1
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Ngandjui YAT, Kereeditse TT, Kamika I, Madikizela LM, Msagati TAM. Nutraceutical and Medicinal Importance of Marine Molluscs. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:201. [PMID: 38786591 PMCID: PMC11123371 DOI: 10.3390/md22050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine molluscs are of enormous scientific interest due to their astonishing diversity in terms of their size, shape, habitat, behaviour, and ecological roles. The phylum Mollusca is the second most common animal phylum, with 100,000 to 200,000 species, and marine molluscs are among the most notable class of marine organisms. This work aimed to show the importance of marine molluscs as a potential source of nutraceuticals as well as natural medicinal drugs. In this review, the main classes of marine molluscs, their chemical ecology, and the different techniques used for the extraction of bioactive compounds have been presented. We pointed out their nutraceutical importance such as their proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, lipids, polyphenolic compounds pigments, marine enzymes, minerals, and vitamins. Their pharmacological activities include antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Moreover, certain molluscs like abalones and mussels contain unique compounds with potential medicinal applications, ranging from wound healing to anti-cancer effects. Understanding the nutritional and therapeutic value of marine molluscs highlights their significance in both pharmaceutical and dietary realms, paving the way for further research and utilization in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Anderson Tchangoue Ngandjui
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1705, South Africa; (T.T.K.); (I.K.); (L.M.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1705, South Africa; (T.T.K.); (I.K.); (L.M.M.)
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2
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Salvador B, Cabanellas‐Reboredo M, Garci ME, González ÁF, Hernández‐Urcera J. The best defense is a good offense: Anti-predator behavior of the common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris) against conger eel attacks. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11107. [PMID: 38510541 PMCID: PMC10951491 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the description of defensive behavior in wild Octopus vulgaris against conger eel (Conger conger) attacks based on three video sequences recorded by recreational SCUBA divers in the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Galicia (NW Spain) and in the Cantabrian Sea (NW Spain). These records document common traits in defensive behavior: (1) the octopuses enveloped the conger eel's head to obscure its view; (2) they covered the eel's gills in an attempt to suffocate it; (3) they released ink; (4) the octopuses lost some appendages because of the fight. In the third video, the octopus did not exhibit the defensive behavior described in the first two videos due to an inability to utilize its arms in defense, and the conger eel's success in capturing octopuses is discussed. Additionally, both the cost that the octopus could face by losing some arms during the fight and whether the experience it acquires can be an advantage for future encounters are analyzed. The defensive behavior exhibited by octopuses in this study highlights their ability to survive in a hostile environment and serves as an example of the extensive repertoire of anti-predator strategies employed by these cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Salvador
- ECOBIOMAR Research GroupInstitute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC)VigoSpain
| | | | - Manuel E. Garci
- ECOBIOMAR Research GroupInstitute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Ángel F. González
- ECOBIOMAR Research GroupInstitute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC)VigoSpain
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3
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Schnell AK, Farndale Wright NR, Clayton NS. The Inner Lives of Cephalopods. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1298-1306. [PMID: 37757469 PMCID: PMC10755188 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The minds of cephalopods have captivated scientists for millennia, yet the extent that we can understand their subjective experiences remains contested. In this article, we consider the sum of our scientific progress towards understanding the inner lives of cephalopods. Here, we outline the behavioral responses to specific experimental paradigms that are helping us to reveal their subjective experiences. We consider evidence from three broad research categories, which help to illuminate whether soft-bodied cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, and squid) have an awareness of self, awareness of others, and an awareness of time. Where there are current gaps in the literature, we outline cephalopod behaviors that warrant experimental investigation. We argue that investigations, especially framed through the lens of comparative psychology, have the potential to extend our understanding of the inner lives of this extraordinary class of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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4
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Wang ZY. Octopus death and dying. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1209-1213. [PMID: 37437909 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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5
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Mather JA. Ethics and Invertebrates: The Problem Is Us. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2827. [PMID: 37760227 PMCID: PMC10525091 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, science has begun to make great strides at understanding how varied, fascinating, and intelligent invertebrate animals are. Because they are poorly known, the invertebrates that make up about 98% of the animals on the planet have been overlooked. Because they are seen as both simple and unattractive, children and their teachers, as well as the general public, do not think they need care. Because until recently we did not know they can be both intelligent and sensitive-bees can learn from each other, butterflies can navigate huge distances, octopuses are smart, and lobsters can feel pain-we have to give them the consideration they deserve. This collection of papers should help us to see how the lives of invertebrates are tightly linked to ours, how they live, and what they need in terms of our consideration and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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6
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Montague TG, Rieth IJ, Gjerswold-Selleck S, Garcia-Rosales D, Aneja S, Elkis D, Zhu N, Kentis S, Rubino FA, Nemes A, Wang K, Hammond LA, Emiliano R, Ober RA, Guo J, Axel R. A brain atlas for the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00757-1. [PMID: 37343557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex social behaviors, prehensile regenerating arms, and large brains capable of learning, memory, and problem-solving.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 The dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, is a promising model cephalopod species due to its small size, substantial egg production, short generation time, and dynamic social and camouflage behaviors.11 Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by changing the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. Camouflage is optically driven and is achieved by expanding and contracting hundreds of thousands of pigment-filled saccules (chromatophores) in the skin, which are controlled by motor neurons emanating from the brain. We generated a dwarf cuttlefish brain atlas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning, and histology, and we built an interactive web tool (https://www.cuttlebase.org/) to host the data. Guided by observations in other cephalopods,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 we identified 32 brain lobes, including two large optic lobes (75% the total volume of the brain), chromatophore lobes whose motor neurons directly innervate the chromatophores of the color-changing skin, and a vertical lobe that has been implicated in learning and memory. The brain largely conforms to the anatomy observed in other Sepia species and provides a valuable tool for exploring the neural basis of behavior in the experimentally facile dwarf cuttlefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Isabelle J Rieth
