HDAC inhibitors: Targets for tumor therapy, immune modulation and lung diseases

Defining the heterogeneous molecular landscape of lung cancer cell responses to epigenetic inhibition

Epigenetic inhibitors exhibit powerful antiproliferative and anticancer activities. However, cellular responses to small-molecule epigenetic inhibition are heterogenous and dependent on factors such as the genetic background, metabolic state, and on-/off-target engagement of individual small-molecule compounds. The molecular study of the extent of this heterogeneity often measures changes in a single cell line or using a small number of compounds. To more comprehensively profile the effects of small-molecule perturbations and their influence on these heterogeneous cellular responses, we present a molecular resource based on the quantification of chromatin, proteome, and transcriptome remodeling due to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in non-isogenic cell lines. Through quantitative molecular profiling of 10,621 proteins, these data reveal coordinated molecular remodeling of HDACi treated cancer cells. HDACi-regulated proteins differ greatly across cell lines with consistent (JUN, MAP2K3, CDKN1A) and divergent (CCND3, ASF1B, BRD7) cell-state effectors. Together these data provide valuable insight into cell-type driven and heterogeneous responses that must be taken into consideration when monitoring molecular perturbations in culture models.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer: Current Use and Future Prospects

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as a leading targeted cancer therapy, reducing the side effects often seen with non-targeted treatments, especially the damage to healthy cells. To tackle resistance, typically caused by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, four generations of TKIs have been developed. Each generation has shown improved effectiveness and fewer side effects, resulting in better patient outcomes. For example, patients on gefitinib, a first-generation TKI, experienced a progression-free survival (PFS) of 10 months compared to 5 months with conventional chemotherapy. Second-generation TKI afatinib outperformed erlotinib and extended PFS to 11.1 months compared to 6.9 months with cisplatin. Third-generation TKIs further increased survival to 38.6 months, compared to 31.8 months with first-generation TKIs. This progress demonstrates the ability of newer TKIs to overcome resistance, particularly the T790M mutation, while reducing adverse effects. Ongoing research focuses on overcoming resistance from newer mutations like C797S to further improve patient survival. These developments highlight the significant progress in TKI therapy and the continued effort to refine cancer treatment. Recent research in South Korea shows that third-generation TKIs are ineffective against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with the C797S mutation. Several trials have started showing promising in vitro and in vivo results, but more trials are needed before clinical approval. This review underscores notable advancements in the field of EGFR TKIs, offering a comprehensive analysis of their mechanisms of action and the progression of various TKI generations in response to resistance.

Histone deacetylase complexes: Structure, regulation and function

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key epigenetic regulators, and transcriptional complexes with deacetylase function are among the epigenetic corepressor complexes in the nucleus that target the epigenome. HDAC-bearing corepressor complexes such as the Sin3 complex, NuRD complex, CoREST complex, and SMRT/NCoR complex are common in biological systems. These complexes activate the otherwise inactive HDACs in a solitary state. HDAC complexes play vital roles in the regulation of key biological processes such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Moreover, deregulated HDAC complex function is implicated in human diseases including cancer. Therapeutic strategies targeting HDAC complexes are being sought actively. Thus, illustration of the nature and composition of HDAC complexes is vital to understanding the molecular basis of their functions under physiologic and pathologic conditions, and for designing targeted therapies. This review presents key aspects of large multiprotein HDAC-bearing complexes including their structure, function, regulatory mechanisms, implication in disease development, and role in therapeutics.

HDAC1 and FOXK1 mediate EGFR-TKI resistance of non-small cell lung cancer through miR-33a silencing

BACKGROUND

The development of acquired EGFR-TKI treatment resistance is still a major clinical challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to investigate the role of HDAC1/FOXK1/miR-33a signaling in EGFR-TKI resistance.

METHODS

The expression levels of miR-33a, HDAC1, and FOXK1 were examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bioinformatics analysis. Cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were explored by cell number assay, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. After overexpression or knockdown of HDAC1, miR-33a expression in the cells, cell functions were tested. Immunoprecipitation and correlation analyses were used to evaluate the interaction between HDAC1 and FOXK1 protein. The tumor-suppressive role of miR-33a was investigated by animal experiments.

RESULTS

The suppression of miR-33a increased TKI resistance by affecting cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in gefitinib-resistant cells. HDAC1 is the key upstream molecule that inhibits miR-33 expression. HDAC1 upregulation increased gefitinib resistance by its binding to FOXK1 in cells to silence miR-33a expression. MiR-33a overexpression exerts tumor-suppressive effects by negatively regulating ABCB7 and p70S6K1 expression. Moreover, overexpression of miR-33a inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft nude mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

HDAC1/FOXK1 upregulation and miR-33a silencing are new mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC.

LNMAC Promotes Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lymphatic Metastasis via Epigenetic Regulation of FGF2-Induced Lymphangiogenesis

The lymph node is the most common site of distant metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), which elicits dismal prognosis and limited efficiency for treatment. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying CSCC lymphatic metastasis would provide potential therapeutic strategies for nodal metastatic of CSCC. Here, based on in vivo lymphatic metastasis screening model, a circular RNA is identified that is termed as lymph node metastasis associated circRNA (LNMAC), is markedly upregulated in lymphatic metastatic CSCC and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of LNMAC dramatically augments the metastatic capability of CSCC cells to the lymph node via inducing lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, LNMAC epigenetically upregulates fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression by directly associating with histone acacetylase 1 (HDAC1), preventing Importin α6/8-mediated nuclear translocation of HDAC1 and eliciting histone H3K27ac-induced FGF2 transcriptional activation. Treatment with 3F12E7, an anti-FGF2 monoclonal antibody, effectively inhibits LNMAC-induced CSCC lymphatic metastasis. Taken together, these findings indicate that LNMAC plays a crucial role in FGF2-mediated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, highlighting that LNMAC might be a therapeutic target for lymph node metastasis in CSCC patients.

Prediction of lung adenocarcinoma prognosis and diagnosis with a novel model anchored in circadian clock-related genes

Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common primary lung cancer seen in the world, and identifying genetic markers is essential for predicting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma and improving treatment outcomes. It is well known that alterations in circadian rhythms are associated with a higher risk of cancer. Moreover, circadian rhythms play a regulatory role in the human body. Therefore, studying the changes in circadian rhythms in cancer patients is crucial for optimizing treatment. The gene expression data and clinical data were sourced from TCGA database, and we identified the circadian clock-related genes. We used the obtained TCGA-LUAD data set to build the model, and the other 647 lung adenocarcinoma patients' data were collected from two GEO data sets for external verification. A risk score model for circadian clock-related genes was constructed, based on the identification of 8 genetically significant genes. Based on ROC analyses, the risk model demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting the overall survival times of lung adenocarcinoma patients in training folds, as well as external data sets. This study has successfully constructed a risk model for lung adenocarcinoma prognosis, utilizing circadian rhythm as its foundation. This model demonstrates a dependable capacity to forecast the outcome of the disease, which can further guide the relevant mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma and combine behavioral therapy with treatment to optimize treatment decision-making.

