1
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Wang LN, Wang XJ, Jin KX, Ni ZR, Cai WP, Lin GC, Wang X, Chen GL, Yang Y, Huang YQ, Qu XB, Sun HJ, Chen Z, Cao SH. Compact In Situ Electrochemical NMR with Wireless and Anti-interference Strategy in Multiscenario Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10911-10919. [PMID: 38916969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The integration of electrochemistry with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy recently offers a powerful approach to understanding oxidative metabolism, detecting reactive intermediates, and predicting biological activities. This combination is particularly effective as electrochemical methods provide excellent mimics of metabolic processes, while NMR spectroscopy offers precise chemical analysis. NMR is already widely utilized in the quality control of pharmaceuticals, foods, and additives and in metabolomic studies. However, the introduction of additional and external connections into the magnet has posed challenges, leading to signal deterioration and limitations in routine measurements. Herein, we report an anti-interference compact in situ electrochemical NMR system (AICISENS). Through a wireless strategy, the compact design allows for the independent and stable operation of electrochemical NMR components with effective interference isolation. Thus, it opens an avenue toward easy integration into in situ platforms, applicable not only to laboratory settings but also to fieldwork. The operability, reliability, and versatility were validated with a series of biomimetic assessments, including measurements of microbial electrochemical systems, functional foods, and simulated drug metabolisms. The robust performance of AICISENS demonstrates its high potential as a powerful analytical tool across diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xi-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ke-Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zu-Rong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei-Peng Cai
- Xiamen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guo-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuo-Hui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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2
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Dushna O, Dubenska L, Gawor A, Karasińki J, Barabash O, Ostapiuk Y, Blazheyevskiy M, Bulska E. Structural Characterization and Electrochemical Studies of Selected Alkaloid N-Oxides. Molecules 2024; 29:2721. [PMID: 38930787 PMCID: PMC11205554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized and confirmed the structure of several alkaloid N-oxides using mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. We also investigated their reduction mechanisms using voltammetry. For the first time, we obtained alkaloid N-oxides using an oxidation reaction with potassium peroxymonosulfate as an oxidant. The structure was established based on the obtained fragmentation mass spectra recorded by LC-Q-ToF-MS. In the FT-IR spectra of the alkaloid N-oxides, characteristic signals of N-O group vibrations were recorded (bands in the range of 928 cm⁻1 to 971 cm⁻1), confirming the presence of this functional group. Electrochemical reduction studies demonstrated the reduction of alkaloid N-oxides at mercury-based electrodes back to the original form of the alkaloid. For the first time, the products of the electrochemical reduction of alkaloid N-oxides were detected by mass spectrometry. The findings provide insights into the structural characteristics and reduction behaviors of alkaloid N-oxides, offering implications for pharmacological and biochemical applications. This research contributes to a better understanding of alkaloid metabolism and degradation processes, with potential implications for drug development and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Dushna
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.D.); (A.G.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, 79-005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.D.); (O.B.); (Y.O.)
| | - Liliya Dubenska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, 79-005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.D.); (O.B.); (Y.O.)
| | - Andrzej Gawor
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.D.); (A.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Jakub Karasińki
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.D.); (A.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Oksana Barabash
- Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, 79-005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.D.); (O.B.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yurii Ostapiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, 79-005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.D.); (O.B.); (Y.O.)
| | - Mykola Blazheyevskiy
- Department of General Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska 4, 61-168 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.D.); (A.G.); (J.K.)
