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Yadav V, Fuentes JL, Krishnan A, Singh N, Vohora D. Guidance for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring anti-genotoxicity. Life Sci 2024; 337:122341. [PMID: 38101613 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Since DNA damage can occur spontaneously or be produced by the environmental genotoxins in living cells, it is important to investigate compounds that can reverse or protect DNA damage. An appropriate methodology is essential for the responsive identification of protection offered against DNA damage. This review includes information on the current state of knowledge on prokaryotic cell-based assays (SOS chromotest, umu test, vitotox assay) and cytogenetic techniques (micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay) with an emphasis on the possibility to explore genoprotective compounds. Throughout the last decade, studies have extrapolated the scientific methodologies utilized for genotoxicity to assess genoprotective compounds. Therefore, shortcomings of genotoxicity studies are also mirrored in antigenotoxicity studies. While regulatory authorities around the world (OECD, US-EPA and ICH) continue to update diverse genotoxic assay strategies, there are still no clear guidelines/approaches for efficient experimental design to screen genoprotective compounds. As a consequence, non-synergetic and inconsistent implementation of the test method by the researchers to execute such simulations has been adopted, which inevitably results in unreliable findings. The review has made the first attempt to collect various facets of experimentally verified approaches for evaluating genoprotective compounds, as well as to acknowledge potential significance and constraints, and further focus on the assessment of end points which are required to validate such action. Henceforth, the review makes an incredible commitment by permitting readers to equate several components of their test arrangement with the provided simplified information, allowing the selection of convenient technique for the predefined compound from a central repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Jorge L Fuentes
- School of Biology, Science Faculty, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Santander, Colombia
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neenu Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Chávez-Bustos EA, Morales-González A, Anguiano-Robledo L, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Valadez-Vega C, Lugo-Magaña O, Mendoza-Pérez JA, Fregoso-Aguilar TA. Bauhinia forficata Link, Antioxidant, Genoprotective, and Hypoglycemic Activity in a Murine Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3052. [PMID: 36432781 PMCID: PMC9692633 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bauhinia forficata L. is a tree used in alternative medicine as an anti-diabetic agent, with little scientific information about its pharmacological properties. The hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and genoprotective activities of a methanolic extract of B. forficata leaves and stems combined were investigated in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ). Secondary metabolites were determined by qualitative phytochemistry. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method at four concentrations of the extract. The genoprotective activity was evaluated in 3 groups of mice: control, anthracene (10 mg/kg), and anthracene + B. forficata (500 mg/kg) and the presence of micronuclei in peripheral blood was measured for 2 weeks. To determine the hypoglycemic activity, the crude extract was prepared in a suspension and administered (500 mg/kg, i.g.) in previously diabetic mice with STZ (120 mg/kg, i.p.), measuring blood glucose levels every week as well as the animals' body weight for six weeks. The extract showed good antioxidant activity and caused a decrease in the number of micronuclei. The diabetic mice + B. forficata presented hypoglycemic effects in the third week of treatment, perhaps due to its secondary metabolites. Therefore, B. forficata is a candidate for continued use at the ethnomedical level as an adjuvant to allopathic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Anayetzi Chávez-Bustos
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department de Fisiología. Av., Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México C.P. 07700, Mexico
| | - Angel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz S/N Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Cármen Valadez-Vega
- Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, San Agustín Tlaxiaca C.P. 42080, Mexico
| | - Olivia Lugo-Magaña
- Preparatoria Número 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Benito Juárez S/N, Constitución, Pachuca de Soto C.P. 42060, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Mendoza-Pérez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales. Av., Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México C.P. 07700, Mexico
| | - Tomás Alejandro Fregoso-Aguilar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department de Fisiología. Av., Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México C.P. 07700, Mexico
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Eremina NV, Zhanataev AK, Durnev AD. Induced Cell Death as a Possible Pathway of Antimutagenic Action. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:1-14. [PMID: 34050413 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The existing concepts of antimutagenesis are briefly reviewed. Published reports on antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of some polyphenols and compounds of other chemical groups obtained in representative in vitro and in vivo experiments on eukaryotic test systems are discussed. The relationships between the antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of the analyzed compounds (naringin, apigenin, resveratrol, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine, etc.) are considered in favor of the hypothesis on induced cell death as an antimutagenic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Eremina
