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Zhu S, Wu Z, Wang W, Wei L, Zhou H. A revisit of drugs and potential therapeutic targets against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: learning from clinical trials. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:761-776. [PMID: 37839037 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, with a worldwide prevalence of 25%. Although numerous clinical trials have been conducted over the last few decades, an effective treatment has not been approved yet. Extensive research has accumulated a large amount of data and experience; however, the vast number of clinical trials and new therapeutic targets for NAFLD make it impossible to keep abreast of the relevant information. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the existing trials is necessary. METHODS Here, we reviewed clinical trials on NAFLD registered in the mandated federal database, ClinicalTrials.gov, to generate a detailed overview of the trials related to drugs and therapeutic targets for NAFLD treatment. Following screening for pertinence to therapy, a total of 440 entries were identified that included active trials as well as those that have already been completed, suspended, terminated, or withdrawn. RESULTS We summarize and systematically analyze the state, drug development pipeline, and discovery of treatment targets for NAFLD. We consider possible factors that may affect clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we discussed these results to explore the mechanisms responsible for clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION We summarised the landscape of current clinical trials and suggested the directions for future NAFLD therapy to assist internal medicine specialists in treating the whole clinical spectrum of this highly prevalent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Z Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - W Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - L Wei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - H Zhou
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Yu Q, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Sun Y, Zhang X, Guo L, Zhang Y, Yu B, Guo M, Wang Y, Li H, Suo Y, Jiang X, Song L. Buyang Huanwu Decoction Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Regulating gut Microbiome and Metabolites in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice fed with High-fat Diet. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2024; 67:88-102. [PMID: 38780293 DOI: 10.4103/ejpi.ejpi-d-23-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The traditional Chinese herbal prescription Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), effectively treats atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of BHD in atherosclerosis remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether BHD could alleviate atherosclerosis by altering the microbiome-associated metabolic changes in atherosclerotic mice. An atherosclerotic model was established in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed high-fat diet, and BHD was administered through gavage for 12 weeks at 8.4 g/kg/d and 16.8 g/kg/d. The atherosclerotic plaque size, composition, serum lipid profile, and inflammatory cytokines, were assessed. Mechanistically, metabolomic and microbiota profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Furthermore, intestinal microbiota and atherosclerosis-related metabolic parameters were correlated using Spearman analysis. Atherosclerotic mice treated with BHD exhibited reduced plaque area, aortic lumen occlusion, and lipid accumulation in the aortic root. Nine perturbed serum metabolites were significantly restored along with the relative abundance of microbiota at the family and genus levels but not at the phylum level. Gut microbiome improvement was strongly negatively correlated with improved metabolite levels. BHD treatment effectively slows the progression of atherosclerosis by regulating altered intestinal microbiota and perturbed metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- Oncology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Sun
- School of Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Huhu Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Suo
- Oncology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
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Wang Y, Zhang T, Nie L, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu Q, Dong L, Hu Y, Zhang B, Wang S. Digestibility of Malondialdehyde-Induced Dietary Advanced Lipoxidation End Products and Their Effects on Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37390008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) are formed by modifying proteins with lipid oxidation products. The health effects of ALEs formed in vivo have been extensively studied. However, the digestibility, safety, and health risk of ALEs in heat-processed foods remain unclear. This investigation was performed to determine the structure, digestibility, and effect on the mice liver of dietary ALEs. The results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) was able to alter the structure of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) to form linear, loop, and cross-linked types of Schiff bases and dihydropyridine derivatives under simulated heat processing, leading to the intra- and intermolecular aggregation of MPs and, thus, reducing the digestibility of MPs. In addition, dietary ALE intake resulted in abnormal liver function and lipid accumulation in mice. The core reason for these adverse effects was the destructive effect of ALEs on the intestinal barrier. Because the damage to the intestinal barrier leads to an increase in lipopolysaccharide levels in the liver, it induces liver damage by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianchang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Linqing Nie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisijing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Aljahdali BA, Bajaber AS, Al-Nouri DM, Al-Khalifah AS, Arzoo S, Alasmari AA. The Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndromes in Diet-Induced Rodent Models. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1336. [PMID: 37374119 DOI: 10.3390/life13061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary macronutrients are essential for metabolic regulation and insulin function. The present study examined the effects of different high-fat diets (HFDs) and high-carbohydrate diets (HCDs) on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome indices in healthy adult male Wistar albino rats. Forty-two rats were distributed into six groups (n = 7), which were fed the following for 22 weeks: (1) a control diet; (2) a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (HCD-LFD); (3) high-saturated-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (HSF-LCD); (4) a high-monounsaturated-fat diet (HMUSF); (5) a high medium-chain fat diet (HMCF); and a (6) a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet (HCHF). In comparison to the control, the body weight increased in all the groups. The HSF-LCD group showed the highest levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, hepatic enzyme, insulin resistance, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance. A liver histology analysis of the HSF-LCD group showed macrovesicular hepatic steatosis associated with large hepatic vacuolation. Additionally, it showed marked periportal fibrosis, especially around the blood vessels and blood capillaries. The lowest levels of fasting glycemia, insulin, and HOMA-IR were observed in the HCHF group. In conclusion, these findings show that dietary saturated fat and cholesterol are principal components in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats, while fiber showed the greatest improvement in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Abdulhafid Aljahdali
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Salem Bajaber
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doha M Al-Nouri
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Saleh Al-Khalifah
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaista Arzoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Abdullah Alasmari
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1495, Saudi Arabia
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Fructooligosaccharides attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by remodeling gut microbiota and association with lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114300. [PMID: 36696803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease highly associated with metabolic diseases and gut dysbiosis. Several clinical trials have confirmed that fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are a viable alternative treatment for NAFLD. However, the mechanisms underlying the activities of FOSs remain unclear. METHODS In this study, the effects of FOSs were investigated with the use of two C57BL/6 J mouse models of NAFLD induced by a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, respectively. The measured metabolic parameters included body, fat, and liver weights; and blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and serum levels of glutamate transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and triglycerides. Liver tissues were collected for histological analysis. In addition, 16 S rRNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the effects of FOSs on the composition of the gut microbiota of mice in the HFHC and MCD groups and treated with FOSs. RESULTS FOS treatment attenuated severe metabolic changes and hepatic steatosis caused by the HFHC and MCD diets. In addition, FOSs remodeled the structure of gut microbiota in mice fed the HFHC and MCD diets, as demonstrated by increased abundances of Bacteroidetes (phylum level), Klebsiella variicola, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Clostridium perfringens (species level); and decreased abundances of Verrucomicrobia (phylum level) and the Fissicatena group (genus level). Moreover, the expression levels of genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammation (i.e., ACC1, PPARγ, CD36, MTTP, APOC3, IL-6, and IL-1β) were down-regulated after FOS treatment. CONCLUSION FOSs alleviated the pathological phenotype of NAFLD via remodeling of the gut microbiota composition and decreasing hepatic lipid metabolism, suggesting that FOSs as functional dietary supplements can potentially reduce the risk of NAFLD.
