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Puranik S, Shukla L, Kundu A, Kamil D, Paul S, Venkadasamy G, Salim R, Singh SK, Kumar D, Kumar A. Exploring Potent Fungal Isolates from Sanitary Landfill Soil for In Vitro Degradation of Dibutyl Phthalate. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010125. [PMID: 36675946 PMCID: PMC9860837 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most extensively used plasticizers for providing elasticity to plastics. Being potentially harmful to humans, investigating eco-benign options for its rapid degradation is imperative. Microbe-mediated DBP mineralization is well-recorded, but studies on the pollutant's fungal catabolism remain scarce. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken to exploit the fungal strains from toxic sanitary landfill soil for the degradation of DBP. The most efficient isolate, SDBP4, identified on a molecular basis as Aspergillus flavus, was able to mineralize 99.34% dibutyl phthalate (100 mg L-1) within 15 days of incubation. It was found that the high production of esterases by the fungal strain was responsible for the degradation. The strain also exhibited the highest biomass (1615.33 mg L-1) and total soluble protein (261.73 µg mL-1) production amongst other isolates. The DBP degradation pathway scheme was elucidated with the help of GC-MS-based characterizations that revealed the formation of intermediate metabolites such as benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), dimethyl-phthalate (DMP), di-iso-butyl-phthalate (DIBP) and phthalic acid (PA). This is the first report of DBP mineralization assisted with A. flavus, using it as a sole carbon source. SDBP4 will be further formulated to develop an eco-benign product for the bioremediation of DBP-contaminated toxic sanitary landfill soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriniketan Puranik
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Livleen Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (A.K.); Tel.: +91-880-093-3066 (L.S.); +91-896-063-9724 (A.K.)
| | - Aditi Kundu
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Deeba Kamil
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sangeeta Paul
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Govindasamy Venkadasamy
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rajna Salim
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (A.K.); Tel.: +91-880-093-3066 (L.S.); +91-896-063-9724 (A.K.)
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Yuan YZ, Ye C, Sun JH, Hu MY, Huo SJ, Zhu YT, Xiang SY, Yu SQ. Toxicokinetics of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with low-dose exposure applying fluorescence tracing technique. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115814. [PMID: 34843800 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) belongs to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) and can be rapidly hydrolyzed into the ultimate toxicant mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). In this study, we used 5-aminofluorescein modified MEHP (MEHP-AF) as a fluorescence tracer to explore the toxicokinetics, including toxicokinetic parameters, absorption and transport across the intestinal mucosal barrier, distribution and pathological changes of organs. While the dose was as lower than 10 mg/kg by intragastric administration, the toxicokinetic parameters obtained by fluorescence microplate method were similar to those with the literatures by chromatography. MEHP-AF can be rapidly absorbed through the intestinal mucosal barrier in rats. In situ organ distribution in mice showed that MEHP-AF was mainly concentrated in the liver, kidney and testis. Our results suggested that the fluorescence tracing technique had the advantages with easy processing, less time-consuming, higher sensitivity for the quantitative determination, In addition, this technology also avoids the interference of exogenous or endogenous DEHP and MEHP in the experimental system. It also can be utilized to the visualization detection of MEHP in situ localization in the absorption organ and the toxic target organ. The results show that this may be a more feasible MEHP toxicological research method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Ye
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Hu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jie Huo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yun Xiang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang YJ, Guo JL, Xue JC, Bai CL, Guo Y. Phthalate metabolites: Characterization, toxicities, global distribution, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118106. [PMID: 34520948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizers in various products and regarded as endocrine disruptors due to their anti-androgen effects. Environmental occurrence and toxicities of parent phthalates have been widely reported, while the current state of knowledge on their metabolites is rarely summarized. Based on the available literature, the present review mainly aims to 1) characterize the potential metabolites of phthalates (mPAEs) using the pharmacokinetics evidences acquired via animal or human models; 2) examine the molecular and cellular mechanism involved in toxicity for mPAEs; 3) investigate the exposure levels of mPAEs in different human specimens (e.g., urine, blood, seminal fluid, breast milk, amniotic fluid and others) across the globe; 4) discuss the models and related parameters for phthalate exposure assessment. We suggest there is subtle difference in toxic mechanisms for mPAEs compared to their parent phthalates due to their alternative chemical structures. Human monitoring studies performed in Asia, America and Europe have provided the population exposure baseline levels for typical phthalates in different regions. Urine is the preferred matrix than other specimens for phthalate exposure study. Among ten urinary mPAEs, the largest proportions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (40%), monoethyl phthalate (mEP) (43%) and DEHP metabolites/mEP (both 29%) were observed in Asia, America and Europe respectively, and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethypentyl phthalate was the most abundant compounds among DEHP metabolites. Daily intakes of phthalates can be accurately calculated via urinary mPAEs if the proper exposure parameters were determined. Further work should focus on combining epidemiological and biological evidences to establish links between phthalates exposure and biological phenotypes. More accurate molar fractions (FUE) of the urinary excreted monoester related to the ingested diesters should be collected in epidemiological or pharmacokinetic studies for different population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing-Chuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Lucarini F, Blanchard M, Krasniqi T, Duda N, Bailat Rosset G, Ceschi A, Roth N, Hopf NB, Broillet MC, Staedler D. Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6806. [PMID: 34202865 PMCID: PMC8297146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children's exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Lucarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
| | - Marc Blanchard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
| | - Tropoja Krasniqi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
| | - Nicolas Duda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
| | | | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (N.R.); (N.B.H.)
| | - Nancy B. Hopf
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (N.R.); (N.B.H.)
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Christine Broillet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
| | - Davide Staedler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (N.D.); (M.-C.B.)
- Scitec Research SA, Av. De Provence 18, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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5
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Allotey JA, Boyle M, Sapkota A, Zhu L, Peng RD, Garza MA, Quirós-Alcalá L. Determinants of phthalate exposure among a U.S.-based group of Latino workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113739. [PMID: 33836349 PMCID: PMC8096699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting compounds linked to various adverse health effects. U.S. national biomonitoring data indicate that select minority subgroups may suffer disparate exposures to phthalates. Still, exposures and their respective determinants among these subgroups are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine determinants of phthalate exposure in a subsample of US-based Latino adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 94 Latino immigrant adults in Maryland. Participants were >18 years of age and working in a service-based industry. We administered an interviewer-administered questionnaire to capture information on potential exposure determinants (e.g., demographic characteristics, consumer product use, and workplace exposures and behaviors) and using HPLC/MS-MS we quantified concentrations of 9 urinary phthalate metabolites: monoethyl phthalate (MEP, diethyl phthalate metabolite); mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, di-n-butyl phthalate metabolite); mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP, di-isobutyl phthalate metabolite; monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP, benzylbutyl phthalate metabolite); molar sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or DEHP metabolites [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECCP)]; and mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP, a non-specific metabolite of several phthalates including di-n-butyl phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate). DEHP was analyzed as the molar sum of four metabolites (ΣDEHP = MEHP + MEHHP + MECPP + MEOHP). Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess bivariate associations between metabolite concentrations and potential exposure determinants. Covariates associated with metabolites at p < 0.10 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent effects of predictors on metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Uncorrected median phthalate metabolite concentrations were lower in our study population (50% of samples ranged between 1.4 and 23.6 μg/L. While we observed some significant associations with select predictors in our bivariate analysis, select associations were attenuated in multivariable regression models. In our final multivariable linear regression models, we found that use of bleach (β = 1.15, 95%CI:0.30, 2.00) and consumption pasta/rice/noodles (β = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.27, 1.46) was positively associated with MBzP concentrations. MEP concentrations were inversely associated with use of furniture polish (β = -1.17, 95%CI: 2.21, -0.12) and use of scented dryer sheets (β = -1.08, 95%CI: 2.01, -0.14). Lastly, ΣDEHP concentrations were inversely associated with use of degreaser (ßDEHP = -0.65, 95%CI: 1.25, -0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this predominantly U.S.-based Central American subsample of adults, we observed lower metabolite concentrations than those previously reported in other U.S. studies and other countries. Our findings could be due, in part, to temporal trends in phthalate exposures and cultural differences related to exposure-related behaviors. While some exposure determinants were identified in our bivariate analyses, results from multivariable regression models did not provide clear results as many associations were attenuated. Environmental exposures may vary within minority subgroups and should be explored further in future studies to further inform exposure mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Allotey
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meleah Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Roger D Peng
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Garza
- California State University, Fresno, College of Health and Human Services, Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Feng NX, Feng YX, Liang QF, Chen X, Xiang L, Zhao HM, Liu BL, Cao G, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Wong MH. Complete biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) by a novel Pseudomonas sp. YJB6. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143208. [PMID: 33162130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are environmentally ubiquitous and have aroused a worldwide concern due to their threats to environment and human health. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most frequently observed PAEs in the environment. In this study, a novel bacterium identified as Pseudomonas sp. YJB6 that isolated from PAEs-contaminated soil was determined to have strong DBP-degrading activity. A complete degradation of DBP in 200 mg/L was achieved within 3 days when YJB6 was cultivated at 31.4 °C with an initial inoculation size of 0.6 (OD600) in basic mineral salts liquid medium (MSM), pH 7.6. The degradation curves of DBP (50-2000 mg/L) fitted well the first-order kinetics model, with a half-life (t1/2) ranging from 0.86 to 1.88 d. The main degradation intermediates were identified as butyl-ethyl phthalate (BEP), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), phthalic acid (PA) and benzoic acid (BA), indicating a new complex and complete biodegradation pathway presented by YJB6. DBP might be metabolized through de-esterification, β-oxidation, and hydrolysis, followed by entering the Krebs cycle of YJB6 as a final step. Strain YJB6 was successfully immobilized with sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and SA-PVA. The immobilization significantly improved the stability and adaptability of the cells thus resulting in high volumetric DBP-degrading rates compared to that of the freely suspended cells. In addition, these immobilized cells can be reused for many cycles with well conserved in DBP-degrading activity. The ideal DBP degrading ability of the free and immobilized YJB6 cells suggests that strain YJB6, especially the SA-PVA+ YJB6 promises great potential to remove hazardous PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi-Feng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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Zhu YT, Yuan YZ, Feng QP, Hu MY, Li WJ, Wu X, Xiang SY, Yu SQ. Food emulsifier polysorbate 80 promotes the intestinal absorption of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by disturbing intestinal barrier. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 414:115411. [PMID: 33476678 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP) and its main toxic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) are the typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and widely affect human health. Our previous research reported that synthetic nonionic dietary emulsifier polysorbate 80 (P80, E433) had the promotional effect on the oral absorption of DEHP in rats. The aim of this study was to explore its mechanism of promoting oral absorption, focusing on the mucus barrier and mucosal barrier of the small intestine. A small molecule fluorescent probe 5-aminofluorescein-MEHP (MEHP-AF) was used as a tracker of MEHP in vivo and in vitro. First of all, we verified that P80 promoted the bioavailability of MEHP-AF in the long-term and low-dose exposure of MEHP-AF with P80 as a result of increasing the intestinal absorption of MEHP-AF. Afterwards, experimental results from Western blot, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence showed that P80 decreased the expression of proteins (mucus protein mucin-2, tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin) related to mucus barrier and mucosal barrier in the intestine, changed the integrity of intestinal epithelial cell, and increased the permeability of intestinal epithelial mucosa. These results indicated that P80 promoted the oral absorption of MEHP-AF by altering the intestinal mucus barrier and mucosal barrier. These findings are of great importance for assessing the safety risks of some food emulsifiers and clarifying the absorption mechanism of chemical pollutants in food, especially for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Feng
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Hu
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yun Xiang
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Kotowska U, Kapelewska J, Sawczuk R. Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115643. [PMID: 33254702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are chemical compounds whose use is exceptionally widespread in everyday materials but, at the same time, have been proven to have harmful effects on living organisms. Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are important sources of phthalates with respect to naturally occurring waters. The main aim of this research was determination, mass loads, removal rates and ecological risk assessment of eight phthalates in municipal wastewaters, landfill leachates and groundwater from Polish WWTPs and MSW landfills. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used for the extraction and determination of analytes. Summed up concentrations of eight phthalates ranged from below LOD to 596 μg/L in influent wastewater with the highest concentration found for bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (143 μg/L). The average degree of phthalate removal varies depending on the capacity of a given treatment plant with larger treatment plants coping better than smaller ones. The highest treatment efficiency for all tested treatment plants, over 90%, was reported for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Overall concentrations of phthalates in leachates ranged from below LOD to 303 μg/L while the highest maximum concentration was registered for DEHP (249 μg/L). Overall concentrations of phthalic acid esters in groundwater from upstream monitoring wells ranged from below LOD to 1.8 μg/L and from LOD to 27.9 μg/L in samples from wells downstream of MSW landfills. The obtained data shows that diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) pose a high risk for all trophic levels being considered in effluent wastewaters. In the case of groundwater high environmental risk was recorded for DBP and DEHP for all tested trophic levels. Phthalates, in concentrations that pose a high environmental risk, are present in Polish municipal after-treatment wastewater as well as in groundwater under municipal solid waste landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kapelewska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Róża Sawczuk
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
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9
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Cheng Z, Yao Y, Sun H. Comparative uptake, translocation and subcellular distribution of phthalate esters and their primary monoester metabolites in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140550. [PMID: 32623175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in terrestrial system and PAEs can be degraded to monoester metabolites (mPAEs) both in soil and plants, which have equal or even greater biological activity compared to their parent compounds. Until now, little is known about the comparative uptake and translocation of PAEs and mPAEs in plants. In the present study, the uptake and translocation of two commonly used plasticizers, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and the corresponding mPAEs, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) by Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) were examined using hydroponic experiment. Significantly lower bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of mPAEs compared to the corresponding PAEs were observed. This is likely due to the great solubility and electrical repulsion from cell membrane to mPAE anions. Comparatively low translocation factors (TFs) of MnBP (7.76 ± 0.49) were observed compared to DnBP (10.33 ± 2.83); while the TFs of MEHP (0.18 ± 0.08) were significantly greater than that of DEHP (0.05 ± 0.02). The hydrophilic mPAEs are prone to concentrate in cell water-soluble components, and DnBP was relatively uniformly distributed in cell wall and cell water-soluble components; while the more hydrophobic DEHP was mainly associated with root cell wall. The formation of mPAEs occurred mainly in the above-ground tissues in the PAEs spiked treatment, and cell water-soluble compartment was the main location for PAEs metabolism. The high metabolite/parent ratios in Chinese cabbage indicate that more concern should be directed towards metabolites associated with plants via direct uptake and plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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10
