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Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Madikizela L, Klampfl CW. Analyzing water hyacinth plants from two South African rivers for the detection of seven pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38962846 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) collected from two South African rivers were analyzed in order to investigate their suitability for judging the presence of pharmaceuticals in the water. Thereby, a number of drugs, including amitriptyline, atenolol, citalopram, orphenadrine, lidocaine, telmisartan, and tramadol, could be detected. Particularly for the latter substance, relatively high concentrations (more than 5000 ng g-1 dry plant material) were detected in the water plants. Subsequently, the plant extracts were also screened for drug-derived transformation products, whereby a series of phase-one metabolites could be tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Lawrence Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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2
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Zellner L, Schiefer T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Klampfl CW. Uptake and metabolization of four sartan drugs by eight different plants: Targeted and untargeted analyses by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37946621 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the uptake and metabolization of four drugs (plus the associated prodrugs) from the sartan family by eight edible plants. Growing the plants hydroponically in a medium containing the respective drug, more than 40 phases I and II metabolites derived from the four sartan drugs could be tentatively identified. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed analytical approach for actual environmental samples, garden cress (Lepidium sativum) selected as a model plant was grown in water drawn from the effluent of two local wastewater treatment plants. Thereby, three of the sartans, namely, olmesartan, candesartan, and valsartan, could be found in the plant extracts at concentrations of 3.1, 10.4, and 14.4 ng g-1 , respectively. Additionally, for candesartan and valsartan, a glycosylated transformation product could be detected. In order to extend the present (targeted) workflow also toward the analysis of unknown transformation products (i.e., those not listed in the custom-made database used for this research), a nontargeted approach for the analysis of plant extracts with respect to the presence of drug-related metabolites was developed. Comparison of the targeted and the nontargeted workflows led to the finding of two additional, so far unidentified, transformation products originating from azilsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zellner
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schiefer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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3
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Alderete LS, Sauvêtre A, Chiron S, Tadić Đ. Investigating the Transformation Products of Selected Antibiotics and 17 α-Ethinylestradiol under Three In Vitro Biotransformation Models for Anticipating Their Relevance in Bioaugmented Constructed Wetlands. TOXICS 2023; 11:508. [PMID: 37368608 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ofloxacin) and one synthetic hormone (17 α-ethinylestradiol) was investigated in three in-vitro biotransformation models (i.e., pure enzymes, hairy root, and Trichoderma asperellum cultures) for anticipating the relevance of the formation of transformation products (TPs) in constructed wetlands (CWs) bioaugmented with T. asperellum fungus. The identification of TPs was carried out employing high-resolution mass spectrometry, using databases, or by interpreting MS/MS spectra. An enzymatic reaction with β-glucosidase was also used to confirm the presence of glycosyl-conjugates. The results showed synergies in the transformation mechanisms between these three models. Phase II conjugation reactions and overall glycosylation reactions predominated in hairy root cultures, while phase I metabolization reactions (e.g., hydroxylation and N-dealkylation) predominated in T. asperellum cultures. Following their accumulation/degradation kinetic profiles helped in determining the most relevant TPs. Identified TPs contributed to the overall residual antimicrobial activity because phase I metabolites can be more reactive and glucose-conjugated TPs can be transformed back into parent compounds. Similar to other biological treatments, the formation of TPs in CWs is of concern and deserves to be investigated with simple in vitro models to avoid the complexity of field-scale studies. This paper brings new findings on the emerging pollutants metabolic pathways established between T. asperellum and model plants, including extracellular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sosa Alderete
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology and Health, INBIAS-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