HDAC inhibitors as a potential therapy for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain

Cancer, a chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled cell development, kills millions of people globally. The WHO reported over 10 million cancer deaths in 2020. Anticancer medications destroy healthy and malignant cells. Cancer treatment induces neuropathy. Anticancer drugs cause harm to spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerve somatosensory neurons, causing chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. The chemotherapy-induced mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are not fully understood. However, neuroinflammation has been identified as one of the various pathways associated with the onset of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. The neuroinflammatory processes may exhibit varying characteristics based on the specific type of anticancer treatment delivered. Neuroinflammatory characteristics have been observed in the spinal cord, where microglia and astrocytes have a significant impact on the development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The patient's quality of life might be affected by sensory deprivation, loss of consciousness, paralysis, and severe disability. High cancer rates and ineffective treatments are associated with this disease. Recently, histone deacetylases have become a novel treatment target for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain may be treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic treatment for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Common chemotherapeutic drugs, mechanisms, therapeutic treatments for neuropathic pain, and histone deacetylase and its inhibitors in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain are covered in this paper. We propose that histone deacetylase inhibitors may treat several aspects of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain, and identifying these inhibitors as potentially unique treatments is crucial to the development of various chemotherapeutic combination treatments.

Unraveling Novel Strategies in Mesothelioma Treatments Using a Newly Synthetized Platinum(IV) Compound

Malignant mesothelioma is a rare tumor associated with asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma carcinogenesis is related to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and iron overload. Despite the recent advances in biomedical sciences, to date the only available treatments include surgery in a small fraction of patients and platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with pemetrexed. In this view, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the newly synthetized platinum prodrug Pt(IV)Ac-POA compared to cisplatin (CDDP) on human biphasic mesothelioma cell line MSTO-211H using different complementary techniques, such as flow-cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunocytochemistry. Healthy mesothelial cell lines Met-5A were also employed to assess the cytotoxicity of the above-mentioned compounds. Our in vitro results showed that Pt(IV)Ac-POA significantly interfere with iron metabolisms and more importantly is able to trigger cell death, through different pathways, including ferroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis, in neoplastic cells. On the other hand, CDDP triggers mainly apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In conclusion, Pt(IV)Ac-POA may represent a new promising pharmacological agent in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.

The Epigenetic Modifiers HDAC2 and HDAC7 Inversely Associate with Cancer Stemness and Immunity in Solid Tumors

Dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is closely associated with cancer development and progression. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the association between all HDAC family members and several clinicopathological and molecular traits of solid tumors across 22 distinct tumor types, focusing primarily on cancer stemness and immunity. To this end, we used publicly available TCGA data and several bioinformatic tools (i.e., GEPIA2, TISIDB, GSCA, Enrichr, GSEA). Our analyses revealed that class I and class II HDAC proteins are associated with distinct cancer phenotypes. The transcriptomic profiling indicated that class I HDAC members, including HDAC2, are positively associated with cancer stemness, while class IIA HDAC proteins, represented by HDAC7, show a negative correlation to cancer stem cell-like phenotypes in solid tumors. In contrast to tumors with high amounts of HDAC7 proteins, the transcriptome signatures of HDAC2-overexpressing cancers are significantly enriched with biological terms previously determined as stemness-associated genes. Moreover, high HDAC2-expressing tumors are depleted with immune-related processes, and HDAC2 expression correlates with tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments. On the contrary, HDAC7 upregulation is significantly associated with enhanced immune responses, followed by enriched infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This is the first comprehensive report demonstrating robust and versatile associations between specific HDAC family members, cancer dedifferentiation, and anti-tumor immune statuses in solid tumors.

Hydrophobic tagging of small molecules: an overview of the literature and future outlook

INTRODUCTION

Hydrophobic tagging (HyT) technology presents a distinct therapeutic strategy diverging from conventional small molecule drugs, providing an innovative approach to drug design. This review aims to provide an overview of the HyT literature and future outlook to offer guidance for drug design.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, the authors introduce the composition, mechanisms and advantages of HyT technology, as well as summarize the detailed applications of HyT technology in anti-cancer, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and other fields. Furthermore, this review discusses key aspects of the future development of HyT molecules.

EXPERT OPINION

HyT emerges as a highly promising targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategy, following the successful development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) and molecular glue. Based on exploring new avenues, modification of the HyT molecule itself potentially enhances the technology. Improved synthetic pathways and emphasis on pharmacokinetic (PK) properties will facilitate the development of HyT. Furthermore, elucidating the biochemical basis by which the compound's hydrophobic moiety recruits the protein homeostasis network will enable the development of more precise assays that can guide the optimization of the linker and hydrophobic moiety.

Microbial metabolites affect tumor progression, immunity and therapy prediction by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (Review)

Several studies have indicated that the gut microbiome and tumor microbiota may affect tumors. Emerging metabolomics research illustrates the need to examine the variations in microbial metabolite composition between patients with cancer and healthy individuals. Microbial metabolites can impact the progression of tumors and the immune response by influencing a number of mechanisms, including modulation of the immune system, cancer or immune‑related signaling pathways, epigenetic modification of proteins and DNA damage. Microbial metabolites can also alleviate side effects and drug resistance during chemotherapy and immunotherapy, while effectively activating the immune system to exert tumor immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the impact of microbial metabolites on tumor immunity can be both beneficial and harmful, potentially influenced by the concentration of the metabolites or the specific cancer type. The present review summarizes the roles of various microbial metabolites in different solid tumors, alongside their influence on tumor immunity and treatment. Additionally, clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic effects of microbial metabolites or related microbes on patients with cancer have been listed. In summary, studying microbial metabolites, which play a crucial role in the interaction between the microbiota and tumors, could lead to the identification of new supplementary treatments for cancer. This has the potential to improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment and enhance patient prognosis.

Unraveling HDAC11: Epigenetic orchestra in different diseases and structural insights for inhibitor design

Histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11), a member of the HDAC family, has emerged as a critical regulator in numerous physiological as well as pathological processes. Due to its diverse roles, HDAC11 has been a focal point of research in recent times. Different non-selective inhibitors are already approved, and research is going on to find selective HDAC11 inhibitors. The objective of this review is to comprehensively explore the role of HDAC11 as a pivotal regulator in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. It aims to delve into the intricate details of HDAC11's structural and functional aspects, elucidating its molecular interactions and implications in different disease contexts. With a primary focus on elucidating the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of HDAC11 inhibitors, this review also aims to provide a holistic understanding of how its molecular architecture influences its inhibition. Additionally, by integrating both established knowledge and recent research, the review seeks to contribute novel insights into the potential therapeutic applications of HDAC11 inhibitors. Overall, the scope of this review spans from fundamental research elucidating the complexities of HDAC11 biology to the potential of targeting HDAC11 in therapeutic interventions.

Role of epigenetics in the regulation of skin aging and geroprotective intervention: A new sight

Multiple epigenetic factors play a regulatory role in maintaining the homeostasis of cutaneous components and are implicated in the aging process of the skin. They have been associated with the activation of the senescence program, which is the primary contributor to age-related decline in the skin. Senescent species drive a series of interconnected processes that impact the immediate surroundings, leading to structural changes, diminished functionality, and heightened vulnerability to infections. Geroprotective medicines that may restore the epigenetic balance represent valid therapeutic alliances against skin aging. Most of them are well-known Western medications such as metformin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), rapamycin, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, while others belong to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) remedies for which the scientific literature provides limited information. With the help of the Geroprotectors.org database and a comprehensive analysis of the referenced literature, we have compiled data on compounds and formulae that have shown potential in preventing skin aging and have been identified as epigenetic modulators.

