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Pang Y, Qu J, Zhang H, Cao Y, Ma X, Wang S, Wang J, Wu J, Zhang T. Nose-to-brain translocation and nervous system injury in response to indium tin oxide nanoparticles of long-term low-dose exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167314. [PMID: 37742979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a semiconductor nanomaterial with broad application in liquid crystal displays, solar cells, and electrochemical immune sensors. It is worth noting that, with the gradual increase in worker exposure opportunities, the exposure risk in occupational production cannot be ignored. At present, the toxicity of ITO mainly focuses on respiratory toxicity. ITO inhaled through the upper respiratory tract can cause pathological changes such as interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Still, extrapulmonary toxicity after nanoscale ITO nanoparticle (ITO NPs) exposure, such as long-term effects on the central nervous system, should also be of concern. Therefore, we set up exposure dose experiments (0 mg·kg-1, 3.6 mg·kg-1, and 36 mg·kg-1) based on occupational exposure limits to treat C57BL/6 mice via nasal drops for 15 weeks. Moreover, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the neurotoxicity of ITO NPs (20-30 nm) in vivo. The results indicated that ITO NPs can cause diffuse inflammatory infiltrates in brain tissue, increased glial cell responsiveness, abnormal neuronal cell lineage transition, neuronal migration disorders, and neuronal apoptosis related to the oxidative stress induced by ITO NPs exposure. Hence, our findings provide useful information for the fuller risk assessment of ITO NPs after occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Exposure profiles of workers from indium tin oxide target manufacturing and recycling factories in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233:113708. [PMID: 33588194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide exposure poses a potential health risk, but the exposure assessment in occupational setting remains incomplete and continues to be a significant challenge. To this end, we investigated the association of work type, airborne indium concentration, respirable fraction of total indium, and cumulative indium exposure index (CEI) with the levels of plasma indium (P-In) and urinary indium (U-In) among 302 indium tin oxide target manufacturing and recycling workers in Taiwan. We observed that recycling-crushing produced the highest concentrations of total indium (area: 2084.8 μg/m3; personal: 3494.5 μg/m3) and respirable indium (area: 533.4 μg/m3; personal: 742.0 μg/m3). Powdering produced the highest respirable fraction of total indium (area: 58.6%; personal: 81.5%), where the workers had the highest levels of P-In (geometric mean: 2.0 μg/L) and U-In (1.0 μg/g creatinine). After adjusting for the confounder, the CEIs of powdering (βPR = 0.78; βPR = 0.44), bonding (βPT = 0.61; βPT = 0.37), and processing workers (βPT = 0.43; βPT = 0.28) showed significant associations with P-In and U-In, validating its utility in monitoring the exposure. Also, the respirable fraction of total indium significantly contributed to the increased levels of P-In and U-In among workers. The varying levels of relationship noted between indium exposure and the levels of P-In and U-In among workers with different work types suggested that setting the exposure limits among different work types is warranted.
