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Bronstein R, Pace J, Gowthaman Y, Salant DJ, Mallipattu SK. Podocyte-Parietal Epithelial Cell Interdependence in Glomerular Development and Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:737-750. [PMID: 36800545 PMCID: PMC10125654 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are among the few principal cell types within the kidney glomerulus, the former serving as a crucial constituent of the kidney filtration barrier and the latter representing a supporting epithelial layer that adorns the inner wall of Bowman's capsule. Podocytes and PECs share a circumscript developmental lineage that only begins to diverge during the S-shaped body stage of nephron formation-occurring immediately before the emergence of the fully mature nephron. These two cell types, therefore, share a highly conserved gene expression program, evidenced by recently discovered intermediate cell types occupying a distinct spatiotemporal gene expression zone between podocytes and PECs. In addition to their homeostatic functions, podocytes and PECs also have roles in kidney pathogenesis. Rapid podocyte loss in diseases, such as rapidly progressive GN and collapsing and cellular subtypes of FSGS, is closely allied with PEC proliferation and migration toward the capillary tuft, resulting in the formation of crescents and pseudocrescents. PECs are thought to contribute to disease progression and severity, and the interdependence between these two cell types during development and in various manifestations of kidney pathology is the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bronstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jesse Pace
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yogesh Gowthaman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - David J. Salant
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandeep K. Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Renal Section, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York
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Huang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yang X, Hou G, Peng C, Jia M, Zhou L, Yamamoto T, Zheng J. Novel therapeutic perspectives for crescentic glomerulonephritis through targeting parietal epithelial cell activation and proliferation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:55-69. [PMID: 36738160 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney injury is clinically classified as crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrGN) when ≥50% of the glomeruli in a biopsy sample contain crescentic lesions. However, current strategies, such as systemic immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis for CrGN, are partially effective, and these drugs have considerable systemic side effects. Hence, targeted therapy to prevent glomerular crescent formation and expansion remains an unmet clinical need. AREAS COVERED Hyperproliferative parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are the main constituent cells of the glomerular crescent with cell-tracing evidence. Crescents obstruct the flow of primary urine, pressure the capillaries, and degenerate the affected nephrons. We reviewed the markers of PEC activation and proliferation, potential therapeutic effects of thrombin and thrombin receptor inhibitors, and how podocytes cross-talk with PECs. These experiments may help identify potential early specific targets for the prevention and treatment of glomerular crescentic injury. EXPERT OPINION Inhibiting PEC activation and proliferation in CrGN can alleviate glomerular crescent progression, which has been supported by preclinical studies with evidence of genetic deletion. Clarifying the outcome of PEC transformation to the podocyte phenotype and suppressing thrombin, thrombin receptors, and PEC hyperproliferation in early therapeutic strategies will be the research goals in the next ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueru Zhao
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gailing Hou
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqun Peng
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Fujieda Municipal General Hospital, 4-1-11 Surugadai, Fujieda, Japan
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Szymczak M, Heidecke H, Żabińska M, Rukasz D, Wiśnicki K, Tukiendorf A, Krajewska M, Banasik M. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antibodies Are Higher in Lupus Nephritis and Vasculitis than Other Glomerulonephritis Patients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2022; 70:23. [PMID: 36152104 PMCID: PMC9509301 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-022-00660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antibodies are considered non-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) antibodies connected with humoral rejection after kidney transplantation. The role of AT1R antibodies in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases and systemic vasculitis is unknown. We assessed the level of AT1R antibodies in 136 patients with different types of glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis and we observed kidney function and proteinuria, serum albumin and total protein levels for 2 years. The mean levels of AT1R antibodies were the following: 6.00 ± 1.31 U/ml in patients with membranous nephropathy (n = 18), 5.67 ± 1.31 U/ml with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 25), 6.26 ± 2.25 U/ml with lupus nephropathy (n = 17), 10.60 ± 6.72 U/ml with IgA nephropathy (n = 14), 6.69 ± 2.52 U/ml with mesangial proliferative (non IgA) glomerulonephritis (n = 6), 6.63 ± 1.38 U/ml with systemic vasculitis (n = 56), including c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) vasculitis: 11.22 ± 10.78 U/ml (n = 40) and p-ANCA vasculitis: 12.65 ± 14.59 U/ml (n = 16). The mean AT1R antibodies level was higher in patients with lupus nephropathy and systemic vasculitis compared to glomerulonephritis groups. An inverse statistically significant correlation between AT1R antibodies and serum albumin (r = − 0.51) in membranous nephropathy group was also found. Prospective analysis of creatinine levels indicated an increase of creatinine levels during time among patients with higher AT1R antibodies levels in p-ANCA vasculitis. Lupus nephropathy and systemic vasculitis patients may have high levels of AT1R antibodies. AT1R antibodies may be associated with the severity of membranous nephropathy and the course of p-ANCA vasculitis, although influence of concomitant factors is difficult to exclude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szymczak
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Marcelina Żabińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagna Rukasz
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wiśnicki
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Banasik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Irazabal MV, Torres VE. Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061342. [PMID: 32481548 PMCID: PMC7349188 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a worldwide public health problem associated with serious complications and increased mortality rates. Accumulating evidence indicates that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of CKD. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. On the other hand, ROS are also important secondary messengers in cellular signaling. Consequently, normal kidney cell function relies on the "right" amount of ROS. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases represent major sources of ROS in the kidney, but renal antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase counterbalance ROS-mediated injury. This review discusses the main sources of ROS and antioxidant systems in the kidney, and redox signaling pathways leading to inflammation and fibrosis, which result in abnormal kidney function and CKD progression. We further discuss the important role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating antioxidant responses, and other mechanisms of redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Irazabal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(507)-293-6388; Fax: +1-(507)-266-9315
| | - Vicente E. Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Wu L, Yang M, Feng X, Jin L, Wu C, Cui S, Zhou Z, Zhong X, Shi M, Yang Z, Cao W. Urinary angiotensinogen: an indicator of active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:838-847. [PMID: 29733413 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major challenges in improving the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN) is the lack of a disease-specific indicator for histological lesions and disease activity. Here we tested the utility of urinary angiotensinogen (UAGT) as a biomarker of renal disease activity in ANCA-GN. METHODS A prospective, two-stage cohort study was performed in ANCA-GN patients. In Stage I, UAGT was measured at the time of renal biopsy in 69 patients from two centers (test set) and 25 patients from two other centers (validation set). In Stage II, UAGT was monitored in 50 subjects in the test set for 24 months. RESULTS In Stage I, UAGT significantly increased in ANCA-GN patients, correlating well with cellular crescents formation and active interstitial inflammation. Patients with crescentic ANCA-GN exhibited the highest UAGT compared with other histopathological classes of ANCA-GN. After multivariable adjustment, the highest quartile of UAGT, compared with the lowest quartile, associated with a 6-fold increased risk of crescentic ANCA-GN. For predicting crescentic ANCA-GN, UAGT [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) = 0.88] outperformed albuminuria (AUC = 0.73) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (AUC = 0.69). UAGT improved the performance of those clinical markers in diagnosing crescentic ANCA-GN (P < 0.034), suggesting a role of UAGT in identifying active crescentic ANCA-GN. In Stage II, UAGT decreased after immunotherapy and increased at the time of renal relapse during the 2-year follow-up, suggesting the usefulness of UAGT to monitor disease activity over time. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the potential use of UAGT for assessing disease activity and renal relapse in ANCA-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqiu Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Guangzhou Development District Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingwei Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Division of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanmei Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Fang Q, Jin Y, Liu Z, Zou C, Yu W, Li W, Shan X, Chen R, Khan Z, Liang G. Blockade of myeloid differentiation 2 attenuates diabetic nephropathy by reducing activation of the renin-angiotensin system in mouse kidneys. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2642-2657. [PMID: 30959575 PMCID: PMC6592858 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Both innate immunity and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) is a co-receptor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in innate immunity. While TLR4 is involved in the development of DN, the role of MD2 in DN has not been characterized. It also remains unclear whether the MD2/TLR4 signalling pathway is associated with RAS activation in diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH MD2 was blocked using siRNA or the low MW inhibitor, L6H9, in renal proximal tubular cells (NRK-52E cells) exposed to high concentrations of glucose (HG). In vivo, C57BL/6 and MD2-/- mice were injected with streptozotocin to induce Type 1 diabetes and nephropathy. KEY RESULTS Inhibition of MD2 by genetic knockdown or the inhibitor L6H9 suppressed HG-induced expression of ACE and angiotensin receptors and production of angiotensin II in NRK-52E cells, along with decreased fibrosis markers (TGF-β and collagen IV). Inhibition of the MD2/TLR4-MAPKs pathway did not affect HG-induced renin overproduction. In vivo, using the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, MD2 was overexpressed in diabetic kidney. MD2 gene knockout or L6H9 attenuated renal fibrosis and dysfunction by suppressing local RAS activation and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hyperglycaemia activated the MD2/TLR4-MAPKs signalling cascade to induce renal RAS activation, leading to renal fibrosis and dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of MD2 may be considered as a therapeutic approach to mitigate DN and the low MW inhibitor L6H9 could be a candidate for such therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chalcone/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/chemically induced
- Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Nephropathies/immunology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/immunology
- Lymphocyte Antigen 96/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphocyte Antigen 96/deficiency
- Lymphocyte Antigen 96/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Renin-Angiotensin System/immunology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qilu Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yiyi Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhoudi Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chunpeng Zou
- The Second Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Weihui Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Yueqing HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Weixin Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- The Second Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ruijie Chen
- The Second Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zia Khan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
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Li Q, Tu J, Zhou B. The tannins from Punica granatum L, natural regulator of TGF-β1/Smad signaling activity improves nephrectomy and adriamycin induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in vivo. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:16-36. [PMID: 29909119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects more than 10% of world population and for which treatment options are limited. Renal fibrosis is defined by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which disrupts and replaces the functional parenchyma that leads to organ failure. Kidney's histological structure can be divided into three main compartments, all of which can be affected by fibrosis, specifically termed glomerulosclerosis in glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis in tubulointerstitium and arteriosclerosis and perivascular fibrosis in vasculature. In this review, we summarized the different appearance, cellular origin and major emerging processes and mediators of fibrosis in each compartment. We also depicted and discussed the challenges in translation of anti-fibrotic treatment to clinical practice and discuss possible solutions and future directions.
