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Michelangeli F, Mohammed NA, Jones B, Tairu M, Al-Mousa F. Cytotoxicity by endocrine disruptors through effects on ER Ca 2+ transporters, aberrations in Ca 2+ signalling pathways and ER stress. FEBS Open Bio 2024. [PMID: 39138623 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Concerns regarding man-made organic chemicals pervading our ecosystem and having adverse and detrimental effects upon organisms, including man, have now been studied for several decades. Since the 1970s, some environmental pollutants were identified as having endocrine disrupting affects. These endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) were initially shown to have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic properties and some were also shown to bind to a variety of hormone receptors. However, since the 1990s it has also been identified that many of these EDC additionally, have the ability of causing abnormal alterations in Ca2+ signalling pathways (also commonly involved in hormone signalling), leading to exaggerated elevations in cytosolic [Ca2+] levels, that is known to cause activation of a number of cell death pathways. The major emphasis of this review is to present a personal perspective of the evidence for some types of EDC, specifically alkylphenols and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), causing direct effects on Ca2+ transporters (mainly the SERCA Ca2+ ATPases), culminating in acute cytotoxicity and cell death. Evidence is also presented to indicate that this Ca2+ATPase inhibition, which leads to abnormally elevated cytosolic [Ca2+], as well as a decreased luminal ER [Ca2+], which triggers the ER stress response, are both involved in acute cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Michelangeli
- Chester Medical School, University of Chester, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Noor A Mohammed
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Duhok, Iraq
| | - Brogan Jones
- Chester Medical School, University of Chester, UK
| | | | - Fawaz Al-Mousa
- General Directorate of Poison Control Centre, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Liao S, Chen Y, Luo Y, Zhang M, Min J. The phenotypic changes of Schwann cells promote the functional repair of nerve injury. Neuropeptides 2024; 106:102438. [PMID: 38749170 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Functional recovery after nerve injury is a significant challenge due to the complex nature of nerve injury repair and the non-regeneration of neurons. Schwann cells (SCs), play a crucial role in the nerve injury repair process because of their high plasticity, secretion, and migration abilities. Upon nerve injury, SCs undergo a phenotypic change and redifferentiate into a repair phenotype, which helps in healing by recruiting phagocytes, removing myelin fragments, promoting axon regeneration, and facilitating myelin formation. However, the repair phenotype can be unstable, limiting the effectiveness of the repair. Recent research has found that transplantation of SCs can be an effective treatment option, therefore, it is essential to comprehend the phenotypic changes of SCs and clarify the related mechanisms to develop the transplantation therapy further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Yin Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Jun Min
- Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China.
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Yalcın B, Onder GO, Goktepe O, Suna PA, Mat OC, Koseoglu E, Cetindag E, Baran M, Bitgen N, Öz Gergı N Ö, Yay A. Enhanced kidney damage induced by increasing nonylphenol doses: impact on autophagy-related proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38769906 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2358348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an organic pollutant and endocrine disruptor chemical that has harmful effects on the environment and living organisms. This study looked at whether kidney tissues subjected to increasing doses of nonylphenol generated alterations in histopathologic, pro-inflammatory, and autophagic markers. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten each: group I: healthy group, II: control (corn oil), group III: 25 μl/kg NP, group IV: 50 μl/kg NP, group V: 75 μl/kg NP. The kidney tissue samples were obtained for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses. The histological deteriorations observed in all NP groups included tubular epithelial cell degeneration, inflammation areas, and hemorrhage. The immunohistochemical investigations showed that NP significantly elevated the autophagy markers (Beclin-1, LC3A/B, p62), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), HIF-1α, and eNOS in group III, IV and V compared with group I and II. The biochemical analysis also revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) increased in correlation with the NP doses, but only IL-1β reached statistical significance in NP treated rats kidney tissue. The biochemical findings have been confirmed by the histological studies. The damage to renal tissue caused by NP exposure may worsen it by increasing inflammatory and autophagic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Yalcın
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Gozde Ozge Onder
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozge Goktepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Pınar Alisan Suna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cengiz Mat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eda Koseoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Cetindag
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munevver Baran
- Department of Pharmacy Basic Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazmiye Bitgen
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Özlem Öz Gergı N
- Department of Surgical Medicine Science, Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arzu Yay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Passaponti S, Manzan Martins C, Cresti L, Romagnoli R, Paulesu L, Ietta F, Ermini L. Lysosome dynamics during human endometrial stromal cells decidualization: effect of para-nonylphenol. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C113-C121. [PMID: 38738312 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00604.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
During the process of decidualization, the stromal cells of the endometrium change dynamically to create a favorable environment for embryo implantation. Lysosome activity has often been associated with physiological changes in the endometrium during the preimplantation period and early pregnancy. In this study, the effect of para-nonylphenol (p-NP), an endocrine disruptor, on human immortalized endometrial stromal cells (tHESCs) was investigated. After exposure to p-NP (1 nM and 1 pM), the cells were examined for the decidualization markers connexin-43, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), and prolactin. In addition, the effect of p-NP on lysosome biogenesis and exocytosis was investigated by examining the expression and localization of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and that of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1). Finally, we evaluated the effect of p-NP on extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling using a fibronectin assay. Our results showed that p-NP reduced the expression of prolactin protein, increased the nuclear localization of TFEB, and induced the increase and translocation of the lysosomal protein LAMP-1 to the membrane of tHESCs. The data indicate an impairment of decidualization and suggest an increase in lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis, which is supported by the higher release of active cathepsin D by tHESCs. Given the importance of cathepsins in the processing and degradation of the ECM during trophoblast invasiveness and migration into the decidua, our results appear to be clear evidence of the negative effects of p-NP on endometrial processes that are fundamental to reproductive success and the establishment of pregnancy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endocrine disruptors, such as para-nonylphenol, affect the decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells with an impact on decidualization itself, lysosome biogenesis and exocytosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. All these alterations may negatively impact embryo implantation with the success of reproduction and the establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Passaponti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cresti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Luana Paulesu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Yang X, Xu J, Xu Y, Wang C, Lin F, Yu J. Regulatory mechanism of perinatal nonylphenol exposure on cardiac mitochondrial autophagy and the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in male offspring rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155434. [PMID: 38367424 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether perinatal exposure to nonylphenol (NP) induces mitochondrial autophagy (i.e., mitophagy) damage in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and whether the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway is involved in NP-induced primary cardiomyocyte injury. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo: Perinatal NP exposure increased apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in NRCMs. Mitochondrial swelling and autophagosome-like structures with multiple concentric membranes were observed in the 100 mg/kg NP group, with an increase in the number of autophagosomes. Disorganized fiber arrangement and elevated serum myocardial enzyme levels were observed with increasing NP dosage. Additionally, NP exposure led to increased MDA levels and decreased SOD activity and ATP levels in myocardial tissue. The mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes, including Beclin-1, p62, and LC3B, as well as the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins (PINK1, p-Parkin, Parkin, Beclin-1, p62, LC3-I, LC3-II, and LC3-II/I) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and caspase-3), increased, whereas the expression levels of the mitochondrial membrane protein TOMM20 and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased. In vitro: NP increased ROS levels, LDH release, and decreased ATP levels in NRCMs. CsA treatment significantly inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, LC3-II/I, and p62) and apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3 and Bax), increased the expression levels of TOMM20 and Bcl-2 proteins, increased cellular ATP levels, and inhibited LDH release. The inhibition of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway suppressed the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins (PINK1, p-Parkin, Parkin, Beclin-1, LC3-II/I, and p62) and apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3 and Bax), increased TOMM20 and Bcl-2 protein expression, increased ATP levels, and decreased LDH levels in NRCMs. CONCLUSIONS This study is novel in reporting that perinatal NP exposure induced myocardial injury in male neonatal rats, thereby inducing mitophagy. The PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway was involved in this injury by regulating mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yuzhu Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Chengxing Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Fangmei Lin
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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Liu MH, Liu ZK, Liu F. An anti-tumor protein PFAP specifically interacts with cholesterol-enriched membrane domains of A549 cells and induces paraptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130690. [PMID: 38458297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still one of the most life-threatening diseases in the world. In previous studies, a fungal protein PFAP with anti-NSCLC properties was isolated and identified from Pleurotus ferulae lanzi. In this study, the amino acid sequence of PFAP was analyzed and found to be highly homologous to the aegerolysin family. PFAP, like other members of the aegerolysin family, specifically recognizes lipid raft domains rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, which is probably its specific anti-tumor mechanism. Previous studies have shown that PFAP can induce AMPK-mediated autophagy and G1-phase cell cycle arrest in A549 lung cancer cells. This study further revealed that PFAP can also induce paraptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in A549 cells in vitro by targeting AMPK. PFAP induces multi-pathway death of A549 cells, and thus demonstrates its potential value for developing new drugs for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhao-Kun Liu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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7
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Li H, Liu Q, Hu Y, Yin C, Zhang Y, Gao P. Linc00707 regulates autophagy and promotes the progression of triple negative breast cancer by activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:138. [PMID: 38485945 PMCID: PMC10940671 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a pathological subtype of breast cancer (BC) with high malignancy, strong invasiveness and poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plays an important role during tumorigenesis. We identified that Linc00707 was upregulated in TNBC tissues by TCGA database and RT-qPCR assay, compared with normal breast tissues and other subtypes of BC. Linc00707 promoted TNBC cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of Linc00707 influenced autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in TNBC cells. Linc00707 affected the progress of TNBC cells through affecting autophagy. Further mechanistic experiments confirmed that Linc00707 could competitively bind with miR-423-5p to up-regulate MARCH2 expression, ultimately promoting TNBC progression and autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Linc00707 is a key molecule in tumor progression and may be an effective target for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Department of Pathology, Qi Lu Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Medicine Research Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Medicine Research Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqiong Hu