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Chang HF, Yang PT, Lin HW, Yeh KC, Chen MN, Wang SL. Indium Uptake and Accumulation by Rice and Wheat and Health Risk Associated with Their Consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14946-14954. [PMID: 33172256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of indium in high-tech industries has inevitably caused its release into the environment. However, knowledge of its environmental fate has been very limited so far. This study investigates the indium uptake and accumulation by two staple crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and evaluates potential risks associated with their consumption. Rice and wheat were grown on three kinds of soil, including acidic soils spiked with a high indium concentration (1.0 mmol kg-1), which is considered the worst-case scenario, because high soil acidity promotes indium bioavailability. The results revealed that a large portion of soil indium was associated with iron hydroxides, even in acidic soils. Indium precipitates in soils resulted in relatively low availability at the plant root site. Most absorbed indium accumulated at the roots, with only a tiny portion reaching the grains. The corresponding Hazard Quotient indicated no adverse effects on human health. Due to the low translocation of indium from soil to grain, the consumption of rice and wheat grains harvested from indium-contaminated soils may pose an insignificant risk to human health. Further field studies are necessary to better elucidate the risks associated with consuming crops grown in indium-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Fang Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Puu-Tai Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ni Chen
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration, Taoyuan City 32024, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Li Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Kapukıran F, Yılmaz Ö, Tekin Z, Büyükpınar Ç, Özdoğan N, Bakırdere S. Determination of Indium in Lettuce Samples Using Hydrogen Supported-T-cut-slotted Quartz Tube-atom Trap-flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kapukıran
- Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineer Department, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Özge Yılmaz
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tekin
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Büyükpınar
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nizamettin Özdoğan
- Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineer Department, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
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Blackley BH, Cummings KJ, Stanton M, Stefaniak AB, Gibbs JL, Park JY, Harvey RR, Virji MA. Work Tasks as Determinants of Respirable and Inhalable Indium Exposure among Workers at an Indium-Tin Oxide Production and Reclamation Facility. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:175-184. [PMID: 31803905 PMCID: PMC9969414 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased global demand for touch screens, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics has resulted in an increase in the production of indium-tin oxide (ITO). Occupational exposure to indium compounds is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Although many previous epidemiologic investigations highlight an excess of lung abnormalities in workplaces where ITO is produced, few assessments of occupational exposure to respirable and inhalable indium are reported to date. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of respirable and inhalable indium at an ITO production facility to target exposure interventions. In 2012 and 2014, we conducted exposure assessments at an ITO production facility and collected full-shift personal respirable (n = 159) and inhalable (n = 57) indium samples. We also observed workers and recorded information on task duration and location, materials used, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Tasks (n = 121) recorded in task diaries were categorized into 40 similar task groups using the Advanced REACH Tool and process-related information. Mixed-effects models were fit separately for log-transformed respirable and inhalable indium, with random effect of subject and fixed effects of task groups. Overall, respirable and inhalable indium measurements ranged from 0.1 to 796.6 µg m-3 and 1.6 to 10 585.7 µg m-3, respectively, and were highly correlated with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.90. The final model for respirable indium explained 36.3% of total variance and identified sanding, powder transfer tasks in reclaim, powder transfer tasks in refinery, handling indium materials, and liquid transfer tasks in ITO production as tasks associated with increased respirable indium exposure. The final model for inhalable indium explained 24.6% of total variance and included powder transfer tasks in ITO production, cleaning cylinder or tile, and handling indium material tasks. Tasks identified as strong predictors of full-shift exposure to respirable and inhalable indium can guide the use of engineering, administrative, and PPE controls designed to mitigate occupational exposure to indium. Moreover, since the tasks were aligned with REACH activities, results from this study can also be used to inform REACH activity scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Hawley Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-304-285-5751; fax: +1-304-285-5820;
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Marcia Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jenna L. Gibbs
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ji Young Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - R. Reid Harvey
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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6