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He KQ, Li WZ, Chai XQ, Yin YY, Jiang Y, Li WP. Astragaloside IV prevents kidney injury caused by iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia in a streptozotocin‑induced diabetic rat model. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1078-1088. [PMID: 29207011 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are able to manage their blood glucose with exogenous insulin but, ultimately, remain at risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Long‑term use of insulin may lead to iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia, which has been suggested to cause kidney injury. However, there are no effective interventions for iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia leading to kidney damage. In the present paper, the hypothesis that astragaloside IV (AS‑IV), a novel saponin purified from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bunge, may prevent DN in iatrogenic hyperinsulinemic diabetic rats through antioxidative and anti‑inflammatory mechanisms was investigated. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection in rats. At 1 week following STZ injection, the diabetic rats were treated with Levemir subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Diabetic rat insulin levels >30 µU/ml were considered as iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia. Rats were divided into six groups (n=8 per group): Iatrogenic hyperinsulinemic rats, and iatrogenic hyperinsulinemic rats treated with Tempol and AS‑IV at 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day, intragastric infusion, for 12 weeks. The normal rats were used as a non‑diabetic control group. AS‑IV ameliorated albuminuria, mesangial cell proliferation, basement membrane thickening and podocyte foot process effacement in iatrogenic hyperinsulinemic rats. In iatrogenic hyperinsulinemic rat renal tissues, malondialdehyde, interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β), tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), type IV collagen and laminin levels were increased, whereas glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity levels were decreased. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 expression and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation were upregulated, and canonical transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) protein expression was downregulated. However, all these abnormalities were attenuated by AS‑IV. These findings suggested that AS‑IV prevented rat kidney injury caused by iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia by inhibiting oxidative stress, IL‑1β and TNF‑α overproduction, downregulating ERK1/2 activation, and upregulating TRPC6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qiang He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Urushihara M, Kagami S. Role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the progression of renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1471-1479. [PMID: 27380400 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has many well-documented pathophysiologic functions in both blood pressure regulation and renal disease development. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the major bioactive product of the RAS. It induces inflammation, renal cell growth, mitogenesis, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation. In addition, Ang II regulates the gene expression of bioactive substances and activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in renal damage. Activation of the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor pathway results in the production of proinflammatory mediators, intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species, cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which in turn facilities renal injury. Involvement of angiotensinogen (AGT) in intrarenal RAS activation and development of renal disease has previously been reported. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that the urinary excretion rates of AGT provide a specific index of the intrarenal RAS status. Enhanced intrarenal AGT levels have been observed in experimental models of renal disease, supporting the concept that AGT plays an important role in the development and progression of renal disease. In this review, we focus on the role of intrarenal RAS activation in the pathophysiology of renal disease. Additionally, we explored the potential of urinary AGT as a novel biomarker of intrarenal RAS status in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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11
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Angiotensin II induces calcium/calcineurin signaling and podocyte injury by downregulating microRNA-30 family members. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:887-898. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Nagai T, Urushihara M, Kinoshita Y, Jamba A, Kondo S, Kagami S. Differential regulation of angiotensin II-induced extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 and -5 in progressive glomerulonephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21:950-958. [PMID: 26624246 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and ERK5 are key kinases of the signalling pathways involved in various cellular responses to kidney injury; however, the mechanistic links between those kinase and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activations in glomerulonephritis (GN) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to clarify the potential roles of ERK1/2 and ERK5 via RAS activation in the pathogenesis of GN. METHODS A rat model of progressive GN was induced by anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) injection and the signal transduction pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced glomerular pathologic alterations were investigated in primary cultured mesangial cells (MCs). RESULTS Rats developed typical cellular crescents in glomeruli on day 7 that progressed to severe fibrocellular crescents and glomerulosclerosis on day 28. Strong expression of phospho-ERK1/2 was observed on day 7 and phospho-ERK5 expression was markedly increased on day 28 of GN. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) suppressed those augmentations. Moreover, ARB treatment attenuated the increases in macrophage infiltration and PCNA-positive cells observed on day 7 in GN rats, as well as the increase in collagen type 1 expression on day 28. Consistently, MCs stimulated by Ang II showed significant increases in proliferation and the expression of MCP-1 and collagen type 1. Interestingly, while the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 abolished the elevations in MCP-1 expression and cell proliferation, the ERK5 inhibitor BIX02189 abrogated the elevation in collagen type 1 expression. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data suggest that ERK1/2 regulates acute inflammatory reactions, while ERK5 promotes the development of RAS-induced chronic glomerular fibrosis activation in GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ariunbold Jamba