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The Effects of Probiotics on Small Intestinal Microbiota Composition, Inflammatory Cytokines and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020640. [PMID: 36831176 PMCID: PMC9953317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has soared globally. As our understanding of the disease grows, the role of the gut-liver axis (GLA) in NAFLD pathophysiology becomes more apparent. Hence, we focused mainly on the small intestinal area to explore the role of GLA. We looked at how multi-strain probiotics (MCP® BCMC® strains) containing six different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species affected the small intestinal gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and permeability in NAFLD patients. After six months of supplementation, biochemical blood analysis did not show any discernible alterations in either group. Five predominant phyla known as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Fusobacteria were found in NAFLD patients. The probiotics group demonstrated a significant cluster formation of microbiota composition through beta-diversity analysis (p < 0.05). This group significantly reduced three unclassifiable species: unclassified_Proteobacteria, unclassified_Streptococcus, and unclassified_Stenotrophomonas. In contrast, the placebo group showed a significant increase in Prevotella_melaninogenica and Rothia_mucilaginosa, which were classified as pathogens. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of small intestinal mucosal inflammatory cytokines revealed a significant decrease in IFN-γ (-7.9 ± 0.44, p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (-0.96 ± 0.25, p < 0.0033) in the probiotics group but an increase in IL-6 (12.79 ± 2.24, p < 0.0001). In terms of small intestinal permeability analysis, the probiotics group, unfortunately, did not show any positive changes through ELISA analysis. Both probiotics and placebo groups exhibited a significant increase in the level of circulating zonulin (probiotics: 107.6 ng/mL ± 124.7, p = 0.005 vs. placebo: 106.9 ng/mL ± 101.3, p = 0.0002) and a significant decrease in circulating zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) (probiotics: -34.51 ng/mL ± 18.38, p < 0.0001 vs. placebo: -33.34 ng/mL ± 16.62, p = 0.0001). The consumption of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium suggested the presence of a well-balanced gut microbiota composition. Probiotic supplementation improves dysbiosis in NAFLD patients. This eventually stabilised the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucosal immune function. To summarise, more research on probiotic supplementation as a supplement to a healthy diet and lifestyle is required to address NAFLD and its underlying causes.
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Xu Y, Huang X, Huangfu B, Hu Y, Xu J, Gao R, Huang K, He X. Sulforaphane Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet via LPS/TLR4 in the Gut-Liver Axis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030743. [PMID: 36771448 PMCID: PMC9920698 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis has emerged as a key player in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sulforaphane (SFN) is a bioactive compound found in cruciferous vegetables; however, it has not been reported whether SFN improves NAFLD via the gut-liver axis. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHFr) diet, with or without SFN gavage at doses of 15 and 30 mg·kg-1 body weight for 12 weeks. The results showed that SFN reduced weight gain, hepatic inflammation, and steatosis in HFHFr mice. SFN altered the composition of gut microbes. Moreover, SFN enhanced the intestinal tight junction protein ZO-1, reduced serum LPS, and inhibited LPS/TLR4 and ERS pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation. As a result, SFN protected the intestinal integrity and declined the gut-derived LPS translocations to the liver in HFHFr diet-induced mice. SFN decreased the liver LPS levels and inhibited the LPS/TLR4 pathway activations, thus inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the protective effect of SFN on intestinal barrier integrity and its anti-inflammatory effect on the liver was associated with improved intestinal dysbiosis. Above all, dietary intervention with SFN attenuates NAFLD through the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xianghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Henan Shuanghui Investment and Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanzhou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R. China, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R. China, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu Z, Huang H, Xie J, Xu C. Dietary Patterns and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with NAFLD: A Prospective Analysis of 128,695 UK Biobank Participants. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020271. [PMID: 36678145 PMCID: PMC9862257 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Large longitudinal studies exploring the role of dietary patterns in the assessment of long-term outcomes of NAFLD are still lacking. We conducted a prospective analysis of 128,695 UK Biobank participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk associated with two dietary patterns for long-term outcomes of NAFLD. During a median follow-up of 12.5 years, 1925 cases of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and 12,466 deaths occurred in patients with NAFLD. Compared with patients in the lowest quintile, those in the highest quintile of the diet quality score was negatively associated with the risks of ESLD and all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66−0.87, p < 0.001; HRQ5vsQ1: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79−0.88, p < 0.001, respectively). NAFLD patients with high-quality carbohydrate patterns carried a 0.74-fold risk of ESLD and a 0.86-fold risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65−0.86, p < 0.001; HRQ5vsQ1: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82−0.91, p < 0.001, respectively). For prudent dietary patterns rich in vegetables, fruits and fish, the adjusted HR Q5vsQ1 (95% CI) was 0.87 (0.76−0.99) and 0.94 (0.89−0.99) for ESLD and all-cause mortality of NAFLD patients. There was a U-shaped association between the meat-rich dietary pattern and all-cause mortality in patients with NAFLD. These findings suggest that a diet characterized by a high-quality, high intake of vegetables, fruits, fish and whole grains as well as an appropriate intake of meat, was associated with a lower risk of adverse outcomes of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence:
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Tourkochristou E, Assimakopoulos SF, Thomopoulos K, Marangos M, Triantos C. NAFLD and HBV interplay - related mechanisms underlying liver disease progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965548. [PMID: 36544761 PMCID: PMC9760931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) constitute common chronic liver diseases with worldwide distribution. NAFLD burden is expected to grow in the coming decade, especially in western countries, considering the increased incidence of diabetes and obesity. Despite the organized HBV vaccinations and use of anti-viral therapies globally, HBV infection remains endemic and challenging public health issue. As both NAFLD and HBV have been associated with the development of progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the co-occurrence of both diseases has gained great research and clinical interest. The causative relationship between NAFLD and HBV infection has not been elucidated so far. Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and lipotoxicity in NAFLD disease seems to initiate activation of signaling pathways that enhance pro-inflammatory responses and disrupt hepatocyte cell homeostasis, promoting progression of NAFLD disease to NASH, fibrosis and HCC and can affect HBV replication and immune encountering of HBV virus, which may further have impact on liver disease progression. Chronic HBV infection is suggested to have an influence on metabolic changes, which could lead to NAFLD development and the HBV-induced inflammatory responses and molecular pathways may constitute an aggravating factor in hepatic steatosis development. The observed altered immune homeostasis in both HBV infection and NAFLD could be associated with progression to HCC development. Elucidation of the possible mechanisms beyond HBV chronic infection and NAFLD diseases, which could lead to advanced liver disease or increase the risk for severe complications, in the case of HBV-NAFLD co-existence is of high clinical significance in the context of designing effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece,*Correspondence: Stelios F. Assimakopoulos,
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Polysaccharide from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Attenuates the Progress of Obesity-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Modulating Intestinal Microbiota-Related Gut–Liver Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810620. [PMID: 36142520 PMCID: PMC9505563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, thus treatments for it have attracted lots of interest. In this study, the Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (SMRR) polysaccharide was isolated by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, and then purified by DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. With a high-fat-diet-induced obesity/NAFLD mouse model, we found that consumption of the SMRR polysaccharide could remarkably reverse obesity and its related progress of NAFLD, including attenuated hepatocellular steatosis, hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. In addition, we also reveal the potential mechanism behind these is that the SMRR polysaccharide could regulate the gut–liver axis by modulating the homeostasis of gut microbiota and thereby improving intestinal function.
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11
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Gravina AG, Romeo M, Pellegrino R, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Loguercio C. Just Drink a Glass of Water? Effects of Bicarbonate–Sulfate–Calcium–Magnesium Water on the Gut–Liver Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869446. [PMID: 35837275 PMCID: PMC9274271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fonte Essenziale® water is a bicarbonate–sulfate–calcium–magnesium water, low in sodium, recognized by the Italian health care system in hydropinotherapy and hepatobiliary dyspepsia therapy. We wanted to explore its effects on the gut–liver axis and microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Patients and Methods: We considered enrollment for 70 patients, of which four were excluded. We finally enrolled 55 patients with ultrasound-documented steatosis (SPs+) and 11 patients without it (SPs−). They then drank 400 ml of water for 6 months in the morning on an empty stomach. Routine hematochemical and metabolic parameters, oxidative stress parameters, gastrointestinal hormone levels, and fecal parameters of the gut microbiota were evaluated at three different assessment times, at baseline (T0), after 6 months (T6), and after a further 6 months of water washout (T12). We lost, in follow-up, 4 (T6) and 22 (T12) patients. Results: Between T0–T6, we observed a significant Futuin A and Selenoprotein A decrease and a GLP-1 and PYY increase in SPs+ and the same for Futuin A and GLP-1 in SPs−. Effects were lost at T12. In SPs+, between T0–T12 and T6–12, a significant reduction in Blautia was observed; between T0–T12, a reduction of Collinsella unc. was observed; and between T0–T12 and T6–12, an increase in Subdoligranulum and Dorea was observed. None of the bacterial strains we analyzed varied significantly in the SPs− population. Conclusion: These results indicate beneficial effects of water on gastrointestinal hormones and hence on the gut–liver axis in the period in which subjects drank water both in SPs− and in SPs+.
