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Ringham M, Wang ZA, Sonnichsen F, Lerner S, McDonald G, Pfeifer J. Development of the Channelized Optical System II for In Situ, High-Frequency Measurements of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Seawater. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1775-1785. [PMID: 38633365 PMCID: PMC11019540 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the development of the CHANnelized Optical System II (CHANOS II), an autonomous, in situ sensor capable of measuring seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) at high frequency (up to ∼1 Hz). In this sensor, CO2 from acidified seawater is dynamically equilibrated with a pH-sensitive indicator dye encapsulated in gas-permeable Teflon AF 2400 tubing. The pH in the CO2 equilibrated indicator is measured spectrophotometrically and can be quantitatively correlated to the sample DIC. Ground-truthed field data demonstrate the sensor's capabilities in both time-series measurements and surface mapping in two coastal sites across tidal cycles. CHANOS II achieved an accuracy and precision of ±5.9 and ±5.5 μmol kg-1. The mean difference between traditional bottle and sensor measurements was -3.7 ± 10.0 (1σ) μmol kg-1. The sensor can perform calibration in situ using Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) to ensure measurement quality. The coastal time-series measurements highlight high-frequency variability and episodic biogeochemical shifts that are difficult to capture by traditional methods. Surface DIC mapping shows multiple endmembers in an estuary and highlights fine-scale spatial variabilities of DIC. The development of CHANOS II demonstrates a significant technological advance in seawater CO2 system sensing, which enables high-resolution, subsurface time-series, and profiling deployments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Frederick Sonnichsen
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Steven Lerner
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Glenn McDonald
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Jonathan Pfeifer
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Briciu-Burghina C, Power S, Delgado A, Regan F. Sensors for Coastal and Ocean Monitoring. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:451-469. [PMID: 37314875 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091922-085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ water monitoring sensors are critical to gain an understanding of ocean biochemistry and ecosystem health. They enable the collection of high-frequency data and capture ecosystem spatial and temporal changes, which in turn facilitate long-term global predictions. They are used as decision support tools in emergency situations and for risk mitigation, pollution source tracking, and regulatory monitoring. Advanced sensing platforms exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. To be fit-for-purpose, sensors must withstand the challenging marine environment and provide data at an acceptable cost. Significant technological advancements have catalyzed the development of new and improved sensors for coastal and oceanographic applications. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, more cost-effective, and increasingly specialized and diversified. This article, therefore, provides a review of the state-of-the art oceanographic and coastal sensors. Progress in sensor development is discussed in terms of performance and the key strategies used for achieving robustness, marine rating, cost reduction, and antifouling protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Power
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Adrian Delgado
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
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Dervieux E, Théron M, Uhring W. Carbon Dioxide Sensing-Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:188. [PMID: 35009731 PMCID: PMC8749784 DOI: 10.3390/s22010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring in human subjects is of crucial importance in medical practice. Transcutaneous monitors based on the Stow-Severinghaus electrode make a good alternative to the painful and risky arterial "blood gases" sampling. Yet, such monitors are not only expensive, but also bulky and continuously drifting, requiring frequent recalibrations by trained medical staff. Aiming at finding alternatives, the full panel of CO2 measurement techniques is thoroughly reviewed. The physicochemical working principle of each sensing technique is given, as well as some typical merit criteria, advantages, and drawbacks. An overview of the main CO2 monitoring methods and sites routinely used in clinical practice is also provided, revealing their constraints and specificities. The reviewed CO2 sensing techniques are then evaluated in view of the latter clinical constraints and transcutaneous sensing coupled to a dye-based fluorescence CO2 sensing seems to offer the best potential for the development of a future non-invasive clinical CO2 monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dervieux
- BiOSENCY, 1137a Avenue des Champs Blancs, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, France
| | - Michaël Théron
- ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France;
| | - Wilfried Uhring
- ICube, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, CEDEX, 67037 Strasbourg, France;
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A Portable Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy System for Dissolved CO 2 Detection Using a High-Efficiency Headspace Equilibrator. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051723. [PMID: 33801423 PMCID: PMC7958633 DOI: 10.3390/s21051723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous observation of aquatic pCO2 at the ocean surface, with a sensitive response time and high spatiotemporal resolution, is essential for research into the carbon biogeochemical cycle. In this work, a portable tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system for dissolved CO2 detection in surface seawater, coupled with a home-made headspace equilibrator, allowing real time underway measurements, is described. Both the optical detection part and sample extraction part were integrated together into a compact chamber. An empirical equation suitable for this system was acquired, which can convert the concentration from the gas-phase to the aqueous-phase. A monitoring precision of 0.5% was obtained with time-series measurement, and the detection limits of 2.3 ppmv and 0.1 ppmv were determined with 1 s and 128 s averaging time, respectively. Sampling device used in this work was ameliorated so that the response time of system reduced by about 50% compared to the traditional ‘shower head’ system. The fast response time reached the order of 41 s when the final concentration span was 3079 ppmv. For1902 ppmv, this figure was as short as 20 s. Finally, a field underway measurement campaign was carried out and the results were briefly analyzed. Our work proved the feasibility of the TDLAS system for dissolved CO2 rapid detection.
