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Möller K, Tillmann U, Pöchhacker M, Varga E, Krock B, Porreca F, Koch F, Harris TM, Meunier CL. Toxic effects of the emerging Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax (Dinophyceae) on multiple trophic levels of the pelagic food web. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 138:102705. [PMID: 39244240 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, a harmful algal bloom species, is currently appearing in increasing frequency and abundance across Northern European waters, displacing other Alexandrium species. This mixotrophic alga produces goniodomins (GDs) and bioactive extracellular substances (BECs) that may pose a threat to coastal ecosystems and other marine resources. This study demonstrated the adverse effects of A. pseudogonyaulax on four marine trophic levels, including microalgae (Rhodomonas salina), microzooplankton (Polykrikos kofoidii) and mesozooplankton (Acartia tonsa), as well as fish gill cells (RTgill-W1, Oncorhynchus mykiss), ultimately leading to enhanced mortality and cell lysis. Furthermore, cell-free supernatants collected from A. pseudogonyaulax cultures caused complete loss of metabolic activity in the RTgill-W1 cell line, indicating ichthyotoxic properties, while all tested GDs were much less toxic. In addition, cell-free supernatants of A. pseudogonyaulax led to cell lysis of R. salina, while all tested GDs were non-lytic. Finally, reduced egg hatching rates of A. tonsa eggs exposed to cell-free supernatants of A. pseudogonyaulax and impaired mobility of P. kofoidii and A. tonsa exposed to A. pseudogonyaulax were also observed. Altogether, bioassay results suggest that the toxicity of A. pseudogonyaulax is mainly driven by BECs and not by GDs, although further research into factors modulating the lytic activity of Alexandrium spp. are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Möller
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Magdalena Pöchhacker
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Krock
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francesco Porreca
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Florian Koch
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Cédric L Meunier
- Section Shelf Sea Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Helgoland, Germany
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Abdullah N, Teng ST, Hanifah AH, Law IK, Tan TH, Krock B, Harris TM, Nagai S, Lim PT, Tillmann U, Leaw CP. Thecal plate morphology, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses reveal two novel species of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) and their potential for toxin production. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102475. [PMID: 37544675 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes two novel species of marine dinophytes in the genus Alexandrium. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses support the placement of the new taxa, herein designated as Alexandrium limii sp. nov. and A. ogatae sp. nov. Alexandrium limii, a species closely related to A. taylorii, is distinguished by having a shorter 2'/4' suture length, narrower plates 1' and 6'', with larger length: width ratios, and by the position of the ventral pore (Vp). Alexandrium ogatae is distinguishable with its metasert plate 1' having almost parallel lateral margins, and by lacking a Vp. Production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), cycloimines, and goniodomins (GDs) in clonal cultures of A. ogatae, A. limii, and A. taylorii were examined analytically and the results showed that all strains contained GDs, with GDA as major variants (6-14 pg cell-1) for all strains except the Japanese strain of A. limii, which exclusively had a desmethyl variant of GDA (1.4-7.3 pg cell-1). None of the strains contained detectable levels of PSTs and cycloimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyahida Abdullah
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Afiqah Hamilton Hanifah
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ing Kuo Law
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Toh Hii Tan
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 97008, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Bernd Krock
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt, University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, United States; Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, United States
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Harris CM, Hintze L, Gaillard S, Tanniou S, Small H, Reece KS, Tillmann U, Krock B, Harris TM. Mass spectrometric characterization of the seco acid formed by cleavage of the macrolide ring of the algal metabolite goniodomin A. Toxicon 2023; 231:107159. [PMID: 37210046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Goniodomin A (GDA) is a polyketide macrolide produced by multiple species of the marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium. GDA is unusual in that it undergoes cleavage of the ester linkage under mild conditions to give mixtures of seco acids (GDA-sa). Ring-opening occurs even in pure water although the rate of cleavage accelerates with increasing pH. The seco acids exist as a dynamic mixture of structural and stereo isomers which is only partially separable by chromatography. Freshly prepared seco acids show only end absorption in the UV spectrum but a gradual bathochromic change occurs, which is consistent with formation of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Use of NMR and crystallography is precluded for structure elucidation. Nevertheless, structural assignments can be made by mass spectrometric techniques. Retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation has been of value for independently characterizing the head and tail regions of the seco acids. The chemical transformations of GDA revealed in the current studies help clarify observations made on laboratory cultures and in the natural environment. GDA has been found to reside mainly within the algal cells while the seco acids are mainly external with the transformation of GDA to the seco acids occurring largely outside the cells. This relationship, plus the fact that GDA is short-lived in growth medium whereas GDA-sa is long-lived, suggests that the toxicological properties of GDA-sa in its natural environment are more important for the survival of the Alexandrium spp. than those of GDA. The structural similarity of GDA-sa to that of monensin is noted. Monensin has strong antimicrobial properties, attributed to its ability to transport sodium ions across cell membranes. We propose that toxic properties of GDA may primarily be due to the ability of GDA-sa to mediate metal ion transport across cell membranes of predator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Luisa Hintze
