1
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Zhang C, Ma X, Gu Y. Amino acids-based deep eutectic solvents as additives for improved enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400122. [PMID: 38772731 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, several amino acids deep eutectic solvents were prepared using L-valine and L-leucine as hydrogen bond acceptors, and L-lactic acid and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors. These amino acids' deep eutectic solvents were first used as buffer additives to construct several synergistic systems along with maltodextrin in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparations of four racemic drugs. Compared with single maltodextrin system, the separations of model drugs in the synergistic systems were significantly improved. Some key parameters affecting chiral separation such as maltodextrin concentration, deep eutectic solvent concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage were optimized. In order to further understand the specific mechanism of the amino acids deep eutectic solvents in improving chiral separation, we first calculated the binding constants of maltodextrin with enantiomers using the capillary electrophoresis method in the two separation modes, respectively. We also used molecular simulation to calculate the binding free energy of maltodextrin with enantiomers. It is the first time that amino acids deep eutectic solvents were used for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis, which will greatly promote the development of deep eutectic solvents in the field of chiral separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nantong First People's Hospital and Nantong Hospital of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Geriatrics, Nantong First People's Hospital and Nantong Hospital of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Nantong, P. R. China
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2
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Tanács D, Berkecz R, Bozsó Z, Tóth GK, Armstrong DW, Péter A, Ilisz I. Liquid Chromatographic Enantioseparation of Newly Synthesized Fluorinated Tryptophan Analogs Applying Macrocyclic Glycopeptides-Based Chiral Stationary Phases Utilizing Core-Shell Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4719. [PMID: 38731937 PMCID: PMC11083430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the favorable features obtained through the incorporation of fluorine atom(s), fluorinated drugs are a group with emerging pharmaceutical importance. As their commercial availability is still very limited, to expand the range of possible candidates, new fluorinated tryptophan analogs were synthesized. Control of enantiopurity during the synthesis procedure requires that highly efficient enantioseparation methods be available. In this work, the enantioseparation of seven fluorinated tryptophans and tryptophan was studied and compared systematically to (i) develop analytical methods for enantioselective separations and (ii) explore the chromatographic features of the fluorotrytophans. For enantioresolution, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based selectors linked to core-shell particles were utilized, applying liquid chromatography-based methods. Application of the polar-ionic mode resulted in asymmetric and broadened peaks, while reversed-phase conditions, together with mobile-phase additives, resulted in baseline separation for all studied fluorinated tryptophans. The marked differences observed between the methanol and acetonitrile-containing eluent systems can be explained by the different solvation abilities of the bulk solvents of the applied mobile phases. Among the studied chiral selectors, teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone were found to work effectively. Under optimized conditions, baseline separations were achieved within 6 min. Ionic interactions were semi-quantitatively characterized and found to not influence enantiorecognition. Interestingly, fluorination of the analytes does not lead to marked changes in the chromatographic characteristics of the methanol-containing eluents, while larger differences were noticed when the polar but aprotic acetonitrile was applied. Experiments conducted on the influence of the separation temperature indicated that the separations are enthalpically driven, with only one exception. Enantiomeric elution order was found to be constant on both teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone-based chiral stationary phases (L < D) under all applied chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Tanács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.B.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.B.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA;
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
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3
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Niaei N, Hassanpour S, Petr J. Chiral resolution of cationic piperazine derivatives by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated β-cyclodextrin. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38576224 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This research focuses on the development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the chiral separation of three H1-antihistamine drugs chlorcyclizine, norchlorcyclizine, and neobenodine using sulfated β-cyclodextrin (S-β-CD) as the chiral selector. The study explores various factors influencing the separation efficiency, including CD concentration, organic modifier content, voltage application, and buffer pH. Optimal conditions were identified as a 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 34 mg mL-1 S-β-CD and 40% (v/v) methanol. The method demonstrated excellent linearity in calibration curves, with coefficients of determination exceeding 0.99 for each enantiomer. Precision studies revealed good intra- and inter-day precision for migration times and peak areas. The limits of detection and quantification for the analytes were within the ranges of 5.9-11.4 and 18-34.6 µmol L-1, respectively. Overall, the developed CE method offers a robust and precise approach for the chiral separation of H1-antihistamine drugs, holding promise for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Niaei
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Ma X, Fan Z, Tang Z, Cai L. Investigation on improvement of enantioseparation based on clindamycin phosphate by chiral deep eutectic solvents in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300847. [PMID: 38356235 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the potential synergetic effect between deep eutectic solvents and an antibiotic chiral selector (clindamycin phosphate) for enantioseparation was investigated in capillary electrophoresis. We synthesized a series of deep eutectic solvents with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and three α-hydroxyl acids (l-lactic acid, l-malic acid, and l-tartaric acid) as hydrogen bond donors. Compared to the single clindamycin phosphate separation system, significantly improved separations of model drugs were observed in several synergetic systems. Compared to deep eutectic solvents with a single hydrogen bond donor, deep eutectic solvents with mixed-type hydrogen bond donors were superior. The influences of several key parameters including the type and proportion of organic modifier, clindamycin phosphate concentrations, deep eutectic solvents concentrations, and buffer pH were investigated in detail. The mechanism of the enhanced separations in deep eutectic solvents systems was investigated by means of electroosmotic flow analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and molecular modeling. It was the first time that the synergetic systems between deep eutectic solvents and antibiotic chiral selector were established in capillary electrophoresis, and these deep eutectic solvents were demonstrated to have a good synergetic effect with clindamycin phosphate for enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