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The Role of Insulin Resistance in Fueling NAFLD Pathogenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133649. [PMID: 35806934 PMCID: PMC9267803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a predominant hepatopathy that is rapidly becoming the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The close association with metabolic syndrome’s extrahepatic components has suggested the nature of the systemic metabolic-related disorder based on the interplay between genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors, creating a complex network of yet-unclarified pathogenetic mechanisms in which the role of insulin resistance (IR) could be crucial. This review detailed the clinical and pathogenetic evidence involved in the NAFLD–IR relationship, presenting both the classic and more innovative models. In particular, we focused on the reciprocal effects of IR, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation on insulin-sensitivity disruption in critical regions such as the hepatic and the adipose tissue, while considering the impact of genetics/epigenetics on the regulation of IR mechanisms as well as nutrients on specific insulin-related gene expression (nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics). In addition, we discussed the emerging capability of the gut microbiota to interfere with physiological signaling of the hormonal pathways responsible for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and by inducing an abnormal activation of the immune system. The translation of these novel findings into clinical practice could promote the expansion of accurate diagnostic/prognostic stratification tools and tailored pharmacological approaches.
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13
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Zhang S, Wu Z, Shi L, Yan S, Huang Z, Lu B, Wang Z, Ji L. 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside ameliorates NAFLD via attenuating hepatic steatosis through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction dependent on SIRT5. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153994. [PMID: 35220131 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming more and more common in clinic in the world, and the study on its mechanism and treatment strategy has already been a research hotspot. Natural chemical compound 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) is isolated from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. that has already been reported to have the lipid-lowering activity. PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to observe the improvement of TSG on methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD in mice and to further elucidate its engaged mechanism. METHODS NAFLD was induced in mice fed by MCD diet for 6 weeks. The accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes was induced by 0.5 mM non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Biochemical parameters in serum or livers from mice were tested. Protein and mRNA expression and stability were measured. Mitochondrial dysfunction was analyzed both in vivo and in vitro. The Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was used to find potential involved key molecules. RESULTS TSG attenuated hepatic parenchymal cells injury, liver inflammatory responses and hepatic fibrosis, and markedly ameliorated liver steatosis in mice from MCD group. In vitro results indicated that TSG reduced the accumulation of cellular lipids in hepatocytes induced by NEFA. TSG reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro. The label-free quantitative proteomic analysis predicted the crucial participation of NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5 (SIRT5). Next experimental results further evidenced that TSG enhanced SIRT5 expression in mitochondria both in vitro and in vivo. The TSG-supplied inhibition on ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes was disappeared after the application of SIRT5 siRNA. TSG increased the expression and enzymatic activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), but this enhance was diminished in hepatocytes transfected with SIRT5 siRNA. Additionally, the TSG-provided inhibition on cellular lipids accumulation was also disappeared in hepatocytes transfected with SIRT5 siRNA. Further results demonstrated that TSG increased SIRT5 expression by regulating its mRNA stability through enhancing the binding of SIRT5 mRNA with serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2), which is an RNA-binding protein (RBP). CONCLUSION TSG attenuated liver steatosis and inhibited NAFLD progression through preventing oxidative stress injury and improving mitochondrial dysfunction, and SIRT5 played a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zeqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shihao Yan
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Patikorn C, Veettil SK, Phisalprapa P, Pham T, Kowdley KV, Chaiyakunapruk N. Horizon scanning of therapeutic modalities for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Hepatol 2022; 24:100315. [PMID: 33515800 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many interventions have been investigated for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study aims to summarize all investigated options to date and review the use of specific endpoints at different stages of ongoing trials of noncirrhotic NASH treatments. Using a horizon scanning approach, evidence were identified including meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and AMED (up to February 2020), recently published RCTs in PubMed (2015-April 2020), RCTs presented at conferences (AASL and EASL, 2015-2020), and ongoing RCTs in ClincalTrials.gov (2015-November 2020). We included 6 meta-analyses of RCTs, 30 published RCTs, 11 conference abstracts, and 62 ongoing RCTs. An evidence map was created to demonstrate the treatment effects of 49 therapeutic modalities for NASH. Only six interventions (6/49, 12.24%) met the histological surrogate endpoints for potential conditional FDA approval. Obeticholic acid is the only therapy demonstrating positive benefits in ≥1-point improvement in fibrosis with no worsening of NASH in a phase 3 trial. The other therapies were all phase 2 studies. ≥1-point improvement in fibrosis with no worsening of NASH was shown in patients treated with cenicriviroc. NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis was shown in patients treated with liraglutide, semaglutide and resmetirom. Lanifibranor achieved both surrogate histological endpoints. Five ongoing RCTs (5/62, 8.06%) will investigate histological progression to cirrhosis, death, or liver-related clinical outcomes. In conclusion, some therapeutic modalities showed promising benefits, but further studies are warranted to find a definite treatment of NASH which prevents progression to cirrhosis and adverse liver outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanthawat Patikorn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sajesh K Veettil
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tuan Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Liver Institute Northwest and Washington State University, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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15
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Li KP, Yuan M, Wu YL, Pineda M, Zhang CM, Chen YF, Chen ZQ, Rong XL, Turnbull JE, Guo J. A high-fat High-fructose Diet Dysregulates the Homeostatic Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiome, Metabolome and Immunity in an Experimental Model of Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100950. [PMID: 35072983 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ample evidence supports the prominent role of gut-liver axis in perpetuating pathological networks of high-fat high-fructose (HFF) diet induced metabolic disorders, however, the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Herein, we aim to present a holistic delineation and scientific explanation for the crosstalk between the gut and liver, including the potential mediators involved in orchestrating the metabolic and immune systems. METHODS An experimental obesity associated metaflammation rat model was induced with a HFF diet. An integrative multi-omics analysis was then performed. Following the clues illustrated by the multi-omics discoveries, putative pathways were subsequently validated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS HFF diet led to obese phenotypes in rats, as well as histopathological changes. Integrated omics analysis showed there existed a strong interdependence among gut microbiota composition, intestinal metabolites and innate immunity regulation in the liver. Some carboxylic acids might contribute to gut-liver communication. Moreover, activation of the hepatic LPS-TLR4 pathway in obesity was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS HFF-intake disturbs gut flora homeostasis. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and innate immune system mediated hepatic metaflammation in obese rats, associated with LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway activation. Moreover, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid and some other organic acids may play a role as messengers in the liver-gut axis. High-fat high-fructose diet (HFF) induces obesity associated chronic inflammation; HFF dysregulates the rat intestinal metabolome and gut microbiota composition; HFF impacts hepatic expression of genes involved in innate immunity; Modulation of gut microbiota composition and innate immunity are connected partly via TLR4 signalling; Small molecular carboxylic acids are potential mediators of gut-liver axis communication in chronic obesity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ping Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong-Lin Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Miguel Pineda
- Institute of infection, immunity & inflammation, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Chu-Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Chen
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Lu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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16
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Torres-Peña JD, Martín-Piedra L, Fuentes-Jiménez F. Statins in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:777131. [PMID: 34901236 PMCID: PMC8652077 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.777131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the primary cause of chronic liver disease. The range is extensive, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, fibrosis, fatty liver, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a condition related to obesity, overweight, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It is a dynamic condition that can regress to isolated steatosis or progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Statins exert anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic, and antifibrotic effects. It has been proposed that these drugs could have a relevant role in NASH. In this review, we provide an overview of current evidence, from mechanisms of statins involved in the modulation of NASH to human trials about the use of statins to treat or attenuate NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Torres-Peña
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Martín-Piedra
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Fuentes-Jiménez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
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17
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De Muynck K, Vanderborght B, Van Vlierberghe H, Devisscher L. The Gut-Liver Axis in Chronic Liver Disease: A Macrophage Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:2959. [PMID: 34831182 PMCID: PMC8616442 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing health concern which accounts for two million deaths per year. Obesity, alcohol overconsumption, and progressive cholestasis are commonly characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation and advancing fibrosis, which form the basis for development of end-stage liver disease complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. CLD pathophysiology extends to the intestinal tract and is characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, bile acid dysregulation, and gut barrier disruption. In addition, macrophages are key players in CLD progression and intestinal barrier breakdown. Emerging studies are unveiling macrophage heterogeneity and driving factors of their plasticity in health and disease. To date, in-depth investigation of how gut-liver axis disruption impacts the hepatic and intestinal macrophage pool in CLD pathogenesis is scarce. In this review, we give an overview of the role of intestinal and hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and gut-liver axis disruption in progressive stages of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De Muynck
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (B.V.)