- Medicine Research Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Chonggao Yin
- College of Nursing, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qi Lu Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Shandong, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qi Lu Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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8
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Chang Y, Deng H, He Y, Zhou B, Yuan D, Wu J, Zhang C, Zhao H. Wuzi Yanzong administration alleviates Sertoli cell injury by recovering AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy and the mTORC1-mTROC2 balance in aging-induced testicular dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116865. [PMID: 37422101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wuzi Yanzong Prescription (WZ), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, has the properties of kidney nourishing and essence strengthening, and it is widely used to treat male infertility with a long history. Sertoli cells are injured with aging, resulting in testicular dysfunction, and WZ effectively rejuvenates the age-related decline of testicular function. However, whether the therapeutic effects of WZ on aging-related testicular dysfunction are dependent on the restoration of Sertoli cell function remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In a mouse model of natural aging, we explored the protective effects of WZ and its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive either standard diet or WZ (2 and 8 g/kg) for 3 months. Meanwhile, 10 1-month-old mice were considered the adult control group and received standard diet for 3 months. The testis and epididymis were rapidly collected, and the sperm quality, testicular histology, Sertoli cell numbers, tight junction (TJ) ultrastructure, and blood-testis barrier-associated protein expression and localization were assessed. RESULTS WZ significantly increased sperm concentration and sperm viability, improved the degenerative histomorphology and elevated the seminiferous epithelium height. Furthermore, WZ increased the number of Sertoli cells, restored the ultrastructure of the Sertoli cell TJ, and upregulated the expression of TJ-associated proteins (zonula occludens-1 and Claudin11), ectoplasm specialized-associated proteins (N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin and β-Catenin), and gap junction-associated protein (connexin 43), but did not affect the expression of Occludin and cytoskeletal protein (Vimentin). In addition, WZ did not change the localization of zonula occludens-1 and β-Catenin in aged testis. Moreover, WZ increased the expression of autophagy-associated proteins (light chain 3 beta and autophagy related 5) and decreased the expression of p62, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphorylated AKT in Sertoli cells. Finally, we found that WZ attenuated mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and upregulated mTORC2 activity, as evidenced by inhibition of the expression of the regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, phosphorylated p70 S6K, and phosphorylated ribosomal protein s6 and enhancement of the expression of Rictor in the Sertoli cells of aging mice. CONCLUSIONS WZ improves the injury of Sertoli cells by restoring AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy and the mTORC1-mTROC2 balance in Sertoli cells during aging. Our findings provide a new mechanism of WZ in the treatment of aging-induced testicular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Chang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - He Deng
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yumin He
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Benwen Zhou
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Analysis and Testing Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Changcheng Zhang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China.
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China.
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9
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Elcombe CS, Monteiro A, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Padmanabhan V, Lea R, Sinclair KD, Evans NP, Bellingham M. Developmental exposure to a real-life environmental chemical mixture alters testicular transcription factor expression in neonatal and pre-pubertal rams, with morphological changes persisting into adulthood. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104152. [PMID: 37209889 PMCID: PMC10457458 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemical (EC) exposure may be impacting male reproductive health. The translationally relevant biosolids treated pasture (BTP) sheep model was used to investigate gestational low-level EC mixture exposure on the testes of F1 male offspring. Adult rams from ewes exposed to BTP 1 month before and throughout pregnancy had more seminiferous tubules with degeneration and depletion of elongating spermatids, indicating possible "recovery" from previously reported testicular dysgenesis syndrome-like phenotype in neonatal and pre-pubertal BTP lambs. Expression of transcription factors CREB1 (neonatal) and BCL11A and FOXP2 (pre-pubertal) were significantly higher in the BTP exposed testes, with no changes seen in adults. Increased CREB1, which is crucial for testes development and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes, could be an adaptive response to gestational EC exposure to facilitate the phenotypic recovery. Overall, this demonstrates that testicular effects from gestational exposure to low-level mixtures of ECs can last into adulthood, potentially impacting fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Elcombe
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ana Monteiro
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Richard Lea
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kevin D Sinclair
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil P Evans
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Peng C, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Ling S, Hu S. Dynamics and mechanisms of bioaccumulation and elimination of nonylphenol in zebrafish. Toxicology 2023; 483:153375. [PMID: 36375624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been widely concerned for its endocrine disrupting effects. In this study, we investigated the accumulation and elimination of NP for the whole body and trunk of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results show that the LC50 values of NP in zebrafish ranged from 474 μg·L-1 (24-h exposure) to 238 μg·L-1 (96-h exposure). Meanwhile, the NP concentrations in zebrafish during the depuration stage fitted the first-order kinetic model well, and the depuration rate constant (K2) was reduced from 0.412 d-1 to 0.2827 d-1 with higher NP. The half-life (t1/2) of NP was 1.75-2.45 d in the whole fish and 0.56-0.86 d in the trunk under low to high NP, respectively. Both the accumulation and elimination of NP in trunk were faster than those in whole fish, indicating the preferential transfer from viscera to muscle and rapidly diffusion in reverse. The bioconcentration factors (BCFSS) of NP were 104-112 L·kg-1 in whole body and 76-104 L·kg-1 in trunk, respectively, suggesting that the muscle was a major position for NP storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yinjie Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Siyuan Ling
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Melebary SJ, AlGhamdi MS, Elhalwagy MEA, Alsolmy SA, Bin Dohaish AJA. Disturbance in Some Fertility Biomarkers Induced and Changes in Testis Architecture by Chronic Exposure to Various Dosages of Each of Nonylphenol or Bisphenol A and Their Mix. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101555. [PMID: 36294990 PMCID: PMC9605679 DOI: 10.3390/life12101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to demonstrate the potential impacts of different doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) or Nonylphenol (NP) and their mixtures on some biological activities in male albino rats. Seventy male albino rats were allocated to the control group (GI) and were given 1 mL of ethanol. G II and G III were given 100 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G IV and G V were given 25 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G VI was given a high dose of BPA and NP, and G VII was given a low dose of BPA and NP. All animals were treated orally for 60 days. Serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers were determined, as well as a histopathological examination of the testis at the end of the experimental period. The results obtained showed a pronounced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE), concomitant with a significant reduction in serum Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all treated groups. A significant elevation in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 serum was recorded individually and in the groups treated with high doses. The disturbance is represented by histological damage in the testis in the germinal epithelium and a decrease in spermatozoa inside the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The effects on testis tissues were dose-dependent, pronounced in mixture doses, and remarkable in higher doses. In conclusion, exposure to BPA and NP strongly impacts antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and testis tissue architecture. Furthermore, the data from this investigation support the idea that exposure to BPA and NP in daily life has multiple damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar J. Melebary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariam S. AlGhamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. A. Elhalwagy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha A. Alsolmy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Mao B, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhao DS, Zhao P, Yan P. Overview of Research into mTOR Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165295. [PMID: 36014530 PMCID: PMC9413691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. The kinase exists in the forms of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and it participates in cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. The kinase activity is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple human diseases. Inhibitors of mTOR block critical pathways to produce antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and other effects, and they have been applied to research in cancer, inflammation, central nervous system diseases and viral infections. Existing mTOR inhibitors are commonly divided into mTOR allosteric inhibitors, ATP-competitive inhibitors and dual binding site inhibitors, according to their sites of action. In addition, there exist several dual-target mTOR inhibitors that target PI3K, histone deacetylases (HDAC) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad-3 related (ATR) kinases. This review focuses on the structure of mTOR protein and related signaling pathways as well as the structure and characteristics of various mTOR inhibitors. Non-rapalog allosteric inhibitors will open new directions for the development of new therapeutics specifically targeting mTORC1. The applications of ATP-competitive inhibitors in central nervous system diseases, viral infections and inflammation have laid the foundation for expanding the indications of mTOR inhibitors. Both dual-binding site inhibitors and dual-target inhibitors are beneficial in overcoming mTOR inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
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Polyphyllin I Promotes Autophagic Cell Death and Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells via the ROS-Inhibited AKT/mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169368. [PMID: 36012632 PMCID: PMC9409257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, and it is considered among the biggest killers. Scientific and reasonable treatments can effectively improve the survival rate of patients if performed in the early stages. Polyphyllin I (PPI), a pennogenyl saponin isolated from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, has exhibited strong anti-cancer activities in previous studies. Here, we report that PPI exhibits a cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells. PPI suppressed cell viability and induced autophagic cell death in SW480 cells after 12 and 24 h, with the IC50 values 4.9 ± 0.1 μmol/L and 3.5 ± 0.2 μmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, we found PPI induced time-concentration-dependent autophagy and apoptosis in SW480 cells. In addition, down-regulated AKT/mTOR activity was found in PPI-treated SW480 cells. Increased levels of ROS might link to autophagy and apoptosis because reducing the level of ROS by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment mitigated PPI-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Although we did not know the molecular mechanism of how PPI induced ROS production, this is the first study to show that PPI induces ROS production and down-regulates the AKT/mTOR pathway, which subsequently promotes the autophagic cell death and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. This present study reports PPI as a potential therapeutic agent for colon cancer and reveals its underlying mechanisms of action.