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Lee DK, Jang HS, Chung H, Jeon S, Jeong J, Choi JH, Cho WS. Aggravation of atherosclerosis by pulmonary exposure to indium oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:355-371. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1704590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keun Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Jang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Chung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Blackley BH, Gibbs JL, Cummings KJ, Stefaniak AB, Park JY, Stanton M, Abbas Virji M. A field evaluation of a single sampler for respirable and inhalable indium and dust measurements at an indium-tin oxide manufacturing facility. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:66-77. [PMID: 30325716 PMCID: PMC6419101 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1536826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indium-tin oxide production has increased greatly in the last 20 years subsequent to increased global demand for touch screens and photovoltaics. Previous studies used measurements of indium in blood as an indicator of indium exposure and observed associations with adverse respiratory outcomes. However, correlations between measurements of blood indium and airborne respirable indium are inconsistent, in part because of the long half-life of indium in blood, but also because respirable indium measurements do not incorporate inhalable indium that can contribute to the observed biological burden. Information is lacking on relationships between respirable and inhalable indium exposure, which have implications for biological indicators like blood indium. The dual IOM sampler includes the foam disc insert and can simultaneously collect respirable and inhalable aerosol. Here, the field performance of the dual IOM sampler was evaluated by comparing performance with the respirable cyclone and traditional IOM for respirable and inhalable indium and dust exposure, respectively. Side-by-side area air samples were collected throughout an indium-tin oxide manufacturing facility. Cascade impactors were used to determine particle size distribution. Several statistical methods were used to evaluate the agreement between the pairs of samplers including calculating the concordance correlation coefficient and its accuracy and precision components. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of dust concentration on sampler differences. Respirable indium measurements showed better agreement (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.932) compared to respirable dust measurements (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.777) with significant differences observed in respirable dust measurements. The dual IOM measurements had high agreement with the traditional IOM for inhalable indium (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.997) but lower agreement for inhalable dust (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.886 and accuracy: 0.896) with a significantly large mean bias (-146.9 µg/m3). Dust concentration significantly affected sampler measurements of inhalable dust and inhalable indium. Results from this study suggest that the dual IOM is a useful single sampler for simultaneous measurements of occupational exposure to respirable and inhalable indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Hawley Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jenna L. Gibbs
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcia Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Bomhard EM. The toxicology of indium oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:250-258. [PMID: 29448164 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indium oxide (In2O3) is a technologically important semiconductor essentially used, doped with tin oxide, to form indium tin oxide (ITO). It is poorly soluble in all so far tested physiologic media. After repeated inhalation, In2O3 particles accumulate in the lungs. Their mobilization can cause significant systemic exposure over long periods of time. An increasing number of cases of severe lung effects (characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, emphysema and/or interstitial fibrosis) in workers of the ITO industry warrants a review of the toxicological hazards also of In2O3. The database on acute and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity/genotoxicity/reproductive toxicity as well skin/eye irritation and sensitization is very limited or even lacking. Short-term and subchronic inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent alveolar proteinosis, inflammation and early indicators of fibrosis in the lungs down to concentrations of 1 mg/m3. Epidemiological and medical surveillance studies, serum/blood indium levels in workers as well as data on the exposure to airborne indium concentrations indicate a need for measures to reduce exposure at In2O3 workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst M Bomhard
- REAChChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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New interplay between interstitial and alveolar macrophages explains pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) induced by indium tin oxide particles. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1349-1361. [PMID: 29484482 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to indium tin oxide (ITO) particles has been associated with the development of severe lung diseases, including pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). The mechanisms of this lung toxicity remain unknown. Here, we reveal the respective roles of resident alveolar (Siglec-Fhigh AM) and recruited interstitial (Siglec-Flow IM) macrophages contributing in concert to the development of PAP. In mice treated with ITO particles, PAP is specifically associated with IL-1α (not GM-CSF) deficiency and Siglec-Fhigh AM (not Siglec-Flow IM) depletion. Mechanistically, ITO particles are preferentially phagocytosed and dissolved to soluble In3+ by Siglec-Flow IM. In contrast, Siglec-Fhigh AM weakly phagocytose or dissolve ITO particles, but are sensitive to released In3+ through the expression of the transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1). Blocking pulmonary Siglec-Flow IM recruitment in CCR2-deficient mice reduces ITO particle dissolution, In3+ release, Siglec-Fhigh AM depletion, and PAP formation. Restoration of IL-1-related Siglec-Fhigh AM also prevented ITO-induced PAP. We identified a new mechanism of secondary PAP development according to which metal ions released from inhaled particles by phagocytic IM disturb IL-1α-dependent AM self-maintenance and, in turn, alveolar clearance.
