muñoz B, Albores A. The role of molecular biology in the biomonitoring of human exposure to chemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4511-25. [PMID: 21151453 PMCID: PMC3000097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to different substances in an occupational environment is of utmost concern to global agencies such as the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization. Interest in improving work health conditions, particularly of those employees exposed to noxious chemicals, has increased considerably and has stimulated the search for new, more specific and selective tests. Recently, the field of molecular biology has been indicated as an alternative technique for monitoring personnel while evaluating work-related pathologies. Originally, occupational exposure to environmental toxicants was assessed using biochemical techniques to determine the presence of higher concentrations of toxic compounds in blood, urine, or other fluids or tissues; results were used to evaluate potential health risk. However, this approach only estimates the presence of a noxious chemical and its effects, but does not prevent or diminish the risk. Molecular biology methods have become very useful in occupational medicine to provide more accurate and opportune diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the role of the following common techniques: (1) Use of cell cultures; (2) evaluation of gene expression; (3) the “omic” sciences (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and (4) bioinformatics. We suggest that molecular biology has many applications in occupational health where the data can be applied to general environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balam Muñoz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, México, DF 07360, Mexico; E-Mail:
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Ghanei M, Poursaleh Z, Harandi AA, Emadi SE, Emadi SN. Acute and chronic effects of sulfur mustard on the skin: a comprehensive review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010; 29:269-77. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2010.511367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yoshihisa Y, Honda A, Zhao QL, Makino T, Abe R, Matsui K, Shimizu H, Miyamoto Y, Kondo T, Shimizu T. Protective effects of platinum nanoparticles against UV-light-induced epidermal inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:1000-6. [PMID: 20812965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis play important roles in the ultraviolet (UV)-induced inflammatory responses in the skin. Metal nanoparticles have been developed to increase the catalytic activity of metals, which is because of the large surface area of smaller particles. Platinum nanoparticles (nano-Pt) protected by poly acrylic acid were manufactured by reduction with ethanol. A marked increase in ROS production was observed in UV-treated HaCaT keratinocytes cell lines, while a decrease in ROS production was observed in nano-Pt-treated cells. Pretreatment of the cells with nano-Pt also caused a significant inhibition of UVB- and UVC-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that mice treated with nano-Pt gel prior to UV irradiation showed significant inhibition of UVB-induced inflammation and UVA-induced photoallergy compared to UV-irradiated control mice. These results suggest that nano-Pt effectively protects against UV-induced inflammation by decreasing ROS production and inhibiting apoptosis in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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Munić V, Kelnerić Z, Mikac L, Eraković Haber V. Differences in assessment of macrolide interaction with human MDR1 (ABCB1, P-gp) using rhodamine-123 efflux, ATPase activity and cellular accumulation assays. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:86-95. [PMID: 20621639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study five macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and telithromycin) were compared based on their ability to interact with human MDR1 (ABCB1, P-glycoprotein), studied from two main aspects: by determining the influence of macrolide antibiotics on MDR1 function, as well as the influence of MDR1 on macrolide accumulation in MES-SA/Dx5 cells overexpressing human MDR1. At higher micromolar concentrations five tested macrolides were shown to inhibit MDR1 function in terms of rhodamine-123 efflux and verapamil-activated ATPase function, whereas at lower concentrations they activated MDR1 ATPase. They were confirmed to be substrates of MDR1 and to compete with each other, as well as with verapamil for transport via this transporter. Expression of MDR1 on cells decreased macrolide accumulation in cells from 2- to 80-fold with the most pronounced change observed for azithromycin and erythromycin. Moreover, presence of active MDR1 highly affected the relative ranking of tested macrolides according to their accumulation in cells. In conclusion, out of seven applied methods and assessed parameters, four of them gave similar rough evaluation on the strength of interaction of five macrolides with MDR1, with clarithromycin, roxithromycin and telithromycin showing stronger interaction than azithromycin and erythromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Munić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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