ΔNp63 regulates MDSC survival and metabolism in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) contributes greatly to mortality of breast cancer, demanding new targetable options. We have shown that TNBC patients have high ΔNp63 expression in tumors. However, the function of ΔNp63 in established TNBC is yet to be explored. In current studies, targeting ΔNp63 with inducible CRISPR knockout and Histone deacetylase inhibitor Quisinostat showed that ΔNp63 is important for tumor progression and metastasis in established tumors by promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) survival through tumor necrosis factor alpha. Decreasing ΔNp63 levels are associated with decreased CD4+ and FOXP3+ T-cells but increased CD8+ T-cells. RNA sequencing analysis indicates that loss of ΔNp63 alters multiple MDSC properties such as lipid metabolism, chemotaxis, migration, and neutrophil degranulation besides survival. We further demonstrated that targeting ΔNp63 sensitizes chemotherapy. Overall, we showed that ΔNp63 reprograms the MDSC-mediated immunosuppressive functions in TNBC, highlighting the benefit of targeting ΔNp63 in chemotherapy-resistant TNBC.

Research progress and applications of epigenetic biomarkers in cancer

Epigenetic changes are heritable changes in gene expression without changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes. Epigenetic changes play an important role in the development of cancer and in the process of malignancy metastasis. Previous studies have shown that abnormal epigenetic changes can be used as biomarkers for disease status and disease prediction. The reversibility and controllability of epigenetic modification changes also provide new strategies for early disease prevention and treatment. In addition, corresponding drug development has also reached the clinical stage. In this paper, we will discuss the recent progress and application status of tumor epigenetic biomarkers from three perspectives: DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, and histone modification, in order to provide new opportunities for additional tumor research and applications.

Alveolar ridge preservation in rat tooth extraction model by chitosan-derived epigenetic modulation scaffold

PURPOSE

Alveolar ridge preservation is a surgical technique used to prevent dimensional changes in the alveolar bone by dressing biomaterials in the extraction socket. Recently, a chitosan biphasic calcium phosphate loaded with trichostatin A (CS/BCP/TSA) scaffold was introduced as an excellent bone-regeneration material. This study aimed to explore the biological properties of released trichostatin A (TSA) and evaluate the potential of the CS/BCP/TSA scaffold in preserving the alveolar ridge in a rat tooth extraction model.

METHODS

In vitro biocompatibility, histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were tested. For in vivo studies, the maxillary first molars (M1) of Wistar rats were extracted, and alveolar ridge preservation was performed using a CS/BCP/TSA scaffold or commercial bone graft. Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT), polyfluorochrome labeling, and histological analysis were used to evaluate the ridge-preservation ability.

RESULTS

The released TSA was cytocompatible. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and induction of osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells were confirmed. The socket dressing with the CS/BCP/TSA scaffold showed increased socket bone fill and preserved the buccal and middle aspects of the alveolar ridge compared with the conventional graft. Further analysis of the bone regeneration ability by histomorphometric and histological analyses demonstrated that CS/BCP/TSA showed a significantly higher potential to induce bone formation and complete healing in the extraction socket than the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The CS/BCP/TSA scaffold is a novel candidate for alveolar ridge preservation.

Role of the gut microbiota in tumorigenesis and treatment

The gut microbiota is a crucial component of the intricate microecosystem within the human body that engages in interactions with the host and influences various physiological processes and pathological conditions. In recent years, the association between dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and tumorigenesis has garnered increasing attention, as it is recognized as a hallmark of cancer within the scientific community. However, only a few microorganisms have been identified as potential drivers of tumorigenesis, and enhancing the molecular understanding of this process has substantial scientific importance and clinical relevance for cancer treatment. In this review, we delineate the impact of the gut microbiota on tumorigenesis and treatment in multiple types of cancer while also analyzing the associated molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the utility of gut microbiota data in cancer diagnosis and patient stratification. We further outline current research on harnessing microorganisms for cancer treatment while also analyzing the prospects and challenges associated with this approach.

Discovery of novel anticancer flavonoids as potential HDAC2 inhibitors: virtual screening approach based on molecular docking, DFT and molecular dynamics simulations studies

Virtual screening of a library of 329 flavonoids obtained from the NPACT database was performed to find out potential novel HDAC2 inhibitors. Eleven out of 329 selected flavonoids were screened based on molecular docking studies, as they have higher binding affinities than the standard drugs vorinostat and panobinostat. All screened compounds occupying the catalytic site of HDAC2 showed important molecular interaction with Zn2+ and other important amino acids in the binding pocket. The screened compounds were validated using ADMET filtration and bioactivity prediction from which we obtained six compounds, NPACT00270, NPACT00676, NPACT00700, NPACT001008, NPACT001054, and NPACT001407, which were analyzed using DFT studies. DFT studies were performed for all six screened flavonoids. In DFT studies, three flavonoids, NPACT00700, NPACT001008, and NPACT001407, were found to be better based on HOMO-LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analyses. Furthermore, MD simulations were performed for 100 ns for the three compounds. In the MD analysis, NPACT001407 was found to be more stable in the active site of HDAC2 as zinc formed a coordination bond with ASP181, HIS183, ASP269, and GLY305, along with two hydroxyl groups of the ligand. Our findings reveal that these flavonoids can interact as ligands with the active site of HDAC2. Because of the absence of a hydroxamate group in flavonoids, there are no possibilities for the formation of isocyanate. This suggests that the major drawback of current HDACs inhibitors may be solved. Further experimental validation is needed to understand the selectivity of flavonoids as HDAC2 inhibitors.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03912-5.

Eliminating the HIV tissue reservoir: current strategies and challenges

BACKGROUND

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the most widespread and harmful infectious diseases in the world. The presence of reservoirs housing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represents a significant impediment to the development of clinically applicable treatments on a large scale. The viral load in the blood can be effectively reduced to undetectable levels through antiretroviral therapy (ART), and a higher concentration of HIV is sequestered in various tissues throughout the body, forming the tissue reservoir - the source of viremia after interruption treatment.

METHODS

We take the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as a guideline for this review. In June 2023, we used the Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases to search the relevant literature published in the last decade.

RESULTS

Here we review the current strategies and treatments for eliminating the HIV tissue reservoirs: early and intensive therapy, gene therapy (including ribozyme, RNA interference, RNA aptamer, zinc finger enzyme, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)), 'Shock and Kill', 'Block and lock', immunotherapy (including therapeutic vaccines, broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T)), and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

CONCLUSION

The existence of an HIV reservoir is the main obstacle to the complete cure of AIDS. Choosing the appropriate strategy to deplete the HIV reservoir and achieve a functional cure for AIDS is the focus and difficulty of current research. So far, there has been a lot of research and progress in reducing the HIV reservoir, but in general, the current research is still very preliminary. Much research is still needed to properly assess the reliability, effectiveness, and necessity of these strategies.

Platinum(IV) Prodrugs Incorporating an Indole-Based Derivative, 5-Benzyloxyindole-3-Acetic Acid in the Axial Position Exhibit Prominent Anticancer Activity

Kinetically inert platinum(IV) complexes are a chemical strategy to overcome the impediments of standard platinum(II) antineoplastic drugs like cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. In this study, we reported the syntheses and structural characterisation of three platinum(IV) complexes that incorporate 5-benzyloxyindole-3-acetic acid, a bioactive ligand that integrates an indole pharmacophore. The purity and chemical structures of the resultant complexes, P-5B3A, 5-5B3A and 56-5B3A were confirmed via spectroscopic means. The complexes were evaluated for anticancer activity against multiple human cell lines. All complexes proved to be considerably more active than cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin in most cell lines tested. Remarkably, 56-5B3A demonstrated the greatest anticancer activity, displaying GI50 values between 1.2 and 150 nM. Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species paired with the decline in mitochondrial activity as well as inhibition of histone deacetylase were also demonstrated by the complexes in HT29 colon cells.