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sabrina Gjerswold-Selleck
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniella Garcia-Rosales
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sukanya Aneja
- Interactive Telecommunications Program, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dana Elkis
- Interactive Telecommunications Program, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nanyan Zhu
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sabrina Kentis
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Frederick A Rubino
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Nemes
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Katherine Wang
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Luke A Hammond
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Roselis Emiliano
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ober
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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7
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Ahuja N, Hwaun E, Pungor JR, Rafiq R, Nemes S, Sakmar T, Vogt MA, Grasse B, Diaz Quiroz J, Montague TG, Null RW, Dallis DN, Gavriouchkina D, Marletaz F, Abbo L, Rokhsar DS, Niell CM, Soltesz I, Albertin CB, Rosenthal JJC. Creation of an albino squid line by CRISPR-Cas9 and its application for in vivo functional imaging of neural activity. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00739-X. [PMID: 37343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are remarkable among invertebrates for their cognitive abilities, adaptive camouflage, novel structures, and propensity for recoding proteins through RNA editing. Due to the lack of genetically tractable cephalopod models, however, the mechanisms underlying these innovations are poorly understood. Genome editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 allow targeted mutations in diverse species to better link genes and function. One emerging cephalopod model, Euprymna berryi, produces large numbers of embryos that can be easily cultured throughout their life cycle and has a sequenced genome. As proof of principle, we used CRISPR-Cas9 in E. berryi to target the gene for tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO), an enzyme required for the formation of ommochromes, the pigments present in the eyes and chromatophores of cephalopods. CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins targeting tdo were injected into early embryos and then cultured to adulthood. Unexpectedly, the injected specimens were pigmented, despite verification of indels at the targeted sites by sequencing in injected animals (G0s). A homozygote knockout line for TDO, bred through multiple generations, was also pigmented. Surprisingly, a gene encoding indoleamine 2,3, dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction as TDO in vertebrates, was also present in E. berryi. Double knockouts of both tdo and ido with CRISPR-Cas9 produced an albino phenotype. We demonstrate the utility of these albinos for in vivo imaging of Ca2+ signaling in the brain using two-photon microscopy. These data show the feasibility of making gene knockout cephalopod lines that can be used for live imaging of neural activity in these behaviorally sophisticated organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Ahuja
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judit R Pungor
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ruhina Rafiq
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sal Nemes
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Taylor Sakmar
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Miranda A Vogt
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Bret Grasse
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juan Diaz Quiroz
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Tessa G Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ryan W Null
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Danielle N Dallis
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Daria Gavriouchkina
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Ferdinand Marletaz
- Centre for Life's Origin & Evolution, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caroline B Albertin
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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8
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White DM, Valsamidis MA, Kokkoris GD, Bakopoulos V. The effect of temperature and challenge route on in vitro hemocyte phagocytosis activation after experimental challenge of common octopus, Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) with either Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae or Vibrio anguillarum O1. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105955. [PMID: 36538965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in aquaculture could be associated with high mortalities and morbidity rates, resulting in negative impacts to fish farming industry, consumers, and the environment. Octopods are reared near marine fish farming areas, and this may represent a major risk since fish pathogens may cause pathologies to octopods. Up to date cephalopods immune defense and pathologies, are incompletely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of water temperature and challenge route on hemocyte phagocytosis in vitro after experimental challenge of common octopus with Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae or Vibrio anguillarum O1. Hemolymph was withdrawn at various time-points post-challenge and the number of circulating hemocytes, and phagocytosis ability were determined. No mortalities were recorded irrespective of pathogen, route of challenge and temperature employed. Great variation was observed in the number of circulating hemocytes of both control and challenged specimens in both experiments (1.04 × 10⁵ to 22.33 × 10⁵ hemocytes/ml for the Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae challenge and 1.35 × 105 to 24.63 × 105 hemocytes/ml for the Vibrio anguillarum O1 and at both studied temperatures). No correlation was found between circulating hemocytes and baseline control specimens body weight. Probably, the number of circulating hemocytes is affected by many extrinsic, and intrinsic factors such as size, age, maturity stage, natural fluctuations and temperature, as indicated in the literature. The hemocyte foreign particles binding ability observed in Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae experiments, at 21 ± 0.5 °C and 24 ± 0.5 °C, was (mean ± SD) 2.26 ± 2.96 and 11.72 ± 12.36 yeast cells/hemocyte for baseline specimens and 7.84 ± 8.88 and 8.56 ± 9.89 yeast cells/hemocyte for control and challenged specimens, respectively. The corresponding values for Vibrio anguillarum O1 experiments were (mean ± SD) 6.68 ± 9.26 and 7.00 ± 8.11 yeast cells/hemocyte for baseline specimens and 8.82 ± 9.75 and 6.04 ± 7.64 yeast cells/hemocyte for control and challenged specimens, respectively. Hemocytes of the Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and Vibrio anguillarum O1 challenged specimens, were more activated at lower temperature. Apparently, temperature is an important factor in hemocyte activation. In addition, our results indicated that time post challenge, route of challenge and pathogen may influence phagocytosis ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella-Mari White
- Department of Marine Sciences, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Lesvos, Greece.