- HSM, University Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, CNRS, IRD, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Đorđe Tadić
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Menacherry SPM, Kodešová R, Švecová H, Klement A, Fér M, Nikodem A, Grabic R. Selective accumulation of pharmaceutical residues from 6 different soils by plants: a comparative study on onion, radish, and spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54160-54176. [PMID: 36869956 PMCID: PMC10119051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of six pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic uses has been thoroughly investigated and compared between onion, spinach, and radish plants grown in six soil types. While neutral molecules (e.g., carbamazepine (CAR) and some of its metabolites) were efficiently accumulated and easily translocated to the plant leaves (onion > radish > spinach), the same for ionic (both anionic and cationic) molecules seems to be minor to moderate. The maximum accumulation of CAR crosses 38,000 (onion), 42,000 (radish), and 7000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively, in which the most majority of them happened within the plant leaves. Among the metabolites, the accumulation of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC - a primary CAR metabolite) was approximately 19,000 (onion), 7000 (radish), and 6000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively. This trend was considerably similar even when all these pharmaceuticals applied together. The accumulation of most other molecules (e.g., citalopram, clindamycin, clindamycin sulfoxide, fexofenadine, irbesartan, and sulfamethoxazole) was restricted to plant roots, except for certain cases (e.g., clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide in onion leaves). Our results clearly demonstrated the potential role of this accumulation process on the entrance of pharmaceuticals/metabolites into the food chain, which eventually becomes a threat to associated living biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paul M Menacherry
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Švecová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Jaster-Keller J, Müller MEH, El-Khatib AH, Lorenz N, Bahlmann A, Mülow-Stollin U, Bunzel M, Scheibenzuber S, Rychlik M, von der Waydbrink G, Weigel S. Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:109-126. [PMID: 36929507 PMCID: PMC10181980 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil-plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), whereas the other half of the plants was cultivated without mycotoxins. Plants were harvested after 1 and 2 weeks and analyzed using a QuEChERS-based extraction and an in-house validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the ATs in roots, crowns, and leaves separately. ATs were taken up by the roots and transported throughout the plant up to the leaves after 1 as well as 2 weeks of cultivation with the roots showing the highest ATs levels followed by the crowns and the leaves. In addition, numerous AOH and AME conjugates like glucosides, malonyl glucosides, sulfates, and di/trihexosides were detected in different plant compartments and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study demonstrating the uptake of ATs in vivo using a hydroponic system and whole wheat plants examining both the distribution of ATs within the plant compartments and the modification of ATs by the wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaster-Keller
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Lorenz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mülow-Stollin
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), South Campus, Adenauerring 20 A, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Soil and Water Management Factors That Affect Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water and food security are of global concern. Improving knowledge on crops’ potential uptake of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) is necessary to guarantee consumer health and improve the public’s perception of reclaimed water reuse. This study aimed to determine how water management (bottom-up applied for being supplied by Subsurface Drip Irrigation) and the plant rhizosphere effect on the uptake of PhCs. Five PhCs were mixed: atenolol, carbamazepine, dicoflenac, ibuprofen and valsartan. A total of 5 treatments were considered: 3 concentrations of PhCs in agricultural volcanic soil: 0.1, 10 and 100 µg·L−1; 0.1 µg·L−1 in sterilized soil; and a blank with three plant replications at 30, 45, and 60 days after emerging. The maximum quantity of the added PhCs was 100 µg·kg soil−1. A variant of the QuEChERS method was followed to extract PhCs from samples. The limits of quantification were between 10 ng·L−1 and 100 ng·L−1 in extracts. No PhCs over the limits of detection were detected (0.06–0.6 µg·kg−1 of dry plant sample). Hence, the described water reuse methodology poses a negligible consumer risk, which contrasts with hydroponic systems in which this risk has been shown. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of irrigation system, water management and the soil-plant barrier.