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Simon Tanniou
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hamish Small
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Pradhan B, Ki JS. Phytoplankton Toxins and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A Journey toward the Quest for Potent Pharmaceuticals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040271. [PMID: 35447944 PMCID: PMC9030253 DOI: 10.3390/md20040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton are prominent organisms that contain numerous bioactive substances and secondary metabolites, including toxins, which can be valuable to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biotechnological industries. Studies on toxins produced by phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria, diatoms, and dinoflagellates have become more prevalent in recent years and have sparked much interest in this field of research. Because of their richness and complexity, they have great potential as medicinal remedies and biological exploratory probes. Unfortunately, such toxins are still at the preclinical and clinical stages of development. Phytoplankton toxins are harmful to other organisms and are hazardous to animals and human health. However, they may be effective as therapeutic pharmacological agents for numerous disorders, including dyslipidemia, obesity, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. In this review, we have focused on the properties of different toxins produced by phytoplankton, as well as their beneficial effects and potential biomedical applications. The anticancer properties exhibited by phytoplankton toxins are mainly attributed to their apoptotic effects. As a result, phytoplankton toxins are a promising strategy for avoiding postponement or cancer treatment. Moreover, they also displayed promising applications in other ailments and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, AIDS, fungal, bacterial, schizophrenia, inflammation, allergy, osteoporosis, asthma, and pain. Preclinical and clinical applications of phytoplankton toxins, as well as future directions of their enhanced nano-formulations for improved clinical efficacy, have also been reviewed.
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Long M, Krock B, Castrec J, Tillmann U. Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 34941742 PMCID: PMC8703713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Justine Castrec
- University Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France;
- Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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Harris CM, Krock B, Tillmann U, Tainter CJ, Stec DF, Andersen AJC, Larsen TO, Reece KS, Harris TM. Alkali Metal- and Acid-Catalyzed Interconversion of Goniodomin A with Congeners B and C. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2554-2567. [PMID: 34520205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Goniodomin A (GDA, 1) is a phycotoxin produced by at least four species of Alexandrium dinoflagellates that are found globally in brackish estuaries and lagoons. It is a linear polyketide with six oxygen heterocyclic rings that is cyclized into a macrocyclic structure via lactone formation. Two of the oxygen heterocycles in 1 comprise a spiro-bis-pyran, whereas goniodomin B (GDB) contains a 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system fused to a pyran. When H2O is present, 1 undergoes facile conversion to isomer GDB and to an α,β-unsaturated ketone, goniodomin C (GDC, 7). GDB and GDC can be formed from GDA by cleavage of the spiro-bis-pyran ring system. GDA, but not GDB or GDC, forms a crown ether-type complex with K+. Equilibration of GDA with GDB and GDC is observed in the presence of H+ and of Na+, but the equilibrated mixtures revert to GDA upon addition of K+. Structural differences have been found between the K+ and Na+ complexes. The association of GDA with K+ is strong, while that with Na+ is weak. The K+ complex has a compact, well-defined structure, whereas Na+ complexes are an ill-defined mixture of species. Analyses of in vitro A. monilatum and A. hiranoi cultures indicate that only GDA is present in the cells; GDB and GDC appear to be postharvest transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Craig J Tainter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Donald F Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Aaron J C Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States
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Shang L, Xu Y, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Wang J, Chen J, Deng Y, Hu Z, Tang YZ. Potent allelopathy and non-PSTs, non-spirolides toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium leei to phytoplankton, finfish and zooplankton observed from laboratory bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146484. [PMID: 33774286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium has been well known for causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) worldwide. Several non-PSP toxin-producing species, however, have shown to exhibit fish-killing toxicity. Here, we report the allelopathic activity of Alexandrium leei from Malaysia to other algal species, and its toxicity to finfish and zooplankton, via laboratory bioassays. Thirteen microalgal species that co-cultured with Al. leei revealed large variability in the allelopathic effects of Al. leei on the test algae, with the growth inhibition rates ranging from 0 to 100%. The negative allelopathic