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (B.V.)
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (B.V.)
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18
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Litwinowicz K, Waszczuk E, Gamian A. Advanced Glycation End-Products in Common Non-Infectious Liver Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3370. [PMID: 34684371 PMCID: PMC8537188 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive intake of fructose, glucose and alcohol is associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). At the same time, these dietetic factors create an environment favorable for the generation of advanced glycation end-products. For this reason, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are hypothesized to play role in the development of NAFLD and ALD. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we explore the relationship between NAFLD and ALD with AGE levels, including their diagnostic accuracy. METHODS The systematic review and meta-analysis has been pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021240954) and was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were performed using the meta R package. RESULTS We have obtained 11 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, reporting data on 1844 participants (909 with NAFLD, 169 with ALD and 766 healthy controls). NAFLD was associated with significantly higher AGE fluorescence and serum N-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) levels. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had significantly higher levels of N-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). Only individual studies examined AGEs in the context of their diagnostic accuracy. AGE fluorescence distinguished low and moderate steatosis with an AUC of 0.76. The ratio of CML, CEL and pentosidine to a soluble variant of the AGE receptor differentiated patients with NAFLD from healthy controls with high AUC (0.83-0.85). Glyceraldehyde-derived AGE separated non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with acceptable performance (AUC 0.78). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, NAFLD and ALD are associated with significantly higher levels of several AGEs. More research is needed to examine the diagnostic accuracy of AGEs, however individual studies show that AGEs perform well in distinguishing NAFL from NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Litwinowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Waszczuk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
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Ganguly S, Muench GA, Shang L, Rosenthal SB, Rahman G, Wang R, Wang Y, Kwon HC, Diomino AM, Kisseleva T, Soorosh P, Hosseini M, Knight R, Schnabl B, Brenner DA, Dhar D. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and HCC in a Hyperphagic Mouse Accelerated by Western Diet. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:891-920. [PMID: 34062281 PMCID: PMC8342972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS How benign liver steatosis progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. NASH progression entails diverse pathogenic mechanisms and relies on complex cross-talk between multiple tissues such as the gut, adipose tissues, liver, and the brain. Using a hyperphagic mouse fed with a Western diet (WD), we aimed to elucidate the cross-talk and kinetics of hepatic and extrahepatic alterations during NASH-HCC progression, as well as regression. METHODS Hyperphagic mice lacking a functional Alms1 gene (Foz/Foz) and wild-type littermates were fed WD or standard chow for 12 weeks for NASH/fibrosis and for 24 weeks for HCC development. NASH regression was modeled by switching back to normal chow after NASH development. RESULTS Foz+WD mice were steatotic within 1 to 2 weeks, developed NASH by 4 weeks, and grade 3 fibrosis by 12 weeks, accompanied by chronic kidney injury. Foz+WD mice that continued on WD progressed to cirrhosis and HCC within 24 weeks and had reduced survival as a result of cardiac dysfunction. However, NASH mice that were switched to normal chow showed NASH regression, improved survival, and did not develop HCC. Transcriptomic and histologic analyses of Foz/Foz NASH liver showed strong concordance with human NASH. NASH was preceded by an early disruption of gut barrier, microbial dysbiosis, lipopolysaccharide leakage, and intestinal inflammation. This led to acute-phase liver inflammation in Foz+WD mice, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and increased levels of several chemokines/cytokines. The liver cytokine/chemokine profile evolved as NASH progressed, with subsequent predominance by monocyte recruitment. CONCLUSIONS The Foz+WD model closely mimics the pathobiology and gene signature of human NASH with fibrosis and subsequent HCC. Foz+WD mice provide a robust and relevant preclinical model of NASH, NASH-associated HCC, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Linshan Shang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gibraan Rahman
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyeok Choon Kwon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Medical Center, Jung-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony M. Diomino
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David A. Brenner, MD, or Debanjan Dhar, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 246-1788.
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David A. Brenner, MD, or Debanjan Dhar, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 246-1788.
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20
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Guan M, Zhou X, Liang X, Lv Y, Bai L, Zhang J, Gong P, Liu T, Yi H, Wang J, Zhang L. Lactobacillus casei YRL577 combined with plant extracts reduce markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:1081-1091. [PMID: 32718364 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and plant extracts are considered to prevent the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study explores the effects of using both probiotics and plant extracts on NAFLD. The present study evaluated the effects of plant extracts on lipid droplet accumulation and the growth of probiotics in vitro. A C57BL/6 mouse model was used to examine the effects of probiotics and plant extracts on NAFLD. Body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of serum lipids, oxidative stress and the liver injury index were determined using commercial kits. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, GC and real-time PCR were also used for analysis. The results revealed that administration of Lactobacillus casei YRL577 and L. paracasei X11 with resveratrol (RES) or tea polyphenols (TP) significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, TAG and LDL-cholesterol and increased the level of the HDL-cholesterol. The groups of L. casei YRL577 with RES and TP also regulated the liver structure, oxidative stress and injury. Furthermore, L. casei YRL577 with TP exhibited a more positive effect towards improving the NAFLD and increased the concentrations of the butyric acid than other three combined groups. L. casei YRL577 with TP up-regulated the mRNA levels of the farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor 15 and decreased the mRNA levels of the apical Na-dependent bile acid transporter. These findings showed that L. casei YRL577 + TP-modified genes in the intestinal bile acid pathway improved markers of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyu Guan
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyou Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxue Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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21
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Activation of a Specific Gut Bacteroides-Folate-Liver Axis Benefits for the Alleviation of Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108005. [PMID: 32783933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A beneficial gut Bacteroides-folate-liver pathway regulating lipid metabolism is demonstrated. Oral administration of a Ganoderma meroterpene derivative (GMD) ameliorates nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in the liver of fa/fa rats by reducing endotoxemia, enhancing lipid oxidation, decreasing de novo lipogenesis, and suppressing lipid export from the liver. An altered gut microbiota with an increase of butyrate and folate plays a causative role in the effects of GMD. The commensal bacteria Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides dorei, and Bacteroides uniformis, which are enriched by GMD, are major contributors to the increased gut folate. Administration of live B. xylanisolvens reduces hepatic steatosis and enhances the folate-mediated signaling pathways in mice. Knockout of the folate biosynthetic folp gene in B. xylanisolvens blocks its folate production and beneficial effects. This work confirms the therapeutic potential of GMD and B. xylanisolvens in alleviating nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and provides evidence for benefits of the gut Bacteroides-folate-liver pathway.