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Silinski MAR, Fernando RA, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Quantitation of Monobutylphthalate, a Metabolite of Di-n-Butylphthalate, in Rat Plasma, Amniotic Fluid, Fetuses and Pups by UPLC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:370-377. [PMID: 31776566 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates have been used for decades as softening agents in the production of plastics, but in recent years have been extensively investigated for their potential hazards to human health and the environment. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), with widespread exposure occurring through a variety of consumer products such as cosmetics and pesticides, is a suspected carcinogen and an endocrine system disruptor in both humans and laboratory animals. Its predominant metabolite is the monoester, monobutyl phthalate (MBP), which can serve as a marker of exposure. To support toxicological studies of DBP in pregnant and lactating rats and their offspring, a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantitation of MBP in rat plasma, amniotic fluid, fetuses and whole pup samples. Plasma samples were extracted using a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Extraction and delipidation of pup homogenate was performed using acetonitrile and then submerging the vials in liquid nitrogen. Extracts were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS in the negative ion mode. The method was successfully validated over the concentration ranges 25-5,000 ng/mL in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rat plasma and 50-5,000 ng/g in SD pup homogenate. Matrix calibration curves were linear (r ≥ 0.99), and the percent relative error (%RE) values were ≤ ±15% for standards at all levels. Absolute recoveries were > 92% in both matrices. The limits of detection (LODs) were 6.9 ng/mL in plasma and 9.4 ng/g in pup homogenate. Acceptable intra- and interday accuracy and precision were demonstrated by mean %RE ≤ ±7.5 and relative standard deviation (%RSD) ≤ 10.1%. Extract stability was demonstrated for ~6 days at various temperatures and freeze-thaw stability was demonstrated after 3 cycles over 3 days. Secondary matrix evaluation was performed for MBP in amniotic fluid and pooled fetus homogenate (mean %RE ≤ ±11.5 and %RSD ≤ 13.7). These data demonstrate that this simple method is suitable for determination of MBP in plasma, amniotic fluid, fetus and pup samples from toxicological studies of DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Rehder Silinski
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and
| | - Reshan A Fernando
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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11
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Lee J, Jeong Y, Mok S, Choi K, Park J, Moon HB, Choi G, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Choi SR, Kim S. Associations of exposure to phthalates and environmental phenols with gynecological disorders. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:19-28. [PMID: 32360183 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and environmental phenols might be associated with some benign diseases that have been found to be hormone-sensitive. Current knowledge on adverse effects of these chemicals among reproductive women is limited and often controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the urinary concentration of phthalates and environmental phenols and gynecological disorders from 512 women of reproductive age. The association between chemical concentration and disease in the control and case groups was statistically determined with the questionnaire survey data and measurements using the LC-MS/MS. The results have shown that DEHP metabolites, ethyl paraben and 3,4-DHB showed significant direct associations with leiomyoma and benign ovarian tumors (p < 0.05). We found statistically significant positive relationships between exposure to chemicals (some DEHP metabolites, DHB) and prevalence of gynecologic disorders (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ORs for leiomyoma associated with these compounds in always user for personal care products (PCPs) was higher than those of sometimes user. High levels of urinary concentrations of these compounds such as DEHP metabolites and parabens and their metabolites showed significant associations with leiomyoma and benign ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Liu X, Peng C, Shi Y, Tan H, Tang S, Chen D. Beyond Phthalate Diesters: Existence of Phthalate Monoesters in