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Zeng C, Gonzalez-Alvarez A, Orenstein E, Field JA, Shadman F, Sierra-Alvarez R. Ecotoxicity assessment of ionic As(III), As(V), In(III) and Ga(III) species potentially released from novel III-V semiconductor materials. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:30-36. [PMID: 28231503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
III-V materials such as indium arsenide (InAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) are increasingly used in electronic and photovoltaic devices. The extensive application of these materials may lead to release of III-V ionic species during semiconductor manufacturing or disposal of decommissioned devices into the environment. Although arsenic is recognized as an important contaminant due to its high toxicity, there is a lack of information about the toxic effects of indium and gallium ions. In this study, acute toxicity of As(III), As(V), In(III) and Ga(III) species was evaluated using two microbial assays testing for methanogenic activity and O2 uptake, as well as two bioassays targeting aquatic organisms, including the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (bioluminescence inhibition) and the crustacean Daphnia magna (mortality). The most noteworthy finding was that the toxicity is mostly impacted by the element tested. Secondarily, the toxicity of these species also depended on the bioassay target. In(III) and Ga(III) were not or only mildly toxic in the experiments. D. magna was the most sensitive organism for In(III) and Ga(III) with 50% lethal concentrations of 0.5 and 3.4mM, respectively. On the other hand, As(III) and As(V) caused clear inhibitory effects, particularly in the methanogenic toxicity bioassay. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of both arsenic species towards methanogens were about 0.02mM, which is lower than the regulated maximum allowable daily effluent discharge concentration (2.09mg/L or 0.03mM) for facilities manufacturing electronic components in the US. Overall, the results indicate that the ecotoxicity of In(III) and Ga(III) is much lower than that of the As species tested. This finding is important in filling the knowledge gap regarding the ecotoxicology of In and Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA.
| | - Adrian Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
| | - Emily Orenstein
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
| | - Farhang Shadman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
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Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Badding MA, Cummings KJ. Application of the ICRP respiratory tract model to estimate pulmonary retention of industrially sampled indium-containing dusts. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:169-178. [PMID: 28595469 PMCID: PMC5746041 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1333548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of indium-containing dusts is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Workers may be exposed to several different chemical forms of indium; however, their lung dosimetry is not fully understood. We characterized the physicochemical properties and measured the lung dissolution kinetics of eight indium-containing dusts. Indium dissolution rates in artificial lung fluids spanned two orders of magnitude. We used the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human respiratory model (HRTM) to estimate pulmonary indium deposition, retention and biokinetic clearance to blood. For a two-year (median workforce tenure at facility) exposure to respirable-sized particles of the indium materials, modeled indium clearance (>99.99% removed) from the alveolar-interstitial compartment was slow for all dusts; salts would clear in 4 years, sintered indium-tin oxide (ITO) would clear in 9 years, and indium oxide would require 48 years. For this scenario, the ICRP HRTM predicted that indium translocated to blood would be present in that compartment for 3.5-18 years after cessation of exposure, depending on the chemical form. For a 40-year exposure (working lifetime), clearance from the alveolar-interstitial compartment would require 5, 10 and 60 years for indium salts, sintered ITO and indium oxide, respectively and indium would be present in blood for 5-53 years after exposure. Consideration of differences in chemical forms of indium, dissolution rates, alveolar clearance and residence time in blood should be included in exposure assessment and epidemiological studies that rely on measures of total indium in air or blood to derive risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Melissa A Badding
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Kristin J Cummings
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
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13