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Matsuki-Muramoto Y, Nozawa K, Uomori K, Sekigawa I, Takasaki Y. Bortezomib treatment prevents glomerulosclerosis associated with lupus nephritis in a murine model through suppressive effects on the immune and renin-angiotensin systems. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 27:77-86. [PMID: 27166507 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2016.1170957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the mechanisms underlying lupus nephritis (LN) amelioration following bortezomib treatment. METHODS Bortezomib was administered subcutaneously every 3 days to NZB/W F1 mice, and the serum anti-double stranded (ds) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) antibody titers and proteinuria levels were measured. The renal samples and the splenocytes were examined histologically or used for real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis after 18 weeks of treatment. Serum cytokine and anti-dsDNA antibody levels were measured using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunoassays every 3 weeks. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R), and type I collagen expression levels in the glomeruli were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Bortezomib reduced the serum anti-dsDNA antibody titers and the proteinuria levels. It prevented inflammatory cell infiltrations into and the deposition of immunoglobulin G within the glomeruli. Bortezomib reduced the interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 levels in the serum and the ribonucleic acid expression levels for these cytokines within the splenocytes. Bortezomib prevented type I collagen synthesis by downregulating TGF-β and AT1R expression in the glomeruli. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib exerts multiple immunosuppressive effects and thus ameliorates LN. Furthermore, bortezomib can prevent glomerulosclerosis formation in NZB/W F1 mice through suppressive effects on the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matsuki-Muramoto
- a Department of Rheumatology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nozawa
- a Department of Rheumatology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kaori Uomori
- a Department of Rheumatology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Iwao Sekigawa
- b Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology , Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital , Chiba , Japan , and.,c Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- a Department of Rheumatology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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Rizzo P, Novelli R, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme promotes renal repair by modulating progenitor cell activation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:16-22. [PMID: 27095084 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Independently of the initial insult, activation and accumulation of parietal progenitor cells within the Bowman's space is a peculiar feature of proliferative chronic kidney diseases. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrated that, in the presence of extensive renal damage, progenitor cells proliferate excessively in the failed attempt to replace the injured podocytes, contributing to the development of crescentic lesions. Inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) halts crescent formation and promotes the restoration of normal glomerular architecture by limiting progenitor cell proliferation and migration towards the glomerular tuft. Among the mediators involved in the dysregulated response of renal precursors, the angiotensin II (ang II)/ang II type-1 (AT1) receptor/CXCR4 pathway have been demonstrated to be crucial in proliferative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of crescentic lesions could be instrumental to developing new therapies, which can be more effective and more targeted to molecular mediators than the currently used cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzo
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rubina Novelli
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Since the first demonstration of Nox enzyme expression in the kidney in the early 1990s and the subsequent identification of Nox4, or RENOX, a decade later, it has become apparent that the Nox family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating enzymes plays an integral role in the normal physiological function of the kidney. As our knowledge of Nox expression patterns and functions in various structures and specialized cell types within the kidney grows, so does the realization that Nox-derived oxidative stress contributes significantly to a wide variety of renal pathologies through their ability to modify lipids and proteins, damage DNA and activate transcriptional programmes. Diverse studies demonstrate key roles for Nox-derived ROS in kidney fibrosis, particularly in settings of chronic renal disease such as diabetic nephropathy. As the most abundant Nox family member in the kidney, much emphasis has been placed on the role of Nox4 in this setting. However, an ever growing body of work continues to uncover key roles for other Nox family members, not only in diabetic kidney disease, but in a diverse array of renal pathological conditions. The objective of the present review is to highlight the latest novel developments in renal Nox biology with an emphasis not only on diabetic nephropathy but many of the other renal disease contexts where oxidative stress is implicated.