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Liu X, Li F, Zhu Z, Peng G, Huang D, Xie M. 4-[1-Ethyl-1-methylhexy]-phenol induces apoptosis and interrupts Ca 2+ homeostasis via ROS pathway in Sertoli TM4 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52665-52674. [PMID: 35267162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological effect of an individual nonylphenol (NP) isomer extremely relies upon the side chain structure. This research was designed to evaluate the impact of NP isomer, 4-[1-ethyl-1-methylhexy]-phenol (NP65), on Sertoli cells in vitro. Sertoli TM4 cells were exposed to various concentration (0, 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 μM) of NP65 for 24 h, and the outcomes indicated that treatment of NP65 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis for Sertoli TM4 cells. In addition, it was found that NP65 exposure affected homeostasis of Ca2+ in Sertoli TM4 cells by increasing cytoplasm [Ca2+]i, inhibiting Ca2+-ATPase activity and decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), attenuated NP65-induced oxidative stress as well as apoptosis for TM4 cells. Furthermore, NAC blocked NP65-induced disorders of Ca2+ homeostasis by attenuating the growth of intracellular [Ca2+]i and the inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase and cAMP activities. Thus, we have demonstrated that NP65 induced apoptosis as well as acted as a potent inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase activity and resulted in disorder of Ca2+ homeostasis in Sertoli TM4 cells; ROS participated in the process. Our results supported the view that oxidative stress acted an essential role within the development of apoptosis and Ca2+ overload in TM4 cells as a consequence of NP65 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, Institute of Science & Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, Institute of Science & Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, Institute of Science & Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Gaoyi Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Danfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China.
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15
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Ma Q, You X, Zhu K, Zhao X, Yuan D, Wang T, Dun Y, Wu J, Ren D, Zhang C, Zhao H. Changes in the tight junctions of the testis during aging: Role of the p38 MAPK/MMP9 pathway and autophagy in Sertoli cells. Exp Gerontol 2022; 161:111729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang M, Zeng L, Su P, Ma L, Zhang M, Zhang YZ. Autophagy: a multifaceted player in the fate of sperm. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 28:200-231. [PMID: 34967891 PMCID: PMC8889000 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of degrading and recycling proteins and organelles to modulate various physiological and pathological events, including cell differentiation and development. Emerging data indicate that autophagy is closely associated with male reproduction, especially the biosynthetic and catabolic processes of sperm. Throughout the fate of sperm, a series of highly specialized cellular events occur, involving pre-testicular, testicular and post-testicular events. Nonetheless, the most fundamental question of whether autophagy plays a protective or harmful role in male reproduction, especially in sperm, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We summarize the functional roles of autophagy in the pre-testicular (hypothalamic–pituitary–testis (HPG) axis), testicular (spermatocytogenesis, spermatidogenesis, spermiogenesis, spermiation) and post-testicular (sperm maturation and fertilization) processes according to the timeline of sperm fate. Additionally, critical mechanisms of the action and clinical impacts of autophagy on sperm are identified, laying the foundation for the treatment of male infertility. SEARCH METHODS In this narrative review, the PubMed database was used to search peer-reviewed publications for summarizing the functional roles of autophagy in the fate of sperm using the following terms: ‘autophagy’, ‘sperm’, ‘hypothalamic–pituitary–testis axis’, ‘spermatogenesis’, ‘spermatocytogenesis’, ‘spermatidogenesis’, ‘spermiogenesis’, ‘spermiation’, ‘sperm maturation’, ‘fertilization’, ‘capacitation’ and ‘acrosome’ in combination with autophagy-related proteins. We also performed a bibliographic search for the clinical impact of the autophagy process using the keywords of autophagy inhibitors such as ‘bafilomycin A1’, ‘chloroquine’, ‘hydroxychloroquine’, ‘3-Methyl Adenine (3-MA)’, ‘lucanthone’, ‘wortmannin’ and autophagy activators such as ‘rapamycin’, ‘perifosine’, ‘metformin’ in combination with ‘disease’, ‘treatment’, ‘therapy’, ‘male infertility’ and equivalent terms. In addition, reference lists of primary and review articles were reviewed for additional relevant publications. All relevant publications until August 2021 were critically evaluated and discussed on the basis of relevance, quality and timelines. OUTCOMES (i) In pre-testicular processes, autophagy-related genes are involved in the regulation of the HPG axis; and (ii) in testicular processes, mTORC1, the main gate to autophagy, is crucial for spermatogonia stem cell (SCCs) proliferation, differentiation, meiotic progression, inactivation of sex chromosomes and spermiogenesis. During spermatidogenesis, autophagy maintains haploid round spermatid chromatoid body homeostasis for differentiation. During spermiogenesis, autophagy participates in acrosome biogenesis, flagella assembly, head shaping and the removal of cytoplasm from elongating spermatid. After spermatogenesis, through PDLIM1, autophagy orchestrates apical ectoplasmic specialization and basal ectoplasmic specialization to handle cytoskeleton assembly, governing spermatid movement and release during spermiation. In post-testicular processes, there is no direct evidence that autophagy participates in the process of capacitation. However, autophagy modulates the acrosome reaction, paternal mitochondria elimination and clearance of membranous organelles during fertilization. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Deciphering the roles of autophagy in the entire fate of sperm will provide valuable insights into therapies for diseases, especially male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.,Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Science Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhen Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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17
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Elcombe CS, Monteiro A, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Evans NP, Bellingham M. Morphological and transcriptomic alterations in neonatal lamb testes following developmental exposure to low-level environmental chemical mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103670. [PMID: 33964400 PMCID: PMC8316325 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to anthropogenic environmental chemical mixtures could be contributing to the decline in male reproductive health. This study used the biosolid treated pasture (BTP) sheep model to assess the effects of exposure to low-dose chemical mixtures. Maternal BTP exposure was associated with lower plasma testosterone concentrations, a greater proportion of Sertoli cell-only seminiferous tubules, and fewer gonocytes in the testes of neonatal offspring. Transcriptome analysis highlighted changes in testicular mTOR signalling, including lower expression of two mTOR complex components. Transcriptomic hierarchical analysis relative to the phenotypic severity demonstrated distinct differential responses to maternal BTP exposure during pregnancy. Transcriptome analysis between phenotypically normal and abnormal BTP lambs demonstrated separate responses within the cAMP and PI3K signalling pathways towards CREB. Together, the results provide a potential mechanistic explanation for adverse effects. Exposure could lower gonocyte numbers through mTOR mediated autophagy, but CREB mediated survival factors may act to increase germ cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Elcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ana Monteiro
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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18
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Zhang B, Yan Z, Wang P, Yang Q, Huang X, Shi H, Tang Y, Ji Y, Zhang J, Gun S. Identification and Characterization of lncRNA and mRNA in Testes of Landrace and Hezuo Boars. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082263. [PMID: 34438721 PMCID: PMC8388364 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Precocious puberty is an excellent reproductive trait in domestic animals, which can generate higher breeding benefits in livestock production. However, regulators associated with this sexual maturation process remain largely unknown. Chinese Hezuo (HZ) boars are known for their early sexual maturity. In this work, the characteristics of precocious puberty in HZ pigs were confirmed by histological analysis, and some important long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA were identified in the testes of immature (30-day-old) and mature (120-day-old) HZ boars, which could play a key role in precocious puberty. These results will provide a theoretical basis for further research on the regulatory mechanism of precocious puberty, which is important for accelerating the breeding process of highly fertile animals. Abstract Chinese HZ boars are typical plateau miniature boars characterized by precocious puberty, which is closely related to testicular development and spermatogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNA is involved in the testicular development and regulation of spermatogenesis. However, little is known about the lncRNA precocious regulation in testicular development and spermatogenesis on early sexual maturity of HZ boars. Thus, we investigated the expression and characterization of lncRNA and mRNA in 30-day-old and 120-day-old HZ boar testes using transcriptome to explore precocious puberty. Landrace (LC) boar was treated as the control. Histological analyses indicated that HZ boar underwent puberty development at an earlier stage than LC boar and had achieved sexual maturity at 120 days old. RNA-Seq yielded a total of 187 lncRNAs and 984 mRNAs; these molecules were identified as possible candidates for precocious puberty. GO terms and KEGG pathways enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed lncRNA and their targeted genes were involved in metabolic pathways regulating testis development and spermatogenesis, such as the PI3K-Akt, TGF-beta and Wnt pathways. Further screening, some lncRNA (such as LOC102166140, LOC110259451, and MSTRG.15011.2), and mRNA (such as PDCL2, HSD17B4, SHCBP1L, CYP21A2, and SPATA3) were found to be possibly associated with precocious puberty, which would add to our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of precocious puberty. This study provided valuable information for further study of the role of lncRNA and mRNA in the process of precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haixia Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuran Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yanan Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.J.); (J.Z.)