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Tadić Đ, Gramblicka M, Mistrik R, Bayona JM. Systematic identification of trimethoprim metabolites in lettuce. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3121-3135. [PMID: 35141763 PMCID: PMC8934764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are some of the most widely used drugs. Their release in the environment is of great concern since their consumption is a major factor for antibiotic resistance, one of the most important threats to human health. Their occurrence and fate in agricultural systems have been extensively investigated in recent years. Yet whilst their biotic and abiotic degradation pathways have been thoroughly researched, their biotransformation pathways in plants are less understood, such as in case of trimethoprim. Although trimethoprim has been reported in the environment, its fate in higher plants still remains unknown. A bench-scale experiment was performed and 30 trimethoprim metabolites were identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), of which 5 belong to phase I and 25 to phase II. Data mining yielded a list of 1018 ions as possible metabolite candidates, which was filtered to a final list of 87 candidates. Molecular structures were assigned for 19 compounds, including 14 TMP metabolites reported for the first time. Alongside well-known biotransformation pathways in plants, additional novel pathways were suggested, namely, conjugation with sesquiterpene lactones, and abscisic acid as a part of phase II of plant metabolism. The results obtained offer insight into the variety of phase II conjugates and may serve as a guideline for studying the metabolization of other chemicals that share a similar molecular structure or functional groups with trimethoprim. Finally, the toxicity and potential contribution of the identified metabolites to the selective pressure on antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities via residual antimicrobial activity were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Tadić
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michal Gramblicka
- HighChem Ltd., Leškova 11, 811 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Josep Maria Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Madikizela LM, Botha TL, Kamika I, Msagati TAM. Uptake, Occurrence, and Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in Plants and Edible Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:34-45. [PMID: 34967604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant uptake of pharmaceuticals that include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics from contaminated environment has benefits and drawbacks. These pharmaceuticals enter plants mostly through irrigation with contaminated water and application of sewage sludge as soil fertilizer. Aquatic plants withdraw these pharmaceuticals from water through their roots. Numerous studies have observed the translocation of these pharmaceuticals from the roots into the aerial tissues. Furthermore, the occurrence of the metabolites of NSAIDs in plants has been observed. This article provides an in-depth critical review of the plant uptake of NSAIDs and analgesics, their translocation, and toxic effects on plant species. In addition, the occurrence of metabolites of NSAIDs in plants and the application of constructed wetlands using plants for remediation are reviewed. Factors that affect the plant uptake and translocation of these pharmaceuticals are examined. Gaps and future research are provided to guide forthcoming investigations on important aspects that worth explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Lee Botha
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Titus Alfred M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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A review on environmental occurrence, toxicity and microbial degradation of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113694. [PMID: 34537557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have surfaced as a novel class of pollutants due to their incomplete degradation in wastewater treatment plants and their inherent ability to promote physiological predicaments in humans even at low doses. The occurrence of the most common NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen) in river water, groundwater, finished water samples, WWTPs, and hospital wastewater effluents along with their toxicity effects were reviewed. The typical concentrations of NSAIDs in natural waters were mostly below 1 μg/L, the rivers receiving untreated wastewater discharge have often showed higher concentrations, highlighting the importance of effective wastewater treatment. The critical analysis of potential, pathways and mechanisms of microbial degradation of NSAIDs were also done. Although studies on algal and fungal strains were limited, several bacterial strains were known to degrade NSAIDs. This microbial ability is attributed to hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 because of the decrease in drug concentrations in fungal cultures of Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 on incubation with 1-aminobenzotriazole. Moreover, processes like decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, dechlorination, subsequent oxidation, demethylation, etc. also constitute the degradation pathways. A wide array of enzymes like dehydrogenase, oxidoreductase, dioxygenase, monooxygenase, decarboxylase, and many more are upregulated during the degradation process, which indicates the possibility of their involvement in microbial degradation. Specific hindrances in upscaling the process along with analytical research needs were also identified, and novel investigative approaches for future monitoring studies are proposed.