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Dallio M, Romeo M, Gravina AG, Masarone M, Larussa T, Abenavoli L, Persico M, Loguercio C, Federico A. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics in Metabolic- (Dysfunction) Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Novel Insights and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051679. [PMID: 34063372 PMCID: PMC8156164 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and one of the most important systemic, metabolic-related disorders all over the world associated with severe medical and socio-economic repercussions due to its growing prevalence, clinical course (steatohepatitis and/or hepatocellular-carcinoma), and related extra-hepatic comorbidities. To date, no specific medications for the treatment of this condition exist, and the most valid recommendation for patients remains lifestyle change. MAFLD has been associated with metabolic syndrome; its development and progression are widely influenced by the interplay between genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics findings suggest nutrition’s capability, by acting on the individual genetic background and modifying the specific epigenetic expression as well, to influence patients’ clinical outcome. Besides, immunity response is emerging as pivotal in this multifactorial scenario, suggesting the interaction between diet, genetics, and immunity as another tangled network that needs to be explored. The present review describes the genetic background contribution to MAFLD onset and worsening, its possibility to be influenced by nutritional habits, and the interplay between nutrients and immunity as one of the most promising research fields of the future in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815666740
| | - Mario Romeo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
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23
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Ghadimi M, Mohammadi R, Daneshzad E, Moazzami B, Mohammadpour Z. Effectiveness of dietary interventions on cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:415-423. [PMID: 33948068 PMCID: PMC8079875 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary modification is considered as one of the main strategies in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the effect of dietary interventions on the cardio-metabolic risk factors, including lipid profile and insulin resistance in this population. METHODS We searched electronic databases of PubMed and Scopus until January 2020 and included randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of dietary modifications vs. control on lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD. The random-effect analysis was performed to calculate pooled weighted mean differences (WMD). RESULTS Our finding showed that serum triglycerides (TG) (n=5, WMD -38.50 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval [CI] -61.68 to -15.31; P=0.001) and total cholesterol (TC) (n=4, WMD -18.70 mg/dL, 95%CI -34.85 to -2.53; P=0.023) decrease following diet intervention along with marginally significant weight reduction (n=5, WMD -3.61 mg/dL, 95%CI -7.25 to 0.04; P=0.053). There was no change in the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, high- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (P>0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that Mediterranean diet reduced TG (n=2, WMD -57.52 mg/dL, 95%CI -75.73 to -39.31; P<0.001) and weight (n=2, WMD -7.59 Kg, 95%CI -13.53 to -1.66; P=0.012), and also increased LDL level (n=2, WMD 29.73 mg/dL, 95%CI 13.82-45.65; P<0.001). However, standard hypocaloric diet improved TC (n=2, WMD -23.20 mg/dL, 95%CI -36.96 to -9.44; P=0.001) and LDL (n=2, WMD -16.82 mg/dL, 95%CI -29.44 to -4.19; P=0.009). CONCLUSION Dietary modifications may improve serum TG, TC, and obesity in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghadimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Maryam Ghadimi)
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Maryam Ghadimi, Reihaneh Mohammadi, Bobak Moazzami, Zinat Mohammadpour)
| | - Reihaneh Mohammadi
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Maryam Ghadimi, Reihaneh Mohammadi, Bobak Moazzami, Zinat Mohammadpour)
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Elnaz Daneshzad)
| | - Bobak Moazzami
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Maryam Ghadimi, Reihaneh Mohammadi, Bobak Moazzami, Zinat Mohammadpour)
| | - Zinat Mohammadpour
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Maryam Ghadimi, Reihaneh Mohammadi, Bobak Moazzami, Zinat Mohammadpour)
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Zinat Mohammadpour)
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24
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Khan A, Ding Z, Ishaq M, Bacha AS, Khan I, Hanif A, Li W, Guo X. Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:818-833. [PMID: 33767591 PMCID: PMC7975705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is leading chronic liver syndrome worldwide. Gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD. However, its role is complex and even unclear. Treatment of NAFLD through chemotherapeutic agents have been questioned because of their side effects on health. In this review, we highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the importance of gut microbiota, its dysbiosis and its effects on the gut-liver axis and gut mucosa. Further, we discussed key mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis to provide an outline of its role in progression to NAFLD and liver cirrhosis. In addition, we also explored the potential role of probiotics as a treatment approach for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Based on the latest findings, it is evident that microbiota targeted interventions mostly the use of probiotics have shown promising effects and can possibly alleviate the gut microbiota dysbiosis, regulate the metabolic pathways which in turn inhibit the progression of NAFLD through the gut-liver axis. However, very limited studies in humans are available on this issue and suggest further research work to identify a specific core microbiome association with NAFLD and to discover its mechanism of pathogenesis, which will help to enhance the therapeutic potential of probiotics to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiq Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering & Management Sciences Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Zitong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ali Sher Bacha
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbiology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Anum Hanif
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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25
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The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide limits hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammatory response in mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet. Transl Res 2021; 227:75-88. [PMID: 32711187 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder related to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The disease can evolve toward nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. There is presently no drug that effectively improves and/or prevents NAFLD/NASH/fibrosis. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ra) are effective in treating T2D. As with the endogenous gut incretins, GLP-1Ra potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition, GLP-1Ra limit food intake and weight gain, additional beneficial properties in the context of obesity/insulin-resistance. Nevertheless, these pleiotropic effects of GLP-1Ra complicate the elucidation of their direct action on the liver. In the present study, we used the classical methionine-choline deficient (MCD) dietary model to investigate the potential direct hepatic actions of the GLP-1Ra liraglutide. A 4-week infusion of liraglutide (570 µg/kg/day) did not impact body weight, fat accretion or glycemic control in MCD-diet fed mice, confirming the suitability of this model for avoiding confounding factors. Liraglutide treatment did not prevent lipid deposition in the liver of MCD-fed mice but limited the accumulation of C16 and C24-ceramide/sphingomyelin species. In addition, liraglutide treatment alleviated hepatic inflammation (in particular accumulation of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages) and initiation of fibrosis. Liraglutide also influenced the composition of gut microbiota induced by the MCD-diet. This included recovery of a normal Bacteroides proportion and, among the Erysipelotrichaceae family, a shift between Allobaculum and Turicibacter genera. In conclusion, liraglutide prevents accumulation of C16 and C24-ceramides/sphingomyelins species, inflammation and initiation of fibrosis in MCD-diet-fed mice liver, suggesting beneficial hepatic actions independent of weight loss and global hepatic steatosis.