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Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 regulates mesangial cell proliferation in proliferative glomerulonephritis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122773. [PMID: 25835392 PMCID: PMC4383376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) is a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-inducible focal adhesion protein. We previously demonstrated that Hic-5 was localized in mesangial cells and its expression was associated with glomerular cell proliferation and matrix expansion in human and rat glomerulonephritis (GN). In the present study, we first assessed the role of Hic-5 in mesangioproliferative GN by injecting Habu venom into heminephrectomized wild type (Hic-5+/+) and Hic-5-deficient (Hic-5-/-) mice. Hic-5+/+ GN mice exhibited glomerular cell proliferation on day 7. Surprisingly, glomerular cell number and Ki-67-positive cells in Hic-5-/- GN mice were significantly greater than those in Hic-5+/+ GN mice on day 7, although the number of glomerular apoptotic cells and the expression of growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor-BB and TGF-β1) and their receptors were similarly increased in both Hic-5+/+ and Hic-5-/- GN mice. In culture experiments, proliferation assays showed that platelet-derived growth factor-BB and TGF-β1 enhanced the proliferation of Hic-5-/- mesangial cells compared with Hic-5+/+ mesangial cells. In addition, mitogenic regulation by Hic-5 was associated with altered and coordinated expression of cell cycle-related proteins including cyclin D1 and p21. The present results suggest that Hic-5 might regulate mesangial cell proliferation in proliferative GN in mice. In conclusion, modulation of Hic-5 expression might have a potential to prevent mesangial cell proliferation in the acute mitogenic phase of glomerulonephritis.
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New insights into glomerular parietal epithelial cell activation and its signaling pathways in glomerular diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:318935. [PMID: 25866774 PMCID: PMC4383425 DOI: 10.1155/2015/318935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) have aroused an increasing attention recently. The proliferation of PECs is the main feature of crescentic glomerulonephritis; besides that, in the past decade, PEC activation has been identified in several types of noninflammatory glomerulonephropathies, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic glomerulopathy, and membranous nephropathy. The pathogenesis of PEC activation is poorly understood; however, a few studies delicately elucidate the potential mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in these processes. In this review we will focus on the latest observations and concepts about PEC activation in glomerular diseases and the newest identified signaling pathways in PEC activation.
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Morsy MA, Heeba GH, Mahmoud ME. Ameliorative effect of eprosartan on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced early diabetic nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 750:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Moodley K, Naidoo Y, Mackraj I. Effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) rhizome methanolic extract on kidney function and morphology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1194-1203. [PMID: 25017374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) activity. It could, therefore, prove beneficial in ameliorating renal pathology associated with hypertension. To evaluate the effects of long-term administration of Tulbaghia violacea on renal function and morphology in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male DSS rats were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) as follows: methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.), captopril: (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.), or distilled water, control: (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.). Blood pressure (BP) was measured bi-weekly, whilst 24-h urine volumes and electrolyte concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for determination of plasma and serum electrolytes. Left kidney tissues were harvested for the determination of nuclear factor-kappaβ (NF-kβ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions. RESULTS TVL significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). TVL showed reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein in urine as well as increased serum total protein. TVL decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. NF-kβ and TGF-β) gene expressions were significantly reduced in TVL and CAP treated rats. Moreover, renal morphology improved significantly in TVL and CAP treated animals. CONCLUSION TVL and CAP demonstrated marked improvement in renal function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kogi Moodley
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Department of Biology, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Hye Khan MA, Neckář J, Haines J, Imig JD. Azilsartan improves glycemic status and reduces kidney damage in zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1087-95. [PMID: 24598210 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M), an angiotensin II receptor blocker, demonstrates antihypertensive and organ protective effects in hypertension. We investigated the efficacy of AZL-M to ameliorate metabolic syndrome and kidney damage associated with type 2 diabetes using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS ZDF rats were treated with vehicle or AZL-M for 8 weeks. Zucker diabetic lean (ZDL) rats were used as controls. Urine and plasma samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and kidney tissues were used for histopathological and immunohistopathological examination at the end of the 8-week protocol. RESULTS ZDF rats were diabetic with hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, and AZL-M ameliorated the diabetic phenotype. ZDF rats were hypertensive compared with ZDL rats (181±6 vs. 129±7mm Hg), and AZL-M decreased blood pressure in ZDF rats (116±7mm Hg). In ZDF rats, there was marked renal damage with elevated proteinuria, albuminuria, nephrinuria, 2-4-fold higher tubular cast formation, and glomerular injury compared with ZDL rats. AZL-M treatment reduced renal damage in ZDF rats. ZDF rats demonstrated renal inflammation and oxidative stress with elevated urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 excretion, renal infiltration of macrophages, and elevated kidney malondialdehyde levels. AZL-M reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in ZDF rats. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we demonstrate that AZL-M attenuates kidney damage in type 2 diabetes. We further demonstrate that anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of AZL-M contribute to its kidney protective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jan Neckář