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Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59382-59390. [PMID: 33206294 PMCID: PMC8541974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of four beta-blockers by the model plant Lepidium sativum (garden cress) and their possible metabolization over a time period of 8 days. Therefore, cress was grown hydroponically in tap water for a week until they were matured, following irrigation with drug-containing water over the course of another 8 days. Samples were taken at days 1, 2, 4, and 8 after irrigation started. All four beta-blockers were taken up by the plants and the different octanol-water coefficients (log P) of the drugs have an influence on the uptake speed in the roots of the plants. The log P seems to have no influence on the translocation of the drugs from the root to the shoots. Furthermore, neither phase I nor phase II metabolization occurred inside the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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11
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Mulkiewicz E, Wolecki D, Świacka K, Kumirska J, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by non-target wild-living organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148251. [PMID: 34139498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is a fact, and aquatic and soil organisms are chronically exposed to trace levels of these emerging pollutants. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the metabolic pathways of NSAIDs in organisms at various levels of biological organisation. More than 150 publications dealing with target or non-target analysis of selected NSAIDs (mainly diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were collected. The metabolites of phase I and phase II are presented. The similarity of NSAIDs metabolism to that in mammals was observed in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The differences, such as newly detected metabolites, the extracellular metabolism observed in bacteria and fungi, or phase III metabolism in plants, are highlighted. Metabolites detected in plants (conjugates with sugars and amino acids) but not found in any other organisms are described. Selected, in-depth studies with isolated bacterial strains showed the possibility of transforming NSAIDs into assimilable carbon sources. It has been found that some of the metabolites show higher toxicity than their parent forms. The presence of metabolites of NSAIDs in the environment is the cumulative effect of their introduction with wastewaters, their formation in wastewater treatment plants, and their transformation by non-target wild-living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Wolecki
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Li J, Kolbasov VG, Lee D, Pang Z, Huang Y, Collins N, Wang N. Residue Dynamics of Streptomycin in Citrus Delivered by Foliar Spray and Trunk Injection and Effect on ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Titer. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1095-1103. [PMID: 33267628 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptomycin (STR) has been used to control citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) via foliar spray. Here, we studied the residue dynamics of STR and its effect on CLas titers in planta applied by foliar spray and trunk injection of 3-year-old citrus trees that were naturally infected by CLas in the field. After foliar spray, STR levels in leaves peaked at 2 to 7 days postapplication (dpa) and gradually declined thereafter. The STR spray did not significantly affect CLas titers in leaves of treated plants as determined by quantitative PCR. After trunk injection, peak levels of STR were observed 7 to 14 dpa in the leaf and root tissues, and near-peak levels were sustained for another 14 days before significantly declining. At 12 months after injection, moderate to low or undetectable levels of STR were observed in the leaf, root, and fruit, depending on the doses of STR injected, with a residue level of 0.28 µg/g in harvested fruit at the highest injection concentration of 2.0 µg/tree. CLas titers in leaves were significantly reduced by trunk injection of STR at 1.0 or 2.0 g/tree, starting from 7 dpa and throughout the experimental period. The reduction of CLas titers was positively correlated with STR residue levels in leaves. The in planta minimum effective concentration of STR needed to suppress the CLas titer to an undetectable level (cycle threshold ≥36.0) was 1.92 µg/g fresh weight. Determination of the in planta minimum effective concentration of STR against CLas and its spatiotemporal residue levels in planta provides the guidance to use STR for HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Vladimir G Kolbasov
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nicole Collins
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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Makuch E, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Klebeko J, Janus E. Biodegradation of L-Valine Alkyl Ester Ibuprofenates by Bacterial Cultures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3180. [PMID: 34207691 PMCID: PMC8228323 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, we consume very large amounts of medicinal substances. Medicines are used to cure, halt, or prevent disease, ease symptoms, or help in the diagnosis of illnesses. Some medications are used to treat pain. Ibuprofen is one of the most popular drugs in the world (it ranks third). This drug enters our water system through human pharmaceutical use. In this article, we describe and compare the biodegradation of ibuprofen and ibuprofen derivatives-salts of L-valine alkyl esters. Biodegradation studies of ibuprofen and its derivatives have been carried out with activated sludge. The structure modifications we received were aimed at increasing the biodegradation of the drug used. The influence of the alkyl chain length of the ester used in the biodegradation of the compound was also verified. The biodegradation results correlated with the lipophilic properties (log P).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PL-70322 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (J.K.); (E.J.)