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3
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Asra R, Povinelli APR, Zazeri G, Jones AM. Computational Predictive and Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites (CP-EDM) of Piperine. Molecules 2024; 29:2406. [PMID: 38792267 PMCID: PMC11123718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a proof-of-concept strategy, Computational Predictive and Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites (CP-EDM), to expedite the discovery of drug metabolites. The use of a bioactive natural product, piperine, that has a well-curated metabolite profile but an unpredictable computational metabolism (Biotransformer v3.0) was selected. We developed an electrochemical reaction to oxidize piperine into a range of metabolites, which were detected by LC-MS. A series of chemically plausible metabolites were predicted based on ion fragmentation patterns. These metabolites were docked into the active site of CYP3A4 using Autodock4.2. From the clustered low-energy profile of piperine in the active site, it can be inferred that the most likely metabolic position of piperine (based on intermolecular distances to the Fe-oxo active site) is the benzo[d][1,3]dioxole motif. The metabolic profile was confirmed by comparison with the literature, and the electrochemical reaction delivered plausible metabolites, vide infra, thus, demonstrating the power of the hyphenated technique of tandem electrochemical detection and computational evaluation of binding poses. Taken together, we outline a novel approach where diverse data sources are combined to predict and confirm a metabolic outcome for a bioactive structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridho Asra
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Ana P. R. Povinelli
- Departament of Physics, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Zazeri
- Departament of Physics, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Av. Cap. Ene Garcês, 2413—Aeroporto, Boa Vista 69310-000, RR, Brazil
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Göldner V, Ulke J, Kirchner B, Skalka D, Schmalz M, Heuckeroth S, Karst U. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry bridging the gap between suspect and target screening of valsartan transformation products in wastewater treatment plant effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120525. [PMID: 37669607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of xenobiotics in wastewater treatment plants may lead to the formation of transformation products with higher persistence or increased (eco-)toxic potential compared to the parent compounds. Accordingly, the identification of transformation products from wastewater treatment plant effluents has gained increasing attention. Here, we show the potential of electrochemistry hyphenated to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the prediction of oxidative degradation in wastewater treatment plants using the antihypertensive drug valsartan as a model compound. This approach identifies seven electrochemical transformation products of valsartan, which are used to conduct a suspect screening in effluent of the main wastewater treatment plant in the city of Münster in Germany. Apart from the parent compound valsartan, an electrochemically predicted transformation product, the N-dealkylated ETP336, is detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Subsequently, a targeted liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of valsartan and its electrochemical transformation products is set up. Here, electrochemical oxidation is used to generate reference materials of the transformation products in situ by hyphenating electrochemistry online to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Using this setup, multiple reaction monitoring transitions are set up without the need for laborious and costly synthesis and isolation of reference materials for the transformation products. The targeted method is then applied to extracts from wastewater treatment plant effluent and the presence of ETP336 and valsartan in the samples is verified. The presented workflow can be used to set up targeted analysis methods for previously unknown transformation products even without the need for expensive high-resolution mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Ulke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedict Kirchner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Skalka
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Schmalz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Heuckeroth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Göldner V, Speitling M, Karst U. Elucidation of the environmental reductive metabolism of the herbicide tritosulfuron assisted by electrochemistry and mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138687. [PMID: 37076082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of pesticides and other pollutants is, to a great extent, determined by degradation and accumulation processes. Consequently, degradation pathways of pesticides have to be elucidated before approval by the authorities. In this study, the environmental metabolism of the sulfonylurea-herbicide tritosulfuron was investigated using aerobic soil degradation studies, during which a previously unidentified metabolite was observed using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The new metabolite was formed by reductive hydrogenation of tritosulfuron but the isolated amount and purity of the substance were insufficient to fully elucidate its structure. Therefore, electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry was successfully applied to mimic the reductive hydrogenation of tritosulfuron. After demonstrating the general feasibility of electrochemical reduction, the electrochemical conversion was scaled up to the semi-preparative scale and 1.0 mg of the hydrogenated product was synthesized. Similar retention times and mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns proved that the same hydrogenated product was formed electrochemically and in soil studies. Using the electrochemically generated standard, the structure of the metabolite was elucidated by means of NMR spectroscopy, which shows the potential of electrochemistry and mass spectrometry in environmental fate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Grint I, Crea F, Vasiliadou R. The Combination of Electrochemistry and Microfluidic Technology in Drug Metabolism Studies. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200100. [PMID: 36166688 PMCID: PMC9716038 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs are metabolized within the liver (pH 7.4) by phase I and phase II metabolism. During the process, reactive metabolites can be formed that react covalently with biomolecules and induce toxicity. Identifying and detecting reactive metabolites is an important part of drug development. Preclinical and clinical investigations are conducted to assess the toxicity and safety of a new drug candidate. Electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry is an ideal complementary technique to the current preclinical studies, a pure instrumental approach without any purification steps and tedious protocols. The combination of microfluidics with electrochemistry towards the mimicry of drug metabolism offers portability, low volume of reagents and faster reaction times. This review explores the development of microfluidic electrochemical cells for mimicking drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Grint
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Rafaela Vasiliadou
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
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8
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Huang C, Fischer C, Machacek MR, Bogen S, Biftu T, Huang X, Reutershan MH, Otte R, Hong Q, Wu Z, Yu Y, Park M, Chen L, Biju P, Knemeyer I, Lu P, Kochansky CJ, Hicks MB, Liu Y, Helmy R, Fradera X, Donofrio A, Close J, Maddess ML, White C, Sloman DL, Sciammetta N, Lu J, Gibeau C, Simov V, Zhang H, Fuller P, Witter D. Diminishing GSH-Adduct Formation of Tricyclic Diazepine-based Mutant IDH1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:734-741. [PMID: 35450359 PMCID: PMC9014435 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) has been identified as an attractive oncology target for which >70% of grade II and III gliomas and ∼10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harbor somatic IDH1 mutations. These mutations confer a neomorphic gain of function, leading to the production of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). We identified and developed a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable brain-penetrant tricyclic diazepine scaffold that inhibits mutant IDH1. During the course of in vitro metabolism studies, GSH-adduct metabolites were observed. The hypothesis for GSH-adduct formation was driven by the electron-rich nature of the tricyclic core. Herein, we describe our efforts to reduce the electron-rich nature of the core. Ultimately, a strategy focused on core modifications to block metabolic hot spots coupled with substitution pattern changes (C8 N → C linked) led to the identification of new tricyclic analogues with minimal GSH-adduct formation across species while maintaining an overall balanced profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Stephane Bogen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tesfaye Biftu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ryan Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Min Park
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ian Knemeyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ping Lu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | - Yong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Roy Helmy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Josh Close
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Catherine White
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David L. Sloman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Jun Lu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Craig Gibeau
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Witter
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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9
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Croyal M, Temgoua RCT, Boujtita M. In-line formation and identification of toxic reductive metabolites of aristolochic acid using electrochemistry mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2363-2370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Chira R, Fangmeyer J, Neaga IO, Zaharia V, Karst U, Bodoki E, Oprean R. Simulation of the oxidative metabolization pattern of netupitant, an NK 1 receptor antagonist, by electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:661-666. [PMID: 34765280 PMCID: PMC8572700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the frequent use of netupitant in polytherapy, the elucidation of its oxidative metabolization pattern is of major importance. However, there is a lack of published research on the redox behavior of this novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Therefore, this study was performed to simulate the intensive hepatic biotransformation of netupitant using an electrochemically driven method. Most of the known enzyme-mediated reactions occurring in the liver (i.e., N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and N-oxidation) were successfully mimicked by the electrolytic cell using a boron-doped diamond working electrode. The products were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Aside from its ability to pinpoint formerly unknown metabolites that could be responsible for the known side effects of netupitant or connected with any new perspective concerning future therapeutic indications, this electrochemical process also represents a facile alternative for the synthesis of oxidation products for further in vitro and in vivo studies. Study of the electrochemical behavior of netupitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist. Electrochemical simulation of the phase I oxidative metabolization of netupitant. Identification of the generated oxidation species by LC/ESI(+)-MS. Separation and identification of electrochemically generated isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Chira
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jens Fangmeyer
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ioan O. Neaga
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Zaharia
- Organic Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Uwe Karst
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Corresponding author.