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5
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Bayındır S, Aydoğan C, Denizli A. Preparation of chiral monoliths with new modulation of the monolith surface chemistry for the enantioseparation of chiral drugs by nano-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464573. [PMID: 38101302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the preparation and application of two new chiral monoliths for the enantioseparation of chiral drugs in nano-LC. Using 3‑chloro-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA-Cl, 2) as a precursor monomer, two different chiral monomers namely, Nα-Boc-Lys-HPMA (3A) and Nα-Fmoc-Lys-HPMA (3B) were synthesized and used for the preparation of chiral polymer monoliths. The first monolithic column (referred to as monolith I) was prepared by an in-situ polymerization of Nα-Boc-Lys-HPMA as the chiral monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate while the second monolithic column (referred to as monolith II) was prepared by an in-situ polymerization of Nα-Fmoc-Lys-HPMA as the chiral monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. Methanol and 1-propanol were used as the porogenic solvents. The prepared chiral monoliths were investigated for the enantioseparation of chiral drugs, including β-blockers (e.g., atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol) and anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ketoprofen, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, etodolac). The enantioseparation could be achieved via the formation of π-π interactions on the aromate-rich and aromate-poor chiral molecules while enantioseparation mechanism of chiral drugs included mostly π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Monolith II showed better enantioselectivity than Monolith I and the resolution values up to 2.12 were successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Bayındır
- Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Aydoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Department of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye.
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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6
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2021-mid-2023). Electrophoresis 2024; 45:165-198. [PMID: 37670208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article brings a comprehensive survey of developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, micropreparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2021 up to ca. the middle of 2023. Progress in the study of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, electroosmotic flow regulation, and detection, are presented. New developments in the particular capillary electromigration methods are demonstrated, and several types of their applications are reported. They cover qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides and determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissues, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They include also amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical characterization of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Upmanis T, Sevostjanovs E, Kažoka H. Chiral recognition mechanism studies of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 tetrapeptide on crown ether-based chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2024; 36:e23619. [PMID: 37700546 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though chiral recognition for crown-ether CSPs is generally understood, on a molecular level, exact mechanisms for the resolution are still unclear. Furthermore, short peptide analytes often contain multiple amino moieties capable of binding to the crown ether selector. In order to extend the understanding in chiral recognition mechanisms, polar organic mode separation of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 tetrapeptide llll/dddd enantiomers on S- and R-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 stationary phases was studied with 50-mM perchloric acid in methanol as mobile phase. Deviation from the generally acceptable 1:1 stoichiometry was supported by mass spectroscopy analysis of the formed complexes between tetrapeptide enantiomer and crown ether selectors, which revealed adducts possessing 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 stoichiometry. Further investigation of complexation induced shifts by NMR indicated on different binding mechanisms between llll/dddd enantiomers of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 and crown ether selectors. Enantioselective proton shifts were observed in studied tetrapeptide tyrosine and phenylalanine residues exclusively for llll enantiomer upon binding with S-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 selector (and dddd enantiomer with R-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 selector), indicating that these two amino acid residues contribute to chiral recognition. The obtained results were in agreement with the LC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toms Upmanis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Helena Kažoka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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8
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Dos Santos Pereira A. Effect of water and protic solvents on polysaccharide-based column efficiency. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300538. [PMID: 37888779 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, polysaccharide-based columns were used to evaluate the efficiency of columns in response to the introduction of water and protic solvents (methanol and ethanol) into the mobile phase, replacing acetonitrile. While increasing water content frequently enhances enantiomer resolution, the inclusion of water, particularly when combined with methanol and ethanol in the mobile phase, has an adverse impact on mass transfer, thus influencing the column plate height. These effects are more pronounced with ethanol, and in many cases, van Deemter plots exhibit the absence of a minimum point optimal in the explored range. Consequently, acetonitrile and its water mixtures are the preferred choices to mitigate these effects for situations in which the chiral column is operated at a relatively high flow rate (> 1 mL/min in a 4.6 mm column).