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14
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Shu W, Price GW, Jamieson R, Lake C. Biodegradation kinetics of individual and mixture non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in an agricultural soil receiving alkaline treated biosolids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142520. [PMID: 33032129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Land application of biosolids is one potential source of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into agricultural soils. Degradation is an important natural attenuation pathway that affects the fate and transport of PPCPs in the soil system and biosolids application could alter the process. The present study assessed the effect of individual and mixture compound environments on the biodegradation rate and half-life of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBF), and ketoprofen (KTF), in a loamy sand textured agricultural soil receiving an alkaline treated biosolid (ATB) amendment. A prolonged half-life of the target NSAIDs was determined for sterile soils and shorter half-lives in unsterile soils, indicating the loss of target compounds in all treatments was mainly attributed to biodegradation and followed first-order kinetics. IBF and NPX showed low to moderate persistence in soil and ATB amended soil, with half-lives ranging from 4.9 to 14.8 days, while KTF appeared to be highly persistent with an average half-life of 33 days. The order in which the target NSAIDs disappeared in both soil and ATB amended soil was: IBF > NPX > KTF, for both individual and mixture compound treatments. Soils that received the ATB amendment demonstrated inhibited degradation of NPX in all treatments, as well as IBF and KTF in individual compound treatment over the 14-day incubation study. We also observed an inhibition effect from the ATB amendment in sterile soil treatments. In mixture compound treatments, IBF degradation was inhibited in both soil and ATB amended soil. The degradation rate of KTF in mixture compound environment in soil was lower, while the opposite effects were observed in ATB amended soils. For NPX, the degradation was enhanced in mixture compound environment in ATB amended soil, while the same degradation rate of NPX was calculated in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shu
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G W Price
- Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - R Jamieson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C Lake
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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15
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Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. A fast-screening approach for the tentative identification of drug-related metabolites from three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in hydroponically grown edible plants by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:482-489. [PMID: 33274757 PMCID: PMC7898722 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The (tentative) identification of unknown drug-related phase II metabolites in plants upon drug uptake remains a challenging task despite improved analytical instrument performance. To broaden the knowledge of possible drug metabolization, a fast-screening approach for the tentative identification of drug-related phase II metabolites is presented in this work. Therefore, an in silico database for the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and naproxen) and a sub-group of their theoretical phase II metabolites (based on combinations with glucose, glucuronic acid, and malonic acid) was created. Next, the theoretical exact masses (protonated species and ammonia adducts) were calculated and used as precursor ions in an autoMS/MS measurement method. The applicability of this workflow was tested on the example of eleven edible plants, which were hydroponically grown in solutions containing the respective drug at a concentration level of 20 mg/L. For the three drugs investigated this led to the tentative identification of 41 metabolites (some of them so far not described in this context), such as combinations of hydroxylated mefenamic acid with up to four glucose units or hydroxylated mefenamic acid with two glucose and three malonic acid units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
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16
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Malvar JL, Santos JL, Martín J, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Occurrence of the main metabolites of the most recurrent pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Mediterranean soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111584. [PMID: 33157468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of sewage sludge and wastewater in agricultural lands provide contaminants to soils. As a result, a large number of contaminants can be present in soils. Among others, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are two of the most studied families of emerging contaminants in wastewater. However, there is scarce information about their behaviour in soils. Occurrence, fate and behaviour in soils of metabolites are even less known. In this work, the degradation of most recurrent PPCPs in the environment and their main metabolites has been evaluated using batch experiments in three typical Mediterranean soils. Batch experiments were carried out in a climatic chamber using spiked soils under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The studied compounds were five pharmaceutically active compounds (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac), two parabens (methylparaben and propylparaben) and twelve of their main metabolites. Studied PPCPs and metabolites showed different adsorption capacity onto the studied soils. As results, despite of the compounds were spiked at the same concentrations, different contents were measured at the beginning of the batch experiments. The soil 3 showed the lowest degradation rate for all studied compounds what could be related with the higher adsorption capacity of this soil. A decrease of the measured contents was observed for all studied compounds, except in the case of CBZ and EP-CBZ. No transformations of parent compounds into their metabolites or vice versa were observed, except in the case of Ibuprofen and its metabolites. Although the results showed overall short degradation times for the most of the compounds studied, the evaluation of the environmental risks of the PPCPs and their metabolites should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Malvar
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain.