| | - Michail-Aggelos Valsamidis
- Department of Marine Sciences, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Lesvos, Greece
| | - Georgios D Kokkoris
- Department of Marine Sciences, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Lesvos, Greece
| | - Vasileios Bakopoulos
- Department of Marine Sciences, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Lesvos, Greece
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9
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Duruz J, Sprecher M, Kaldun JC, Al-Soudy AS, Lischer HEL, van Geest G, Nicholson P, Bruggmann R, Sprecher SG. Molecular characterization of cell types in the squid Loligo vulgaris. eLife 2023; 12:80670. [PMID: 36594460 PMCID: PMC9839350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods are set apart from other mollusks by their advanced behavioral abilities and the complexity of their nervous systems. Because of the great evolutionary distance that separates vertebrates from cephalopods, it is evident that higher cognitive features have evolved separately in these clades despite the similarities that they share. Alongside their complex behavioral abilities, cephalopods have evolved specialized cells and tissues, such as the chromatophores for camouflage or suckers to grasp prey. Despite significant progress in genome and transcriptome sequencing, the molecular identities of cell types in cephalopods remain largely unknown. We here combine single-cell transcriptomics with in situ gene expression analysis to uncover cell type diversity in the European squid Loligo vulgaris. We describe cell types that are conserved with other phyla such as neurons, muscles, or connective tissues but also cephalopod-specific cells, such as chromatophores or sucker cells. Moreover, we investigate major components of the squid nervous system including progenitor and developing cells, differentiated cells of the brain and optic lobes, as well as sensory systems of the head. Our study provides a molecular assessment for conserved and novel cell types in cephalopods and a framework for mapping the nervous system of L. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Duruz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Marta Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Jenifer C Kaldun
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Al-Sayed Al-Soudy
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Heidi EL Lischer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Geert van Geest
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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10
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Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Markov AV. Evolution of Longevity as a Species-Specific Trait in Mammals. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1579-1599. [PMID: 36717448 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
From the evolutionary point of view, the priority problem for an individual is not longevity, but adaptation to the environment associated with the need for survival, food supply, and reproduction. We see two main vectors in the evolution of mammals. One is a short lifespan and numerous offspring ensuring reproductive success (r-strategy). The other one is development of valuable skills in order compete successfully (K-strategy). Species with the K-strategy should develop and enhance specific systems (anti-aging programs) aimed at increasing the reliability and adaptability, including lifespan. These systems are signaling cascades that provide cell repair and antioxidant defense. Hence, any arbitrarily selected long-living species should be characterized by manifestation to a different extent of the longevity-favoring traits (e.g., body size, brain development, sociality, activity of body repair and antioxidant defense systems, resistance to xenobiotics and tumor formation, presence of neotenic traits). Hereafter, we will call a set of such traits as the gerontological success of a species. Longevity is not equivalent to the evolutionary or reproductive success. This difference between these phenomena reaches its peak in mammals due to the development of endothermy and cephalization associated with the cerebral cortex expansion, which leads to the upregulated production of oxidative radicals by the mitochondria (and, consequently, accelerated aging), increase in the number of non-dividing differentiated cells, accumulation of the age-related damage in these cells, and development of neurodegenerative diseases. The article presents mathematical indicators used to assess the predisposition to longevity in different species (including the standard mortality rate and basal metabolic rate, as well as their derivatives). The properties of the evolution of mammals (including the differences between modern mammals and their ancestral forms) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. .,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Putyatina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander V Markov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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11
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Verkhratsky A, Arranz AM, Ciuba K, Pękowska A. Evolution of neuroglia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:120-130. [PMID: 36285711 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the nervous system progressed through cellular diversification and specialization of functions. Conceptually, the nervous system is composed of electrically excitable neuronal networks connected by chemical synapses and nonexcitable glial cells that provide for homeostasis and defense. The evolution of neuroglia began with the emergence of the centralized nervous system and proceeded through a continuous increase in their complexity. In the primate brain, especially in the brain of humans, the astrocyte lineage is exceedingly complex, with the emergence of new types of astroglial cells possibly involved in interlayer communication and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Amaia M Arranz
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Ciuba
- Dioscuri Centre of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pękowska
- Dioscuri Centre of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Styfhals R, Zolotarov G, Hulselmans G, Spanier KI, Poovathingal S, Elagoz AM, De Winter S, Deryckere A, Rajewsky N, Ponte G, Fiorito G, Aerts S, Seuntjens E. Cell type diversity in a developing octopus brain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7392. [PMID: 36450803 PMCID: PMC9712504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopuses are mollusks that have evolved intricate neural systems comparable with vertebrates in terms of cell number, complexity and size. The brain cell types that control their sophisticated behavioral repertoire are still unknown. Here, we profile the cell diversity of the paralarval Octopus vulgaris brain to build a cell type atlas that comprises mostly neural cells, but also multiple glial subtypes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. We spatially map cell types to the vertical, subesophageal and optic lobes. Investigation of cell type conservation reveals a shared gene signature between glial cells of mouse, fly and octopus. Genes related to learning and memory are enriched in vertical lobe cells, which show molecular similarities with Kenyon cells in Drosophila. We construct a cell type taxonomy revealing transcriptionally related cell types, which tend to appear in the same brain region. Together, our data sheds light on cell type diversity and evolution in the octopus brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Grygoriy Zolotarov
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert Hulselmans
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Katina I Spanier
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Ali M Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe De Winter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, US