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Harvey RR, Virji MA, Edwards NT, Cummings KJ. Comparing plasma, serum and whole blood indium concentrations from workers at an indium-tin oxide (ITO) production facility. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:864-867. [PMID: 27456157 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational exposure to indium compounds including indium-tin oxide (ITO) can result in potentially fatal indium lung disease. We compared plasma, serum and whole blood indium concentrations (InP, InS and InB) from workers at a single ITO production facility to assess the comparability of these matrices used for biological monitoring of indium exposure. METHOD InP, InS and InB were measured using inductively coupled mass spectrometry from consenting workers at an ITO production facility with specimen collection occurring during June-July 2014. Matched pairs from workers were assessed to determine the matrix relationships using the Pearson correlation, paired t-tests, per cent difference, linear regression and κ statistics. RESULTS Indium matrices were collected from 80 workers. Mean (SD) InP, InS and InB were 3.48 (3.84), 3.90 (4.15) and 4.66 (5.32) mcg/L, respectively. The InS-InP difference was 14%; InS was higher in all but two workers. InP and InS were highly correlated (r=>0.99). The InB-InS difference was 19%; InB was higher in 85% of workers. The InB-InP difference was 34%; InB was higher in 66% of workers. InB was highly correlated with both InP and InS (r=0.97 and 0.96, respectively). κ Statistics were 0.84, 0.83 and 0.82 for InP, InS and InB, respectively, for individuals with each matrix ≥1 mcg/L (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS While all matrices were highly correlated, we encourage the use of InP and InS to reliably compare studies across different populations using different matrices. The higher per cent difference and increased variability of InB may limit its utility in comparisons with InP and InS in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reid Harvey
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicole T Edwards
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kristin J Cummings
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Cummings KJ, Virji MA, Park JY, Stanton ML, Edwards NT, Trapnell BC, Carey B, Stefaniak AB, Kreiss K. Respirable indium exposures, plasma indium, and respiratory health among indium-tin oxide (ITO) workers. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:522-31. [PMID: 27219296 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers manufacturing indium-tin oxide (ITO) are at risk of elevated indium concentration in blood and indium lung disease, but relationships between respirable indium exposures and biomarkers of exposure and disease are unknown. METHODS For 87 (93%) current ITO workers, we determined correlations between respirable and plasma indium and evaluated associations between exposures and health outcomes. RESULTS Current respirable indium exposure ranged from 0.4 to 108 μg/m(3) and cumulative respirable indium exposure from 0.4 to 923 μg-yr/m(3) . Plasma indium better correlated with cumulative (rs = 0.77) than current exposure (rs = 0.54) overall and with tenure ≥1.9 years. Higher cumulative respirable indium exposures were associated with more dyspnea, lower spirometric parameters, and higher serum biomarkers of lung disease (KL-6 and SP-D), with significant effects starting at 22 μg-yr/m(3) , reached by 46% of participants. CONCLUSIONS Plasma indium concentration reflected cumulative respirable indium exposure, which was associated with clinical, functional, and serum biomarkers of lung disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:522-531, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Cummings
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Nicole T. Edwards
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Bruce C. Trapnell
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Brenna Carey
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Kathleen Kreiss
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
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15
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Liu HH, Chen CY, Lan CH, Chang CP, Peng CY. Effects of a powered air-purifying respirator intervention on indium exposure reduction and indium related biomarkers among ITO sputter target manufacturing workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:346-355. [PMID: 26771526 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1125487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) worn by the workers, and to investigate the effect of this application on exposure and preclinical effects in terms of workplace measuring and biomarker monitoring in ITO sputter target manufacturing plants and workers, respectively. Fifty-four workers were recruited and investigated from 2010-2012, during which PAPRs were provided to on-site workers in September 2011. Each worker completed questionnaires and provided blood and urine samples for analysis of biomarkers of indium exposure and preclinical effects. Area and personal indium air samples were randomly collected from selected worksites and from participants. The penetration percentage of the respirator (concentration inside respirator divided by concentration outside respirator) was 6.6%. Some biomarkers, such as S-In, SOD, GPx, GST, MDA, and TMOM, reflected the decrease in exposure and showed lower levels, after implementation of PAPRs. This study is the first to investigate the efficacy of PAPRs for reducing indium exposure. The measurement results clearly showed that the implementation of PAPRs reduces levels of indium-related biomarkers. These findings have practical applications for minimizing occupational exposure to indium and for managing the health of workers exposed to indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsin Liu