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17
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Maurer L, Villette C, Zumsteg J, Wanko A, Heintz D. Large scale micropollutants and lipids screening in the sludge layers and the ecosystem of a vertical flow constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141196. [PMID: 32771759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is one of the major sources of micropollutant release into the environment. In order to reduce the impact of wastewater, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have been set up, in the instance of vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs). Besides, micropollutants could represent a vast diversity of compounds and compound's choice could bias studies focused on their fate. To overcome this bias, non-targeted screening approaches can be performed. Therefore, the diffusion of micropollutants from raw wastewater in the VFCW compartments (wastewater, plants and sludge) as well as their fate have been investigated using this non-target approach with liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry. To help the operators in their sludge management, this study will be focused on the following question: Is there a specific distribution of micropollutants according to sludge layers? To eliminate the background contamination found both inside the CW and in the surrounding environment, a control coring was performed in bank. A specific distribution could be observed in the top (191 compounds) and bottom layers (38 compounds). However, a distribution over the whole depth for xenobiotics was observed. Micropollutants classes and the main microbial productivity were preferably found in the top layer. The micropollutants fate could however not be restricted to the sludge compartment. Therefore, the specific micropollutants distribution was analyzed in the outputs of the system in their interactions with wastewater (effluent, sludge, and reed rhizomes) to understand their fate. In our study, the results highlighted a consistent part of compounds found in at least two or three of these compartments, with a similar trend in each compartment. These results underline the interactions between the compartments and the global issues of micropollutants distribution as well as its wide spreading in the whole CW ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Maurer
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Département mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS/ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Département mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS/ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Zumsteg
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Wanko
- Département mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS/ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Svobodníková L, Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Sendecká K. Root response in Pisum sativum under naproxen stress: Morpho-anatomical, cytological, and biochemical traits. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127411. [PMID: 32947668 PMCID: PMC7308076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an important group of emerging environmental contaminants in irrigation water and soils can influence biochemical and physiological processes essential for growth and development in plants as non-target organisms. Plants are able to take up, transport, transform, and accumulate drugs in the roots. Root biomass in ten-days old pea plants was lowered by 6% already under 0.1 mg/L naproxen (NPX) due to a lowered number of lateral roots, although 0.5 mg/L NPX stimulated the total root length by 30% as against control. Higher section area (by 40%) in root tip, area of xylem (by 150%) or stele-to-section ratio (by 10%) in zone of maturation, and lower section area in zone of lateral roots (by 18%) prove the changes in primary root anatomy and its earlier differentiation at 10 mg/L NPX. Accumulated NPX (up to 10 μg/g DW at 10 mg/L) and products of its metabolization in roots increased the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (by 33%), and superoxide (by 62%), which was reflected in elevated lipid peroxidation (by 32%), disruption of membrane integrity (by 89%) and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by up to 40%). Elevated antioxidant capacity (SOD, APX, and other molecules) under low treatments decreased at 10 mg/L NPX (both by approx. 30%). Naproxen was proved to cause changes at both cellular and tissue levels in roots, which was also reflected in their anatomy and morphology. Higher environmental loading through drugs thus can influence even the root function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Svobodníková
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Katarína Sendecká
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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García-Medina S, Galar-Martínez M, Gómez-Oliván LM, Torres-Bezaury RMDC, Islas-Flores H, Gasca-Pérez E. The relationship between cyto-genotoxic damage and oxidative stress produced by emerging pollutants on a bioindicator organism (Allium cepa): The carbamazepine case. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126675. [PMID: 32278918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most frequently detected anticonvulsant drugs in water bodies. Although there are reports of its ecotoxicological effects in the scientific literature, toxicity studies have not focused on establishing the mechanism by which CBZ produces its effect at environmentally relevant concentrations. The objective of this work was to evaluate cyto-genotoxicity and its relationship with oxidative stress produced by carbamazepine in the Allium cepa model. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, as well as the biomarkers of oxidative stress were analyzed in the roots of A. cepa, exposed to 1 and 31.36 μg L-1 after 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The results show that genotoxic capacity of this drug in the roots of A. cepa is related to the generation of oxidative stress, in particular with production of hydroperoxides and oxidized proteins. Also, the cytotoxic effect has a high correlation with DNA damage. The results of the present study clearly indicate that bioassays with sensitive plants such as A. cepa are useful and complementary tools to evaluate the environmental impact of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rosalía María Del Consuelo Torres-Bezaury