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26
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Ramos LF, Silva CM, Pansa CC, Moraes KCM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular and cellular interplays of the lipid metabolism in a steatotic liver. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:25-40. [PMID: 32892668 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1820321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects ~25% of world population and cases have increased in recent decades. These anomalies have several etiologies; however, obesity and metabolic dysfunctions are the most relevant causes. Despite being considered a public health problem, no effective therapeutic approach to treat NAFLD is available. For that, a deep understanding of metabolic routes that support hepatic diseases is needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers aspects of the onset of NAFLD. Thereby, biochemistry routes as well as cellular and metabolic effects of the gut microbiota in body's homeostasis and epigenetics are contextualized. EXPERT OPINION Recently, the development of biological sciences has generated innovative knowledge, bringing new insights and perspectives to clarify the systems biology of liver diseases. A detailed comprehension of epigenetics mechanisms will offer possibilities to develop new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for NAFLD. Different epigenetic processes have been reported that are modulated by the environment such as gut microbiota, suggesting strong interplays between cellular behavior and pathology. Thus, a more complete description of such mechanisms in hepatic diseases will help to clarify how to control the establishment of fatty liver, and precisely describe molecular interplays that potentially control NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F Ramos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Caio M Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila C Pansa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
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27
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Suriguga S, Luangmonkong T, Mutsaers HAM, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P. Host microbiota dictates the proinflammatory impact of LPS in the murine liver. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104920. [PMID: 32590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota can impact liver disease development via the gut-liver axis. Liver inflammation is a shared pathological event in various liver diseases and gut microbiota might influence this pathological process. In this study, we studied the influence of gut microbiota on the inflammatory response of the liver to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inflammatory response to LPS (1-10 μg/ml) of livers of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) mice was evaluated ex vivo, using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). LPS induced a more pronounced inflammatory response in GF PCLS than in SPF PCLS. Baseline TNF-α gene expression was significantly higher in GF slices as compared to SPF slices. LPS treatment induced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS expression in both SPF and GF PCLS, but the increase was more intense in GF slices. The anti-inflammatory markers SOCS3 and IRAK-M gene expression was significantly higher in GF PCLS than SPF PCLS at 24h with 1 µg/ml LPS treatment, and IL-10 was not differently expressed in GF PCLS than SPF PCLS. In addition, TLR-4 mRNA, but not protein, at basal level was higher in GF slices than in SPF slices. Taken together, this study shows that, in mice, the host microbiota attenuates the pro-inflammatory impact of LPS in the liver, indicating a positive role of the gut microbiota on the immune homeostasis of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Suriguga
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China; Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theerut Luangmonkong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Campanella A, Iacovazzi PA, Misciagna G, Bonfiglio C, Mirizzi A, Franco I, Bianco A, Sorino P, Caruso MG, Cisternino AM, Buongiorno C, Liuzzi R, Osella AR. The Effect of Three Mediterranean Diets on Remnant Cholesterol and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Secondary Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1674. [PMID: 32512752 PMCID: PMC7352824 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated fasting remnant cholesterol (REM-C) levels have been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets) and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). We aimed to estimate the effect of different diets on REM-C levels in patients with MetS, as well as the association between NAFLD and REM-C. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of the MEDIDIET study, a parallel-arm Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT). We examined 237 people with MetS who underwent Liver Ultrasound (LUS) to assess the NAFLD score at baseline, 3-, and 6-months follow-up. Subjects were randomly assigned to the Mediterranean diet (MD), Low Glycemic Index diet (LGID), or Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean diet (LGIMD). REM-C was calculated as [total cholesterol-low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. RESULTS REM-C levels were higher in subjects with moderate or severe NAFLD than in mild or absent ones. All diets had a direct effect in lowering the levels of REM-C after 3 and 6 months of intervention. In adherents subjects, this effect was stronger among LGIMD as compared to the control group. There was also a significant increase in REM-C levels among Severe NAFLD subjects at 3 months and a decrease at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS fasting REM-C level is independently associated with the grade of severity of NAFLD. LGIMD adherence directly reduced the fasting REM-C in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Campanella
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Palma A. Iacovazzi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Misciagna
- Scientific and Ethical Committee, University Hospital Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Caterina Bonfiglio
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Antonella Mirizzi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Isabella Franco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Antonella Bianco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Paolo Sorino
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Maria G. Caruso
- Ambulatory of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.G.C.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Anna M. Cisternino
- Ambulatory of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.G.C.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Claudia Buongiorno
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Rosalba Liuzzi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Alberto R. Osella
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.C.); (C.B.); (A.M.); (I.F.); (A.B.); (P.S.); (C.B.); (R.L.)
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High-throughput sequencing study of the effect of transabdominal hysterectomy on intestinal flora in patients with uterine fibroids. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:98. [PMID: 32299359 PMCID: PMC7161020 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of transabdominal hysterectomy on the diversity of the intestinal flora in patients with uterine fibroids. Patients with uterine fibroids were selected from September 2018 to December 2018, in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, and stool specimens were collected from patients before and after surgery. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to detect the changes in microbial community structure and diversity, and the effects of total hysterectomy on the intestinal flora were further analyzed. Estrogen levels decreased after trans-abdominal hysterectomy. High-throughput sequencing showed that after abdominal hysterectomy, the abundance and diversity of the intestinal flora decreased. The abundance changes were mainly due to Proteobacteria, where their abundance increased. CONCLUSIONS Trans-abdominal hysterectomy changes the intestinal flora of the body by lowering the level of estrogen in the body, which reduces the diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora.
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30
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Do MH, Lee HB, Lee E, Park HY. The Effects of Gelatinized Wheat Starch and High Salt Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder. Nutrients 2020; 12:E301. [PMID: 31979147 PMCID: PMC7070891 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt-induced metabolic disorders and changes in gut microbiota have scarcely been studied. In this study, mice on wheat starch diets (WD) exhibited significantly higher body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), and gut permeability compared to those on normal diet (ND). However, gelatinized wheat starch diet (GWD) and NaCl-supplemented gelatinized wheat starch diet (SGW) mice did not increase body and WAT weights or dyslipidemia, and maintained consistent colon pH at ND levels. WD mice showed higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Muribaculum compared to ND mice. However, GWD and SGW mice showed a significantly different gut microbial composition, such as a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, and higher proportion of Faecalibaculum and Muribaculum compared to WD mice. High starch diet-induced dysbiosis caused increase of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related proteins' expression, thereby leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, GWD and SGW showed lower levels than that, and it might be due to the difference in the gut microbial composition compared to WD. Taken together, diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt induced mild metabolic disorders compared to native starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Ho Do
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
| | - Hye-Bin Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
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31
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Golovaty I, Tien PC, Price JC, Sheira L, Seligman H, Weiser SD. Food Insecurity May Be an Independent Risk Factor Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Low-Income Adults in the United States. J Nutr 2020; 150:91-98. [PMID: 31504710 PMCID: PMC6946902 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a "barometer" of metabolic health, is the leading cause of liver disease in the United States. Despite established associations between food insecurity and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, little is known about the relation between food insecurity and NAFLD. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the association of food insecurity with NAFLD among low-income adults in the United States. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of adults from the NHANES (2005-2014 waves). Participants included adults in low-income households (≤200% of the federal poverty level) without chronic viral hepatitis or self-reported heavy alcohol use. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey. Our primary outcome was NAFLD, as estimated by the US Fatty Liver Index, and our secondary outcome was advanced fibrosis, as estimated by the NAFLD fibrosis score. The association between food insecurity (defined as low and very low food security) and hepatic outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Among 2627 adults included in the analysis, 29% (95% CI: 26%, 32%) were food insecure. The median age was 43 y, 58% were female, and 54% were white. The weighted estimated prevalence of NAFLD did not differ significantly by food security status (food secure 31% compared with food insecure 34%, P = 0.21). In the multivariable model, food-insecure adults were more likely to have NAFLD (adjusted OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.77) and advanced fibrosis (adjusted OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.27, 3.82) compared with food-secure adults. CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity may be independently associated with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis among low-income adults in the United States. Future strategies should assess whether improved food access, quality, and healthy eating habits will decrease the growing burden of NAFLD-associated morbidity and mortality among at-risk adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Golovaty
