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Poopal RK, Ashwini R, Ramesh M, Li B, Ren Z. Triphenylmethane dye (C 52H 54N 4O 12) is potentially a hazardous substance in edible freshwater fish at trace level: toxicity, hematology, biochemistry, antioxidants, and molecular docking evaluation study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28759-28779. [PMID: 36401692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (C52H54N4O12) is a synthetic dye that is used in textile industries as a colorant and in aquaculture sectors to contain microbial damage. Aquatic contamination of malachite green (MG) has been reported globally. Fish is the highest trophic organism among aquatic inhabitants, highly sensitive to waterborne contaminants (metals, coloring agents, etc.). Toxicity of waterborne chemicals on nontarget organisms can be determined by assessing biomarkers. Assessing blood parameters and tissue antioxidants (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) is useful to evaluate MG toxicity. To initiate the MG toxicity data for freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio), the median lethal toxicity was primarily evaluated. Then, hematological, blood biochemical (glucose, protein, and cholesterol) and tissue biochemical (amino acids, lipids), and vital tissue (gills, liver, and kidney) antioxidant capacity (CAT, LPO, GST, GR, POxy, vitamin C, and GSH) of C. carpio were analyzed under acute (LC50-96 h) and sublethal (Treatment I-1/10th and Treatment II-1/5th LC50-96 h) exposure periods (28 days). Molecular docking for MG with hemoglobin was also obtained. Biomarkers examined were affected in the MG-treated groups with respect to the control group. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in hematology (Hb, RBCs, and WBCs), glucose, proteins, lipids and tissue CAT, LPO, and GST activities under acute MG exposure. In sublethal treatment groups, biomarkers studied were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the study period. The potential for MG binding to hemoglobin was tested in this study. MG is potentially a multiorgan toxicant. Literally a chemical that is harmful to the aquatic environment if safety is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Rajan Ashwini
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
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Souza ACP, Melo KM, de Azevedo LFC, de Almada Vilhena AO, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. Lethal and sublethal exposure of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:33215-33225. [PMID: 32529609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the species Hemichromis bimaculatus (jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of P < 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto César Paes Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos da Ictiofauna da Amazônia, Instituto Federal do Pará, Campus Abaetetuba, Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Karina Motta Melo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tomé açu, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Luana França Calandrini de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Andryo Orfi de Almada Vilhena
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil.
- CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Teepoo S, Wongtongdee U, Phapugrangkul P. Development of qualitative and quantitative immunochromatographic strip test assay for rapid and simple detection of leucomalachite green residual in aquatic animals. Food Chem 2020; 320:126613. [PMID: 32203833 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple immunochromatographic strip test assay based on competitive format was developed for leucomalachite green (LMG) detection. LMG-bovine serum albumin and rabbit anti-sheep IgG were immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane for the test line and control line, respectively. Anti-LMG-colloidal gold conjugate was immobilized onto the conjugate pad. For qualitative detection, the cut-off limit of the strip test was determined at 2 µg/L by the naked eye. For quantitative analysis, the working range of the LMG detection was 0.7-2 µg/L with LOD at 0.28 µg/L. A one-step immunochromatographic strip test for LMG detection can be completed within 5 min without any incubation, washing and blocking steps. Analysis results of LMG in aquatic animals obtained from the immunochromatographic strip test were in good agreement with those realized from enzyme-link immunosorbent assay. The developed the immunochromatographic strip test offered rapid detection as a simple (one-step), cost-effective, instrument-free assay and no need for handling reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Teepoo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand.
| | - Uraiwan Wongtongdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
| | - Pongsathon Phapugrangkul
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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Ouyang L, Yao L, Zhou T, Zhu L. Accurate SERS detection of malachite green in aquatic products on basis of graphene wrapped flexible sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:83-91. [PMID: 29866273 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malachite Green (MG) is a banned pesticide for aquaculture products. As a required inspection item, its fast and accurate determination before the products' accessing market is very important. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising tool for MG sensing, but it requires the overcoming of several problems such as fairly poor sensitivity and reproducibility, especially laser induced chemical conversion and photo-bleaching during SERS observation. By using a graphene wrapped Ag array based flexible membrane sensor, a modified SERS strategy was proposed for the sensitive and accurate detection of MG. The graphene layer functioned as an inert protector for impeding chemical transferring of the bioproduct Leucomalachite Green (LMG) to MG during the SERS detection, and as a heat transmitter for preventing laser induced photo-bleaching, which enables the separate detection of MG and LMG in fish extracts. The combination of the Ag array and the graphene cover also produced plentiful densely and uniformly distributed hot spots, leading to analytical enhancement factor up to 3.9 × 108 and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation low to 5.8% for 70 runs). The proposed method was easily used for MG detection with limit of detection (LOD) as low as 2.7 × 10-11 mol L-1. The flexibility of the sensor enable it have a merit for in-field fast detection of MG residues on the scale of a living fish through a surface extraction and paste transferring manner. The developed strategy was successfully applied in the analysis of real samples, showing good prospects for both the fast inspection and quantitative detection of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Taohong Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
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