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-763-1804
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Contextualizing Autophagy during Gametogenesis and Preimplantation Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126313. [PMID: 34204653 PMCID: PMC8231133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals face environmental stressors throughout their lifespan, which may jeopardize cellular homeostasis. Hence, these organisms have acquired mechanisms to cope with stressors by sensing, repairing the damage, and reallocating resources to increase the odds of long-term survival. Autophagy is a pro-survival lysosome-mediated cytoplasm degradation pathway for organelle and macromolecule recycling. Furthermore, autophagy efflux increases, and this pathway becomes idiosyncratic depending upon developmental and environmental contexts. Mammalian germ cells and preimplantation embryos are attractive models for dissecting autophagy due to their metastable phenotypes during differentiation and exposure to varying environmental cues. The aim of this review is to explore autophagy during mammalian gametogenesis, fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development by contemplating its physiological role during development, under key stressors, and within the scope of assisted reproduction technologies.
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Liu W, Wang Z, Hu X. Identification of Competing Endogenous RNA and Micro-RNA Profiles and Regulatory Networks in 4-Nonylphenol-induced Impairment of Sertoli Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644204. [PMID: 34084133 PMCID: PMC8167654 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenoestrogens nonylphenols (NPs), which are materials used in the plastic polymer industry, are considered endocrine disruptors in a wide range of organisms. Studies have shown that human health problems, such as infertility and reproductive toxicology, are linked with NPs. However, the mechanism by which NPs interfere with male reproduction is not fully elucidated. Here, we found that 4-NP can result in male reproductive impairment and reduce androgen receptor (AR) protein levels in rat sertoli cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we performed RNA sequencing to assess the differential expression of ceRNAs in rat primary sertoli cells treated with 4-NP. Bioinformatics methods, such as Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and ceRNA functional network analyses, were used to investigate the sequencing data and gain further understanding of the biological processes. Our analysis revealed a core set of mRNAs (Ar, Atf6 and Cbp), and circRNAs (circ673, circ1377, circ1789, and circPTEN) that were selected and validated by RT-qPCR. In addition, the head-to-tail splicing of circ673, circ1377, circ1789, and circPTEN was identified by Sanger sequencing. These findings provide the first insight into the ceRNA expression profiles of rat sertoli cells and reveal that ceRNAs participate in 4-NP-induced impairment of sertoli cell function, thereby indicating potential therapies for both reproductive toxicology and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhaokai Wang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Ijaz MU, Anwar H, Iqbal S, Ismail H, Ashraf A, Mustafa S, Samad A. Protective effect of myricetin on nonylphenol-induced testicular toxicity: biochemical, steroidogenic, hormonal, spermatogenic, and histological-based evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22742-22757. [PMID: 33423203 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental contaminant, which induces testicular toxicity through oxidative stress. Myricetin (MYR) is a naturally occurring flavonol having powerful antioxidant activity. The current research was planned to examine the ameliorative role of MYR against NP-induced testicular damage. A total of 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equivalent groups: control (0.1% DMSO), NP group (50 mg kg-1), NP + MYR group (50 mg kg-1; 100 mg kg-1), and MYR-treated group (100 mg kg-1). NP administration significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GSR), and protein content while significantly (p < 0.05) elevating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, NP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the sperm motility, gene expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes (3β-HSD, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17β-HSD, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; StAR, steroidogenic-acute regulatory protein), level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), plasma testosterone, and daily sperm production (DSP). On the other hand, it raised the testicular cholesterol, dead sperms, and head, midpiece, and tail abnormalities along with abnormal histomorphometry. However, MYR remarkably abrogated NP-induced damages. In conclusion, the outcomes of the study suggest that MYR can effectively alleviate the NP-induced oxidative stress and testicular damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shabnoor Iqbal
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shama Mustafa
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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22
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Pirzadeh M, Barary M, Hosseini SM, Kazemi S, Moghadamnia AA. Ameliorative effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance extract on nonylphenol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14063. [PMID: 33848019 DOI: 10.1111/and.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, interferes with reproductive function and induces oxidative stress in different organs, including the testis and prostate. Alpinia officinarum Hance (ALP), a plant species of the Zingiberaceae family, has proven antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic extract of ALP treatment on NP-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress in male rats using biochemical and histopathological biomarkers. Our experimental groups were defined as follows: oil treatment (control), NP 10 mg/kg, ALP 10 mg/kg (ALP HD), NP + ALP 5 mg/kg (NP + ALP LD) and NP + ALP 10 mg/kg (NP + ALP HD). NP administration caused significant cytotoxicity and a significant increase in oxidative stress prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels accompanied by a significant reduction in testosterone levels. The relative weight of the testis of both NP + ALP LD and NP + ALP HD groups was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Histopathological evaluations revealed destructive effects in testis and prostate tissue samples. In conclusion, ALP administration improved cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, testosterone and PSA levels, and testis and prostate tissue destructive effects induced by the NP in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Pirzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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23
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Dose-related morphological changes in the epididymal region of sexually active adult male Japanese quail treated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) commencing during the pre-pubertal stage. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 227:106733. [PMID: 33713912 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is widely used as a plasticizer in personal care and medical products and is known to induce toxicity in the male reproductive organs in both mammals and birds. In this study, there was investigation of the effects of DBP on the epithelium of the rete testis, proximal, and distal efferent ductules and epididymal duct of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) following treatment with varying doses during the pre-pubertal and peri-pubertal periods. Pre-pubertal quail (n = 25) 4 weeks post-hatching were dosed orally with 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg DBP/kg/d, for 30 days and control birds were administered corn-oil only (n = 5 per group). Histo-metrically, there was lesser (P < 0.001) epithelial heights of the rete testis and efferent ductules in all quail DBP-treated groups, but not in the epididymal duct epithelium. There were no morphological change effects as a result of DBP treatments in the rete testis epithelium, while there were epithelial cytoplasmic vacuoles detected in the distal efferent ductule and epididymal duct of birds treated with 50, 200 and 400 mg DPB/kg/d. There were several lesions, including degenerative changes, cytoplasmic vacuoles, apoptosis and autophagy in the epithelium of the proximal efferent ductule in quail treated with 200 and 400 mg DBP/kg/d. Overall, the results indicate that treatment with DBP during the pre-pubertal period induced dose-dependent histometric and morphological changes in the epithelium of the epididymal region. It is concluded that the proximal efferent ductule was a highly sensitive component of the epididymal tissues of Japanese quail following treatment with DBP during the pre-pubertal period.