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jasmine Haines
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Rizzo P, Perico N, Gagliardini E, Novelli R, Alison MR, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Nature and mediators of parietal epithelial cell activation in glomerulonephritides of human and rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1769-1778. [PMID: 24095923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bowman's capsule parietal epithelial cell activation occurs in several human proliferative glomerulonephritides. The cellular composition of the resulting hyperplastic lesions is controversial, although a population of CD133(+)CD24(+) progenitor cells has been proposed to be a major constituent. Mediator(s) involved in proliferation and migration of progenitor cells into the Bowman's space have been poorly explored. In a series of 36 renal biopsies of patients with proliferative and nonproliferative glomerulopathies, dysregulated CD133(+)CD24(+) progenitor cells of the Bowman's capsule invade the glomerular tuft exclusively in proliferative disorders. Up-regulation of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor on progenitor cells was accompanied by high expression of its ligand, SDF-1, in podocytes. Parietal epithelial cell proliferation might be sustained by increased expression of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type-1 (AT1) receptor. Similar changes of CXCR4, SDF-1, and AT1 receptor expression were found in Munich Wistar Frömter rats with proliferative glomerulonephritis. Moreover, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor normalized CXCR4 and AT1 receptor expression on progenitors concomitant with regression of crescentic lesions in a patient with crescentic glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that glomerular hyperplastic lesions derive from the proliferation and migration of renal progenitors in response to injured podocytes. The Ang II/AT1 receptor pathway may participate, together with SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, to the dysregulated response of renal precursors. Thus, targeting the Ang II/AT1 receptor/CXCR4 pathways may be beneficial in severe forms of glomerular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzo
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Norberto Perico
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Gagliardini
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rubina Novelli
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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Involvement of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in experimental models of glomerulonephritis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:601786. [PMID: 22811597 PMCID: PMC3395438 DOI: 10.1155/2012/601786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has several pathophysiologic functions not only in blood pressure regulation but also in the development of glomerulonephritis (GN). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the biologically active product of the RAS. Locally produced Ang II induces inflammation, renal cell growth, mitogenesis, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation, regulates the gene expression of bioactive substances, and activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, leading to tissue damage. Activation of the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor pathway results in the production of proinflammatory mediators, cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which facilitates glomerular injury. Previous studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or AT1 receptor blockers have beneficial effects in experimental GN models and humans with various types of GN, and that these effects are more significant than their suppressive effects on blood pressure. In this paper, we focus on intrarenal RAS activation in the pathophysiology of experimental models of GN.
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Kagami S. Involvement of glomerular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation in the development and progression of glomerular injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16:214-20. [PMID: 22134870 PMCID: PMC3328682 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a paradigm shift away from an emphasis on the role of the endocrine (circulating) renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of the sodium and extracellular fluid balance, blood pressure, and the pathophysiology of hypertensive organ damage toward a focus on the role of tissue RAS found in many organs, including kidney. A tissue RAS implies that RAS components necessary for the production of angiotensin II (Ang II) reside within the tissue and its production is regulated within the tissue, independent of the circulating RAS. Locally produced Ang II plays a role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue fibrosis. Both glomerular and tubular compartments of the kidney have the characteristics of a tissue RAS. The purpose of this article is to review the recent advances in tissue RAS research with a particular focus on the role of the glomerular RAS in the progression of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho-3-chome, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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