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9
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Fanali C, Della Posta S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B, Fanali S. Recent developments in electromigration techniques related to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115647. [PMID: 37625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical compounds is an important research topic as the use of different drugs affects people's daily life for the treatment of diseases. In addition to the widespread use of the internet, counterfeit drugs have appeared in the market. The development of modern analytical techniques, reliable, precise, sensitive, and rapid methods, has provided powerful means of analysis used in various fields such as drug production, quality control, determination of impurities and/or metabolites, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, etc. Analytical techniques so far used in the pharmaceutical analysis include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), super/sub-critical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electromigration techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and rather rarely capillary electrochromatography (CEC). CE has some advantages over other techniques, e.g., very high efficiency, reduced costs (use of minute volumes of solvents and samples), the possibility to use different separation mechanisms, etc. In this review paper, the main features and limitations of the capillary electromigration techniques (especially CE) are discussed. Some selected applications of CE to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds published in the period 2021-2023 (May) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Scientific Board of the Ph.D. School in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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10
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Huang B, Li K, Ma QY, Xiang TX, Liang RX, Gong YN, Wang BJ, Zhang JH, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Homochiral Metallacycle Used as a Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatographic Separation of Chiral and Achiral Compounds. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13289-13296. [PMID: 37615071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Metallacycles are a novel class of supramolecular materials with circular structures, internal cavities, and abundant host-guest chemical properties that have exhibited good application prospects in many fields. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research on the use of metallacycles as stationary phases for gas chromatographic (GC) separations has been published yet. In this work, we report for the first time the use of a homochiral metallacycle, [ZnCl2L]2, as a stationary phase for GC separations. [ZnCl2L]2 was synthesized by reaction of (S)-(1-isonicotinoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl-isonicotinate (L) with ZnCl2 via coordination-driven self-assembly. The [ZnCl2L]2-coated column displayed an excellent separation performance not only of organic isomers but also of racemic compounds. Sixteen racemates (including alcohols, esters, amino acid derivatives, ethers, organic acids, and epoxides) and 21 isomeric compounds (including positional, structural, and cis/trans-isomers) were well separated on the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column. Impressively, some racemates were resolved with high resolution values (Rs), including 1,2-butanediol diacetate (Rs = 25.86), ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (Rs = 20.97), 1,3-butanediol diacetate (Rs = 18.09), and threonine derivative (Rs = 18.61). Compared with the commercial β-DEX 120 column for separation of the tested racemates, the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column exhibited good enantioseparation complementarity, enabling separation of some racemates that could not be separated, or were not well resolved, by the β-DEX 120 column. In addition, many organic mixtures, such as n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes, n-alcohols, and a Grob test mixture, were also well separated on the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column. The column also has good reproducibility and thermal stability on separation. This work not only reveals the great potential of metallacycles for GC separations but also opens up a new application of metallacycles in separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuan-Xiu Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xue Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liang RX, Ma QY, Xiang TX, Zhang YP, Gong YN, Huang B, Wang BJ, Xie SM, Zhang JH, Yuan LM. A novel pillar[3]trianglimine macrocycle with a deep cavity used as a chiral selector to prepare a chiral stationary phase by thiol-ene click reaction for enantioseparation in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300376. [PMID: 37525411 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
A chiral pillar[3]trianglimine (C60 H72 N6 O6 ) with a deep cavity has been developed as a chiral selector and bonded to thiolated silica by thiol-ene click reaction to fabricate a novel chiral stationary phase for enantioseparation in high-performance liquid chromatography. The enantioseparation performance of the fabricated chiral stationary phase has been evaluated by separating various racemic compounds, including alcohols, esters, amines, ketones, amino acids, and epoxides, in both normal-phase and reversed-phase elution modes. In total, 14 and 17 racemates have been effectively separated in these two separation modes, respectively. In comparison with two widely used chiral columns (Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD-H), our novel chiral stationary phase offered good chiral separation complementarity, separating some of the tested racemates that could not be separated or were only partially separated on these two commercial columns. The influences of analyte mass, mobile phase composition, and column temperature on chiral separation have been investigated. Good repeatability, stability, and column-to-column reproducibility of the chiral stationary phase for enantioseparation have been observed. After the fabricated column had been eluted up to 400 times, the relative standard deviations (n = 5) of resolution (Rs) and retention time of the separated analytes were < 0.39% and < 0.20%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 3) of Rs and retention time for column-to-column reproducibility were < 4.6% and < 5.2%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the new chiral stationary phase has great prospects for chiral separation in high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Yu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Tuan-Xiu Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - You-Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Bang-Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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12
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Qiu H, Xiang H, Wen M, Chen S, Zhu J, Tong S. Enantioseparation of two antifungal azole drugs by analytical countercurrent chromatography using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464185. [PMID: 37429079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a successful enantioseparation of two antifungal drugs, Ketoconazole and Voriconazole, using countercurrent chromatography (CCC) with synthesized sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) as chiral selector. Two biphasic solvent systems composed of dichloromethane: 0.1 mol L-1 of phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) (1:1, v/v) and n-hexane: ethyl acetate: 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) (1.5:0.5:2, v/v/v) were selected. Influence factors were investigated, including degree of substitution of SBE-β-CD, concentration of SBE-β-CD, equilibrium temperature, and pH of aqueous phase. Under optimized separation conditions, a large enantioseparation factor of α ≥ 3.26 and a high peak resolution Rs= 1.82, was achieved for enantioseparation of Voriconazole by countercurrent chromatography, and purity of two azole stereoisomers collected from CCC separation reached 98.5%, as determined by HPLC. Molecular docking was employed to investigate the formation of inclusion complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Haiping Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Mengyi Wen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, China.