effects of Al. leei on microalgae included loss of flagella and thus the motility, damages of chain structure, deformation in cell morphology, and eventually cell lysis. The finfish experienced 100% mortality within 24 h exposed to the live culture (2000-6710 cells·mL-1), while the rotifer and brine shrimp exhibited 96-100% and 90-100% mortalities within 48 h when exposed to 500-6000 cells·mL-1 of Al. leei. The mortality of the test animals depended on the Al. leei cell density exposed, leading to a linear relationship between mortality and cell density for the finfish, and a logarithmic relationship for the two zooplankters. When exposed to the treatments using Al. leei whole live culture, cell-free culture medium, extract of algal cells in the f/2-Si medium, extract of methanol, and the re-suspended freeze-and-thaw algal cells, the test organisms (Ak. sanguinea and rotifers) all died at the cell density of 8100 cells·mL-1 within 24 h. Toxin analyses by HILIC-ESI-TOF/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS demonstrated that Al. leei did not produce PSP-toxins and 13-desmethyl spirolide C. Overall, our findings demonstrated potent allelopathy and toxicity of Al. leei, which do not only pose threats to the aquaculture industry, fisheries, and marine ecosystems but may also play a part role in the population dynamics and bloom formation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yangbing Xu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Unlocking the Health Potential of Microalgae as Sustainable Sources of Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094383. [PMID: 33922258 PMCID: PMC8122763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are known to produce a plethora of compounds derived from the primary and secondary metabolism. Different studies have shown that these compounds may have allelopathic, antimicrobial, and antipredator activities. In addition, in vitro and in vivo screenings have shown that several compounds have interesting bioactivities (such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial) for the possible prevention and treatment of human pathologies. Additionally, the enzymatic pathways responsible for the synthesis of these compounds, and the targets and mechanisms of their action have also been investigated for a few species. However, further research is necessary for their full exploitation and possible pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. Here, we review the current knowledge on the chemical characteristics, biological activities, mechanism of action, and the enzymes involved in the synthesis of microalgal metabolites with potential benefits for human health.
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Gaillard S, Le Goïc N, Malo F, Boulais M, Fabioux C, Zaccagnini L, Carpentier L, Sibat M, Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Hégaret H. Cultures of Dinophysis sacculus, D. acuminata and pectenotoxin 2 affect gametes and fertilization success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114840. [PMID: 32570022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a threat to human health as they are mainly responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the consumers of contaminated shellfish. Such contamination leads to shellfish farm closures causing major economic and social issues. The direct effects of numerous HAB species have been demonstrated on adult bivalves, whereas the effects on critical early life stages remain relatively unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of either cultivated strains of D. sacculus and D. acuminata isolated from France or their associated toxins (i.e. okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)) on the quality of the gametes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. This was performed by assessing the ROS production and viability of the gametes using flow cytometry, and fertilization success using microscopic counts. Oocytes were more affected than spermatozoa and their mortality and ROS production increased in the presence of D. sacculus and PTX2, respectively. A decrease in fertilization success was observed at concentrations as low as 0.5 cell mL-1 of Dinophysis spp. and 5 nM of PTX2, whereas no effect of OA could be observed. The effect on fertilization success was higher when both gamete types were concomitantly exposed compared to separate exposures, suggesting a synergistic effect. Our results also suggest that the effects could be due to cell-to-cell contact. These results highlight a potential effect of Dinophysis spp. and PTX2 on reproduction and recruitment of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucas Zaccagnini
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
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Harris CM, Reece KS, Harris TM. Revisiting the toxin profile of Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax; Formation of a desmethyl congener of goniodomin A. Toxicon 2020; 188:122-126. [PMID: 32991938 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During a survey of the production of goniodomin A (GDA) by Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax in Danish coastal waters, Krock et al. (2018) obtained mass spectral evidence for the presence of a truncated congener, herein termed GD754, having a molecular weight 14 Da lower than GDA and assigned it as goniodomin B (GDB). An erroneous structure of GDB involving deletion of a methylene group between rings B and D had previously been reported by Espiña et al. (2016) but without experimental details. HPLC properties reported by Krock for GD754 point to it being a homolog of GDA. Comparison of mass spectral fragmentation data reported for GD754 with fragmentation data for GDA, show it to be a truncated form of GDA with the deletion involving a CH2 group from ring F or one of the two methyl substituents on ring F, not elsewhere on the molecule. On biosynthetic grounds, the GD754 congener is proposed to be 34-desmethyl-GDA. Further experimental work will be required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry,Vanderbilt University,Nashville,TN, 37235,USA; Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA.