HDAC-targeting epigenetic modulators for cancer immunotherapy

HDAC inhibitors, which can inhibit the activity of HDAC enzymes, have been extensively studied in tumor immunotherapy and have shown potential therapeutic effects in cancer immunotherapy. To date, numerous small molecule HDAC inhibitors have been identified, but many of them suffer from limited clinical efficacy and serious toxicity. Hence, HDAC inhibitor-based combination therapies, and other HDAC modulators (e.g. PROTAC degraders, dual-acting agents) have attracted great attention with significant advancements achieved in the past few years due to their superior efficacy compared to single-target HDAC inhibitors. In this review, we overviewed the recent progress on HDAC-based drug discovery with a focus on HDAC inhibitor-based drug combination therapy and other HDAC-targeting strategies (e.g. selective HDAC inhibitors, HDAC-based dual-target inhibitors, and PROTAC HDAC degraders) for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we also summarized the reported co-crystal structures of HDAC inhibitors in complex with their target proteins and the binding interactions. Finally, the challenges and future directions for HDAC-based drug discovery in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in detail.

Histone deacetylase inhibitor boosts anticancer potential of fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus by enhancing cell-cell fusion

Oncolytic viruses have two anticancer functions: direct oncolysis and elicitation of antitumor immunity. We previously developed a novel fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus (FUVAC) from a non-fusogenic vaccinia virus (VV) and, by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment, we demonstrated that FUVAC induced stronger oncolysis and antitumor immune responses compared with non-fusogenic VV. These functions depend strongly on cell-cell fusion induction. However, FUVAC tends to have decreased fusion activity in cells with low virus replication efficacy. Therefore, another combination strategy was required to increase cell-cell fusion in these cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors suppress the host virus defense response and promote viral replication. Therefore, in this study, we selected an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), as the combination agent for FUVAC to enhance its fusion-based antitumor potential. TSA was added prior to FUVAC treatment of murine tumor B16-F10 and CT26 cells. TSA increased the replication of both FUVAC and parental non-fusogenic VV. Moreover, TSA enhanced cell-cell fusion and FUVAC cytotoxicity in these tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TSA-treated tumors showed altered expression of cellular component-related genes, which may affect fusion tolerance. In a bilateral tumor-bearing mouse model, combination treatment of TSA and FUVAC significantly prolonged mouse survival compared with either treatment alone or in combination with non-fusogenic VV. Our findings demonstrate that TSA is a potent enhancer of cell-cell fusion efficacy of FUVAC.

Progress in discovery and development of natural inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as anti-cancer agents

The study of epigenetic translational modifications had drawn great interest for the last few decades. These processes play a vital role in many diseases and cancer is one of them. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes involved in the acetylation and deacetylation of histones and ultimately in post-translational modifications. Cancer frequently exhibits epigenetic changes, particularly disruption in the expression and activity of HDACs. It includes the capacity to regulate proliferative signalling, circumvent growth inhibitors, escape cell death, enable replicative immortality, promote angiogenesis, stimulate invasion and metastasis, prevent immunological destruction, and genomic instability. The majority of tumours develop and spread as a result of HDAC dysregulation. As a result, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) were developed, and they today stand as a very promising therapeutic approach. One of the most well-known and efficient therapies for practically all cancer types is chemotherapy. However, the efficiency and safety of treatment are constrained by higher toxicity. The same has been observed with the synthetic HDACi. Natural products, owing to many advantages over synthetic compounds for cancer treatment have always been a choice for therapy. Hence, naturally available molecules are of particular interest for HDAC inhibition and HDAC has drawn the attention of the research fraternity due to their potential to offer a diverse array of chemical structures and bioactive compounds. This diversity opens up new avenues for exploring less toxic HDAC inhibitors to reduce side effects associated with conventional synthetic inhibitors. The review presents comprehensive details on natural product HDACi, their mechanism of action and their biological effects. Moreover, this review provides a brief discussion on the structure activity relationship of selected natural HDAC inhibitors and their analogues which can guide future research to discover selective, more potent HDACi with minimal toxicity.

Epigenetic targets to enhance antitumor immune response through the induction of tertiary lymphoid structures

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates found in sites of chronic inflammation such as tumors and autoimmune diseases. The discovery that TLS formation at tumor sites correlated with good patient prognosis has triggered extensive research into various techniques to induce their formation at the tumor microenvironment (TME). One strategy is the exogenous induction of specific cytokines and chemokine expression in murine models. However, applying such systemic chemokine expression can result in significant toxicity and damage to healthy tissues. Also, the TLS formed from exogenous chemokine induction is heterogeneous and different from the ones associated with favorable prognosis. Therefore, there is a need to optimize additional approaches like immune cell engineering with lentiviral transduction to improve the TLS formation in vivo. Similarly, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of the different phases of TLS neogenesis are still unknown. Understanding these molecular regulations could help identify novel targets to induce tissue-specific TLS in the TME. This review offers a unique insight into the molecular checkpoints of the different stages and mechanisms involved in TLS formation. This review also highlights potential epigenetic targets to induce TLS neogenesis. The review further explores epigenetic therapies (epi-therapy) and ongoing clinical trials using epi-therapy in cancers. In addition, it builds upon the current knowledge of tools to generate TLS and TLS phenotyping biomarkers with predictive and prognostic clinical potential.

Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology

A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and, as such, provides a semi-selective barrier between the blood and the interstitial space. Compromise of the lung EC barrier due to inflammatory or toxic events may result in pulmonary edema, which is a cardinal feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The EC functions are controlled, at least in part, via epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Zinc-dependent HDACs represent the largest group of HDACs and are activated by Zn2+. Members of this HDAC group are involved in epigenetic regulation primarily by modifying the structure of chromatin upon removal of acetyl groups from histones. In addition, they can deacetylate many non-histone histone proteins, including those located in extranuclear compartments. Recently, the therapeutic potential of inhibiting zinc-dependent HDACs for EC barrier preservation has gained momentum. However, the role of specific HDAC subtypes in EC barrier regulation remains largely unknown. This review aims to provide an update on the role of zinc-dependent HDACs in endothelial dysfunction and its related diseases. We will broadly focus on biological contributions, signaling pathways and transcriptional roles of HDACs in endothelial pathobiology associated mainly with lung diseases, and we will discuss the potential of their inhibitors for lung injury prevention.

Antineoplastic activity of plant-derived compounds mediated through inhibition of histone deacetylase: a review

In the combat of treating cancer recent therapeutic approaches are focused towards enzymatic targets as they occupy a pivotal participation in the cascade of oncogenesis and malignancy. There are several enzymes that modulate the epigenetic pathways and chromatin structure related to cancer mutation. Among several epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation, phosphorylation, and sumoylation, acetylation status of histones is crucial and is governed by counteracting enzymes like histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) which have contradictory effects on the histone acetylation. HDAC inhibition induces chromatin relaxation which forms euchromatin and thereby initiates the expression of certain transcription factors attributed with apoptosis, which are mostly correlated with the expression of the p21 gene and acetylation of H3 and H4 histones. Most of the synthetic and natural HDAC inhibitors elicit antineoplastic effect through activation of various apoptotic pathways and promoting cell cycle arrest at various phases. Due to their promising chemo preventive action and low cytotoxicity against normal host cells, bioactive substances like flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic compounds from plants have recently gained importance. Even though all bioactive compounds mentioned have an HDAC inhibitory action, some of them have a direct effect and others enhance the effects of the standard well known HDAC inhibitors. In this review, the action of plant derived compounds against histone deacetylases in a variety of in vitro cancer cell lines and in vivo animal models are articulated.