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A K Zhanataev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A D Durnev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 2020; 81:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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High-throughput sequencing reveals circular RNA hsa_circ_0000592 as a novel player in the carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181900. [PMID: 31189743 PMCID: PMC6597853 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, and its complex pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in various biological processes and human diseases. However, their exact functional roles and mechanisms of action remain largely unclear. We previously discovered the differential expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) during the malignant transformation of human gastric epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of a significantly up-regulated circRNA (hsa_circ_0000592) in gastric cancer. Methods: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced malignant-transformed gastric epithelial cells (GES-1-T) and normal gastric epithelial cells (GES-1-N) were analyzed by high-throughput circRNA sequencing. The top 15 up-regulated circRNAs in high-throughput sequencing results were further confirmed by qRT-PCR in different gastric epithelial cell lines. The function of the most significant circRNA (hsa_circ_0000592) was investigated by using RNA interference (RNAi) assays, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH), and bioinformatics prediction methods. Results: A total of 1509 genes were up-regulated and 3142 genes were down-regulated in GES-1-T cells when compared with GES-1-N cells. When compared with GES-1-N cells, hsa_circ_0000592 was obviously up-regulated in GES-1-T cells, as well as in other gastric cancer cell lines. The silencing of hsa_circ_0000592 mRNA led to a decrease in cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, an increased rate of apoptosis, and a reduction in cell migration. Furthermore, FISH showed that hsa_circ_0000592 was mainly located in the cytoplasm, and a bioinformatics analysis suggested that hsa_circ_0000592 might function by sponging multiple miRNAs, and most notably four conserved miRNAs, including miR-139-3p, miR-200, miR-367-3p, and miR-33a-3p. Conclusion: This study is the first to identify hsa_circ_0000592 as a novel circRNA with a critical role in MNNG-induced gastric cancer. Due to the essential role of hsa_circ_0000592 in gastric carcinoma cells, it may be considered as a potential biomarker for use in diagnosing gastric carcinoma. Our findings provide a new insight into the function of circRNAs in environmental carcinogen-induced gastric cancer.
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Molino C, Filippi S, Stoppiello GA, Meschini R, Angeletti D. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) embryonic cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:118-125. [PMID: 30685479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine litter is extensively distributed in the marine environment, and plastic debris, of which litter is mostly composed, can be a major source of pollutants. Among them, Di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is the most abundantly used plastic additive, and it has been reported to affect biochemical processes both in humans and wildlife; however, studies on its toxicological effects on marine organisms are still scarce. In this survey, we studied the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of DEHP in European sea bass embryonic cell line (DLEC) by applying specific in vitro tests. Results showed a significant decrease in cell viability starting at 0.01 mM of DEHP after 24 h together with a significant increase in apoptosis and necrosis, morphological changes and cell detachment. Consistently, we detected a moderate increase in DNA strand breaks from 0.02 mM, and a dose-dependent increase in of micronucleus frequency from 0.01 mM, accompanied by a significant inhibition of cell proliferation, which suggested a possible aneugenic effect of this phthalate. Our results demonstrate that in vitro exposure to DEHP had a dose-dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in DLEC cell line, encouraging further investigation into its effects in in vivo and/or ex vivo cell systems of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Molino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), University of Tuscia, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia, VT, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gerardo Antonio Stoppiello
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Meschini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Dario Angeletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), University of Tuscia, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia, VT, Italy