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eloy Gasca-Pérez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico; Cátedra CONACYT, Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo., Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico
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20
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Li Y, Lian J, Wu B, Zou H, Tan SK. Phytoremediation of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater: Insights into rhizobacterial dynamics related to pollutant degradation mechanisms during plant life cycle. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126681. [PMID: 32278919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobacterial dynamics, relating to pollutant degradation mechanisms, over the course of plant lifespan have rarely been reported when using phytoremediation technologies for pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater treatment. This study investigated the rhizobacterial dynamics of Typha angustifolia in constructed wetlands to treat ibuprofen (IBP)-polluted wastewater throughout plant development from seedling, vegetative, bolting, mature, to senescent stages. It was found that conventional pollutant and IBP removals increased with plant development, reaching to the best performance at bolting or mature stage (removal efficiencies: 92% organics, 52% ammonia, 60% phosphorus and 76% IBP). In the IBP-stressed wetlands, the rhizobacterial diversity during plant development was adversely affected by IBP accompanied with a reduced evenness. The bacterial communities changed dynamically at different developmental stages and showed significant differences compared to the control wetlands (free of IBP). The dominant bacteria colonized in the rhizosphere was the phylum Actinobacteria, having a final relative abundance of 0.79 and containing a large amount of genus norank_o__PeM15. Positive interactions were evident among the rhizobacteria in IBP-stressed wetlands and the predicted functions of 16S rRNA genes revealed the potential co-metabolism and metabolism of IBP. The co-metabolism of IBP might be related to root exudates such as amino acid, lipid, fatty acid and organic acid. In addition, positive correlations between the organic compounds of interstitial water (bulk environment) and the rhizobacterial communities were observed in IBP-stressed wetlands, which suggests that the influence of IBP on bulk microbiome might be able to modulate rhizosphere microbiome to achieve the degradation of IBP via co-metabolism or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Jie Lian
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Hjardarhagi 2-6, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hua Zou
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Soon Keat Tan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
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21
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From Laboratory Tests to the Ecoremedial System: The Importance of Microorganisms in the Recovery of PPCPs-Disturbed Ecosystems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a wide variety of emerging pollutants in natural water resources is an important global water quality challenge. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known as emerging contaminants, widely used by modern society. This objective ensures availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, according to the 2030 Agenda. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) do not always mitigate the presence of these emerging contaminants in effluents discharged into the environment, although the removal efficiency of WWTP varies based on the techniques used. This main subject is framed within a broader environmental paradigm, such as the transition to a circular economy. The research and innovation within the WWTP will play a key role in improving the water resource management and its surrounding industrial and natural ecosystems. Even though bioremediation is a green technology, its integration into the bio-economy strategy, which improves the quality of the environment, is surprisingly rare if we compare to other corrective techniques (physical and chemical). This work carries out a bibliographic review, since the beginning of the 21st century, on the biological remediation of some PPCPs, focusing on organisms (or their by-products) used at the scale of laboratory or scale-up. PPCPs have been selected on the basics of their occurrence in water resources. The data reveal that, despite the advantages that are associated with bioremediation, it is not the first option in the case of the recovery of systems contaminated with PPCPs. The results also show that fungi and bacteria are the most frequently studied microorganisms, with the latter being more easily implanted in complex biotechnological systems (78% of bacterial manuscripts vs. 40% fungi). A total of 52 works has been published while using microalgae and only in 7% of them, these organisms were used on a large scale. Special emphasis is made on the advantages that are provided by biotechnological systems in series, as well as on the need for eco-toxicological control that is associated with any process of recovery of contaminated systems.