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Göldner V, Fangmeyer J, Karst U. Development of an electrochemical flow-through cell for the fast and easy generation of isotopically labeled metabolite standards. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:262-268. [PMID: 34634186 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In drug development, metabolite standards of new chemical entities are required for a comprehensive safety evaluation. Stable isotope-labeled internal metabolite standards at the milligram scale, which are difficult and expensive to synthesize in common bottom-up approaches, are necessary for metabolite quantification using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A preparative electrochemical flow-through cell is presented here as a powerful tool for the cheap and straightforward synthesis of milligram amounts of isotopically labeled metabolite standards. The developed cell scales up established, so-called "coulometric" electrochemical cells. Problems like electrode fouling and cross contamination between syntheses are addressed by the use of exchangeable working electrodes. The applicability of the developed cell for the synthesis of metabolite standards is demonstrated using isotopically labeled acetaminophen as a model system for the generation of a biologically relevant phase II metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Korzhenko O, Führer P, Göldner V, Olthuis W, Odijk M, Karst U. Microfluidic Electrochemistry Meets Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-In Situ Generation, Separation, and Detection of Isomeric Conjugates of Paracetamol and Ethoxyquin. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12740-12747. [PMID: 34495637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, electrochemistry (EC) has been successfully applied in phase I and phase II metabolism simulation studies. The electrochemically generated phase I metabolite-like oxidation products can react with selected reagents to form phase II conjugates. During conjugate formation, the generation of isomeric compounds is possible. Such isomeric conjugates are often separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, we demonstrate a powerful approach that combines EC with ion mobility spectrometry to separate possible isomeric conjugates. In detail, we present the hyphenation of a microfluidic electrochemical chip with an integrated mixer coupled online to trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (ToF-HRMS), briefly chipEC-TIMS-ToF-HRMS. This novel method achieves results in several minutes, which is much faster than traditional separation approaches like HPLC, and was applied to the drug paracetamol and the controversial feed preservative ethoxyquin. The analytes were oxidized in situ in the electrochemical microfluidic chip under formation of reactive intermediates and mixed with different thiol-containing reagents to form conjugates. These were analyzed by TIMS-ToF-HRMS to identify possible isomers. It was observed that the oxidation products of both paracetamol and ethoxyquin form two isomeric conjugates, which are characterized by different ion mobilities, with each reagent. Therefore, using this hyphenated technique, it is possible to not only form reactive oxidation products and their conjugates in situ but also separate and detect these isomeric conjugates within only a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Korzhenko
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pascal Führer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Sokolová R, Degano I. Electrochemistry Investigation of Drugs Encapsulated in Cyclodextrins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2207:285-298. [PMID: 33113142 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0920-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The biological electron transfer reactions play an important role in the bioactivity of drugs; thus, the knowledge of their electrochemical behavior is crucial. The formation of radicals during oxidation or reduction, the presence of short-living intermediates, the determination of reaction mechanisms involving electron and proton transfers, all contribute to the comprehension of drug activities and the determination of their mode of action and their metabolites. In addition, if a drug is encapsulated in the cyclodextrin cavity, its electrochemical properties can change compared to a free drug molecule. Here we describe the combination of cyclic voltammetry, UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-MS/MS as techniques for evaluating the oxidation mechanism of a drug encapsulated in the cavity of a cyclodextrin. The cavity of cyclodextrin plays a significant role in increasing the stability of the encapsulated products; therefore the identification of oxidation intermediates as semiquinone and benzofuranone derivatives of quercetin is possible in these conditions. The differences in oxidation potentials of the bioactive flavonol quercetin and its cyclodextrin complex relating to its antioxidant activity and the oxidation mechanism are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Sokolová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague, 18223, Czech Republic.
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Electron transfer plays a vital role in drug metabolism and underlying toxicity mechanisms. Currently, pharmaceutical research relies on pharmacokinetics (PK) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) measurements to understand and predict drug reactions in the body. Metabolic stability (and toxicity) prediction in the early phases of the drug discovery and development process is key in identifying a suitable lead compound for optimisation. Voltammetric methods have the potential to overcome the significant barrier of new drug failure rates, by giving insight into phase I metabolism events which can have a direct bearing on the stability and toxicity of the parent drug being dosed. Herein, we report for the first time a data-mining investigation into the voltammetric behaviour of reported drug molecules and their correlation with metabolic stability (indirectly measured via t½), as a potential predictor of drug stability/toxicity in vivo. We observed an inverse relationship between oxidation potential and drug stability. Furthermore, we selected and prepared short- (<10 min) and longer-circulation (>2 h) drug molecules to prospectively survey the relationship between oxidation potential and stability.