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Address correspondence to IG (E-mail: )
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Medical Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lila Sheira
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilary Seligman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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32
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is a central regulator of host metabolism. The composition and function of the gut microbiota is dynamic and affected by diet properties such as the amount and composition of lipids. Hence, dietary lipids may influence host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Lipids affect the gut microbiota both as substrates for bacterial metabolic processes, and by inhibiting bacterial growth by toxic influence. The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues, both in mice and humans. Furthermore, diseases linked to dyslipidemia, such as non-alcoholic liver disease and atherosclerosis, are associated with changes in gut microbiota profile. The influence of the gut microbiota on host lipid metabolism may be mediated through metabolites produced by the gut microbiota such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and trimethylamine and by pro-inflammatory bacterially derived factors such as lipopolysaccharide. Here we will review the association between gut microbiota, dietary lipids and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schoeler
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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33
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Gaskell H, Ge X, Desert R, Das S, Han H, Lantvit D, Guzman G, Nieto N. Ablation of Hmgb1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Causes Intestinal Lipid Accumulation and Reduces NASH in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2019; 4:92-108. [PMID: 31909358 PMCID: PMC6939545 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic disorder in which poor nutrition and the gut-to-liver interaction play a major role. We previously established that hepatic high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is involved in chronic liver disease. HMGB1 increases in patients with NASH and it is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC); yet, the role of intestinal HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of NASH has not been investigated. Thus, we hypothesized that IEC-derived HMGB1 could play a role in NASH due to local effects in the intestine that govern hepatic steatosis. Control littermates and Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice were fed for 1 or 24 weeks a control diet or a high fat, high cholesterol (CHO) and fructose-enriched diet (HFCFD). Hepatic and intestinal injury were analyzed. Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice were protected from HFCFD-induced NASH after 1 or 24 weeks of feeding; however, they showed extensive atypical lipid droplet accumulation and increased concentrations of triglycerides (TG) and CHO in jejunal IEC together with lower TG and other lipid classes in serum. Olive oil or CHO gavage resulted in decreased serum TG and CHO in Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice, respectively, indicating delayed and/or reduced chylomicron (CM) efflux. There was significant up-regulation of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and down-regulation of apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) proteins, suggesting decreased lipid packaging and/or CM formation that resulted in lesser hepatosteatosis. Conclusion: Ablation of Hmgb1 in IEC causes up-regulation of SR-B1 and down-regulation of ApoB48, leads to lipid accumulation in jejunal IEC, decreases CM packaging and/or release, reduces serum TG, and lessens liver steatosis, therefore protecting Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice from HFCFD-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Daniel Lantvit
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL.,Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
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34
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Dallio M, Diano N, Masarone M, Gravina AG, Patanè V, Romeo M, Di Sarno R, Errico S, Nicolucci C, Abenavoli L, Scarpellini E, Boccuto L, Persico M, Loguercio C, Federico A. Chemical Effect of Bisphenol A on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173134. [PMID: 31466361 PMCID: PMC6747307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a predominant chronic liver disease worldwide and a component of metabolic syndrome. Due to its relationship with multiple organs, it is extremely complex to precisely define its pathogenesis as well as to set appropriate therapeutic and preventive strategies. Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) in general, and bisphenol A (BPA) in particular, are a heterogeneous group of substances, largely distributed in daily use items, able to interfere with the normal signaling of several hormones that seem to be related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and other metabolic disorders. It is reasonable to hypothesize a BPA involvement in the pathogenesis and evolution of NAFLD. However, its mechanisms of action as well as its burden in the vicious circle that connects obesity, T2DM, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD still remain to be completely defined. In this review we analyzed the scientific evidence on this promising research area, in order to provide an overview of the harmful effects linked to the exposure to EDCs as well as to frame the role that BPA would have in all phases of NAFLD evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nadia Diano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via Salvador Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Patanè
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Romeo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Sarno
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Errico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Nicolucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa-Germaneto, 88110 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, TARGID, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via Salvador Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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35
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Ruiz-Canizales J, Domínguez-Avila JA, Wall-Medrano A, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Córdoba B, Salazar-López NJ, González-Aguilar GA. Fiber and phenolic compounds contribution to the hepatoprotective effects of mango diets in rats fed high cholesterol/sodium cholate. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2996-3007. [PMID: 31418509 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the contribution of mango fiber (MF) and mango phenolic compounds (MP) to the hepatoprotective effect of freeze-dried mango pulp (FDM) cultivar (cv.) "Ataulfo" diets in high cholesterol/sodium cholate (HCC)-fed rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with a HCC diet for 12 weeks, either untreated, or supplemented with MF, MP, FDM, or a control diet (no HCC; n = 6/group). All mango treatments significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol deposition and altered its fatty acid profile, whereas MF and MP mitigated adipose tissue hypertrophy. MF caused a lower level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α/β, IFN-γ, TNF-α) whereas FDM increased the anti-inflammatory ones (IL-4, 6, 10). Mango treatments increased catalase (CAT) activity and its mRNA expression; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was normalized by MF and FDM, but its activity was unrelated to its hepatic mRNA expression. Changes in CAT and SOD mRNA expression were unrelated to altered Nrf2 mRNA expression. Higher hepatic PPARα and LXRα mRNA levels were found in MP and MF. We concluded that MF and MP are highly bioactive, according to the documented hepatoprotection in HCC-fed rats; their mechanism of action appears to be related to modulating cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism as well as to stimulating the endogenous antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ruiz-Canizales
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, México
| | | | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - J Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, México
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Coordinación de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, México
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Córdoba
- Coordinación de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, México
| | | | - Gustavo A González-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, México
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36
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Perdomo CM, Frühbeck G, Escalada J. Impact of Nutritional Changes on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030677. [PMID: 30901929 PMCID: PMC6470750 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major global health threat due to its growing incidence and prevalence. It is becoming the leading cause of liver disease in addition to its strong association with cardio-metabolic disease. Therefore, its prevention and treatment are of strong public interest. Therapeutic approaches emphasize lifestyle modifications including physical activity and the adoption of healthy eating habits that intend to mainly control body weight and cardio-metabolic risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle interventions may be reinforced by pharmacological treatment in advanced stages, though there is still no registered drug for the specific treatment of NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence available regarding the impact of dietary recommendations against NAFLD, highlighting the effect of macronutrient diet composition and dietary patterns in the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Perdomo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Escalada
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Dornas W, Lagente V. Intestinally derived bacterial products stimulate development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:418-428. [PMID: 30658094 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty livers are susceptible to factors that cause inflammation and fibrosis, but fat deposition and the inflammatory response can be dissociated. While nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), caused by pathologic fat accumulation inside the liver, can remain stable for several years, in other cases NAFLD progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by fat accumulation and inflammation and is not a benign condition. In this review, we discuss the NASH host cells and microbial mechanisms that stimulate inflammation and predispose the liver to hepatocyte injury and fibrotic stages via increased lipid deposition. We highlight the interactions between intestine-derived bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide, and nutritional models of NAFLD and/or obese individuals. The results of modulating enteric microbiota suggest that gut-derived endotoxins may be essential determinants of fibrotic progression and regression in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Dornas
- NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Université de Rennes, INSERM, INRA, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Vincent Lagente
- NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Université de Rennes, INSERM, INRA, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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38
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González-González M, Díaz-Zepeda C, Eyzaguirre-Velásquez J, González-Arancibia C, Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M. Investigating Gut Permeability in Animal Models of Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1962. [PMID: 30697168 PMCID: PMC6341294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of investigations report the association between gut permeability and intestinal or extra-intestinal disorders under the basis that translocation of gut luminal contents could affect tissue function, either directly or indirectly. Still, in many cases it is unknown whether disruption of the gut barrier is a causative agent or a consequence of these conditions. Adequate experimental models are therefore required to further understand the pathophysiology of health disorders associated to gut barrier disruption and to develop and test pharmacological treatments. Here, we review the current animal models that display enhanced intestinal permeability, and discuss (1) their suitability to address mechanistic questions, such as the association between gut barrier alterations and disease and (2) their validity to test potential treatments for pathologies that are characterized by enhanced intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela González-González