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22
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Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. A new analytical workflow using HPLC with drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the detection of drug-related metabolites in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1817-1824. [PMID: 31965248 PMCID: PMC7048865 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the interaction of xenobiotics with plants (and in particular edible plants) have gained substantial interest, as water scarcity due to climate-change-related droughts requires the more frequent use of reclaimed wastewaters for irrigation in agriculture. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are common contaminants found in wastewater treatment plant effluents. For this reason, the interaction of nine edible plants with diclofenac (DCF), a widely used representative of this group of drugs, was investigated. For this purpose, plants were hydroponically grown in a medium containing DCF. For the detection of unknown DCF-related metabolites formed in the plant upon uptake of the parent drug‚ a new workflow based on the use of HPLC coupled to drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (DTIM QTOF-MS) was developed. Thereby‚ for chromatographic peaks eluting from the HPLC, drift times were recorded, and analytes were subsequently fragmented in the DTIM QTOF-MS to provide significant fragments. All information available (retention times, drift times, fragment spectra, accurate mass) was finally combined‚ allowing the suggestion of molecular formulas for 30 DCF-related metabolites formed in the plant, whereby 23 of them were not yet known from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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Marti E, Osorio V, Llorca M, Paredes L, Gros M. Environmental risks of sewage sludge reuse in agriculture. WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE – LESSONS LEARNED IN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Seyer A, Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Investigations on the uptake and transformation of sunscreen ingredients in duckweed (Lemna gibba) and Cyperus alternifolius using high-performance liquid chromatography drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1613:460673. [PMID: 31708220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation and transformation of three UV-blockers commonly employed in sunscreens, namely avobenzone, octocrylene and octisalate from water by Lemna gibba and Cyperus alternifolius was investigated. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for analyzing the extracts from the selected plants after incubation with the UV-blockers for one week. For avobenzone several transformation products resulting from hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation of the parent molecule could be identified by measuring accurate mass, performing MS/MS experiments and by determining their drift-tube collision cross sections employing nitrogen as drift gas. In addition, the plants were subjected to two commercially available sunscreens, providing similar results to those obtained for the standard solutions of the UV-blockers. Finally, a kinetic study on the uptake and transformation of avobenzone, octocrylene and octisalate was conducted over a period of 216 h, revealing that the UV-filters were mostly present in their parent form and only to a smaller part converted into transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Seyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Villette C, Maurer L, Wanko A, Heintz D. Xenobiotics metabolization in Salix alba leaves uncovered by mass spectrometry imaging. Metabolomics 2019; 15:122. [PMID: 31471668 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micropollutants are increasingly monitored as their presence in the environment is rising due to human activities, and they are potential threats to living organisms. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at understanding the role of plants in xenobiotics removal from polluted environments by following xenobiotics metabolism in leaf tissues. METHODS Different classes of micropollutants were investigated using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The tissue localization of xenobiotics in the leaves of a spontaneous (not planted by humans) Salix alba growing near the water flux was further investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). RESULTS The LC-Q-TOF analysis revealed the distribution of micropollutants in three different compartments of a tertiary treatment wetland. When further investing the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves using MSI, different distribution patterns were observed in specific leaf tissues. Xenobiotic metabolites were predicted and could also be tentatively identified in S. alba leaves, shedding new light on the metabolic processes at play in leaves to manage xenobiotics uptake from a polluted environment. CONCLUSION Using complementary metabolomics approaches, this study performed a large-scale exploration of micropollutants spreading in the environment at the exit of a tertiary treatment wetland. The use of MSI coupled with the prediction of xenobiotic metabolites yielded novel insights into plant metabolism during chronical exposure to low doses of a mixture of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Loïc Maurer
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
- Département Mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS, ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Wanko
- Département Mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS, ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Rice Paddy Soils. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the concerns against the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes is emerging contaminants contained in sewage sludge. Most of the studies on biological degradation of pharmaceutically active compounds in agricultural land were carried out with water-unsaturated soils under relatively aerobic conditions. In this study, the degradation of pharmaceuticals mainly including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in Asian rice paddy soils that are flooded in anaerobic condition. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of the target pharmaceuticals excluding the exception of naproxen were poorly decreased in anaerobic condition. On the other hand, the microbial communities of the soils contained the aerobic degraders of clofibric acid and diclofenac, which are generally persistent in biological wastewater treatment. The higher degradation rates in aerobic condition suggest the possibility of enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals by supplying oxygen with plowing anaerobic rice fields or with drying the field in off-season for farming.
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Emhofer L, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. High-performance liquid chromatography drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the identity confirmation and characterization of metabolites from three statins (lipid-lowering drugs) in the model plant cress (Lepidium sativum) after uptake from water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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