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15
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Lall MS, Bassyouni A, Bradow J, Brown M, Bundesmann M, Chen J, Ciszewski G, Hagen AE, Hyek D, Jenkinson S, Liu B, Obach RS, Pan S, Reilly U, Sach N, Smaltz DJ, Spracklin DK, Starr J, Wagenaar M, Walker GS. Late-Stage Lead Diversification Coupled with Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Identify New Structure–Activity Relationship Vectors at Nanomole-Scale Synthesis: Application to Loratadine, a Human Histamine H1 Receptor Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7268-7292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Asser Bassyouni
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Bradow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Bundesmann
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Ciszewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anne E. Hagen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis Hyek
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Senliang Pan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Usa Reilly
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Smaltz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas K. Spracklin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy Starr
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Melissa Wagenaar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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16
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Liu D, Wu Q, Zou S, Bao F, Kikuchi JI, Song XM. Surface modification of cerasomes with AuNPs@poly(ionic liquid)s for an enhanced stereo biomimetic membrane electrochemical platform. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107411. [PMID: 31862536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel liposomal nanocomposite, Au@PIL-cerasome, with biocompatibility and conductivity was fabricated via the self-assembly of cerasomes and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized by poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs). The surface charge, morphology and chemical composition of the nanocomposites were characterized by the zeta potential, UV-vis, TEM, SEM and EDS. The nanocomposites exhibited structural stability directly on the surface of solid electrodes, without fusion. Electrochemical impedance experiments demonstrated that the nanocomposites had an enhanced conductivity compared with unmodified cerasomes. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), as a reporter, was immobilized on the nanocomposites without denaturation or inactivation. The direct electron transfer of HRP was achieved, and the HRP/Au@PIL-cerasome/GCE exhibited an amplified current and improved electrocatalytic activity. Activity towards H2O2 displayed a linear range over 10-70 μM and a detection limit of 3.3 μM. Activity towards NO2- displayed linear ranges over 1-5 mM and 5-1280 mM, and the limit of detection was 0.11 mM. In addition, the electrode was stable and reproducible, with 6% RSD. Such multi-component liposomal nanocomposites with an enhanced electrical performance pave a better way for building novel and straightforward 3D stereo biomimetic electrochemical platforms and even molecular communication systems to investigate information transduction between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Shun Zou
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Feiyun Bao
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jun-Ichi Kikuchi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Xi-Ming Song
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Shenyang 110036, China.
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17
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Nsubuga H, Basheer C, Jalilov A, Haider MB, Al-Saadi AA. Droplet flow-assisted heterogeneous electro-Fenton reactor for degradation of beta-blockers: response surface optimization, and mechanism elucidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14313-14327. [PMID: 30864040 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report an effective degradation method for trace level beta-blockers (propranolol and acebutolol) in hospital wastewater using a new droplet flow-assisted heterogeneous electro-Fenton reactor (DFEF) system. Biogenic iron-carbon nanocomposites (RHS/C-x% Fe) as eco-friendly and low-cost heterogeneous Fenton catalysts were synthesized from rice husk via hydrolytic sol-gel routes. Here, we demonstrate the use of natural air as a nebulizing agent for fast and continuous catholyte air saturation and Fenton catalyst transfer to the cathode electrode. The effects of key operational parameters were evaluated and optimized using central composite design. Results clearly indicated that enhanced beta-blocker degradation was mainly dependent on the interactive effects of electrolysis time, current density, and catalyst dosage. Fast degradation efficiencies (≥ 99.9%) was recorded at neutral pH conditions. The decay followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with degradation rates of up to 2.72 × 10-2 and 2.54 × 10-2 min-1 for acebutolol and propranolol, respectively. The synergistic contribution of •OHbulk attributable to DFEF process and •OHadsorbed for anodic oxidation (AO) at the anode electrode significantly enhanced the degradation process. Compared to AO, the conventional flow-assisted electro-Fenton (FEF), and the batch electro-Fenton (BEF), DFEF degradation efficiency followed a decreasing order: DFEF ˃ FEF ˃ BEF˃ AO. This trend in performance was mainly due to the fast and continuous cathodic electro-generation of H2O2 and Fe2+ regeneration. Additionally, in order to elucidate degradation mechanism, we used a combination of DFEF approach with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This approach demonstrates a simple, cleaner, and highly efficient degradation approach for trace level recalcitrant pollutants in a complex aquatic matrix, without the need for external chemical addition and pH adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimu Nsubuga
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Almaz Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rahman
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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19