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24
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Ijaz MU, Tahir A, Samad A, Anwar H. Nobiletin ameliorates nonylphenol-induced testicular damage by improving biochemical, steroidogenic, hormonal, spermatogenic, apoptotic and histological profile. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:403-416. [PMID: 32815738 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120950007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental contaminant, which adversely affects the male fertility due to endocrine disruption and generation of oxidative stress. The current research was planned to assess the effects of nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxyflavone, on NP-induced testicular damages. Twenty-four male rats were divided into 4 groups: control (0.1% DMSO), NP group (50 mg/kg), NP+NOB group (50 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg), and NOB group (25 mg/kg). Our results revealed that NP brought down the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GSR), while elevated the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, NP decreased the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma testosterone, daily sperm production (DSP), epididymal sperm count, viability, motility, gene expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes (StAR, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2), as well as number of spermatogenic cells belonging to various stages. Whereas, sperm (head, mid-piece/neck and tail) abnormalities, expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3), and histopathological damages were increased. However, NOB remarkably reversed all the damages caused by NP. Therefore, it is deduced that NOB could be used as a potential therapeutic to counter the NP-prompted oxidative stress and apoptotic damages in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, 66724University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arfa Tahir
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, 66724University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, 66724University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, 72594Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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25
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Zeinvand-Lorestani M, Karimi S, Khorsandi L. Quercetin ameliorates cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on sertoli cells by enhancing autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress. Andrologia 2021; 53:e13988. [PMID: 33476054 DOI: 10.1111/and.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the toxic impacts of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZO-NPs) on male reproductive cells. The effect of quercetin (QCT) on ZO-NPs-induced mouse Sertoli cell (TM4 cell line) toxicity and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in this study. The TM4 cells were exposed to ZO-NPs or QCT in different groups for 24 hr. The TM4 cells pre-treated with 3MA (3-Methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor) to evaluate the autophagy role of QCT and ZO-NPs in the TM4 cells. ZO-NPs significantly reduced the viability percentage of the TM4 cells. The apoptosis percentage and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of the ZO-NPs group were significantly increased, while the expression of autophagy-related genes was considerably downregulated. ZO-NPs also induced oxidative stress in the TM4 cells through increasing malondialdehyde contents and reactive oxygen species levels (ROS) and reducing antioxidant factors including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. In QCT + ZO-NPs group, these events were considerably reversed. 3MA could significantly decrease the cell viability of TM4 cells exposed to the QCT and ZO-NPs in comparison with the untreated 3MA groups. According to these results, the protective effects of QCT on ZO-NPs-exposed TM4 cells are related to inducing autophagy, prevention apoptosis and suppressing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Zeinvand-Lorestani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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26
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Isoquercitrin induces apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24318-24332. [PMID: 33260158 PMCID: PMC7762471 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with high rates of metastasis and relapse. Isoquercitrin (ISO), a natural flavonoid present in the Chinese bayberry and other plant species, reportedly exerts notable inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation, though the mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we exposed HepG2 and Huh7 human liver cancer cells to ISO and examined the roles of autophagy and apoptosis in ISO-mediated cell death. We found that ISO exposure inhibited cell viability and colony growth, activated apoptotic pathway, and triggered dysregulated autophagy by activating the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Autophagy inhibition using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg5-targeted siRNA decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage and protected cells against ISO-induced apoptosis. Moreover, autophagy inhibition reversed the upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation and downregulation of mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation elicited by ISO. By contrast, application of a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor failed to inhibit autophagy in ISO-treated cells. These data indicate that ISO simultaneously induced apoptosis and autophagy, and abnormal induction of autophagic flux contributed to ISO-triggered caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.
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27
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Corosolic acid ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy via regulating autophagy. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221187. [PMID: 31746323 PMCID: PMC6893168 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this work, we explored the role of corosolic acid (CRA) during pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Methods and results: Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by aortic banding. Four weeks post-surgery, CRA-treated mice developed blunted cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction, and showed increased LC3 II and p-AMPK expression. In line with the in vivo studies, CRA also inhibited the hypertrophic response induced by PE stimulation accompanying with increased LC3 II and p-AMPK expression. It was also found that CRA blunted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and promoted autophagy in Angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated H9c2 cells. Moreover, to further verify whether CRA inhibits cardiac hypertrophy by the activation of autophagy, blockade of autophagy was achieved by CQ (an inhibitor of the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes) or 3-MA (an inhibitor of autophagosome formation). It was found that autophagy inhibition counteracts the protective effect of CRA on cardiac hypertrophy. Interestingly, AMPK knockdown with AMPKα2 siRNA-counteracted LC3 II expression increase and the hypertrophic response inhibition caused by CRA in PE-treated H9c2 cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that CRA may protect against cardiac hypertrophy through regulating AMPK-dependent autophagy.
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28
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Valproic Acid: A Potential Therapeutic for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1441-1452. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Yu H, Wen K, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Fu H, Zhu J, Zhu Y. Role of unfolded protein response in genital malformation/damage of male mice induced by flutamide. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1690-1699. [PMID: 32662666 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120937049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of a switch of autophagy and apoptosis, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) which inducing UPR plays a role in the malformations caused by some genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to flutamide during pregnancy will also cause abnormalities in some male offspring reproductive organs such as cryptorchidism. In this study, after administered the pregnant mouse orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight every day during gestational day (GD)12 to GD18, flutamide can not only caused hypospadias in the male mouse offspring but also damaged the morphology and function of their testis. And the expression of UPR-related genes and proteins, autophagy, apoptosis, and angiogenesis-related genes of the damaged/teratogenic testis and penis in the mice were investigated to determine the role of UPR in this model. It was found that flutamide activated maybe the Atg7-Atg3-Lc3 pathway through the UPR pathway, caused cells excessive autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibited the formation of penile and testicular blood vessels by activating UPR and affecting the messenger RNA level of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Department of Critical Medicine, 12568the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University/the People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - K Wen
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - H Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, 12568Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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30
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Lei JH, Yan W, Luo CH, Guo YM, Zhang YY, Wang XH, Su XJ. Cytotoxicity of nonylphenol on spermatogonial stem cells via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:500-513. [PMID: 32742567 PMCID: PMC7360990 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With continuous advancement of industrial society, environmental pollution has become more and more serious. There has been an increase in infertility caused by environmental factors. Nonylphenol (NP) is a stable degradation product widely used in daily life and production and has been proven to affect male fertility. However, the underlying mechanisms therein are unclear. Thus, it is necessary to study the effect and mechanism of NP on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs).
AIM To investigate the cytotoxic effect of NP on SSCs via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway.
METHODS SSCs were treated with NP at 0, 10, 20 or 30 µmol. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the effect of NP on the proliferation of SSCs. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure SSC apoptosis. The expression of Bad, Bcl-2, cytochrome-c, pro-Caspase 9, SOX-2, OCT-4, Nanog, Nanos3, Stra8, Scp3, GFRα1, CD90, VASA, Nanos2, KIT, PLZF and PI3K/AKT/mTOR-related proteins was observed by western blot, and the mRNA expression of SOX-2, OCT-4 and Nanog was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS Compared with untreated cells (0 μmol NP), SSCs treated with NP at all concentrations showed a decrease in cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-2, Nanog, OCT-4, SOX-2, Nanos3, Stra8, Scp3, GFRα1, CD90, VASA, Nanos2, KIT, and PLZF (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of Bad, cytochrome-c, and pro-Caspase 9 increased significantly (P < 0.05). We further examined the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and found that the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTORC1, and S6K was significantly decreased by NP at all concentrations compared to that in untreated SSCs (P < 0.05). NP exerted the greatest effect at 30 μmol among all NP concentrations.
CONCLUSION NP attenuated the proliferation, differentiation and stemness maintenance of SSCs while promoting apoptosis and oxidative stress. The associated mechanism may be related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hao Lei
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen Yan
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Luo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing-Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Center for Evidence-based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin-Jun Su
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Zhang SL, Li ZY, Wang DS, Xu TY, Fan MB, Cheng MH, Miao CY. Aggravated ulcerative colitis caused by intestinal Metrnl deficiency is associated with reduced autophagy in epithelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:763-770. [PMID: 31949292 PMCID: PMC7471395 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metrnl is a newly identified secreted protein highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of intestinal epithelial Metrnl in ulcerative colitis. Metrnl-/- (intestinal epithelial cell-specific Metrnl knockout) mice did not display any phenotypes of colitis under basal conditions. However, under administration of 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) drinking water, colitis was more severe in Metrnl-/- mice than in WT mice, as indicated by comparisons of body weight loss, the presence of occult or gross blood per rectum, stool consistency, shrinkage in the colon, intestinal damage, and serum levels of inflammatory factors. DSS-induced colitis activated autophagy in the colon. This activation was partially inhibited by intestinal epithelial Metrnl deficiency, as indicated by a decrease in Beclin-1 and LC3-II/I and an increase in p62 in DSS-treated Metrnl-/- mice compared with WT mice. These phenomena were further confirmed by observation of autophagosomes and immunofluorescence staining for LC3 in epithelial cells. The autophagy-related AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K pathway was also activated in DSS-induced colitis, and this pathway was partially blocked by intestinal epithelial Metrnl deficiency, as indicated by a decrease in AMPK phosphorylation and an increase in mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation in DSS-treated Metrnl-/- mice compared with WT mice. Therefore, Metrnl deficiency deteriorated ulcerative colitis at least partially through inhibition of autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K pathway, suggesting that Metrnl is a therapeutic target for ulcerative colitis.