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13
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Hu S. Copper (II) Ions Induced Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers in Capillary Electrophoresis for the Quantification of Atenolol Enantiomers. Molecules 2023; 28:5908. [PMID: 37570878 PMCID: PMC10420844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) has been found for several decades and has been widely used in crystallization, sublimation and chromatography for the purification or separation of nonracemic compounds, the phenomenon of SDE in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has never been reported up to now. Here, a new approach to separate enantiomers in CE based on SDE was demonstrated by introducing copper (II) ions into the separation media. The enantiomers of atenolol interact with copper ions to produce positively charged complexes with different electrophoretic mobilities from the single molecules. The dynamic equilibrium between homo- or heterochiral complexes (associates) and single molecules of atenolol enantiomers supports the manifestation of SDE. Different mobilities of the single molecules and associates, and different distribution of two enantiomers between the single molecules and associates caused by their different concentrations, produce a net difference in electrodriven migration velocities of the two enantiomers. The relative movement of two enantiomers causes a zone depleted in one enantiomer at the rear end of sample segment, giving a trapezoidal CE curve with a step at the end. Quantification of enantiomers is achieved according to the step height. The analysis does not rely on the use of enantiomerically pure chiral selector and the result agrees with that obtained by conventional chiral CE using a chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
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14
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García-Cansino L, Boltes K, Marina ML, García MÁ. Enantioseparation and ecotoxicity evaluation of ibrutinib by Electrokinetic Chromatography using single and dual systems. Talanta 2023; 265:124783. [PMID: 37348354 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two chiral methods enabling the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers were developed by Electrokinetic Chromatography. A cyclodextrin (CD) or a mixture of the CD and a chiral ionic liquid (CIL) was used as chiral selector. Using the single CD system, seven neutral and six anionic CDs were tested in a formate buffer at pH 3.0 working in positive and negative polarity, respectively. The use of sulfated-γ-CD (S-γ-CD) and negative polarity originated the best results considering analysis time and enantioresolution. The optimization of the experimental conditions allowed obtaining the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers in an analysis time of 4.2 min with an enantioresolution value of 1.5. The effect of the addition of fifteen CILs on the enantioresolution was evaluated showing that both analysis time and enantioresolution were generally increased. A mixture of S-γ-CD and [TMA][L-Lys] was selected which provided the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers in 8.1 min with an enantioresolution value of 3.3 under the same experimental conditions as in the case of using the single CD system. The enantiomeric impurity (S-ibrutinib) was the first-migrating isomer when using the single CD and the combined CD/CIL systems, as corresponds to the most desirable situation. Both chiral methods allowed the detection of the enantiomeric impurity up to a 0.1% as established by the International Council on Harmonization. After establishing the analytical characteristics of both chiral methodologies developed, they were applied to the enantiomeric determination of ibrutinib in a pharmaceutical formulation for hospital use marketed as pure enantiomer (R-ibrutinib) and to evaluate the stability and ecotoxicity of racemic ibrutinib and R-ibrutinib on Daphnia magna. The developed methodologies enabled, for the first time, the rapid chiral quantitation of ibrutinib in abiotic and biotic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Cansino
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Water Institute, Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. Del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. Del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Xu Y, Li A, Xue S, Ding S, Zhang Q. Chiral separation by capillary electrokinetic chromatography with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases. Talanta 2023; 260:124556. [PMID: 37121143 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated for the first time that hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for chiral separations. We found that the an HDES methyltrioctylammonium chloride:octanoic acid (N8881Cl:OctA) can exist in the form of nano-sized microdroplets in CE background electrolyte solutions, and show hydrophobic effects as a new type of pseudo-stationary phase (PSP) during CE separation. When used in combination with various cyclodextrin (CD)-type chiral selectors, the presence of N8881Cl:OctA significantly improved the enantioresolutions of several model drugs. Moreover, the migration time of the enantiomers can also be reduced when an anionic CD (e.g., carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD)) was used. Critical factors influencing the chiral separations were systematically investigated including the HDES concentration, hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA)/hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) ratio, CD concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage, etc. An insight into chiral recognition mechanism with HDES is provided for reference. A comparison of the chiral CE performance of HDESs with traditional surfactants was also performed to demonstrate their superiority as a new type of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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16