South China House Dust and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11675-11683. [PMID: 31503463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite phthalate monoesters (mono-PAEs) being commonly recognized as metabolic products of phthalate diesters (di-PAEs), investigations on their environmental occurrences, particularly in indoor environments, remain limited. The present study demonstrated the presence mono-PAEs, along with a variety of di-PAEs, in house dust collected from 83 South China families. Among 15 target mono-PAEs, monobutyl phthalate (median concentration, 21.54 μg/g) dominated over other mono-PAEs in indoor dust, followed by monoethylhexyl phthalate (9.44 μg/g), monoisobutyl phthalate (5.14 μg/g), monomethyl phthalate (MMP; 2.05 μg/g), and several others. The total concentrations of detectable mono-PAEs (median, 45.40 μg/g) constituted an average of 6.7 ± 3.7% of the total concentrations of their parent diesters in the same dust. Molar concentration ratios of mono-PAEs to their respective di-PAEs varied greatly among chemicals (median, 0.001-3.1), with the highest ratios determined for the MMP/dimethyl phthalate and mono-/diisopropyl phthalate pairs (i.e., 3.1 and 1.5, respectively). In addition, no significant associations were observed between dust-associated mono- or di-PAEs and urinary mono-PAEs detected in both children (n = 48) and adult participants (n = 41). We hypothesized that mono-PAEs in dust could originate from different sources (e.g., impurities in di-PAE formulas, degradation from di-PAEs, and direct application as commercial additives), while the relative importance of various origins could differ between chemicals. Our findings demonstrate broad occurrences of mono-PAEs in indoor environments, but future studies are needed to better elucidate their sources, fate in indoor and outdoor environments, and potential human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Changfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518020 , China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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13
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Dórea JG. Environmental exposure to low-level lead (Pb) co-occurring with other neurotoxicants in early life and neurodevelopment of children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108641. [PMID: 31421445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant that even at low levels influences brain development and affects neurobehavior later in life; nevertheless it is only a small fraction of the neurotoxicant (NT) exposome. Exposure to environmental Pb concurrent with other NT substances is often the norm, but their joint effects are challenging to study during early life. The aim of this review is to integrate studies of Pb-containing NT mixtures during the early life and neurodevelopment outcomes of children. The Pb-containing NT mixtures that have been most studied involve other metals (Mn, Al, Hg, Cd), metalloids (As), halogen (F), and organo-halogen pollutants. Co-occurring Pb-associated exposures during pregnancy and lactation depend on the environmental sources and the metabolism and half-life of the specific NT contaminant; but offspring neurobehavioral outcomes are also influenced by social stressors. Nevertheless, Pb-associated effects from prenatal exposure portend a continued burden on measurable neurodevelopment; they thus favor increased neurological health issues, decrements in neurobehavioral tests and reductions in the quality of life. Neurobehavioral test outcomes measured in the first 1000 days showed Pb-associated negative outcomes were frequently noticed in infants (<6 months). In older (preschool and school) children studies showed more variations in NT mixtures, children's age, and sensitivity and/or specificity of neurobehavioral tests; these variations and choice of statistical model (individual NT stressor or collective effect of mixture) may explain inconsistencies. Multiple exposures to NT mixtures in children diagnosed with 'autism spectrum disorders' (ASD) and 'attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders' (ADHD), strongly suggest a Pb-associated effect. Mixture potency (number or associated NT components and respective concentrations) and time (duration and developmental stage) of exposure often showed a measurable impact on neurodevelopment; however, net effects, reversibility and/or predictability of delays are insufficiently studied and need urgent attention. Nevertheless, neurodevelopment delays can be prevented and/or attenuated if public health policies are implemented to protect the unborn and the young child.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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14