Curcumin and PCI-34051 combined treatment ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis by affecting MAP kinase pathway

OBJECTIVE

Bronchoconstriction, along with inflammation and hyperresponsiveness is the characteristic feature associated with asthma, contributing to variable airflow obstruction, which manifests shortness of breath, cough and wheeze, etc. Histone deacetylases 8 (HDAC8) is the member of class I HDAC family and known to regulate microtubule integrity and muscle contraction. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of HDAC8 inhibition in murine model of asthma using Pan-HDAC inhibitor curcumin (CUR) and HDAC8-specific inhibitor PCI-34051 (PCI), alone and in combination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To develop asthmatic mouse model, Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). CUR (10 mg/kg, pre, post, alone and combined treatment) and PCI (0.5 mg/kg), were administered through intranasal (i.n) route, an hour before OVA aerosol challenge. Effects of HDAC8 inhibition by CUR and PCI pretreatments were evaluated in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis markers. Efficacy of curcumin post-treatment (CUR(p)) was also evaluated simultaneously.

RESULTS

Inflammatory cell recruitment, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide), histamine and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and expression of fibrosis markers including hydroxyproline, matrix metalloproteinases-9 and alpha smooth muscle actin (MMP-9 and α-SMA) were significantly reduced by CUR, CUR(p), PCI-alone and combined treatments. Protein expressions of HDAC8, Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) accompanied by MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) were significantly reduced by the treatments. Structural alterations were examined by histopathological analysis and linked with the fibrotic changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Present study indicates protective effects of HDAC8 inhibition in asthma using HDAC8 using CUR and PCI alone or in combination, attenuates airway inflammation, fibrosis and remodeling; hence, bronchoconstriction was accompanied through modulation of MAP kinase pathway.

Rhamnetin, a nutraceutical flavonoid arrests cell cycle progression of human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells by inhibiting the histone deacetylase 2 protein

Overexpression of HDAC 2 promotes cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. HDAC 2 is involved in chromatin remodeling, transcriptional repression, and the formation of condensed chromatin structures. Targeting HDAC 2 presents a promising therapeutic approach for correcting cancer-associated epigenetic abnormalities. Consequently, HDAC 2 inhibitors have evolved as an attractive class of anti-cancer agents. This work intended to investigate the anti-cancer abilities and underlying molecular mechanisms of Rhamnetin in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV3), which remain largely unexplored. We employed various in vitro methods, including MTT, apoptosis study, cell cycle analysis, fluorescence microscopy imaging, and in vitro enzymatic HDAC 2 protein inhibition, to examine the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Rhamnetin in SKOV3 cells. Additionally, we conducted in silico studies using molecular docking, MD simulation, MM-GBSA, DFT, and pharmacokinetic analysis to investigate the binding interaction mechanism within Rhamnetin and HDAC 2, alongside the compound's prospective as a lead candidate. The in vitro assay confirmed the cytotoxic effects of Rhamnetin on SKOV3 cells, through its inhibition of HDAC 2 activity. Rhamnetin, a nutraceutical flavonoid, halted at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and triggered apoptosis in SKOV3 cells. Furthermore, computational studies provided additional evidence of its stable binding to the HDAC 2 protein's binding site cavity. Based on our findings, we conclude that Rhamnetin effectively promotes apoptosis and mitigates the proliferation of SKOV3 cells through HDAC 2 inhibition. These results highlight Rhamnetin as a potential lead compound, opening a new therapeutic strategy for human epithelial ovarian cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Pan-cancer landscape of epigenetic factor expression predicts tumor outcome

Oncogenic pathways that drive cancer progression reflect both genetic changes and epigenetic regulation. Here we stratified primary tumors from each of 24 TCGA adult cancer types based on the gene expression patterns of epigenetic factors (epifactors). The tumors for five cancer types (ACC, KIRC, LGG, LIHC, and LUAD) separated into two robust clusters that were better than grade or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in predicting clinical outcomes. The majority of epifactors that drove the clustering were also individually prognostic. A pan-cancer machine learning model deploying epifactor expression data for these five cancer types successfully separated the patients into poor and better outcome groups. Single-cell analysis of adult and pediatric tumors revealed that expression patterns associated with poor or worse outcomes were present in individual cells within tumors. Our study provides an epigenetic map of cancer types and lays a foundation for discovering pan-cancer targetable epifactors.

A review of progress in o-aminobenzamide-based HDAC inhibitors with dual targeting capabilities for cancer therapy

Histone deacetylases, as a new class of anticancer targets, could maintain homeostasis by catalyzing histone deacetylation and play important roles in regulating the expression of target genes. Due to the fact that simultaneous intervention with dual tumor related targets could improve treatment effects, researches on innovative design of dual-target drugs are underway. HDAC is known as a "sensitizer" for the synergistic effects with other anticancer-target drugs because of its flexible structure design. The synergistic effects of HDAC inhibitor and other target inhibitors usually show enhanced inhibitory effects on tumor cells, and also provide new strategies to overcome multidrug resistance. Many research groups have reported that simultaneously inhibiting HDAC and other targets, such as tubulin, EGFR, could enhance the therapeutic effects. The o-aminobenzamide group is often used as a ZBG group in the design of HDAC inhibitors with potent antitumor effects. Given the prolonged inhibitory effects and reduced toxic side effects of HDAC inhibitors using o-aminobenzamide as the ZBG group, the o-aminobenzamide group is expected to become a more promising alternative to hydroxamic acid. In fact, o-aminobenzamide-based dual inhibitors of HDAC with different chemical structures have been extensively prepared and reported with synergistic and enhanced anti-tumor effects. In this work, we first time reviewed the rational design, molecular docking, inhibitory activities and potential application of o-aminobenzamide-based HDAC inhibitors with dual targeting capabilities in cancer therapy, which might provide a reference for developing new and more effective anticancer drugs.

Investigating the synergistic potential of TRAIL and SAHA in inducing apoptosis in MOLT-4 cancer cells

INTRODUCTION

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is characterized by its fast progression rate and high complications. TRAIL can be used to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells, but most of cancer cells develop resistance to this agent through various mechanisms. HDAC inhibitors like SAHA can be used to make cancer cells more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, this hypothesis was tested on MOLT-4 cancer cell line.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cells were divided into six groups including the control group, TRAIL 50 nM, TRAIL 100 nM, SAHA 2 μM, SAHA 2 μM + TRAIL 50 nM, and SAHA 2 μM + TRAIL 100 nM. Apoptosis was evaluated by flowcytometry after 24, 48 and 72 h. The expression levels of c-flip, DR4, DR5, CHOP, NF-κB, STAT3, Akt, and PI3K genes were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using two-way variance analysis with Tukey's and Dunnett's multiple comparisons tests, and statistical significance was defined as having a p-value less than 0.05.

RESULTS

Groups exposed to the combination of SAHA with TRAIL demonstrated the maximum apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells by increasing the expression of DR4, DR5, and CHOP and decreasing the expression of c-flip, STAT3, PI3k, Akt, and NF-kB genes.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that SAHA increases the sensitivity of MOLT-4 cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, which can be used as a strategy to overcome resistance to TRAIL in leukemic patients.