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Recchimurzo A, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, Gherardi L, Malanga M, Aiello F. Silylated-Acetylated Cyclodextrins as Chiral Sensors for the Enantiodiscrimination of Fluorinated Anesthetics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062804. [PMID: 36985776 PMCID: PMC10058779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silylated-acetylated cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives have recently been investigated, via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as chiral sensors for substrates that are endowed and devoid of fluorine atoms, and the importance of Si-F interaction in the discrimination phenomena has been assessed. Here, the contributions of both superficial interactions and inclusion processes were further evaluated by extending the records to other chiral fluorinated substrates of interest for pharmaceutical applications. Non-equivalences were measured for both the 1H and 19F resonances in equimolar mixtures with the CDs; the promising results also supported the use of chiral sensors in sub-stoichiometric amounts. Finally, the occurrence of inclusion processes was evaluated by analyzing the intermolecular dipolar interactions by means of ROESY (Rotating-frame Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy) experiments. The study confirmed that the γCD derivative is the best chiral solvating agent for the fluorinated substrates investigated, likely due to the higher number of silyl moieties that can be involved in Si-F interactions. The contribution of inclusion processes to the enantiodiscrimination was also confirmed by comparison with the α- and β-analogues. Overall, the CD derivatives proved to be able to discriminate fluorinated substrates even when used in sub-stoichiometric amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Gherardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd., Illatos út. 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica Aiello
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Li A, Xue S, Xu Y, Ding S, Wen D, Zhang Q. A feasibility study on the use of hydrophobic eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases in capillary electrophoresis for chiral separations. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340693. [PMID: 36628761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A critical challenge in using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is to develop separation systems in which a DES can really work as a single entity. To achieve this, the authors recently demonstrated a novel strategy that takes advantage of the aqueous dispersibility of hydrophobic DESs (or more accurately hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HESs)). However, the previous work was limited only to the separation of achiral analytes, e.g., analogues, homologues, and isomers. The present study was designed as a follow-up study in order to explore the feasibility of employing HES-type pseudo-stationary phases (PSPs) in CE for chiral separations. By using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as a model chiral selector, we provide the first evidence that there is a potential synergistic effect between HESs and traditional chiral selectors. Specifically, the combined use of HES (-)-menthol:octanoic acid and CM-β-CD allowed excellent enantioseparations of several basic drugs which were not able to be resolved in the single CM-β-CD system. The enantioresolutions were significantly improved while the migration times of the enantiomers were also shortened due to the hydrophobic mechanism of the HES-type PSP. Critical factors influencing the novel chiral CE system were systematically investigated. Since HESs are considered as "designer" solvents with highly tunable properties, this study demonstrates the potential of employing HESs (or HDES)-type PSPs in CE for chiral separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Di Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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18
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Application of a New Type of 3-Chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin-bonded Silica Particles as Chiral Stationary Phase for Multi-mode HPLC. Chromatographia 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Tsui HW, Hsieh CH, Zhan CF. Effect of mobile-phase modifiers on the enantioselective retention behavior of methyl mandelate with an amylose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate chiral stationary phase under reversed-phase conditions. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200651. [PMID: 36401614 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and tert-butanol were used as organic modifiers in reversed-phase mode chiral liquid-chromatography to systematically investigate the effects of mobile phase components on the enantioselective retention behavior of methyl mandelate with immobilized amylose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate-based sorbent called Chiralpak IA. A two-site enantioselective model was used to obtain information on the recognition mechanisms by observing the dependence of the enantioselectivity and retention factor difference on the modifier content. Similar enantioselective retention behaviors were observed for all modifiers, and characteristic modifier concentration points (PL , PM , and PH ) were identified. At modifier concentrations up to PM , the weakened hydrophobic environment resulted in polymer structural relaxation, which changed the recognition mechanisms. By contrast, at concentrations beyond PH , considerably different enantioselectivity behaviors were observed, indicating that the existence of dipole-dipole interaction, which was stronger at higher modifier concentrations, contributed to the retention mechanisms. The concentrations at which these characteristic points occurred were dependent on the carbon number of the modifier molecule. Modifiers with more carbon numbers facilitated the transition in the enantioselective behaviors. These results demonstrated that the proposed method can provide a physically consistent quantitative description of enantioselective retention behavior in reversed-phase mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Fu Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Gambacorta N, Özdemir Z, Doğan İS, Ciriaco F, Zenni YN, Karakurt A, Saraç S, Nicolotti O. Integrated experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the enantioseparation of chiral anticonvulsant and antifungal compounds. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Fu X, Xu Z, Gawaz M, Lämmerhofer M. UHPLC-MS/MS method for chiral separation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids on amylose-based chiral stationary phase and its application for the enantioselective analysis in plasma and platelets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Ares AM, Bernal J, Janvier A, Toribio L. CHIRAL AND ACHIRAL SEPARATION OF TEN FLAVANONES USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. APPLICATION TO BEE POLLEN ANALYSIS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Orlandini S, Hancu G, Szabó ZI, Modroiu A, Papp LA, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. New Trends in the Quality Control of Enantiomeric Drugs: Quality by Design-Compliant Development of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207058. [PMID: 36296650 PMCID: PMC9607418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a potent method for analyzing chiral substances and is commonly used in the enantioseparation and chiral purity control of pharmaceuticals from different matrices. The adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) concepts in analytical method development, optimization and validation is a widespread trend observed in various analytical approaches including chiral CE. The application of Analytical QbD (AQbD) leads to the development of analytical methods based on sound science combined with risk management, and to a well understood process clarifying the influence of method parameters on the analytical output. The Design of Experiments (DoE) method employing chemometric tools is an essential part of QbD-based method development, allowing for the simultaneous evaluation of experimental parameters as well as their interaction. In 2022 the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) released two draft guidelines (ICH Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)) that are intended to encourage more robust analytical procedures. The ICH Q14 guideline intends to harmonize the scientific approaches for analytical procedures’ development, while the Q2(R2) document covers the validation principles for the use of analytical procedures including the recent applications that require multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the new prospects for chiral CE method development applied for the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceuticals using AQbD principles. The review also provides an overview of recent research (2012–2022) on the applicability of CE methods in chiral drug impurity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Lajos-Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
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24
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Recchimurzo A, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, Gherardi L. Bis-Thiourea Chiral Sensor for the NMR Enantiodiscrimination of N-Acetyl and N-Trifluoroacetyl Amino Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11968-11978. [PMID: 36062357 PMCID: PMC9486950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A C2-symmetrical bis-thiourea chiral solvating agent
(CSA), TFTDA, for NMR spectroscopy has been obtained
by reacting
(1R,2R)-1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine
and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate. TFTDA shows remarkable propensity to enantiodiscriminate N-trifluoroacetyl (N-TFA) and N-acetyl
(N-Ac) derivatives of amino acids with free carboxyl
functions, with the co-presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)
as the third achiral additive, which is needed for substrate solubilization. TFTDA shows enhanced enantiodiscriminating efficiency in comparison
with the corresponding monomeric counterpart, TFTMA,
pointing out cooperativity between its two symmetrical entities. A
wide range of amino acid derivatives have been efficiently enantiodiscriminated
in CDCl3, with high enantioresolution quotients, which
guarantee high quality in applications devoted to the quantification
of enantiomers. High enantiodiscriminating efficiency is maintained
also in diluted 5 mM conditions or in the presence of sub-stoichiometric
amounts of CSA (0.3 equiv). The role of phenolic hydroxyls in the
DABCO-mediated interaction mechanism between TFTDA and
the two enantiomeric substrates has been pointed out by means of diffusion-ordered
spectroscopy (DOSY) and rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy
(ROESY) experiments. A conformational model for both the CSA and its
diastereomeric solvates formed with the two enantiomers of N-acetyl leucine has also been conceived on the basis of
ROE data in order to give a chiral discrimination rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Gherardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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25
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Öztepe T, Kale NB, Reçber T, Baysal İ, Yabanoğlu-Çiftçi S, Gumustas M, Kır S, Chankvetadze B, Nemutlu E. Separation of the Enantiomers of Underivatized Amino Acids by Using Serially Connected Dual Column High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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26
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Comparison of the Performance of Different Bile Salts in Enantioselective Separation of Palonosetron Stereoisomers by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165233. [PMID: 36014471 PMCID: PMC9415088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts are a category of natural chiral surfactants which have ever been used as the surfactant and chiral selector for the separation of many chiral compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). In our previous works, the application of sodium cholate (SC) in the separation of four stereoisomers of palonosetron (PALO) by MEKC has been studied systematically. In this work, the parameters of other bile salts, including sodium taurocholate (STC), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) in the separation of PALO stereoisomers by MEKC were measured and compared with SC. It was found that all of four bile salts provide chiral recognition for both pairs of enantiomers, as well as achiral selectivity for diastereomers of different degrees. The structure of steroidal ring of bile salts has a greater impact on the separation than the structure of the side chain. The varying separation results by different bile salts were elucidated based on the measured parameters. A model to describe the contributions of the mobility difference of solutes in the aqueous phase and the selectivity of micelles to the chiral and achiral separation of stereoisomers was introduced. Additionally, a new approach to measure the mobility of micelles without enough solubility for hydrophobic markers was proposed, which is necessary for the calculation of separation parameters in MEKC. Under the guidance of derived equations, the separation by SDC and STDC was significantly improved by using lower surfactant concentrations. The complete separation of four stereoisomers was achieved in less than 3.5 min by using 4.0 mM of SDC. In addition, 30.0 mM of STC also provided the complete resolution of four stereoisomers due to the balance of different separation mechanisms. Its applicability for the analysis of a small amount of enantiomeric impurities in the presence of a high concentration of the effective ingredient was validated by a real sample.