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Meschini R, Berni A, Filippi S, Pepe G, Grossi MR, Natarajan AT, Palitti F. The micronucleus assay in mammalian cells in vitro to assess health benefits of various phytochemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:79-85. [PMID: 26520376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the protective effects of Gentiana lutea extracts (GLEx) and 6-Gingerol (6-G) on clastogenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(α) anthracene (DMBA) in vitro on HepG2 cells using the frequencies of induced micronuclei (MN) as the end point. Pre-, post- and simultaneous treatments with GLEx or 6-G and the carcinogens were carried out. Both GLEx post- and simultaneous treatments reduced the frequencies of MN induced by MNNG and DMBA. Probably this effect is due to an increase of cytostasis and a physico-chemical interaction between GLEx and DMBA under simultaneous treatment. Pre- and simultaneous treatments with 6-G significantly reduced the yield of MNNG-induced micronuclei without affecting % of cytostasis. Simultaneous treatment with 6-G plus DMBA resulted in reduction in the frequency of MN and an increase in cytotoxicity compared to sample treated alone with DMBA, whereas a post-treatment, caused a significant decrease in the yield of MN compared with DMBA alone without any cytotoxic effect. These results are compared with our earlier data obtained in the same system with other phytochemicals. It is concluded that for a critical evaluation of the protective effects of phytochemicals, both the influence on the induced MN and induced cytostasis have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Meschini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Berni
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pepe
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Grossi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Adayapalam T Natarajan
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palitti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Manon L, Béatrice B, Thierry O, Jocelyne P, Fathi M, Evelyne O, Alain B. Antimutagenic potential of harpagoside and Harpagophytum procumbens against 1-nitropyrene. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S29-36. [PMID: 26109771 PMCID: PMC4461965 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1-nitropyrene (1-NPy) is one of the most abundant nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons particularly in diesel exhausts. It is a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant very widespread in the environment. So the discovery of antimutagenic agents is essential. Harpagophytum procumbens (HP) is traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic particularly against painful osteoarthritis. Harpagoside (HS), its major iridoid glycoside, is considered as the main active component. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimutagenic activity of HS and HP extracts against mutagenic activity of 1-NPy. Materials and Methods: The antimutagenic activity was investigated using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in cultured human lymphocytes. Cells were exposed to HS or HP extracts before (pretreatment), during (co-treatment), and after (posttreatment) treatment with 1-NPy. Results: Results showed that HS significantly reduced the mutagenicity of 1-NPy in pretreatment and particularly in co-treatment, whereas all HP extracts significantly reduced the genotoxicity in the three protocols. Conclusion: These results suggested that HS was strongly involved in antimutagenic activity of HP extracts in co-treatment, but other components in HP extracts participated in this activity in pre- and post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Manon
- Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Baghdikian Béatrice
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Orsière Thierry
- Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Pompili Jocelyne
- Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Mabrouki Fathi
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Ollivier Evelyne
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Botta Alain
- Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Scientific Opinion on re‐evaluation of copper complexes of chlorophylls (E 141(i)) and chlorophyllins (E 141(ii)) as food additives. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Nagini S, Palitti F, Natarajan AT. Chemopreventive potential of chlorophyllin: a review of the mechanisms of action and molecular targets. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:203-11. [PMID: 25650669 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.990573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water soluble semisynthetic derivative of the ubiquitous plant pigment chlorophyll used as a food additive, is recognized to confer a wide range of health benefits. CHL has been shown to exhibit potent antigenotoxic, anti-oxidant, and anticancer effects. Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that dietary supple-mentation of CHL lowers the risk of cancer. CHL inhibits cancer initiation and progression by targeting multiple molecules and pathways involved in the metabolism of carcinogens, cell cycle progression, apoptosis evasion, invasion, and angiogenesis. The modulatory effects of CHL on the hallmark capabilities of cancer appear to be mediated via abrogation of key oncogenic signal transduction pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B, Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling. This review provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effects of dietary CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Tamil Nadu , India
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Ulbricht C, Bramwell R, Catapang M, Giese N, Isaac R, Le TD, Montalbano J, Tanguay-Colucci S, Trelour NJ, Weissner W, Windsor RC, Wortley J, Yoon H, Zeolla MM. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Chlorophyll by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:198-239. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grossi MR, Berni A, Pepe G, Filippi S, Meschini R, Papeschi C, Natarajan AT, Palitti F. Evaluation of the effects of ellagic acid (EA) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(α) anthracene (DMBA) induced micronuclei in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:240-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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