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Mekonnen TF, Panne U, Koch M. Glucosylation and Glutathione Conjugation of Chlorpyrifos and Fluopyram Metabolites Using Electrochemistry/Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E898. [PMID: 30836697 PMCID: PMC6429400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotics and their reactive metabolites are conjugated with native biomolecules such as glutathione and glucoside during phase II metabolism. Toxic metabolites are usually detoxified during this step. On the other hand, these reactive species have a potential health impact by disrupting many enzymatic functions. Thus, it is crucial to understand phase II conjugation reactions of xenobiotics in order to address their fate and possible toxicity mechanisms. Additionally, conventional methods (in vivo and in vitro) have limitation due to matrix complexity and time-consuming. Hence, developing fast and matrix-free alternative method is highly demandable. In this work, oxidative phase I metabolites and reactive species of chlorpyrifos (insecticide) and fluopyram (fungicide) were electrochemically produced by using a boron-doped diamond electrode coupled online to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Reactive species of the substrates were trapped by biomolecules (glutathione and glucoside) and phase II conjugative metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS, and/or Triple time of flight (TripleTOF)-MS. Glutathione conjugates and glucosylation of chlorpyrifos, trichloropyridinol, oxon, and monohydroxyl fluopyram were identified successfully. Glutathione and glucoside were conjugated with chlorpyrifos, trichloropyridinol, and oxon by losing a neutral HCl. In the case of fluopyram, its monohydroxyl metabolite was actively conjugated with both glutathione and glucoside. In summary, seven bioconjugates of CPF and its metabolites and two bioconjugates of fluopyram metabolites were identified using electrochemistry (EC)/MS for the first time in this work. The work could be used as an alternative approach to identify glutathione and glucosylation conjugation reactions of other organic compounds too. It is important, especially to predict phase II conjugation within a short time and matrix-free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessema Fenta Mekonnen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Transformation Products of Organic Contaminants and Residues-Overview of Current Simulation Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040753. [PMID: 30791496 PMCID: PMC6413221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of transformation products (TPs) from contaminants and residues is becoming an increasing focus of scientific community. All organic compounds can form different TPs, thus demonstrating the complexity and interdisciplinarity of this topic. The properties of TPs could stand in relation to the unchanged substance or be more harmful and persistent. To get important information about the generated TPs, methods are needed to simulate natural and manmade transformation processes. Current tools are based on metabolism studies, photochemical methods, electrochemical methods, and Fenton’s reagent. Finally, most transformation processes are based on redox reactions. This review aims to compare these methods for structurally different compounds. The groups of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and mycotoxins were selected as important residues/contaminants relating to their worldwide occurrence and impact to health, food, and environmental safety issues. Thus, there is an increasing need for investigation of transformation processes and identification of TPs by fast and reliable methods.
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21
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Development of a miniaturized injection cell for online electrochemistry–capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Fődi T, Ignácz G, Decsi B, Béni Z, Túrós GI, Kupai J, Weiser DB, Greiner I, Huszthy P, Balogh GT. Biomimetic Synthesis of Drug Metabolites in Batch and Continuous-Flow Reactors. Chemistry 2018; 24:9385-9392. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Fődi
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergő Ignácz
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Balázs Decsi
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Spectroscopic Research Department; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - György I. Túrós
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory II; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Diána Balogh Weiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Research Directorate, Chemical Works; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem rkp. 3 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - György T. Balogh
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Gedeon Richter Plc; Gyömrői út 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
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23
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Liquid-inlet online electrochemical mass spectrometry for the in operando monitoring of direct ethanol fuel cells. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Voltammetric and electrogeneration approaches for the assessment of the oxidative drug metabolism. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2229-2239. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Hicks MB, Salituro L, Mangion I, Schafer W, Xiang R, Gong X, Welch CJ. Assessment of coulometric array electrochemical detection coupled with HPLC-UV for the absolute quantitation of pharmaceuticals. Analyst 2017; 142:525-536. [PMID: 28098264 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of a coulometric array detector in tandem with HPLC-UV was evaluated for the absolute quantitation of pharmaceutical compounds without standards, an important capability gap in contemporary pharmaceutical research and development. The high-efficiency LC flow-through electrochemical detector system allows for the rapid evaluation of up to 16 different potentials, aiding in the identification and quantitation of electrochemically reactive species. By quantifying the number of electrons added or removed from an analyte during its passage through the detector, the number of moles of the analyte can be established. Herein we demonstrate that molecules containing common electroactive functional groups (e.g. anilines, phenols, parabens and tertiary alkyl amines) can in some cases be reliably quantified in HPLC-EC-UV without the need for authentic standards. Furthermore, the multichannel nature of the CoulArray detector makes it well suited for optimizing the conditions for electrochemical reaction, allowing the impact of changes in potential, flow rate, temperature and pH to be conveniently studied. The electrochemical oxidation of albacivir, zomepirac, diclofenac, rosiglitazone and several other marketed drugs resulted in large linear ranges, predictable recoveries and excellent quantitation using the total moles of electrons and back-calculating using Faraday's law. Importantly, we observed several instances where subtle structural changes within a given class of molecules (e.g. aromatic ring isomers) led to unanticipated changes in electrochemical behavior. Consequently, some care should be taken when applying the technique to the routine quantitation of compound libraries where standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hicks