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Huo SJ, Wu X, Ye C, Hu MY, Li WJ, Zhang LL, Xiang SY, Yu SQ. In Situ Fluorescence Tracking Toxic Metabolite Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in HeLa Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2006-2015. [PMID: 31469264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a small molecule fluorescent probe for detecting mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) named MEHP-AF, which formed by MEHP cross-linked with 5-aminofluorescein (5-AF) through amide bond. MEHP-AF had been purified based on the different physicochemical properties of 5-AF with MEHP. MEHP-AF showed fluorescence characteristics coming from 5-AF and liposoluble property coming from MEHP. After physicochemical characterization, a series of biological studies of its action in cells were carried out. The results indicated that MEHP-AF was a fluorescent probe with strong specificity and high sensitivity. It can visibly track the location of MEHP in HeLa cell or subcellular levels under confocal laser scanning microscopy in situ. This novel fluorescent probe is expected to use for studying its intracellular behavior at the cell level, especially for investigating the interaction between MEHP and cellular molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Huo
- College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wu
- College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Ye
- College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Hu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yun Xiang
- College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210046 , The People's Republic of China
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15
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Ding M, Kang Q, Zhang S, Zhao F, Mu D, Zhang H, Yang M, Hu J. Contribution of phthalates and phthalate monoesters from drinking water to daily intakes for the general population. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:125-131. [PMID: 31078027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although phthalates (PAEs) are ubiquitous in drinking water, and phthalate monoesters (MPAEs) have been recognized as the bioactive metabolites of PAEs, little information is available regarding the occurrence of MPAEs in drinking water and the contributions of PAEs and MPAEs to human exposure. In this study, the concentrations of PAEs and MPAEs in 146 samples of drinking water collected from 24 cities throughout China were determined. The mean concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were 14.31 ± 26.28, 5.905 ± 11.57, 103.8 ± 310.5, 595.9 ± 1794, and 178.2 ± 422.0 ng/L, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) were detected in drinking water for the first time, at mean concentrations of 12.1 ± 18.0, 2.4 ± 5.8, 11.3 ± 37.2, 36.3 ± 103, and 9.9 ± 18.0 ng/L, respectively. The geometric mean concentrations of MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP in urine samples collected from 1040 participants from 16 cities were 10.1, 19.3, 29.6, 47.3, and 3.63 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The concentrations of PAEs and MPAEs in drinking water and daily intakes (DIs) of PAEs from nine cities where drinking water and urine samples were simultaneously collected were used to estimate the contributions from drinking water. The percentages of DMP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP from drinking water accounted for DIs of 0.60%, 0.049%, 1.26%, 2.76%, and 0.56%, respectively. The percentages of MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP and MEHP via intake of drinking water accounted for urinary concentrations of 0.86%, 0.032%, 0.14%, 0.089%, and 0.045%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Ding
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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16
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Urban Watercourses in Peril: Implications of Phthalic Acid Esters on Aquatic Ecosystems Caused by Urban Sprawl. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban sprawl worldwide warrants the use of large quantities of industrial and household products containing phthalic acid esters (PAEs) resulting in adverse impacts on the quality of aquatic life in urban watercourses. The presence of six PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP)) in 22 shallow urban watercourses in Colombo and suburbs of Sri Lanka was investigated. The average concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in all watercourses varied between 2.5–265.0, 1.0–32.0, 61–108, and 12–165 µg/L, respectively. DMP and DnOP were below the limits of quantification (DMP-0.5 µg/L, DnOP-1.0 µg/L) for all watercourses. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in many watercourses. The significant factors affecting the ubiquitous presence of PAEs in watercourses are the inherent properties of each PAE, presence of industrial and household products with great potential for the migration of PAEs in the sub-catchments, and quality of the receiving water. The contamination levels of PAEs in most of the watercourses are alarmingly high, as evidenced by higher concentrations of DEHP and DBP than those of Canadian permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life (16 and 19 µg/L). This study was the first effort in Sri Lanka to investigate the presence of PAEs in urban watercourses.