Comprehensive Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Prognostic ceRNA Network Related to Immune Infiltration in Sarcoma

PURPOSE

Sarcoma is the second most common solid tumor type in children and adolescents. The high level of tumor heterogeneity as well as aggressive behavior of sarcomas brings serious difficulties to developing effective therapeutic strategies for clinical application. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify accurate biomarkers for early detection and prognostic prediction of sarcomas.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

In this study, we characterized three subtypes of sarcomas based on tumor immune infiltration levels (TIIL), and constructed a prognosis-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to investigate molecular regulations in the sarcoma tumor microenvironment (TME). We further built a subnetwork consisting of mRNAs and lncRNAs that are targets of key miRNAs and strongly correlated with each other in the ceRNA network. After validation using public data and experiments in vivo and in vitro, we deeply dug the biological role of the miRNAs and lncRNAs in a subnetwork and their impact on TME.

RESULTS

Altogether, 5 miRNAs (hsa-mir-125b-2, hsa-mir-135a-1, hsa-mir92a-2, hsa-mir-181a-2, and hsa-mir-214), 3 lncRNAs (LINC00641, LINC01146, and LINC00892), and 10 mRNAs (AGO2, CXCL10, CD86, CASP1, IKZF1, CD27, CD247, CD69, CCR2, and CSF2RB) in the subnetwork were identified as vital regulators to shape the TME. On the basis of the systematic network, we identified that trichostatin A, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, could potentially regulate the TME of sarcoma, thereby inhibiting the tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identifies a ceRNA network as a promising biomarker for sarcoma. This system provides a more comprehensive understanding and a novel perspective of how ceRNAs are involved in shaping sarcoma TME.

Dopaminergic cell protection and alleviation of neuropsychiatric disease symptoms by VMAT2 expression through the class I HDAC inhibitor TC-H 106

The importance of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in dopamine regulation, which is considered crucial for neuropsychiatric disorders, is currently being studied. Moreover, the development of disease treatments using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) is actively progressing in various fields. Recently, research on the possibility of regulating neuropsychiatric disorders has been conducted. In this study, we evaluated whether VMAT2 expression increased by an HDACi can fine-tune neuropsychotic behavior, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and protect against the cell toxicity through oxidized dopamine. First, approximately 300 candidate HDACi compounds were added to the SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cell line to identify the possible changes in the VMAT2 expression levels, which were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated, that treatment with pimelic diphenylamide 106 (TC-H 106), a class I HDACi, increased VMAT2 expression in both the SH-SY5Y cells and mouse brain. The increased VMAT2 expression induced by TC-H 106 alleviated the cytotoxicity attributed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) and free dopamine treatment. Moreover, dopamine concentrations, both intracellularly and in the synaptosomes, were significantly elevated by increased VMAT2 expression. These results suggest that dopamine concentration regulation by VMAT2 expression induced by TC-H 106 could alter several related behavioral aspects that was confirmed by attenuation of hyperactivity and impulsivity, which were major characteristics of animal model showing ADHD-like behaviors. These results indicate that HDACi-increased VMAT2 expression offers sufficient protections against dopaminergic cell death induced by oxidative stress. Thus, the epigenetic approach could be considered as therapeutic candidate for neuropsychiatric disease regulation.

CUL4B functions as a tumor suppressor in KRAS-driven lung tumors by inhibiting the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic alterations found in lung cancer. Unfortunately, treating KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) remains a major oncotherapeutic challenge. Here, we used both autochthonous and transplantable KRAS-mutant tumor models to investigate the role of tumor-derived CUL4B in KRAS-driven lung cancers. We showed that knockout or knockdown of CUL4B promotes lung ADC growth and progression in both models. Mechanistically, CUL4B directly binds to the promoter of Cxcl2 and epigenetically represses its transcription. CUL4B deletion increases the expression of CXCL2, which binds to CXCR2 on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and promotes their migration to the tumor microenvironment. Targeting of MDSCs significantly delayed the growth of CUL4B knockdown KRAS-mutant tumors. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights into the novel tumor suppressor-like functions of CUL4B in regulating KRAS-driven lung tumor development.

Discovery of (S)-N1-(thiazol-2-yl) pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamide derivatives targeting PI3Ka/HDAC6 for the treatment of cancer

Recently, PI3K and HDAC have been considered as promising targets for the cancer therapy. A couple of pan-PI3K/HDAC dual inhibitors have been developed as a new class of anticancer agents. Herein, we discovered a new series of (S)-N1-(thiazol-2-yl) pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamide derivatives targeting PI3Kα/HDAC6. All the derivatives exerted dual-target inhibitory activities. Particularly, in the enzymatic selectivity assay, compound 21j was identified as a subtype-selective PI3Kα/HDAC6 dual inhibitor (IC50 = 2.9 and 26 nM against PI3Kα and HDAC6, respectively), which displayed high potency against L-363 cell line with IC50 value of 0.17 μM. In addition, 21j significantly inhibited phosphorylation of pAkt(Ser473) and induced accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin while having a negligible effect on the levels of acetylated Histone H3 and H4 at nanomolar level. Attributed to its favorable in vitro performance, 21j has the potential to alleviate the adverse effects resulted from pan-PI3K inhibition and pan-HDAC inhibition. It is valuable for further functional investigation as an anti-cancer agent.

Epigenome-wide DNA methylation association study of circulating IgE levels identifies novel targets for asthma

BACKGROUND

Identifying novel epigenetic signatures associated with serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) may improve our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying asthma and IgE-mediated diseases.

METHODS

We performed an epigenome-wide association study using whole blood from Framingham Heart Study (FHS; n = 3,471, 46% females) participants and validated results using the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP; n = 674, 39% females) and the Genetic Epidemiology of Asthma in Costa Rica Study (CRA; n = 787, 41% females). Using the closest gene to each IgE-associated CpG, we highlighted biologically plausible pathways underlying IgE regulation and analyzed the transcription patterns linked to IgE-associated CpGs (expression quantitative trait methylation loci; eQTMs). Using prior UK Biobank summary data from genome-wide association studies of asthma and allergy, we performed Mendelian randomization (MR) for causal inference testing using the IgE-associated CpGs from FHS with methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) as instrumental variables.

FINDINGS

We identified 490 statistically significant differentially methylated CpGs associated with IgE in FHS, of which 193 (39.3%) replicated in CAMP and CRA (FDR < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to transcription factor binding, asthma, and other immunological processes. eQTM analysis identified 124 cis-eQTMs for 106 expressed genes (FDR < 0.05). MR in combination with drug-target analysis revealed CTSB and USP20 as putatively causal regulators of IgE levels (Bonferroni adjusted P < 7.94E-04) that can be explored as potential therapeutic targets.

INTERPRETATION

By integrating eQTM and MR analyses in general and clinical asthma populations, our findings provide a deeper understanding of the multidimensional inter-relations of DNA methylation, gene expression, and IgE levels.

FUNDING

US NIH/NHLBI grants: P01HL132825, K99HL159234. N01-HC-25195 and HHSN268201500001I.

Class I HDAC Inhibition Leads to a Downregulation of FANCD2 and RAD51, and the Eradication of Glioblastoma Cells

HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) hold great potential as anticancer therapies due to their ability to regulate the acetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins, which is frequently disrupted in cancer and contributes to the development and advancement of the disease. Additionally, HDACi have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging agents such as radiation and cisplatin. In this study, we found that histone deacetylase inhibits valproic acid (VPA), synergized with PARP1 inhibitor (PARPi), talazoparib (BMN-673), and alkylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) to induce DNA damage and reduce glioblastoma multiforme. At the molecular level, VPA leads to a downregulation of FANCD2 and RAD51, and the eradication of glioblastoma cells. The results of this study indicate that combining HDACi with PARPi could potentially enhance the treatment of glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of cancer that originates in the brain.

Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) Is a Driver Molecule of Neuroplasticity: Implication for Neurological Diseases

Neuroplasticity is a crucial property of the central nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli. This is mainly achieved through the promotion of changes in the epigenome. One of the epi-drivers priming this process is suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA or Vorinostat), a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that modulates and promotes neuroplasticity in healthy and disease conditions. Knowledge of the specific molecular changes induced by this epidrug is an important area of neuro-epigenetics for the identification of new compounds to treat cognition impairment and/or epilepsy. In this review, we summarize the findings obtained in cellular and animal models of various brain disorders, highlighting the multiple mechanisms activated by SAHA, such as improvement of memory, learning and behavior, and correction of faulty neuronal functioning. Supporting this evidence, in vitro and in vivo data underline how SAHA positively regulates the expression of neuronal genes and microtubule dynamics, induces neurite outgrowth and spine density, and enhances synaptic transmission and potentiation. In particular, we outline studies regarding neurodevelopmental disorders with pharmaco-resistant seizures and/or severe cognitive impairment that to date lack effective drug treatments in which SAHA could ameliorate defective neuroplasticity.

Coordination of cross-talk between metabolism and epigenetic regulation by the SIN3 complex

Post-translational modifications of histone proteins control the expression of genes. Metabolites from central and one-carbon metabolism act as donor moieties to modify histones and regulate gene expression. Thus, histone modification and gene regulation are connected to the metabolite status of the cell. Histone modifiers, such as the SIN3 complex, regulate genes involved in proliferation and metabolism. The SIN3 complex contains a histone deacetylase and a histone demethylase, which regulate the chromatin landscape and gene expression. In this chapter, we review the cross-talk between metabolic pathways that produce donor moieties, and epigenetic complexes regulating proliferation and metabolic genes. This cross-talk between gene regulation and metabolism is tightly controlled, and disruption of this cross-talk leads to metabolic diseases. We discuss promising therapeutics that directly regulate histone modifiers, and can affect the metabolic status of the cell, alleviating some metabolic diseases.

HDAC-an important target for improving tumor radiotherapy resistance

Radiotherapy is an important means of tumor treatment, but radiotherapy resistance has been a difficult problem in the comprehensive treatment of clinical tumors. The mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance include the repair of sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage of tumor cells, cell repopulation, cell cycle redistribution, and reoxygenation. These processes are closely related to the regulation of epigenetic modifications. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), as important regulators of the epigenetic structure of cancer, are widely involved in the formation of tumor radiotherapy resistance by participating in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, cell apoptosis, and other mechanisms. Although the important role of HDACs and their related inhibitors in tumor therapy has been reviewed, the relationship between HDACs and radiotherapy has not been systematically studied. This article systematically expounds for the first time the specific mechanism by which HDACs promote tumor radiotherapy resistance in vivo and in vitro and the clinical application prospects of HDAC inhibitors, aiming to provide a reference for HDAC-related drug development and guide the future research direction of HDAC inhibitors that improve tumor radiotherapy resistance.

Post-translational modifications of histones: Mechanisms, biological functions, and therapeutic targets

Histones are DNA-binding basic proteins found in chromosomes. After the histone translation, its amino tail undergoes various modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, malonylation, propionylation, butyrylation, crotonylation, and lactylation, which together constitute the "histone code." The relationship between their combination and biological function can be used as an important epigenetic marker. Methylation and demethylation of the same histone residue, acetylation and deacetylation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and even methylation and acetylation between different histone residues cooperate or antagonize with each other, forming a complex network. Histone-modifying enzymes, which cause numerous histone codes, have become a hot topic in the research on cancer therapeutic targets. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the role of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cell life activities is very important for preventing and treating human diseases. In this review, several most thoroughly studied and newly discovered histone PTMs are introduced. Furthermore, we focus on the histone-modifying enzymes with carcinogenic potential, their abnormal modification sites in various tumors, and multiple essential molecular regulation mechanism. Finally, we summarize the missing areas of the current research and point out the direction of future research. We hope to provide a comprehensive understanding and promote further research in this field.

Regulation of Acetylation States by Nutrients in the Inhibition of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs). Nutrients can regulate AS-related epigenetic states via sirtuins (SIRTs) activation, specifically SIRT1 and SIRT3. Nutrient-driven alterations in the redox state and gene modulation in AS progression are linked to their protein deacetylating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Nutrients can also inhibit advanced oxidation protein product formation, reducing arterial intima-media thickness epigenetically. Nonetheless, knowledge gaps remain when it comes to understanding effective AS prevention through epigenetic regulation by nutrients. This work reviews and confirms the underlying mechanisms by which nutrients prevent arterial inflammation and AS, focusing on the epigenetic pathways that modify histones and non-histone proteins by regulating redox and acetylation states through HDACs such as SIRTs. These findings may serve as a foundation for developing potential therapeutic agents to prevent AS and cardiovascular diseases by employing nutrients based on epigenetic regulation.

Potential of Synthetic and Natural Compounds as Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that remove or add acetyl groups to lysine residues of histones, respectively. Histone deacetylation causes DNA to more snugly encircle histones and decreases gene expression, whereas acetylation has the opposite effect. Through these small alterations in chemical structure, HATs and HDACs regulate DNA expression. Recent research indicates histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) may be used to treat malignancies, including leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, virus-associated tumors, and multiple myeloma. These data suggest that HDACis may boost the production of immune-related molecules, resulting in the growth of CD8-positive T-cells and the recognition of nonreactive tumor cells by the immune system, thereby diminishing tumor immunity. The argument for employing epigenetic drugs in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients is supported by evidence that both epigenetic changes and mutations in the epigenetic machinery contribute to AML etiology. Although hypomethylating drugs have been licensed for use in AML, additional epigenetic inhibitors, such as HDACis, are now being tested in humans. Preclinical studies evaluating the efficacy of HDACis against AML have shown the ability of specific agents, such as anobinostat, vorinostat, and tricostatin A, to induce growth arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and cell death. However, these inhibitors do not seem to be successful as monotherapies, but instead achieve results when used in conjunction with other medications. In this article, we discuss the mounting evidence that HDACis promote extensive histone acetylation, as well as substantial increases in reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in hematological malignant cells. We also evaluate the potential of various natural product-based HDACis as therapeutic agents to combat hematological malignancies.

Total synthesis and biological evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitor WF-3161

A novel synthesis of the naturally occurring HDAC inhibitor WF-3161 is described. Key steps include the Matteson homologation to generate the stereogenic centres in the side chain, and Pd-catalysed C-H functionalisation to connect the side chain to the peptide backbone. WF-3161 was found to be highly selective for HDAC1, whereas no activity was observed towards HDAC6. High activity was also found against the cancer cell line HL-60.