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32
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Nerín C, Su QZ, Vera P, Mendoza N, Ausejo R. Influence of nonylphenol from multilayer plastic films on artificial insemination of sows. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6519-6528. [PMID: 32424797 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial insemination is common practice in mass livestock farming. Recently, it was shown that chemicals leaching from multilayer plastic bags affect the fertility of boars, although common quality tests did not show any impact on the sperm. It is not clear whether this incidence was a single case or whether it could be a systematic problem. Therefore, we studied six multilayer plastic bags. A total of 49 compounds were found, but most of them were at very low intensity. Nonylphenols in the range of 19-99 μg/g plastic were found. Migration tests using water and 10% ethanol as simulants, to mimic the behavior of semen with the extender, were performed. The most interesting migrants in terms of potential reprotoxicity were identified as nonylphenols. The identification in depth demonstrated the presence of 10 isomers of nonylphenol with a total concentration range between 16 to 58 μg/Kg simulant, among other migrants at lower concentration. The influence of these nonylphenols and their maximum tolerable concentration in direct contact with semen from boars was studied. Motility, viability, mitochondrial activity and acrosomes reacted were significantly affected at 10 mg/Kg of nonylphenols in contact with the sperm, but in vitro penetration rate was significantly decreased with only 2 mg/Kg. Insight into the mode of action is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noelia Mendoza
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Ausejo
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
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33
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Park HJ, Zhang M, Lee WY, Hong KH, Do JT, Park C, Song H. Toxic Effects of Nonylphenol on Neonatal Testicular Development in Mouse Organ Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3491. [PMID: 32429066 PMCID: PMC7279013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an alkylphenol that is widely used in chemical manufacturing. Exposure to this toxic environmental contaminant has been shown to negatively affect the reproductive system. Herein, we evaluated the toxicity of NP in mouse testes, while using in vitro organ culture. Mouse testicular fragments (MTFs), derived from five-day postpartum neonatal mouse testes, were exposed to different concentrations of NP (1-50 μM) for 30 days. The results showed that NP impaired germ cell development and maintenance. Furthermore, NP significantly downregulated the transcript levels of both undifferentiated and differentiated germ cell marker genes relative to those in controls. In particular, a high dose of NP (50 µM) led to complete germ cell depletion and resulted in spermatogenic failure, despite the presence of Sertoli and Leydig cells. In addition, the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1 (Cyp11α1), Cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17α1), and androgen receptor (AR), increased with increasing concentration of NP. Conversely, the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and Cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp19α1) in NP-exposed MTFs decreased when compared to that of the control. Taken together, this study demonstrates that NP has a negative effect on prepubertal spermatogenesis and germ cell maintenance and it disrupts steroidogenesis and induces hormonal imbalance in MTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Mingtian Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54874, Korea;
| | - Kwon-Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
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Protective Effect of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Nephropathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting Apoptosis in Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7805393. [PMID: 32256962 PMCID: PMC7091558 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7805393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, and its prevalence has been increasing all over the world, which is also the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active chemical component of Carthamus tinctorius L., and it is commonly used in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the renal protective effects and molecular mechanisms of HSYA on high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced DN in rats. The DN rats were treated with HSYA for eight weeks. We assessed creatinine (CR), urea nitrogen (UN), glomerular volume, podocyte number, renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and cells apoptosis markers after HSYA treatment. The number of apoptotic cells was measured by the TUNEL assay, and apoptosis-related proteins BAX, caspase-3, and BCL-2 in the renal tissue were analyzed by western blot. The treatment with HSYA significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, CR, UN, and blood lipid profile, including triglyceride and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even though it did not change the rats' body weights. The western blot results indicated that HSYA reversed the upregulation of BAX and caspase-3 and significantly increased BCL-2 in renal tissue. Moreover, the levels of TNF-α and the inflammatory products, including free fatty acids (FFA) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the HSYA group, were significantly decreased. For the oxidative stress marker, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) markedly increased in the HSYA treatment group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and kidney tissue evidently decreased. In conclusion, HSYA treatment preserved kidney function in diabetic nephropathy in the HFD- and STZ-induced rats. The potential mechanism of renal protective effect of HSYA might be through inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing inflammatory reaction, and attenuating renal cell apoptosis. Our studies present a promising use for Hydroxysafflor yellow A in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Mu M, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu J, Fei D, Xing M. Arsenic trioxide or/and copper sulfate co-exposure induce glandular stomach of chicken injury via destruction of the mitochondrial dynamics and activation of apoptosis as well as autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109678. [PMID: 31557571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and copper are naturally occurring element. Contamination from natural processes and anthropogenic activities can be discovered all over the world and their unique interactions with the environment lead to widespread toxicity. When the content was excessive, the organism would be hurt seriously. The glandular stomach is an important organ of the poultry gastrointestinal tract. This study was aimed to investigate the toxicity of arsenic trioxide or/and copper sulfate (As or/and Cu) on chicken glandular stomach. Seventy-two 1-day-old Hy-Line chickens were randomly divided into control (C) group, arsenic trioxide (As) group, copper sulfate (Cu) group and arsenic trioxide and copper sulfate (AsCu) group, and exposed to 30 mg/kg arsenic trioxide or/and 300 mg/kg copper sulphates for 12 weeks. The indicators of mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis and autophagy were tested in the glandular stomach. The results showed that exposure to As or/and Cu caused mitochondrial dynamic imbalance. Additionally, the levels of pro-apoptosis and autophagy indicators were increased and the levels of anti-apoptosis indicators were decreased in the treatment groups. Beyond that, in the treatment groups, we could clearly see karyopyknosis and chromatin condensation were associated with increased apoptosis rate, as well as the disappearance of the nuclear membrane, the swelling of mitochondria and the accumulation of autophagosomes were involved in the death of cells. It was worth noting that the glandular stomach lesions were time-dependent, and the combination of As and Cu were worse than the As and Cu alone. Collectively, our results suggest that As or/and Cu aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy in a time-dependent manner, and the combined toxicity of As and Cu was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Mu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Dongxue Fei
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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Sun X, Zhang X, Zhai H, Zhang D, Ma S. Chicoric acid (CA) induces autophagy in gastric cancer through promoting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulated by AMPK. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109144. [PMID: 31545234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers leading to tumor-related deaths worldwide. Chicoric acid (CA) exhibits a variety of protective effects in different diseases. However, its role in regulating tumor progression has not been reported. Autophagy, as a conserved catabolic process, sustains cellular homoeostasis responding to stress to modulate cell fate. In the study, the effects of CA on gastric cancer were investigated. The results indicated that CA treatment markedly reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, and prevented tumor growth in an established xenograft gastric cancer model. Furthermore, CA exposure significantly induced autophagy both in gastric cancer cells and tumor samples, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of LC3II. Moreover, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p70S6 kinase (p70s6k) expression were obviously promoted by CA in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, blocking AMPK activation abrogated CA-induced expression of LC3II in gastric cancer cells. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in tumor samples or cells was markedly induced by CA treatment through promoting the expression of associated signals such as Parkin, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factors 4 (ATF4) and ATF6. Importantly, these effects were abolished by the inhibition of AMPK signaling. Collectively, our findings indicated that CA prevents human gastric cancer progression by inducing autophagy partly through the activation of AMPK, and represents an effective therapeutic strategy against gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xinwu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hongjun Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Shuangyu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
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Yan WJ, Wang DB, Ren DQ, Wang LK, Hu ZY, Ma YB, Huang JW, Ding SL. AMPKα1 overexpression improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats through AMPK-Sirt1 and autophagy signaling. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11633-11641. [PMID: 30775803 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication in elderly patients who undergo surgery involving anesthesia. Its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy plays an important role in the damage and repair of the nervous system and is associated with the development of POCD. Using a rat model, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), an important autophagy regulator, was found to be significantly downregulated in rats with POCD that was induced by sevoflurane anesthesia or by appendectomy. Overexpression of AMPKα1-ameliorated POCD, as indicated by decreased escape latencies and increased target quadrant swimming times, swimming distances, and platform crossing times during Morris water maze tests. AMPKα1 overexpression activated autophagy signals by increasing the expression of light chain 3 II (LC3-II) and Beclin1 and decreasing the expression of p62 in the hippocampus of rats with POCD. Moreover, blocking autophagy by 3-methyladenine partly attenuated AMPKα1-mediated POCD improvement. Furthermore, overexpression of AMPKα1 could upregulate the expression of p-AMPK and Sirt1 in the hippocampus of rats with POCD. Intriguingly, inhibiting AMPK signals via Compound C effectively attenuated AMPKα1-mediated POCD improvement, concomitant with the downregulation of p-AMPK, Sirt1, LC3-II, and Beclin1 and the upregulation of p62. We thus concluded that overexpression of AMPKα1 can improve POCD via the AMPK-Sirt1 and autophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Da-Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong-Qing Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ling-Kai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ya-Bing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-Wen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shao-Li Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Lin T, Ruan S, Huang D, Meng X, Li W, Wang B, Zou F. MeHg-induced autophagy via JNK/Vps34 complex pathway promotes autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:399. [PMID: 31113939 PMCID: PMC6529499 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental toxin, may specifically cause neurological disorders. Recent studies have reported that autophagy can be induced by metals and be involved in metal cytotoxicity. However, the role of autophagy in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MeHg induces mTOR-independent autophagy through JNK/Vps34 complex pathway, which further promotes autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cell death. In addition to cell death, MeHg increased LC3-II expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in neuronal cells; furthermore, western blot analysis of LC3-II expression under baf A1-treated condition indicates that MeHg activates autophagy induction. However, we found lysosomal degradative function was impaired by MeHg. Under this condition, MeHg-activated autophagy induction would elicit autophagosome accumulation and cell death. Consistent with this inference, the autophagy inhibitor decreased the MeHg-induced autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cells death, whereas the autophagy inducers further augmented MeHg cytotoxicity. Then, the mechanism of autophagy induction is investigated. We show that MeHg-induced autophagy is mTOR-independent. Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) complex is critical for mTOR-independent autophagy. MeHg induced the interaction between Beclin1 and Vps34 to form Vps34 complex. Importantly, knockdown of Vps34 inhibited autophagy induction by MeHg. Furthermore, we found that JNK, but not p38 or ERK, promoted the formation of Vps34 complex and autophagy induction. Finally, inhibition of JNK or downregulation of Vps34 decreased autophagosome accumulation and alleviated MeHg-induced neuronal cell death. The present study implies that inhibiting JNK/Vps34 complex autophagy induction pathway may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianji Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijuan Ruan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingbang Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Lee JS, Sul JY, Park JB, Lee MS, Cha EY, Ko YB. Honokiol induces apoptosis and suppresses migration and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1969-1978. [PMID: 30864681 PMCID: PMC6443331 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Honokiol, a natural biphenolic compound, exerts anticancer effects through a variety of mechanisms on multiple types of cancer with relatively low toxicity. Adenosine 5'‑phosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential regulator of cellular homeostasis, may control cancer progression. The present study aimed to investigate whether the anticancer activities of honokiol in ovarian cancer cells were mediated through the activation of AMPK. Honokiol decreased cell viability of 2 ovarian cancer cell lines, with an half‑maximal inhibitory concentration value of 48.71±11.31 µM for SKOV3 cells and 46.42±5.37 µM for Caov‑3 cells. Honokiol induced apoptosis via activation of caspase‑3, caspase‑7 and caspase‑9, and cleavage of poly‑(adenosine 5'‑diphosphate‑ribose) polymerase. Apoptosis induced by honokiol was weakened by compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, suggesting that honokiol‑induced apoptosis was dependent on the AMPK/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Additionally, honokiol inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. The combined treatment of honokiol with compound C reversed the activities of honokiol in wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. These results indicated that honokiol may have therapeutic potential in ovarian cancer by targeting AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Sul
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Beom Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sun Lee
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Cha
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bok Ko
- Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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Huang X, Han X, Huang Z, Yu M, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Xu B, Zhou K, Song L, Wang X, Lu C, Xia Y. Maternal pentachlorophenol exposure induces developmental toxicity mediated by autophagy on pregnancy mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:829-836. [PMID: 30597782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is often used as chlorinated hydrocarbon herbicides and insecticides, which has been suggested that toxicity of carcinogenic effect, teratogenic effect and reproductive system. However, there was still precious known about the underlying molecular mechanism of PCP on mammalian early development. To explore the developmental toxicity of PCP and its potential mechanism, pregnancy ICR mice except controls were exposed to PCP (0.02, 0.2 or 2 mg/kg) during gestation day (GD) 0.5 to GD8.5 in this study. We found that the fetal loss rate was increased and placental chorionic villi structure was disorder in hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) on GD16.5. Meanwhile, autophagosomes were observed in chorionic villi through Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Moreover, the mRNA and/or protein expression of P62, LC3-ІІ/LC3-І and Beclin1 were increased in placenta, indicating the occurrence of autophagy. Then, to further explore the autophagy mechanism, microRNA (miR)-30a-5p, an expression inhibitor of Beclin1, was predicted through bioinformatics predictions and RT-PCR, and it was reduced in PCP-treated mice. Transfection and luciferase reporter gene test were used to verify the interaction between Beclin1 and miR-30a-5p. These results firstly indicate that, PCP exposure could downregulate the expression of miR-30a-5p, and then induced autophagy through upregulation of Beclin1 to result in fetal loss. Our study laid a foundation for understanding the PCP developmental toxicity through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhenyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Duan P, Liu B, Morais CLM, Zhao J, Li X, Tu J, Yang W, Chen C, Long M, Feng X, Martin FL, Xiong C. 4-Nonylphenol effects on rat testis and sertoli cells determined by spectrochemical techniques coupled with chemometric analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:64-75. [PMID: 30469005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, vibrational spectroscopy has been applied for qualitative identification of biomolecular alterations that occur in cells and tissues following chemical treatment. Towards this end, we combined attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy to assess testicular toxicology after 4-nonylphenol (NP) exposure, an estrogenic endocrine disruptor affecting testicular function in rats and other species. Rats aged 21, 35 or 50 days received NP at intra-peritoneal doses of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg for 20 consecutive days. Primary Sertoli cells (SCs) were treated with NP at various concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 μM) for 12 h. Post-exposure, testicular cells, interstitial tissue and SCs were interrogated respectively using spectrochemical techniques coupled with multivariate analysis. Distinct biomolecular segregation between the NP-exposed samples vs. control were observed based on infrared (IR) spectral regions of 3200-2800 cm-1 and 1800-900 cm-1, and the Raman spectral region of 1800-900 cm-1. For in vivo experiments, the main wavenumbers responsible for segregation varied significantly among the three age classes. The main IR and Raman band differences between NP-exposed and control groups were observed for Amide (proteins), lipids and DNA/RNA. An interesting finding was that the peptide aggregation level, Amide Ӏ-to-Amide II ratio, and phosphate-to-carbohydrate ratio were considerably reduced in ex vivo NP-exposed testicular cells or SCs in vitro. This study demonstrates that ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques can be applied towards analysing NP-induced testicular biomolecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Duan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Bisen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiandong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Jian Tu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Yueyang City, Yueyang, 414000, China
| | - Weiyingxue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunling Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Manman Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaobing Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Chengliang Xiong
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, 128 Sanyang Road, Wuhan, 430013, China.
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Zhang JJ, Yang WR, Wang Y, Chen L, Jeong DK, Wang XZ. Identification of microRNAs for regulating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase expression in immature boar Sertoli cells in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:450-464. [PMID: 30779249 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in cellular energy homeostasis and cell proliferation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in biological processes. It is unclear to whether miRNAs are involved in AMPK-regulated Sertoli cell (SC) proliferation. To further understand the regulation of miRNAs in the immature boar SC proliferation, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) was added to activate AMPK. By an Illumina small RNA deep sequencing, we obtained sequences and relative expression levels of 272 known mature miRNAs, among which 9 miRNAs were significantly upregulated whereas 16 miRNAs were downregulated following the AICAR treatment. The results identified 38 conserved miRNAs, with 8 significantly downregulated miRNAs whereas no upregulated miRNAs. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggested that miR-1285 was involved in many activities and pathways associated with cell proliferation via targeting on AMPKα2. We validated that AICAR significantly downregulated miR-1285 level in SCs. Transfection of miR-1285 mimic increased the SC viability and cell cycle progression but reduced AMPKα2 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that miR-1285 is involved in the immature boar SC proliferation via downregulating AMPKα2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Rong Yang
- Institute of Ecological Research, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xian Zhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Su Y, Quan C, Li X, Shi Y, Duan P, Yang K. Mutual promotion of apoptosis and autophagy in prepubertal rat testes induced by joint exposure of bisphenol A and nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:693-702. [PMID: 30228064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BPA and NP are both typical endocrine disruptors, the exposed populations are widespread, and the health risks mustn't be ignored. However, the interactions between them on spermatogenesis are rarely mentioned. And the underlying mechanism is unclear yet. In the present study, prepubertal SD rats were exposed to different low doses of BPA and NP separately or jointly for 4 weeks. The results indicate that the joint exposure induced excessive apoptosis and autophagy in the testes, as proved by a series of characteristics such as chromatin condensation and autophagosomes formation. Besides, endocrine disorders and oxidative stress were also caused by the exposure. Apoptosis was mediated by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, since the Bax and Caspase-3 gene expressions significantly increased with a prominent decrease of Bcl-2. While autophagy was caused by the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway, as the expressions of the downstream genes Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg12 and the split of LC3 protein increased altogether. Worse yet, autophagy and apoptosis might reinforce each other and make the situation more severe in the joint group. What's more, remarkable histopathological changes such as spermatogenic epithelium atrophy, germ cell loss, and various ultrastructural modifications were strongly related to the apoptosis and autophagy. In aggregate, this study shows the enormous risk on male reproductive system brought by the interactions between BPA and NP. The findings provide a broader vision to understand the roles of apoptosis and autophagy induced by the joint exposure in the aggravation of spermatogenesis impairment, which could be a reference for the situation of complex EDCs exposure-induced male reproductive toxicity, and possibly inspire us to find new ideas for preventive and therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Su
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao Quan
- MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiandong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng Duan
- MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kedi Yang
- MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Ebrahim N, Ahmed IA, Hussien NI, Dessouky AA, Farid AS, Elshazly AM, Mostafa O, Gazzar WBE, Sorour SM, Seleem Y, Hussein AM, Sabry D. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorated Diabetic Nephropathy by Autophagy Induction through the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120226. [PMID: 30467302 PMCID: PMC6315695 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and a common cause of end-stage renal disease. Autophagy has a defensive role against kidney damage caused by hyperglycemia. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes are currently considered as a new promising therapy for chronic renal injury. However, the renal-protective mechanism of exosomes on DN is not completely understood. We examined the potential role of MSC-derived exosomes for enhancement of autophagy activity and their effect on DN. In our study, we used five groups of rats: control; DN; DN treated with exosomes; DN treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (inhibitors of autophagy); and DN treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, and exosome groups. We assessed renal function, morphology, and fibrosis. Moreover, ratios of the autophagy markers mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), Beclin-1, light chain-3 (LC3-II), and LC3-II/LC3-I were detected. Additionally, electron microscopy was used for detection of autophagosomes. RESULTS Exosomes markedly improved renal function and showed histological restoration of renal tissues, with significant increase of LC3 and Beclin-1, and significant decrease of mTOR and fibrotic marker expression in renal tissue. All previous effects were partially abolished by the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and 3-MA. CONCLUSION We conclude that autophagy induction by exosomes could attenuate DN in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ebrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
- Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Inas A Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Noha I Hussien
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Arigue A Dessouky
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Samir Farid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, QG, Egypt.