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27
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Ma X, Chen B, Cai L. Investigation on improvement of enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis based on maltodextrin by chiral ionic liquids. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3604-3613. [PMID: 35916273 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of chiral ionic liquids, this study deals with the improvement of the enantioseparation performance of a traditional chiral selector (maltodextrin) in capillary electrophoresis. Herein, two polyhydroxy compound-based chiral ionic liquids, namely tetramethylammonium-D-gluconic acid and tetramethylammonium-shikimic acid were designed and utilized as additives for chiral separation for the first time. The synergistic systems provided much better enantioseparations of twelve model drugs compared to the single maltodextrin system. These model analytes contained analgesics, antidepressants, antiallergic drugs, antifungal drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and antiparkinsonian drugs. After optimizing the separation conditions, the chiral recognition mechanism was probed by means of ultraviolet spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular modeling. The results of spectroscopic and computational analyses were in good consistency with enantioseparation outcomes. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of duloxetine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Bohua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
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29
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The role of deep eutectic solvents in chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography: A comparative study based on α-cyclodextrin chiral selector. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Chao H, Qiu L, Zhou X, Cui P, Wang C, Hu H, Jiang P, Shi H, Xuan Y, Wang J. Separation of ofloxacin enantiomers by CE with fluorescence detection using DNA oligonucleotides as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2699-2707. [PMID: 35544319 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study used CE with fluorescence detection- and partial-filling mode-based method for chiral separation of ofloxacin. The DNA oligonucleotides with different base sequences were studied as potential chiral selectors including DNA tetrahedron, G-quadruplex, and G-riched double-strand DNA. Under the optimized conditions, all the DNA chiral selectors exhibited excellent chiral separation capabilities with a resolution higher than 1.5. The electrophoretic behavior of the ofloxacin enantiomer might result from the intermediate conjugate with different stabilities between chiral selectors and analytes by a combination of the hydrogen bond and spatial recognition structure. Moreover, satisfactory repeatability regarding run-to-run and interday repeatability was obtained, and all the RSD values of migration times and resolutions were below 4% (n = 6). Conclusively, both spatial structure and arrangement of the G bases potentiated the chiral separation capability of DNA for ofloxacin enantiomer. This work offered a stepping stone for enantioseparation using DNA as chiral selectors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Xinpei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Huaanzi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Honglei Shi
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China.,The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
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31
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Németi G, Berkecz R, Shahmohammadi S, Forró E, Lindner W, Péter A, Ilisz I. Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of fluorinated ß- phenylalanine derivatives utilizing Cinchona alkaloid-based ion-exchanger chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Recchimurzo A, Maccabruni F, Uccello Barretta G, Balzano F. Quinine as a highly responsive chiral sensor for the 1H and 19F NMR enantiodiscrimination of N-trifluoroacetyl amino acids with free carboxyl functions. Analyst 2022; 147:1669-1677. [PMID: 35315472 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00166g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bond accepting and enantiodiscriminating abilities of quinine (Qui) have been exploited in the enantiodiscrimination of N-trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatives of amino acids by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1H and 19F NMR resonances of derivatives of alanine, valine, leucine, norvaline, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, methionine, glutamic acid, proline, and tryptophan were well differentiated employing CDCl3 and/or C6D6 as solvent, with Qui acting in some cases not only as enantiodiscriminating agent, but also as solubility promoter. For derivatives soluble in both solvents, the best results were obtained in benzene-d6, with very high nonequivalence values, which were detectable not only starting from very low equimolar concentrations of 0.1 mM, but also in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of Qui. The quality of enantiodifferentiation has been also evaluated by means of the enantioresolution quotient E. The method has been applied to the detection and quantification of mixtures of amino acid derivatives by single point measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Maccabruni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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33
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A protocol to replace dedication to either normal phase or polar organic mode for chiral stationary phases containing amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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34