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Tainter CJ, Schley ND, Harris CM, Stec DF, Song AK, Balinski A, May JC, McLean JA, Reece KS, Harris TM. Algal Toxin Goniodomin A Binds Potassium Ion Selectively to Yield a Conformationally Altered Complex with Potential Biological Consequences. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1069-1081. [PMID: 32083860 PMCID: PMC9290314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The marine toxin goniodomin A (GDA) is a polycyclic macrolide containing a spiroacetal and three cyclic ethers as part of the macrocycle backbone. GDA is produced by three species of the Alexandrium genus of dinoflagellates, blooms of which are associated with "red tides", which are widely dispersed and can cause significant harm to marine life. The toxicity of GDA has been attributed to stabilization of the filamentous form of the actin group of structural proteins, but the structural basis for its binding is not known. Japanese workers, capitalizing on the assumed rigidity of the heavily substituted macrolide ring, assigned the relative configuration and conformation by relying on NMR coupling constants and NOEs; the absolute configuration was assigned by degradation to a fragment that was compared with synthetic material. We have confirmed the absolute structure and broad features of the conformation by X-ray crystallography but have found GDA to complex with alkali metal ions in spite of two of the heterocyclic rings facing outward. Such an arrangement would have been expected to impair the ability of GDA to form a crown-ether-type multidentate complex. GDA shows preference for K+, Rb+, and Cs+ over Li+ and Na+ in determinations of relative affinities by TLC on metal-ion-impregnated silica gel plates and by electrospray mass spectrometry. NMR studies employing the K+ complex of GDA, formed from potassium tetrakis[pentafluorophenyl]borate (KBArF20), reveal a major alteration of the conformation of the macrolide ring. These observations argue against the prior assumption of rigidity of the ring. Alterations in chemical shifts, coupling constants, and NOEs indicate the involvement of most of the molecule other than ring F. Molecular mechanics simulations suggest K+ forms a heptacoordinate complex involving OA, OB, OC, OD, OE, and the C-26 and C-27 hydroxy groups. We speculate that complexation of K+ with GDA electrostatically stabilizes the complex of GDA with filamentous actin in marine animals due to the protein being negatively charged at physiological pH. GDA may also cause potassium leakage through cell membranes. This study provides insight into the structural features and chemistry of GDA that may be responsible for significant ecological damage associated with the GDA-producing algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J. Tainter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | | | - Donald F. Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | - Anna K. Song
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Andrzej Balinski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | - Jody C. May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Reece
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Thomas M. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN 37235, USA
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Harris CM, Reece KS, Stec DF, Scott GP, Jones WM, Hobbs PLM, Harris TM. The toxin goniodomin, produced by Alexandrium spp., is identical to goniodomin A. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101707. [PMID: 32113590 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 1968 Burkholder and associates (J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)1968, 21, 659-664) isolated the antifungal toxin goniodomin from an unidentified Puerto Rican dinoflagellate and partially characterized its structure. Subsequently, a metabolite of Alexandrium hiranoi was isolated by Murakami et al. from a bloom in Japan and its structure was established (Tetrahedron Lett.1988, 29, 1149-1152). The Japanese substance had strong similarities to Burkholder's but due to uncertainty as to whether it was identical or only similar, Murakami named his toxin goniodomin A. A detailed study of this question now provides compelling evidence that Burkholder's goniodomin is identical to goniodomin A. Morphological characterization of the dinoflagellate suggests that it was the genus Alexandrium but insufficient evidence is available to make a definite identification of the species. This is the only report of goniodomin in the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Donald F Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Gail P Scott
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - William M Jones
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Patrice L M Hobbs
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
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Shang L, Hu Z, Deng Y, Liu Y, Zhai X, Chai Z, Liu X, Zhan Z, Dobbs FC, Tang YZ. Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Highly Diverse Assemblages of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments from Ships' Ballast Tanks. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E250. [PMID: 31405065 PMCID: PMC6724030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ships' ballast tanks have long been known as vectors for the introduction of organisms. We applied next-generation sequencing to detect dinoflagellates (mainly as cysts) in 32 ballast tank sediments collected during 2001-2003 from ships entering the Great Lakes or Chesapeake Bay and subsequently archived. Seventy-three dinoflagellates were fully identified to species level by this metagenomic approach and single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing, including 19 toxic species, 36 harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species, 22 previously unreported as producing cysts, and 55 reported from ballast tank sediments for the first time (including 13 freshwater species), plus 545 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) not fully identified due to a lack of reference sequences, indicating tank sediments are repositories of many previously undocumented taxa. Analyses indicated great heterogeneity of species composition among samples from different sources. Light and scanning electron microscopy and single-cell PCR sequencing supported and confirmed results of the metagenomic approach. This study increases the number of fully identified dinoflagellate species from ballast tank sediments to 142 (> 50% increase). From the perspective of ballast water management, the high diversity and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dinoflagellates in ballast tanks argues for continuing research and stringent adherence to procedures intended to prevent unintended introduction of non-indigenous toxic and HAB-forming species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifeng Zhan
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fred C Dobbs
- Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VI 23529, USA
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Krock B, Tillmann U, Wen Y, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO, Andersen AJ. Development of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of goniodomins A and B and its application to Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax strains and plankton field samples of Danish coastal waters. Toxicon 2018; 155:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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