| | - Amal M Elshazly
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Ola Mostafa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Safwa M Sorour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin Seleem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Hussein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, QG, Egypt.
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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Martin-Hidalgo D, Hurtado de Llera A, Calle-Guisado V, Gonzalez-Fernandez L, Garcia-Marin L, Bragado MJ. AMPK Function in Mammalian Spermatozoa. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113293. [PMID: 30360525 PMCID: PMC6275045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK regulates cellular energy by controlling metabolism through the inhibition of anabolic pathways and the simultaneous stimulation of catabolic pathways. Given its central regulator role in cell metabolism, AMPK activity and its regulation have been the focus of relevant investigations, although only a few studies have focused on the AMPK function in the control of spermatozoa's ability to fertilize. This review summarizes the known cellular roles of AMPK that have been identified in mammalian spermatozoa. The involvement of AMPK activity is described in terms of the main physiological functions of mature spermatozoa, particularly in the regulation of suitable sperm motility adapted to the fluctuating extracellular medium, maintenance of the integrity of sperm membranes, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the intracellular signaling pathways leading to AMPK activation in mammalian spermatozoa are reviewed. We also discuss the role of AMPK in assisted reproduction techniques, particularly during semen cryopreservation and preservation (at 17 °C). Finally, we reinforce the idea of AMPK as a key signaling kinase in spermatozoa that acts as an essential linker/bridge between metabolism energy and sperm's ability to fertilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martin-Hidalgo
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 40050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Hurtado de Llera
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
- Hormones and Metabolism Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Violeta Calle-Guisado
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Lauro Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Luis Garcia-Marin
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - M Julia Bragado
- Research Group of Intracellular Signaling and Technology of Reproduction (SINTREP), Institute of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock (INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Wang BJ, Zheng WL, Feng NN, Wang T, Zou H, Gu JH, Yuan Y, Liu XZ, Liu ZP, Bian JC. The Effects of Autophagy and PI3K/AKT/m-TOR Signaling Pathway on the Cell-Cycle Arrest of Rats Primary Sertoli Cells Induced by Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100398. [PMID: 30274213 PMCID: PMC6215106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high concentration of Zearalenone (ZEA) will perturb the differentiation of germ cells, and induce a death of germ cells, but the toxic mechanism and molecular mechanism remain unclear. The Sertoli cells (SCs) play an irreplaceable role in spermatogenesis. In order to explore the potential mechanism of ZEA male reproductive toxicity, we studied the effects of ZEA on cell proliferation, cell-cycle distribution, cell-cycle-related proteins and autophagy-related pathway the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in primary cultured rats SCs, and the effects of autophagy and PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway on the SCs cell-cycle arrest induced by ZEA treated with the autophagy promoter RAPA, autophagy inhibitor CQ, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, respectively. The data revealed that ZEA could inhibit the proliferation of SCs by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and trigger the autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway. Promoting or inhibiting the level of autophagy could either augment or reverse the arrest of cell cycle. And it was regulated by PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway. Taken together, this study provides evidence that autophagy and PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway are involved in regulating rats primary SCs cell-cycle arrest due to ZEA in vitro. To some extent, ZEA-induced autophagy plays a protective role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Wang-Long Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jian-Hong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zong-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jian-Chun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Protective Effect of Ginkgo biloba and Magnetized Water on Nephropathy in Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1785614. [PMID: 29991974 PMCID: PMC6016160 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1785614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P < 0.01). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.
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48
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MicroRNA-7450 regulates non-thermal plasma-induced chicken Sertoli cell apoptosis via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8761. [PMID: 29884805 PMCID: PMC5993736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma treatment is an emerging innovative technique with a wide range of biological applications. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma technique on immature chicken Sertoli cell (SC) viability and the regulatory role of microRNA (miR)-7450. Results showed that plasma treatment increased SC apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Plasma-induced SC apoptosis possibly resulted from the excess production of reactive oxygen species via the suppression of antioxidant defense systems and decreased cellular energy metabolism through the inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and respiratory enzyme activity in the mitochondria. In addition, plasma treatment downregulated miR-7450 expression and activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), which further inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in SCs. A single-stranded synthetic miR-7450 antagomir disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased ATP level and mTOR phosphorylation by targeting the activation of AMPKα, which resulted in significant increases in SC lethality. A double-stranded synthetic miR-7450 agomir produced opposite effects on these parameters and ameliorated plasma-mediated apoptotic effects on SCs. Our findings suggest that miR-7450 is involved in the regulation of plasma-induced SC apoptosis through the activation of AMPKα and the further inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway.
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49
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Ran M, Li Z, Cao R, Weng B, Peng F, He C, Chen B. miR-26a suppresses autophagy in swine Sertoli cells by targeting ULK2. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:864-871. [PMID: 29761550 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been detected from porcine testicular tissues thanks to the development of high-throughput sequencing technology. However, the regulatory roles of most identified miRNAs in swine testicular development or spermatogenesis are poorly understood. In our previous study, ULK2 (uncoordinated-51-like kinase 2) was predicted as a target gene of miR-26a. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-26a in swine Sertoli cell autophagy. The relative expression of miR-26a and ULK2 levels has a significant negative correlation (R2 = .5964, p ≤ .01) in nine developmental stages of swine testicular tissue. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results show that miR-26a directly targets the 3'UTR of the ULK2 gene (position 618-624). In addition, both the mRNA and protein expression of ULK2 were downregulated by miR-26a in swine Sertoli cells. These results indicate that miR-26a targets the ULK2 gene and downregulates its expression in swine Sertoli cells. Based on the expression of marker genes (LC3, p62 and Beclin-1), overexpression of miR-26a or knock-down of ULK2 inhibits swine Sertoli cell autophagy. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-26a suppresses autophagy in swine Sertoli cells by targeting ULK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ran
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - Z Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - R Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - B Weng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - F Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - C He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
| | - B Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Changsha, China
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50
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Zearalenone Promotes Cell Proliferation or Causes Cell Death? Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050184. [PMID: 29724047 PMCID: PMC5983240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the mycotoxins, exerts different mechanisms of toxicity in different cell types at different doses. It can not only stimulate cell proliferation but also inhibit cell viability, induce cell apoptosis, and cause cell death. Thus, the objective of this review is to summarize the available mechanisms and current evidence of what is known about the cell proliferation or cell death induced by ZEA. An increasing number of studies have suggested that ZEA promoted cell proliferation attributing to its estrogen-like effects and carcinogenic properties. What’s more, many studies have indicated that ZEA caused cell death via affecting the distribution of the cell cycle, stimulating oxidative stress and inducing apoptosis. In addition, several studies have revealed that autophagy and some antioxidants can reverse the damage or cell death induced by ZEA. This review thoroughly summarized the metabolic process of ZEA and the molecular mechanisms of ZEA stimulating cell proliferation and cell death. It concluded that a low dose of ZEA can exert estrogen-like effects and carcinogenic properties, which can stimulate the proliferation of cells. While, in addition, a high dose of ZEA can cause cell death through inducing cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis.
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