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Stein Aerts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Prado-Álvarez M, Dios S, García-Fernández P, Tur R, Hachero-Cruzado I, Domingues P, Almansa E, Varó I, Gestal C. De novo transcriptome reconstruction in aquacultured early life stages of the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Sci Data 2022; 9:609. [PMID: 36209315 PMCID: PMC9547907 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have been considered enigmatic animals that have attracted the attention of scientists from different areas of expertise. However, there are still many questions to elucidate the way of life of these invertebrates. The aim of this study is to construct a reference transcriptome in Octopus vulgaris early life stages to enrich existing databases and provide a new dataset that can be reused by other researchers in the field. For that, samples from different developmental stages were combined including embryos, newly-hatched paralarvae, and paralarvae of 10, 20 and 40 days post-hatching. Additionally, different dietary and rearing conditions and pathogenic infections were tested. At least three biological replicates were analysed per condition and submitted to RNA-seq analysis. All sequencing reads from experimental conditions were combined in a single dataset to generate a reference transcriptome assembly that was functionally annotated. The number of reads aligned to this reference was counted to estimate the transcript abundance in each sample. This dataset compiled a complete reference for future transcriptomic studies in O. vulgaris. Measurement(s) | Transcriptome sequencing assay | Technology Type(s) | RNA-seq assay (Illumina) | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Octopus vulgaris | Sample Characteristic - Environment | Ocean | Sample Characteristic - Location | NW Spain (Ría de Vigo, Galicia) |
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Affiliation(s)
- María Prado-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.,Pescanova Biomarine Center, Lugar Ardia 172, 36980, O Grove, Spain
| | - Ricardo Tur
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (COV-IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50-52, 36390, Vigo, Spain.,Pescanova Biomarine Center, Lugar Ardia 172, 36980, O Grove, Spain
| | - Ismael Hachero-Cruzado
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (COV-IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50-52, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (COV-IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50-52, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (COC-IEO), CSIC. Calle La Farola del Mar n° 22, Dársena Pesquera, 38180, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC. Torre de la Sal s/n, 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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14
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Amodio P, Fiorito G. A preliminary attempt to investigate mirror self-recognition in Octopus vulgaris. Front Physiol 2022; 13:951808. [PMID: 36111145 PMCID: PMC9468443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.951808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is a potential indicator of self-awareness. This capability has been widely investigated among vertebrates, yet it remains largely unstudied in invertebrates. Here we report preliminary data about behavioural responses exhibited by common octopuses (Octopus vulgaris) toward reflected images of themselves and explore a procedure for marking octopus’ skin in order to conduct the Mark test. Octopuses (n = 8) received four familiarization trials with a mirror and four familiarization trials with a control stimulus: a non-reflective panel (Panel group, n = 4) or the sight of a conspecific housed in an adjacent tank (Social group, n = 4). Subsequently, octopuses were marked with non-toxic nail polish in the area where the Frontal White Spots are usually expressed, and they received one test trial with the mirror and one control trial with no mirror. We found that octopuses in the Panel group tended to exhibit a stronger exploratory response toward the mirror than the non-reflective panel, but performed agonistic responses only in the presence of the mirror. In contrast, octopuses in the Social group exhibited comparable exploratory and agonistic behaviours toward the mirror and the sight of the conspecific. In the Mark test, octopuses frequently explored the mark via their arms. However, mark-directed behaviours were also observed in the absence of the mirror and in sham-marked individuals, thus suggesting that proprioceptive stimuli drove these responses. Despite the limitations associated with our marking procedure, the baseline data collected in this pilot study may facilitate the further testing of MSR in the octopus and other cephalopods.
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15
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Wang ZY, Pergande MR, Ragsdale CW, Cologna SM. Steroid hormones of the octopus self-destruct system. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2572-2579.e4. [PMID: 35561680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all invertebrates, soft-bodied cephalopods have the largest central nervous systems and the greatest brain-to-body mass ratios, yet unlike other big-brained animals, cephalopods are unusually short lived.1-5 Primates and corvids survive for many decades, but shallow-water octopuses, such as the California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides), typically live for only 1 year.6,7 Lifespan and reproduction are controlled by the principal neuroendocrine center of the octopus: the optic glands, which are functional analogs to the vertebrate pituitary gland.8-10 After mating, females steadfastly brood their eggs, begin fasting, and undergo rapid physiological decline, featuring repeated self-injury and leading to death.11 Removal of the optic glands completely reverses this life history trajectory,10 but the signaling factors underlying this major life transition are unknown. Here, we characterize the major secretions and steroidogenic pathways of the female optic gland using mass spectrometry techniques. We find that at least three pathways are mobilized to increase synthesis of select sterol hormones after reproduction. One pathway generates pregnane steroids, known in other animals to support reproduction.12-16 Two other pathways produce 7-dehydrocholesterol and bile acid intermediates, neither of which were previously known to be involved in semelparity. Our results provide insight into invertebrate cholesterol pathways and confirm a remarkable unity of steroid hormone biology in life history processes across Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Clifton W Ragsdale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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16
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Ponte G, Chiandetti C, Edelman DB, Imperadore P, Pieroni EM, Fiorito G. Cephalopod Behavior: From Neural Plasticity to Consciousness. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:787139. [PMID: 35495582 PMCID: PMC9039538 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.787139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is only in recent decades that subjective experience - or consciousness - has become a legitimate object of scientific inquiry. As such, it represents perhaps the greatest challenge facing neuroscience today. Subsumed within this challenge is the study of subjective experience in non-human animals: a particularly difficult endeavor that becomes even more so, as one crosses the great evolutionary divide between vertebrate and invertebrate phyla. Here, we explore the possibility of consciousness in one group of invertebrates: cephalopod molluscs. We believe such a review is timely, particularly considering cephalopods' impressive learning and memory abilities, rich behavioral repertoire, and the relative complexity of their nervous systems and sensory capabilities. Indeed, in some cephalopods, these abilities are so sophisticated that they are comparable to those of some higher vertebrates. Following the criteria and framework outlined for the identification of hallmarks of consciousness in non-mammalian species, here we propose that cephalopods - particularly the octopus - provide a unique test case among invertebrates for examining the properties and conditions that, at the very least, afford a basal faculty of consciousness. These include, among others: (i) discriminatory and anticipatory behaviors indicating a strong link between perception and memory recall; (ii) the presence of neural substrates representing functional analogs of thalamus and cortex; (iii) the neurophysiological dynamics resembling the functional signatures of conscious states in mammals. We highlight the current lack of evidence as well as potentially informative areas that warrant further investigation to support the view expressed here. Finally, we identify future research directions for the study of consciousness in these tantalizing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - David B. Edelman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Association for Cephalopod Research ‘CephRes' a non-profit Organization, Naples, Italy