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Vaňkátová P, Kubíčková A, Kalíková K. Enantioseparation of liquid crystals and their utilization as enantiodiscrimination materials. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Influence of amino acid residue on chromatographic behaviour of μ-opioid receptor agonist tetrapeptide analogue on crown ether based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Comparative study on retention behaviour and enantioresolution of basic and neutral structurally unrelated compounds with cellulose-based chiral stationary phases in reversed phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry conditions. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Roca S, Dhellemmes L, Leclercq L, Cottet H. Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Capillary Electrophoresis. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200028. [PMID: 35388990 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven to be a performant analytical method to analyze both small and macro molecules. Indeed, it is capable of separating compounds of the same nature according to differences in their charge to size ratios, particularly proteins, monoclonal antibodies and peptides. However, one of the major obstacles to reach high separation efficiency remains the adsorption of solutes on the capillary wall. Among the different coating approaches used to control and minimize solute adsorption, polyelectrolyte multilayers can be applied to CE as a versatile approach. These coatings are made up of alternating layers of polycations and polyanions, and may be used in acidic, neutral or basic conditions depending on the solutes to be analyzed. This Review provides an overview of Successive Multiple Ionic-polymer Layer (SMIL) coatings used in CE, looking at how different parameters induce variations on the electro-osmotic flow (EOF), separation efficiency and coating stability, as well as their promising applications in the biopharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roca
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Dhellemmes
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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38
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Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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39
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Chankvetadze B. Our research cooperation with Professor Yoshio Okamoto. Chirality 2022; 34:630-645. [PMID: 35048410 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes our cooperation with the research group of Prof. Yoshio Okamoto at Nagoya University during the period of time between 1992 and 2005. Although the text deals entirely with enantioseparations in high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography, this is not a detailed review in any of these areas. The text highlights selected aspects of these techniques, which have been the subject of our joint research and in part their reflection in follow-up research by our and other research groups. Together with more systematically studied topics, aspects such as ultrafast separation of enantiomers, uncommonly high separation factor of enantiomers and other related issues are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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40
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Surface-up construction of quinine bridged functional cyclodextrin for single-column versatile enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462786. [PMID: 34986442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seeking for single-column versatile chiral separation methodology is the ultimate goal for analysts engrossed in enantioseparation. However, the versatility and selectivity are always contradictory due to negative influence among the recognition domains and the relatively low surface concentrations in a limited support surface area. Herein, we reported a novel series of quinine (QN) bridged cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with satisfied surface concentration of both selectors, prepared via a facile surface-up 'thiol-ene click' approach, where QN and CD can not only nicely exhibit their individual resolution capability but also afford possible synergism in resolving difficult-to-separate analytes. QN bridged phenylcarbamoylated CD CSP exhibits powerful resolution ability by positive combining the resolving ability of QN and functional CD and achieves the resolution of almost a double number of racemates over QN or CD CSPs. Meanwhile, it exhibits comparable and even better chiral selectivity over the widely used chemical-bonded chiral column (CHIRALPAK® IA, CHIRALPAK® IB and CHIRALPAK® IC of Daicel) for the studied analytes. This work thus advances the duplex QN-CD structure as a relatively versatile platform for chiral resolution and commendably promotes the design of functional CSPs with chiral molecular bridge.
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41
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Cesari A, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, Recchimurzo A. Hydrolysis and Enantiodiscrimination of ( R)- and ( S)-Oxazepam Hemisuccinate by Methylated β-Cyclodextrins: An NMR Investigation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216347. [PMID: 34770758 PMCID: PMC8587842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Partially and exhaustively methylated β-cyclodextrins [(2-methyl)-β-CD (MCD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DIMEB), and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TRIMEB)] have been compared in the hydrolysis and enantiodiscrimination of benzodiazepine derivative (R)- or (S)-oxazepam hemisuccinate (OXEMIS), using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as an investigation tool. After 6 h, MCD induced an 11% hydrolysis of OXEMIS, remarkably lower in comparison with underivatized β-CD (48%), whereas no hydrolysis was detected in the presence of DIMEB or TRIMEB after 24 h. DIMEB showed greater ability to differentiate OXEMIS enantiomers in comparison to TRIMEB, by contrast MCD did not produce any splitting of racemic OXEMIS resonances. Both enantiomers of OXEMIS underwent deep inclusion of their phenyl pendant into cyclodextrins cavities from their wider rims, but tighter complexes were formed by DIMEB with respect to TRIMEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cesari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Federica Balzano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (G.U.B.)
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (G.U.B.)
| | - Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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