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17
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Huang Y, Wu C, Ye Y, Zeng J, Zhu J, Li Y, Wang W, Zhang W, Chen Y, Xie H, Zhang H, Liu J. The Increase of ROS Caused by the Interference of DEHP with JNK/p38/p53 Pathway as the Reason for Hepatotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E356. [PMID: 30691201 PMCID: PMC6388128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As the most commonly used plasticizer, Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) exists everywhere in the environment due to the widespread use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in human life, and it is also a recognized environmental pollutant. Studies have proved the hepatotoxicity of DEHP, however the mechanism has not been adequately explored, especially the role of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in it. In the present study, 21 day-old ICR mice were administered DEHP with dose of 0, 125, 250, and 375 mg/kg/day for 28 days by intragastrical gavage. After contamination, histopathology displayed that liver tissue were damaged mildly with the effect of DEHP; a significant increase of the serum liver function index (including aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)) were observed. Additionally, the level of lipid peroxidation markedly rise, especially ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), but the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was obviously decreased in mice liver. In addition, DEHP promoted the phosphorylation of JNK and p38MAPK proteins in mice liver, as well as increased the expression of p53 protein and decreased the level of DNA methylation in the p53 gene promoter region. These results indicated that the hepatotoxicity of mice caused by DEHP may be through activating the JNK/p38MAPK/p53 signaling pathway and further promoting the generation of ROS to induce lipid peroxidation in liver, and the role of DNA methylation may be inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Chuancheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Youbin Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jingwen Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jianlin Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yiqin Chen
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Hongyuan Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road No.1, Minhou County, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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18
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Fu Y, Dong J, Wang J, You M, Wei L, Fu H, Wang Y, Chen J. Developmental Exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Induces Cerebellar Granule Cell Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:472-488. [PMID: 30636900 PMCID: PMC6318557 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.6.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant because of its extensive use in plastics and its persistence. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it is suspected to interfere with neurodevelopment in people. However, evidence of the effects of maternal DEHP exposure on cerebellar development in offspring is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal exposure to DEHP and its effect on apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and related mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were administrated DEHP (0, 30, 300 and 750 mg/kg/d) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PN) 21. Primary CGCs were also exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, for 24 h with concentrations of 0, 25, 100 and 250 µM. The CGCs of male offspring from 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups showed significantly increased apoptosis. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited in the male offspring of the 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups. However, effects on female pups were not obvious. Apoptosis was also elevated and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited after primary CGCs were exposed to MEHP. Furthermore, apoptosis was reduced after treatment with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activator, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, and increased after treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results suggested that maternal DEHP exposure induced apoptosis in the CGCs of male pups via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the apoptosis could be rescued by IGF1 and aggravated by LY294002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Development of a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites: A bottom up modeling approach. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:152-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Zuccarello P, Oliveri Conti G, Cavallaro F, Copat C, Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Ferrante M. Implication of dietary phthalates in breast cancer. A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:667-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Polinski KJ, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, Adgate JL, Calafat AM, Ye X, Starling AP. Distribution and predictors of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenols among pregnant women in the Healthy Start Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:308-317. [PMID: 29407762 PMCID: PMC5811372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates and phenols are suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals that may adversely impact fetal outcomes following in utero exposure. Understanding predictors of exposure to phthalates and phenols during the prenatal period is important. METHODS We measured urinary concentrations of 15 phthalate metabolites and 11 phenols in 446 pregnant women enrolled in the Healthy Start pre-birth cohort. Creatinine-adjusted geometric means (GM) for each urinary biomarker were compared across categories of potential sociodemographic and dietary predictors. To assess the independent relationship between each significant food group predictor and biomarker we used multivariable models, adjusted for sociodemographic predictors. RESULTS The phthalate metabolites with the highest concentrations were monoethyl phthalate (GM: 41.1µg/g creatinine) and monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate (GM: 20.5µg/g creatinine). Benzophenone-3 (GM: 124.6µg/g creatinine) and methyl paraben (GM: 119.9µg/g creatinine) were the phenols with the highest concentrations. Concentrations of the metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were significantly higher in younger, unmarried or unemployed mothers, those who were overweight or obese, those with lower educational attainment, or those of minority race/ethnicity (p-values < 0.05). Metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate concentrations were 18% lower in those who consumed milk ≥ 7 times per week (95% CI: 30-4%). Benzophenone-3 and triclosan concentrations were significantly higher in older, married, or employed mothers, those with normal body mass index, higher educational attainment, higher household income, or who were non-Hispanic white (p-values < 0.05). Benzophenone-3 concentrations were 62% higher in those who consumed seafood ≥ 5 times per month (95% CI: 16-127%). CONCLUSIONS We observed differences in urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenol biomarkers by sociodemographic predictors in an ethnically diverse cohort of pregnant women. These results and future analyses from this prospective cohort will help inform targeted interventions to reduce exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Polinski
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Toxicokinetic of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) in humans following single oral administration. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:651-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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