| | - Pamela Imperadore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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17
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Bhattacharjee S, Ceri Davies D, Holland JC, Holmes JM, Kilroy D, McGonnell IM, Reynolds AL. On the importance of integrating comparative anatomy and One Health perspectives in anatomy education. J Anat 2021; 240:429-446. [PMID: 34693516 PMCID: PMC8819042 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of many factors, including climate change, unrestricted population growth, widespread deforestation and intensive agriculture, a new pattern of diseases in humans is emerging. With increasing encroachment by human societies into wild domains, the interfaces between human and animal ecosystems are gradually eroding. Such changes have led to zoonoses, vector‐borne diseases, infectious diseases and, most importantly, the emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant microbial strains as challenges for human health. Now would seem to be an opportune time to revisit old concepts of health and redefine some of these in the light of emerging challenges. The One Health concept addresses some of the demands of modern medical education by providing a holistic approach to explaining diseases that result from a complex set of interactions between humans, environment and animals, rather than just an amalgamation of isolated signs and symptoms. An added advantage is that the scope of One Health concepts has now expanded to include genetic diseases due to advancements in omics technology. Inspired by such ideas, a symposium was organised as part of the 19th International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) Congress (August 2019) to investigate the scope of One Health concepts and comparative anatomy in contemporary medical education. Speakers with expertise in both human and veterinary anatomy participated in the symposium and provided examples where these two disciplines, which have so far evolved largely independent of each other, can collaborate for mutual benefit. Finally, the speakers identified some key concepts of One Health that should be prioritised and discussed the diverse opportunities available to integrate these priorities into a broader perspective that would attempt to explain and manage diseases within the scopes of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Ceri Davies
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane C Holland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - David Kilroy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Imelda M McGonnell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Alison L Reynolds
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Kryven M, Ullman TD, Cowan W, Tenenbaum JB. Plans or Outcomes: How Do We Attribute Intelligence to Others? Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e13041. [PMID: 34490914 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans routinely make inferences about both the contents and the workings of other minds based on observed actions. People consider what others want or know, but also how intelligent, rational, or attentive they might be. Here, we introduce a new methodology for quantitatively studying the mechanisms people use to attribute intelligence to others based on their behavior. We focus on two key judgments previously proposed in the literature: judgments based on observed outcomes (you're smart if you won the game) and judgments based on evaluating the quality of an agent's planning that led to their outcomes (you're smart if you made the right choice, even if you didn't succeed). We present a novel task, the maze search task (MST), in which participants rate the intelligence of agents searching a maze for a hidden goal. We model outcome-based attributions based on the observed utility of the agent upon achieving a goal, with higher utilities indicating higher intelligence, and model planning-based attributions by measuring the proximity of the observed actions to an ideal planner, such that agents who produce closer approximations of optimal plans are seen as more intelligent. We examine human attributions of intelligence in three experiments that use MST and find that participants used both outcome and planning as indicators of intelligence. However, observing the outcome was not necessary, and participants still made planning-based attributions of intelligence when the outcome was not observed. We also found that the weights individuals placed on plans and on outcome correlated with an individual's ability to engage in cognitive reflection. Our results suggest that people attribute intelligence based on plans given sufficient context and cognitive resources and rely on the outcome when computational resources or context are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kryven
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | | | - William Cowan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo
| | - Joshua B Tenenbaum
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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19
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Schnell AK, Clayton NS, Hanlon RT, Jozet-Alves C. Episodic-like memory is preserved with age in cuttlefish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211052. [PMID: 34403629 PMCID: PMC8370807 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory, remembering past experiences based on unique what–where–when components, declines during ageing in humans, as does episodic-like memory in non-human mammals. By contrast, semantic memory, remembering learnt knowledge without recalling unique what–where–when features, remains relatively intact with advancing age. The age-related decline in episodic memory likely stems from the deteriorating function of the hippocampus in the brain. Whether episodic memory can deteriorate with age in species that lack a hippocampus is unknown. Cuttlefish are molluscs that lack a hippocampus. We test both semantic-like and episodic-like memory in sub-adults and aged-adults nearing senescence (n = 6 per cohort). In the semantic-like memory task, cuttlefish had to learn that the location of a food resource was dependent on the time of day. Performance, measured as proportion of correct trials, was comparable across age groups. In the episodic-like memory task, cuttlefish had to solve a foraging task by retrieving what–where–when information about a past event with unique spatio-temporal features. In this task, performance was comparable across age groups; however, aged-adults reached the success criterion (8/10 correct choices in consecutive trials) significantly faster than sub-adults. Contrary to other animals, episodic-like memory is preserved in aged cuttlefish, suggesting that memory deterioration is delayed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Schnell
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR EthoS 6552, Caen, France.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Montague TG, Rieth IJ, Axel R. Embryonic development of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1688-1703. [PMID: 34028136 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dwarf cuttlefish Sepia bandensis, a camouflaging cephalopod from the Indo-Pacific, is a promising new model organism for neuroscience, developmental biology, and evolutionary studies. Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by altering the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. The skin's "pixels" (chromatophores) are controlled by motor neurons projecting from the brain. Thus, camouflage is a visible representation of neural activity. In addition to camouflage, the dwarf cuttlefish uses dynamic skin patterns for social communication. Despite more than 500 million years of evolutionary separation, cuttlefish and vertebrates converged to form limbs, camera-type eyes and a closed circulatory system. Moreover, cuttlefish have a striking ability to regenerate their limbs. Interrogation of these unique biological features will benefit from the development of a new set of tools. Dwarf cuttlefish reach sexual maturity in 4 months, they lay dozens of eggs over their 9-month lifespan, and the embryos develop to hatching in 1 month. RESULTS Here, we describe methods to culture dwarf cuttlefish embryos in vitro and define 25 stages of cuttlefish development. CONCLUSION This staging series serves as a foundation for future technologies that can be used to address a myriad of developmental, neurobiological, and evolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle J Rieth