Effects of HDAC inhibitors on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell differentiation into mature neurons via the Wnt signaling pathway

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors affect cell homeostasis, gene expression, and cell cycle progression and promote cell terminal differentiation or apoptosis. However, the effect of HDAC inhibition on SH-SY5Y cells, which are neuroblastoma cells capable of differentiating into neurons under specific conditions, such as in the presence of retinoic acid (RA), is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that HDAC inhibitors induced the neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. To test this hypothesis, we used phase contrast microscopy, immunocytochemistry (ICC), qPCR, and western blotting analysis. MS-275 and valproic acid (VPA), two HDAC inhibitors, were selected to evaluate neuronal differentiation. It was confirmed that cells treated with MS-275 or VPA differentiated into mature neurons, which were distinguished by bipolar or multipolar morphologies with elongated branches. In addition, the mRNA expression of neuronal markers (Tuj1 and NEFH) and the oligodendrocyte marker (CNP) was significantly increased with MS-275 or VPA treatment compared to that with RA treatment. In addition, the protein expression of the other neuronal markers, Tuj1 and NeuN, was highly increased with HDAC inhibitor treatments compared to that with RA treatment. Furthermore, we confirmed that noncanonical Wnt signaling was upregulated by HDAC inhibitors via MAPK signaling and the Wnt/JNK pathway. Therefore, both MS-275 and VPA promoted the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells into mature neurons via the Wnt signaling pathway.

Ultrasound-Activatable g-C3 N4 -Anchored Titania Heterojunction as an Intracellular Redox Homeostasis Perturbator for Augmented Oncotherapy

Energy band structure of inorganic nano-sonosensitizers is usually optimized by surface decoration with noble metals or metal oxide semiconductors, aiming to enhance interfacial charge transfer, augment spin-flip and promote radical generation. To avoid potential biohazards of metallic elements, herein, metal-free graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C₃ N₄ QDs) are anchored onto hollow mesoporous TiO₂ nanostructure to formulate TiO₂ @g-C₃ N₄ heterojunction. The direct Z-scheme charge transfer significantly improves the separation/recombination dynamics of electron/hole (e^- /h⁺ ) pairs upon ultrasound (US) stimulation, which promotes the yield of singlet oxygen (¹ O₂ ) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The conjugated g-C₃ N₄ QDs with peroxidase-mimic activity further react with the elevated endogenous H₂ O₂ and aggravate oxidative stress. After loading prodrug romidepsin (RMD) in TiO₂ @g-C₃ N₄ , stimulus-responsive drug delivery can be realized by US irradiation. The disulfide bridge of the released RMD tends to be reduced by glutathione (GSH) into a monocyclic dithiol, which arrests cell cycle in G2/M phase and evokes apoptosis through enhanced histone acetylation. Importantly, reactive oxygen species accumulation accompanied by GSH depletion is devoted to deleterious redox dyshomeostasis, leading to augmented systemic oncotherapy by eliciting antitumor immunity. Collectively, this paradigm provides useful insights in optimizing the performance of TiO₂ -based nano-sonosensitizers for tackling critical diseases.

Tributyrin Intake Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in LDLR-/- Mice

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial cardiovascular disease with a high risk of death, and it occurs in the infrarenal aorta with vascular dilatation. High blood pressure acts on the aortic wall, resulting in rupture and causing life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysregulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, especially elastin breaks, contribute to structural changes in the aortic wall. The pathogenesis of AAA includes the occurrence of oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, elastic fiber fragmentation, VSMC apoptosis, and phenotypic transformation. Tributyrin (TB) is decomposed by intestinal lipase and has a function similar to that of butyrate. Whether TB has a protective effect against AAA remains uncertain. In the present study, we established an AAA murine model by angiotensin II (AngII) induction in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR^-/-) mice and investigated the effects of orally administered TB on the AAA size, ratio of macrophage infiltration, levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and epigenetic regulation. TB attenuates AngII-induced AAA size and decreases elastin fragmentation, macrophage infiltration, and MMP expression in the medial layer of the aorta and reduces the levels of SBP (systolic blood pressure, p < 0.001) and MMP-2 (p < 0.02) in the serum. TB reduces the AngII-stimulated expression levels of MMP2 (p < 0.05), MMP9 (p < 0.05), MMP12, and MMP14 in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, TB and valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suppress AngII receptor type 1 (AT1R, p < 0.05) activation and increase the expression of acetyl histone H3 by HDAC activity inhibition (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that TB exerts its protective effect by suppressing the activation of HDAC to attenuate the AngII-induced AT1R signaling cascade.

Bioactive Compounds as Inhibitors of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Regulation of Cellular Redox Balance and Histone Acetylation State

Bioactive compounds (BCs) are known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties by regulating the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. BCs can control chronic oxidative states caused by dietary stress, i.e., alcohol, high-fat, or high-glycemic diet, and adjust the redox balance to recover physiological conditions. Unique functions of BCs to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) can resolve the redox imbalance due to the excessive generation of ROS. The ability of BCs to regulate the histone acetylation state contributes to the activation of transcription factors involved in immunity and metabolism against dietary stress. The protective properties of BCs are mainly ascribed to the roles of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). As a histone deacetylase (HDAC), SIRT1 modulates the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state by mediating ROS generation, regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH ratio, and activating NRF2 in metabolic progression. In this study, the unique functions of BCs against diet-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction have been considered by focusing on the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. This work may provide evidence for the development of effective therapeutic agents from BCs.

Epigenetic regulation in hematopoiesis and its implications in the targeted therapy of hematologic malignancies

Hematologic malignancies are one of the most common cancers, and the incidence has been rising in recent decades. The clinical and molecular features of hematologic malignancies are highly heterogenous, and some hematologic malignancies are incurable, challenging the treatment, and prognosis of the patients. However, hematopoiesis and oncogenesis of hematologic malignancies are profoundly affected by epigenetic regulation. Studies have found that methylation-related mutations, abnormal methylation profiles of DNA, and abnormal histone deacetylase expression are recurrent in leukemia and lymphoma. Furthermore, the hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors are effective to treat acute myeloid leukemia and T-cell lymphomas, indicating that epigenetic regulation is indispensable to hematologic oncogenesis. Epigenetic regulation mainly includes DNA modifications, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA-mediated targeting, and regulates various DNA-based processes. This review presents the role of writers, readers, and erasers of DNA methylation and histone methylation, and acetylation in hematologic malignancies. In addition, this review provides the influence of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs on hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, the implication of epigenetic regulation in targeted treatment is discussed. This review comprehensively presents the change and function of each epigenetic regulator in normal and oncogenic hematopoiesis and provides innovative epigenetic-targeted treatment in clinical practice.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote breast cancer metastasis by elevating NEDD9 expression

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is a kind of protease that modifies histone to regulate gene expression, and is usually abnormally activated in tumors. The approved pan-HDAC inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefits for patients in some hematologic malignancies. Only limited therapeutic success in breast cancer has been observed in clinical trials. In this study, we declare that pan-HDAC inhibitors targeting NEDD9-FAK pathway exacerbate breast cancer metastasis in preclinical models, which may severely impede their clinical success. NEDD9 is not an oncogene, however, it has been demonstrated recently that there are high level or activity changes of NEDD9 in a variety of cancer, including leukemia, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Mechanistically, pan-HDAC inhibitors enhance H3K9 acetylation at the nedd9 gene promoter via inhibition of HDAC4 activity, thus increase NEDD9 expression, and then activate FAK phosphorylation. The realization that pan-HDAC inhibitors can alter the natural history of breast cancer by increasing invasion warrants clinical attention. In addition, although NEDD9 has been reported to have a hand in breast cancer metastasis, it has not received much attention, and no therapeutic strategies have been developed. Notably, we demonstrate that FAK inhibitors can reverse breast cancer metastasis induced by upregulation of NEDD9 via pan-HDAC inhibitors, which may offer a potential combination therapy for breast cancer.