- a Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yuh Chen
- b Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hang Lan
- c Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Chang
- d Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chang Jung Christian University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- e Department of Public Health , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- f Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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16
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Jiang W, Lin S, Chang CH, Ji Z, Sun B, Wang X, Li R, Pon N, Xia T, Nel AE. Implications of the Differential Toxicological Effects of III-V Ionic and Particulate Materials for Hazard Assessment of Semiconductor Slurries. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12011-12025. [PMID: 26549624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of tunable band gaps, high carrier mobility, and low-energy consumption rates, III-V materials are attractive for use in semiconductor wafers. However, these wafers require chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) for polishing, which leads to the generation of large quantities of hazardous waste including particulate and ionic III-V debris. Although the toxic effects of micron-sized III-V materials have been studied in vivo, no comprehensive assessment has been undertaken to elucidate the hazardous effects of submicron particulates and released III-V ionic components. Since III-V materials may contribute disproportionately to the hazard of CMP slurries, we obtained GaP, InP, GaAs, and InAs as micron- (0.2-3 μm) and nanoscale (<100 nm) particles for comparative studies of their cytotoxic potential in macrophage (THP-1) and lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines. We found that nanosized III-V arsenides, including GaAs and InAs, could induce significantly more cytotoxicity over a 24-72 h observation period. In contrast, GaP and InP particulates of all sizes as well as ionic GaCl3 and InCl3 were substantially less hazardous. The principal mechanism of III-V arsenide nanoparticle toxicity is dissolution and shedding of toxic As(III) and, to a lesser extent, As(V) ions. GaAs dissolves in the cell culture medium as well as in acidifying intracellular compartments, while InAs dissolves (more slowly) inside cells. Chelation of released As by 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid interfered in GaAs toxicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that III-V arsenides, GaAs and InAs nanoparticles, contribute in a major way to the toxicity of III-V materials that could appear in slurries. This finding is of importance for considering how to deal with the hazard potential of CMP slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sijie Lin
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nanetta Pon
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Early changes in clinical, functional, and laboratory biomarkers in workers at risk of indium lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11:1395-403. [PMID: 25295756 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201407-346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Occupational exposure to indium compounds, including indium-tin oxide, can result in potentially fatal indium lung disease. However, the early effects of exposure on the lungs are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between short-term occupational exposures to indium compounds and the development of early lung abnormalities. METHODS Among indium-tin oxide production and reclamation facility workers, we measured plasma indium, respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, chest computed tomography, and serum biomarkers of lung disease. Relationships between plasma indium concentration and health outcome variables were evaluated using restricted cubic spline and linear regression models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eighty-seven (93%) of 94 indium-tin oxide facility workers (median tenure, 2 yr; median plasma indium, 1.0 μg/l) participated in the study. Spirometric abnormalities were not increased compared with the general population, and few subjects had radiographic evidence of alveolar proteinosis (n = 0), fibrosis (n = 2), or emphysema (n = 4). However, in internal comparisons, participants with plasma indium concentrations ≥ 1.0 μg/l had more dyspnea, lower mean FEV1 and FVC, and higher median serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D levels. Spline regression demonstrated nonlinear exposure response, with significant differences occurring at plasma indium concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/l compared with the reference. Associations between health outcomes and the natural log of plasma indium concentration were evident in linear regression models. Associations were not explained by age, smoking status, facility tenure, or prior occupational exposures. CONCLUSIONS In indium-tin oxide facility workers with short-term, low-level exposure, plasma indium concentrations lower than previously reported were associated with lung symptoms, decreased spirometric parameters, and increased serum biomarkers of lung disease.