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Davison A, Neiman M. Mobilizing molluscan models and genomes in biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200163. [PMID: 33813892 PMCID: PMC8059959 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscs are among the most ancient, diverse, and important of all animal taxa. Even so, no individual mollusc species has emerged as a broadly applied model system in biology. We here make the case that both perceptual and methodological barriers have played a role in the relative neglect of molluscs as research organisms. We then summarize the current application and potential of molluscs and their genomes to address important questions in animal biology, and the state of the field when it comes to the availability of resources such as genome assemblies, cell lines, and other key elements necessary to mobilising the development of molluscan model systems. We conclude by contending that a cohesive research community that works together to elevate multiple molluscan systems to 'model' status will create new opportunities in addressing basic and applied biological problems, including general features of animal evolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Schnell AK, Boeckle M, Rivera M, Clayton NS, Hanlon RT. Cuttlefish exert self-control in a delay of gratification task. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203161. [PMID: 33653135 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to exert self-control varies within and across taxa. Some species can exert self-control for several seconds whereas others, such as large-brained vertebrates, can tolerate delays of up to several minutes. Advanced self-control has been linked to better performance in cognitive tasks and has been hypothesized to evolve in response to specific socio-ecological pressures. These pressures are difficult to uncouple because previously studied species face similar socio-ecological challenges. Here, we investigate self-control and learning performance in cuttlefish, an invertebrate that is thought to have evolved under partially different pressures to previously studied vertebrates. To test self-control, cuttlefish were presented with a delay maintenance task, which measures an individual's ability to forgo immediate gratification and sustain a delay for a better but delayed reward. Cuttlefish maintained delay durations for up to 50-130 s. To test learning performance, we used a reversal-learning task, whereby cuttlefish were required to learn to associate the reward with one of two stimuli and then subsequently learn to associate the reward with the alternative stimulus. Cuttlefish that delayed gratification for longer had better learning performance. Our results demonstrate that cuttlefish can tolerate delays to obtain food of higher quality comparable to that of some large-brained vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Boeckle
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Science, Krems, Austria
| | - Micaela Rivera
- Department of Psychology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, USA
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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23
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Baciadonna L, Cornero FM, Emery NJ, Clayton NS. Convergent evolution of complex cognition: Insights from the field of avian cognition into the study of self-awareness. Learn Behav 2021; 49:9-22. [PMID: 32661811 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-020-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pioneering research on avian behaviour and cognitive neuroscience have highlighted that avian species, mainly corvids and parrots, have a cognitive tool kit comparable with apes and other large-brained mammals, despite conspicuous differences in their neuroarchitecture. This cognitive tool kit is driven by convergent evolution, and consists of complex processes such as casual reasoning, behavioural flexibility, imagination, and prospection. Here, we review experimental studies in corvids and parrots that tested complex cognitive processes within this tool kit. We then provide experimental examples for the potential involvement of metacognitive skills in the expression of the cognitive tool kit. We further expand the discussion of cognitive and metacognitive abilities in avian species, suggesting that an integrated assessment of these processes, together with revised and multiple tasks of mirror self-recognition, might shed light on one of the most highly debated topics in the literature-self-awareness in animals. Comparing the use of multiple assessments of self-awareness within species and across taxa will provide a more informative, richer picture of the level of consciousness in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Baciadonna
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Francesca M Cornero
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Nathan J Emery
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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24
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Ponte G, Taite M, Borrelli L, Tarallo A, Allcock AL, Fiorito G. Cerebrotypes in Cephalopods: Brain Diversity and Its Correlation With Species Habits, Life History, and Physiological Adaptations. Front Neuroanat 2021; 14:565109. [PMID: 33603650 PMCID: PMC7884766 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.565109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we analyze existing quantitative data available for cephalopod brains based on classical contributions by J.Z. Young and colleagues, to cite some. We relate the relative brain size of selected regions (area and/or lobe), with behavior, life history, ecology and distribution of several cephalopod species here considered. After hierarchical clustering we identify and describe ten clusters grouping 52 cephalopod species. This allows us to describe cerebrotypes, i.e., differences of brain composition in different species, as a sign of their adaptation to specific niches and/or clades in cephalopod molluscs for the first time. Similarity reflecting niche type has been found in vertebrates, and it is reasonable to assume that it could also occur in Cephalopoda. We also attempted a phylogenetic PCA using data by Lindgren et al. (2012) as input tree. However, due to the limited overlap in species considered, the final analysis was carried out on <30 species, thus reducing the impact of this approach. Nevertheless, our analysis suggests that the phylogenetic signal alone cannot be a justification for the grouping of species, although biased by the limited set of data available to us. Based on these preliminary findings, we can only hypothesize that brains evolved in cephalopods on the basis of different factors including phylogeny, possible development, and the third factor, i.e., life-style adaptations. Our results support the working hypothesis that the taxon evolved different sensorial and computational strategies to cope with the various environments (niches) occupied in the oceans. This study is novel for invertebrates, to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Morag Taite
- Department of Zoology, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Luciana Borrelli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarallo
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - A Louise Allcock
- Department of Zoology, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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25