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Wang F, Zhu J, Chen L, Zuo Y, Hu X, Yang Y. Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E69. [PMID: 31936398 PMCID: PMC7019421 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans has significant meanings for understanding the biogeochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of marine disasters. The primary chemical parameters of ocean monitoring include nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and heavy metals. At present, ocean monitoring mainly relies on laboratory analysis, which is hindered in applications due to its large size, high power consumption, and low representative and time-sensitive detection results. By integrating photonics and microfluidics into one chip, optofluidics brings new opportunities to develop portable microsystems for ocean monitoring. Optofluidic platforms have advantages in respect of size, cost, timeliness, and parallel processing of samples compared with traditional instruments. This review describes the applications of optofluidic platforms on autonomous and in situ ocean environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on their principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Predictably, autonomous and in situ systems based on optofluidic platforms will have important applications in ocean environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yunfeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Ma J, Shu H, Yang B, Byrne RH, Yuan D. Spectrophotometric determination of pH and carbonate ion concentrations in seawater: Choices, constraints and consequences. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:18-31. [PMID: 31446956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and precise marine CO2 system measurements are important for marine carbon cycle research and investigations of ocean acidification. Seawater pH is important because it can be used to characterize a wide range of chemical and biogeochemical processes. Saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals, which are directly proportional to carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]), influence biogenic calcification and rates of carbonate dissolution. Spectrophotometric pH and carbonate ion measurements can both benefit greatly from the high sensitivity, stability, consistency and processing speed made possible through automation. Spectrophotometric methods are well-suited for shipboard, underway and in situ deployments under harsh conditions. Spectrophotometric pH measurements typically have a reproducibility of 0.0004-0.001 for shipboard and laboratory measurements and 0.0014-0.004 for in situ measurements. Shipboard spectrophotometric measurements of [CO32-] are becoming common on research expeditions. This review highlights the development of methods and instrumentation for spectrophotometric pH and [CO32-] measurements, and discusses the pros and cons of current technology. A comprehensive summary of the analytical merits of different flow analysis instruments is given. Aspects of measurement protocols that bear on the quality of pH and [CO32-] measurements, such as indicator purification, sample pretreatment, etc., are also described. Based on three decades of experience with seawater analysis, this review includes method recommendations and perspectives directly applicable or potentially applicable to pH and [CO32-] analysis of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Huilin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States
| | - Robert H Byrne
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
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Bushinsky SM, Takeshita Y, Williams NL. Observing Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Our Autonomous Future. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS 2019; 5:207-220. [PMID: 31404217 PMCID: PMC6659613 DOI: 10.1007/s40641-019-00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize recent progress on autonomous observations of ocean carbonate chemistry and the development of a network of sensors capable of observing carbonate processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. RECENT FINDINGS The development of versatile pH sensors suitable for both deployment on autonomous vehicles and in compact, fixed ecosystem observatories has been a major development in the field. The initial large-scale deployment of profiling floats equipped with these new pH sensors in the Southern Ocean has demonstrated the feasibility of a global autonomous open-ocean carbonate observing system. SUMMARY Our developing network of autonomous carbonate observations is currently targeted at surface ocean CO2 fluxes and compact ecosystem observatories. New integration of developed sensors on gliders and surface vehicles will increase our coastal and regional observational capability. Most autonomous platforms observe a single carbonate parameter, which leaves us reliant on the use of empirical relationships to constrain the rest of the carbonate system. Sensors now in development promise the ability to observe multiple carbonate system parameters from a range of vehicles in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Bushinsky
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, 300 Forrestal Road, Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA USA
| | - Nancy L. Williams
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, Seattle, WA USA
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Rérolle VMC, Achterberg EP, Ribas-Ribas M, Kitidis V, Brown I, Bakker DCE, Lee GA, Mowlem MC. High Resolution pH Measurements Using a Lab-on-Chip Sensor in Surface Waters of Northwest European Shelf Seas. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082622. [PMID: 30103397 PMCID: PMC6111729 DOI: 10.3390/s18082622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are resulting in a reduction in seawater pH, with potential detrimental consequences for marine organisms. Improved efforts are required to monitor the anthropogenically driven pH decrease in the context of natural pH variations. We present here a high resolution surface water pH data set obtained in summer 2011 in North West European Shelf Seas. The aim of our paper is to demonstrate the successful deployment of the pH sensor, and discuss the carbonate chemistry dynamics of surface waters of Northwest European Shelf Seas using pH and ancillary data. The pH measurements were undertaken using spectrophotometry with a Lab-on-Chip pH sensor connected to the underway seawater supply of the ship. The main processes controlling the pH distribution along the ship’s transect, and their relative importance, were determined using a statistical approach. The pH sensor allowed 10 measurements h−1 with a precision of 0.001 pH units and a good agreement with pH calculated from a pair of discretely sampled carbonate variables dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) (e.g., pHDICpCO2). For this summer cruise, the biological activity formed the main control on the pH distribution along the cruise transect. This study highlights the importance of high quality and high resolution pH measurements for the assessment of carbonate chemistry dynamics in marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire M C Rérolle
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Mariana Ribas-Ribas
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Vassilis Kitidis
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Ian Brown
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Dorothee C E Bakker
- Centre of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Gareth A Lee
- Centre of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Crespo GA. Recent Advances in Ion-selective membrane electrodes for in situ environmental water analysis. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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