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Matsumura N, Kiyohara Y. Tissue distribution of indium after repeated intratracheal instillations of indium‐tin oxide into the lungs of hamsters. J Occup Health 2015; 57:189-92. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0123-br] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Nagisa Matsumura
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
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Amiri Shadmehri E, Dehghani Mohammad Abadi M, Chamsaz M. Sensitive analysis In(III) in various matrices by spectrophotometry after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427214060044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hines CJ, Roberts JL, Andrews RN, Jackson MV, Deddens JA. Use of and occupational exposure to indium in the United States. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:723-733. [PMID: 24195539 PMCID: PMC4476525 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.836279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium use has increased greatly in the past decade in parallel with the growth of flat-panel displays, touchscreens, optoelectronic devices, and photovoltaic cells. Much of this growth has been in the use of indium tin oxide (ITO). This increased use has resulted in more frequent and intense exposure of workers to indium. Starting with case reports and followed by epidemiological studies, exposure to ITO has been linked to serious and sometimes fatal lung disease in workers. Much of this research was conducted in facilities that process sintered ITO, including manufacture, grinding, and indium reclamation from waste material. Little has been known about indium exposure to workers in downstream applications. In 2009-2011, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contacted 89 potential indium-using companies; 65 (73%) responded, and 43 of the 65 responders used an indium material. Our objective was to identify current workplace applications of indium materials, tasks with potential indium exposure, and exposure controls being used. Air sampling for indium was either conducted by NIOSH or companies provided their data for a total of 63 air samples (41 personal, 22 area) across 10 companies. Indium exposure exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m(3) for certain methods of resurfacing ITO sputter targets, cleaning sputter chamber interiors, and in manufacturing some inorganic indium compounds. Indium air concentrations were low in sputter target bonding with indium solder, backside thinning and polishing of fabricated indium phosphide-based semiconductor devices, metal alloy production, and in making indium-based solder pastes. Exposure controls such as containment, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and tool-mounted LEV can be effective at reducing exposure. In conclusion, occupational hygienists should be aware that the manufacture and use of indium materials can result in indium air concentrations that exceed the NIOSH REL. Given recent findings of adverse health effects in workers, research is needed to determine if the current REL sufficiently protects workers against indium-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Hines
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Ronnee N. Andrews
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - James A. Deddens
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Helle M, Cassette E, Bezdetnaya L, Pons T, Leroux A, Plénat F, Guillemin F, Dubertret B, Marchal F. Visualisation of sentinel lymph node with indium-based near infrared emitting Quantum Dots in a murine metastatic breast cancer model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44433. [PMID: 22952979 PMCID: PMC3431369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its non-invasiveness, high temporal resolution and lower cost, fluorescence imaging is an interesting alternative to the current method (blue dye and radiocolloid) of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in breast cancer. Near-infrared (NIR) emitting cadmium-based Quantum Dots (QDs) could be used for this purpose; however, their wide application is limited because of the toxicity of heavy metals composing the core. Our recent work demonstrated that indium-based QDs exhibit a weak acute local toxicity in vivo compared to their cadmium-based counterparts. In the present study we confirmed the weak toxicity of CuInS(2)/ZnS QDs in different in vitro models. Further in vivo studies in healthy mice showed that In-based QDs could be visualised in SLN in a few minutes after administration with a progressive increase in fluorescence until 8 h. The quantity of indium was assessed in selected organs and tissues by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) as a function of post-injection time. QD levels decrease rapidly at the injection point in the first hours after administration with a parallel increase in the lymph nodes and to a lesser extent in the liver and spleen. In addition, we observed that 3.5% of the injected indium dose was excreted in faeces in the first 4 days, with only trace quantities in the urine. Metastatic spread to the lymph nodes may hamper its visualisation. Therefore, we further performed non-invasive fluorescence measurement of QDs in SLN in tumour-bearing mice. Metastatic status was assessed by immunohistology and molecular techniques and revealed the utmost metastatic invasion of 36% of SLN. Fluorescence signal was the same irrespective of SLN status. Thus, near-infrared emitting cadmium-free QDs could be an excellent SLN tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Helle
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, Research Unit, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Elsa Cassette
- Laboratoire de Physique et d’Etude des Matériaux, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 8213, Paris, France
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, Research Unit, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Pons
- Laboratoire de Physique et d’Etude des Matériaux, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 8213, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Leroux
- EA4421 Signalisation, Génomique et Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie (SiGReTO), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Plénat
- EA4421 Signalisation, Génomique et Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie (SiGReTO), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Guillemin
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, Research Unit, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Dubertret
- Laboratoire de Physique et d’Etude des Matériaux, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 8213, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Marchal
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, Research Unit, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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