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Sampaio E, Ramos CS, Bernardino BLM, Bleunven M, Augustin ML, Moura É, Lopes VM, Rosa R. Neurally underdeveloped cuttlefish newborns exhibit social learning. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:23-32. [PMID: 32651650 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Learning can occur through self-experience with the environment, or through the observation of others. The latter allows for adaptive behaviour without trial-and-error, thus maximizing individual fitness. Perhaps given their mostly solitary lifestyle, cuttlefish have seldomly been tested under observational learning scenarios. Here we used a multi-treatment design to disentangle if and how neurally immature cuttlefish Sepia officinalis hatchlings (up to 5 days) incorporate social information into their decision-making, when performing a task where inhibition of predatory behaviour is learned. In the classical social learning treatment using pre-trained demonstrators, observers did not register any predatory behaviour. In the inhibition by social learning treatment, using naïve (or sham) demonstrators, more observers than demonstrators learned the task, while also reaching learning criterion in fewer trials, and performing less number of attacks per trial. Moreover, the performance of demonstrator-observer pairs was highly correlated, indicating that the mere presence of conspecifics did not explain our results by itself. Additionally, observers always reported higher latency time to attack during trials, a trend that was reversed in the positive controls. Lastly, pre-exposure to the stimulus did not improve learning rates. Our findings reveal the vicarious capacity of these invertebrate newborns to learn modulation (inhibition) of predatory behaviour, potentially through emulation (i.e. affordance learning). Despite ongoing changes on neural organization during early ontogeny, cognitively demanding forms of learning are already present in cuttlefish newborns, facilitating behavioural adaptation at a critical life stage, and potentially improving individual fitness in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sampaio
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal.
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Catarina S Ramos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Bruna L M Bernardino
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maela Bleunven
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta L Augustin
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Érica Moura
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Vanessa M Lopes
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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26
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Czekanski‐Moir JE, Rundell RJ. Endless forms most stupid, icky, and small: The preponderance of noncharismatic invertebrates as integral to a biologically sound view of life. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12638-12649. [PMID: 33304481 PMCID: PMC7713927 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Big, beautiful organisms are useful for biological education, increasing evolution literacy, and biodiversity conservation. But if educators gloss over the ubiquity of streamlined and miniaturized organisms, they unwittingly leave students and the public vulnerable to the idea that the primary evolutionary plot of every metazoan lineage is "progressive" and "favors" complexity. We show that simple, small, and intriguingly repulsive invertebrate animals provide a counterpoint to misconceptions about evolution. Our examples can be immediately deployed in biology courses and outreach. This context emphasizes that chordates are not the pinnacle of evolution. Rather, in the evolution of animals, miniaturization, trait loss, and lack of perfection are at least as frequent as their opposites. Teaching about invertebrate animals in a "tree thinking" context uproots evolution misconceptions (for students and the public alike), provides a mental scaffold for understanding all animals, and helps to cultivate future ambassadors and experts on these little-known, weird, and fascinating taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E. Czekanski‐Moir
- Department of Environmental and Forest BiologyState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Rebecca J. Rundell
- Department of Environmental and Forest BiologyState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
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27
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Schnell AK, Amodio P, Boeckle M, Clayton NS. How intelligent is a cephalopod? Lessons from comparative cognition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:162-178. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Naples Italy
| | - Markus Boeckle
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Department of Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Science Krems an der Donau Austria
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28
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Schubiger MN, Fichtel C, Burkart JM. Validity of Cognitive Tests for Non-human Animals: Pitfalls and Prospects. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1835. [PMID: 32982822 PMCID: PMC7488350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative psychology assesses cognitive abilities and capacities of non-human animals and humans. Based on performance differences and similarities in various species in cognitive tests, it is inferred how their minds work and reconstructed how cognition might have evolved. Critically, such species comparisons are only valid and meaningful if the tasks truly capture individual and inter-specific variation in cognitive abilities rather than contextual variables that might affect task performance. Unlike in human test psychology, however, cognitive tasks for non-human primates (and most other animals) have been rarely evaluated regarding their measurement validity. We review recent studies that address how non-cognitive factors affect performance in a set of commonly used cognitive tasks, and if cognitive tests truly measure individual variation in cognitive abilities. We find that individual differences in emotional and motivational factors primarily affect performance via attention. Hence, it is crucial to systematically control for attention during cognitive tasks to obtain valid and reliable results. Aspects of test design, however, can also have a substantial effect on cognitive performance. We conclude that non-cognitive factors are a minor source of measurement error if acknowledged and properly controlled for. It is essential, however, to validate and eventually re-design several primate cognition tasks in order to ascertain that they capture the cognitive abilities they were designed to measure. This will provide a more solid base for future cognitive comparisons within primates but also across a wider range of non-human animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle N. Schubiger
- Evolutionary Cognition Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- World Ape Fund, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus “Primate Cognition”, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith M. Burkart
- Evolutionary Cognition Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Li F, Bian L, Ge J, Han F, Liu Z, Li X, Liu Y, Lin Z, Shi H, Liu C, Chang Q, Lu B, Zhang S, Hu J, Xu D, Shao C, Chen S. Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the East Asian common octopus (
Octopus sinensis
) using PacBio sequencing and Hi‐C technology. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1572-1582. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
| | - Li Bian
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Fengming Han
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation Beijing China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Xuming Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation Beijing China
| | | | - Zhishu Lin
- Qingdao Municipal Ocean Technology Achievement Promotion Center Qingdao China
| | - Huilai Shi
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Zhoushan China
| | - Changlin Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Qing Chang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Bin Lu
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Zhoushan China
| | - Shengnong Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Dafeng Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
| | - Changwei Shao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
| | - Siqing Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China
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30
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Abstract
Cephalopods have captivated the minds of scientists for thousands of years, dating back to approximately 330 BC when Aristotle became fascinated by their ability to rapidly change colour. This remarkable ability, however, is not the only aspect of cephalopod behaviour that has garnered attention from the scientific community. The soft-bodied cephalopods (henceforth cephalopods), namely octopus, cuttlefish, and squid, are widely considered to be the most cognitively advanced group of invertebrates. They possess highly developed perceptual, memory, and spatial learning abilities and are also capable of intriguing feats of behaviour that appear to indicate complex cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Schnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3DT, UK.