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Leah Salituro
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Ian Mangion
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Wes Schafer
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Christopher J Welch
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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26
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Vasudevan A, Bogdan A, Koolman H, Wang Y, Djuric S. Enabling Chemistry Technologies and Parallel Synthesis—Accelerators of Drug Discovery Programmes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 56:1-35. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Lu J, Hua X, Long YT. Recent advances in real-time and in situ analysis of an electrode–electrolyte interface by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:691-699. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novelty: Recent advances in real-time and in situ monitoring of an electrode–electrolyte interface by mass spectrometry are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusheng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Die Erschließung von Wirkstoffmetaboliten durch übergangsmetallkatalysierte C-H-Oxidation: die Leber als Inspiration für die Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc.; Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED); 558 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University; Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center; 3000 Broadway MC3101 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 181 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - B. Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 100 Technology Square Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Accessing Drug Metabolites via Transition-Metal Catalyzed C-H Oxidation: The Liver as Synthetic Inspiration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14218-14238. [PMID: 27723189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Can classical and modern chemical C-H oxidation reactions complement biotransformation in the synthesis of drug metabolites? We have surveyed the literature in an effort to try to answer this important question of major practical significance in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug metabolites are required throughout all phases of the drug discovery and development process; however, their synthesis is still an unsolved problem. This Review, not intended to be comprehensive or historical, highlights relevant applications of chemical C-H oxidation reactions, electrochemistry and microfluidic technologies to drug templates in order to access drug metabolites, and also highlights promising reactions to this end. Where possible or appropriate, the contrast with biotransformation is drawn. In doing so, we have tried to identify gaps where they exist in the hope to spur further activity in this very important research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center, 3000 Broadway MC3101, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - B Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for chemical analysis of living cells, biologically active molecules and metabolites. Electrochemical biosensor, microfluidics and mass spectrometry are the most frequently used methods for electrochemical detection and monitory, which comprise a collection of extremely useful measurement tools for various fields of biology and medicine. Most recently, electrochemistry has been shown to be coupled with nanotechnology and genetic engineering to generate new enabling technologies, providing rapid, selective, and sensitive detection and diagnosis platforms. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the utility of electrochemical strategies and their conjunction with other approaches for drug metabolism and discovery. Current challenges and possible future developments and applications of electrochemistry in drug studies are also discussed.
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31
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Wang H, Zhang W, Wang X. Elucidation of a CGP7930 in vitro metabolite by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:491-496. [PMID: 26777679 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE γ-Aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB ) receptors are widely expressed in the nervous system and have been implicated as targets for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. CGP7930 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptors. It has been demonstrated to reduce drug self-administration and has gained increased research as a potential psychotropic treatment. METHODS An in vitro metabolic system with liver microsomes of SD rats has been conducted and evaluated by probe drugs. The predominant in vitro metabolite of CGP7930 was identified and elucidated using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). Its structure was determined by comparing the characteristic ions of CGP7930 and those of the metabolite, based on the accurate mass measurement by MS and the fragmentation pattern obtained by MS/MS. RESULTS We found that the main metabolic pathway of CGP7930 was via a monohydroxylation reaction and the hydroxylation site located at the terminal butyl-carbon. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of the hydroxylated metabolite underwent McLafferty rearrangement and α-cleavage. CONCLUSIONS This work provides an understanding of the in vitro metabolism of CGP7930, which is helpful for the further study of the development of potential drug candidates targeting GABAB receptors, for the treatment of depression. The work also demonstrates that the LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS method has the advantage of possibly determining the structures of drug metabolites without the use of standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
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32
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Merits of online electrochemistry liquid sample desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EC/LS DESI MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2227-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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