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3DT, UK
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31
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Deffner D, McElreath R. The importance of life history and population regulation for the evolution of social learning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190492. [PMID: 32475333 PMCID: PMC7293155 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social learning and life history interact in human adaptation, but nearly all models of the evolution of social learning omit age structure and population regulation. Further progress is hindered by a poor appreciation of how life history affects selection on learning. We discuss why life history and age structure are important for social learning and present an exemplary model of the evolution of social learning in which demographic properties of the population arise endogenously from assumptions about per capita vital rates and different forms of population regulation. We find that, counterintuitively, a stronger reliance on social learning is favoured in organisms characterized by 'fast' life histories with high mortality and fertility rates compared to 'slower' life histories typical of primates. Long lifespans make early investment in learning more profitable and increase the probability that the environment switches within generations. Both effects favour more individual learning. Additionally, under fertility regulation (as opposed to mortality regulation), more juveniles are born shortly after switches in the environment when many adults are not adapted, creating selection for more individual learning. To explain the empirical association between social learning and long life spans and to appreciate the implications for human evolution, we need further modelling frameworks allowing strategic learning and cumulative culture. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Deffner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Need for speed: Short lifespan selects for increased learning ability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15197. [PMID: 31645590 PMCID: PMC6811680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that an investment into cognitive abilities and their associated cost is particularly beneficial for long-lived species, as a prolonged lifespan allows to recoup the initial investment. However, ephemeral organisms possess astonishing cognitive abilities too. Invertebrates, for example, are capable of simple associative learning, reversal learning, and planning. How can this discrepancy between theory and evidence be explained? Using a simulation, we show that short lives can actually select for an increase in learning abilities. The rationale behind this is that when learning is needed to exploit otherwise inaccessible resources, one needs to learn fast in order to utilize the resources when constrained by short lifespans. And thus, increased cognitive abilities may evolve, not despite short lifespan, but because of it.
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33
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Amodio P, Fiorito G, Clayton NS, Ostojić L. Commentary: A Conserved Role for Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Mediating Social Behavior in Octopus. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:185. [PMID: 31474841 PMCID: PMC6702335 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ljerka Ostojić
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rijeka, Croatia
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34
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Varela SAM, Teles MC, Oliveira RF. The correlated evolution of social competence and social cognition. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. M. Varela
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
- ISPA‐Instituto Universitário Lisboa Portugal
| | - Magda C. Teles
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
- ISPA‐Instituto Universitário Lisboa Portugal
| | - Rui F. Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
- ISPA‐Instituto Universitário Lisboa Portugal
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme Lisboa Portugal
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35
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Simons M, Tibbetts E. Insects as models for studying the evolution of animal cognition. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 34:117-122. [PMID: 31271948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on the evolution of cognition has long centered on vertebrates. Current research indicates that both complex social behavior and ecology influence the evolution of vertebrate cognition. Insects provide a powerful and underappreciated model system for research on cognitive evolution because they are a large group with multiple evolutionary transitions to complex social behavior as well as extensive ecological variation. Here, we integrate current research on cognitive evolution in vertebrates and insects. We specifically highlight recent advances in vertebrate research that are applicable to insects. We focus on two key topics: 1) The challenges of quantifying cognition 2) What factors contribute to the evolution of cognition? Applying methods like comparative analysis and behavioral cognition measurement to insects are likely to provide key insight into the evolution of animal minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Simons
- University of Michigan, 1105 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - Elizabeth Tibbetts
- University of Michigan, 1105 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States.
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36
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Mollo E, Amodeo P, Ghiselin MT. Can Intelligence Gradually Evolve in a Shell? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:689-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Bayne T, Brainard D, Byrne RW, Chittka L, Clayton N, Heyes C, Mather J, Ölveczky B, Shadlen M, Suddendorf T, Webb B. What is cognition? Curr Biol 2019; 29:R608-R615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Amodio P, Boeckle M, Schnell AK, Ostojic L, Fiorito G, Clayton NS. Shell Loss in Cephalopods: Trigger for, or By-Product of, the Evolution of Intelligence? A Reply to Mollo et al. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:690-692. [PMID: 31174876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Markus Boeckle
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ljerka Ostojic
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE)
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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