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Zepeda
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Johana Eyzaguirre-Velásquez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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39
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Sung JH, Wang YI, Narasimhan Sriram N, Jackson M, Long C, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Recent Advances in Body-on-a-Chip Systems. Anal Chem 2019; 91:330-351. [PMID: 30472828 PMCID: PMC6687466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hongik University , Seoul , 04066 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ying I Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | | | - Max Jackson
- Hesperos, Inc. Orlando , Florida 32836 , United States
| | | | - James J Hickman
- Hesperos, Inc. Orlando , Florida 32836 , United States
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32828 , United States
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
- Hesperos, Inc. Orlando , Florida 32836 , United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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40
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Peng JH, Leng J, Tian HJ, Yang T, Fang Y, Feng Q, Zhao Y, Hu YY. Geniposide and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Involving the Protection on the Gut Barrier Function in Mouse Induced by High-Fat Diet. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1399. [PMID: 30618733 PMCID: PMC6298419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-liver axis is increasingly recognized to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The gut microbiota and intestinal permeability have been demonstrated to be the key players in the gut-liver cross talk in NAFLD. Geniposide and chlorogenic acid (GC) combination is derived from a traditional Chinese medicine, Qushi Huayu Decoction (QHD), which has been used in clinic for NAFLD treatment for decades in China and validated in multiple animal models of NAFLD. GC combination previously has been demonstrated to treat NAFLD via modulation on the gut microbiota composition. In the present study, the effects of GC combination on gut barrier function in NAFLD were evaluated, and QHD and sodium butyrate (NaB), the intestinal mucosa protectant, were used as positive control. The therapeutic effect of GC combination on NAFLD were confirmed by amelioration on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in mouse, which was comparable to that of QHD. Simultaneously, GC combination was found to reduce the signaling of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) including hepatic LPS binding protein, Toll like receptor 4, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor –α, and Kupffer cells infiltration. Furthermore, GC combination reduced LPS and D-lactate in plasma, restoring the colonic tight junction (TJ) expression and inhibited colonic TJs disassembly by down-regulation on RhoA/ROCK signaling in NASH induced by HFD. On the other hand, NASH was also alleviated in NaB group. The results of the present study suggested the important role of protection on gut barrier function in NAFLD treatment, which contributed to the therapeutic effects of GC combination on NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Peng
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Leng
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Jie Tian
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly important cause of chronic liver disease globally. Similar to metabolic syndrome and obesity, NAFLD is associated with alternations in the gut microbiota and its related biological pathways. While the exact pathophysiology of NAFLD remains largely unknown, changes in intestinal inflammation, gut permeability, energy harvest, anaerobic fermentation and insulin resistance have been described. In this chapter, we review the relationship between the gut microbiota, obesity and NAFLD, and highlight potential ways to modify the gut microbiota to help managing NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H S Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Properzi C, O'Sullivan TA, Sherriff JL, Ching HL, Jeffrey GP, Buckley RF, Tibballs J, MacQuillan GC, Garas G, Adams LA. Ad Libitum Mediterranean and Low-Fat Diets Both Significantly Reduce Hepatic Steatosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hepatology 2018; 68:1741-1754. [PMID: 29729189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although diet-induced weight loss is first-line treatment for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term maintenance is difficult. The optimal diet for improvement in either NAFLD or associated cardiometabolic risk factors, regardless of weight loss, is unknown. We examined the effect of two ad libitum isocaloric diets (Mediterranean [MD] or low fat [LF]) on hepatic steatosis (HS) and cardiometabolic risk factors. Subjects with NAFLD were randomized to a 12-week blinded dietary intervention (MD vs. LF). HS was determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). From a total of 56 subjects enrolled, 49 completed the intervention and 48 were included for analysis. During the intervention, subjects on the MD had significantly higher total and monounsaturated fat, but lower carbohydrate and sodium, intakes compared to LF subjects (P < 0.01). At week 12, HS had reduced significantly in both groups (P < 0.01), and there was no difference in liver fat reduction between groups (P = 0.32), with mean (SD) relative reductions of 25.0% (±25.3%) in LF and 32.4% (±25.5%) in MD. Liver enzymes also improved significantly in both groups. Weight loss was minimal and not different between groups (-1.6 [±2.1] kg in LF vs -2.1 [±2.5] kg in MD; P = 0.52). Within-group improvements in Framingham Risk Score (FRS), total cholesterol, serum triglyceride (TG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were observed in the MD (all P < 0.05), but not with the LF diet. Adherence was higher for the MD compared to LF (88% vs. 64%; P = 0.048). Conclusion: Ad libitum low-fat and Mediterranean diets both improve HS to a similar degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Properzi
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jill L Sherriff
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Helena L Ching
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Garry P Jeffrey
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Rachel F Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tibballs
- Department of Radiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Gerry C MacQuillan
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - George Garas
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
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Kobyliak N, Abenavoli L, Falalyeyeva T, Beregova T. Efficacy of Probiotics and Smectite in Rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:153-161. [PMID: 29311399 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Today probiotics have been suggested as a treatment for the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Smectite is a natural silicate that binds to digestive mucous and has the ability to bind endo- and exotoxins. The present study was designed to determine whether probiotics plus smectite is superior to probiotic alone on the monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced NAFLD model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 60 rats divided into 4 groups 15 animals in each. Rats of group I were intact. Newborns rats of groups II-IV were injected with MSG. The III (Symbiter) group received 2.5 ml/kg of multiprobiotic "Symbiter" containing concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera. The IV (Symbiter+Smectite) groups received "Symbiter Forte" combination of probiotic biomass with smectite gel (250 mg). RESULTS In both interventional groups reduction of total NAS score as compared to MSG-obesity was observed. Indeed similar values of steatosis score (0.93 ± 0.22 vs. 0.87 ± 0.16) in both treatment groups, we observed that lower total score for Symbiter+ Smectite are associated with more pronounced reduction of lobular inflammation (0.13 ± 0.09 vs. 0.33 ± 0.15) as compared to administration of probiotic alone. This data accompanied with significant reduction of IL-1 and restoration of IL-10 between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Additional to alive probiotic administration of smectite gel due to his absorbent activity and mucus layer stabilization properties can impact on synergistic enhancement of single effect which manifested with reduction of lobular inflammation and at list partly steatohepatitis prevention.
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Wen CS, Ho CM. Alcohol or Not: A Review Comparing Initial Mechanisms, Contributing Factors, and Liver Transplantation Outcomes Between Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases take many forms; alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two common illnesses that potentially lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. It is estimated that a quarter of heavy drinkers develop ALD and the same portion of people without heavy drinking habits have NAFLD. Alcohol intake is regularly used to differentiate NAFLD from ALD; however, diagnosis based on the discrimination threshold may be suboptimal when facing an obese patient with a high level of alcohol exposure. Therefore, understanding the common and/or different mechanism(s) driving each disease is extremely important. The ‘two-hit’ or ‘multi-hit’ hypothesis is used to explain the pathogenesis of both diseases. The ‘first hit’ refers to developing steatosis, the accumulation of fat components in the liver, and the ‘second hits’ are factors leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, such as metabolic syndromes (e.g., morbid obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, disturbed circadian cycles, and altered intestinal microbiota) and environmental toxins (e.g., cigarette smoke and pollutants). Heritable factors also affect the probability and disease progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Whereas PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 variants are influential genetic risk factors for the diseases, epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and small non-coding RNA, are of paramount importance. Moreover, considering that both ALD and NAFLD patients may eventually develop end-stage liver disease and require liver transplantation, the authors extensively investigated the worldwide outcomes from original literature for these two aetiologies, and the results showed no obvious differences in post-transplantation survival between them. Precise percentage determination of these two aetiologies contributing to steatohepatitis and its secondary injuries in the future would allow for better strategies for therapeutic and preventive intervention.
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Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Bodnar P, Beregova T. Probiotics Supplemented with Omega-3 Fatty Acids are More Effective for Hepatic Steatosis Reduction in an Animal Model of Obesity. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:123-130. [PMID: 27660157 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today probiotics have been suggested as a treatment for the prevention of NAFLD. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may have beneficial effects in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function and inflammation. The present study was designed to determine whether probiotics plus omega-3 are superior to probiotics alone on the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced NAFLD model in rats. We included 60 rats divided into four groups, 15 animals in each. Rats of group I were intact. Newborn rats of groups II-IV were injected with MSG. The III (Symbiter) group received 2.5 ml/kg of multiprobiotic "Symbiter" containing concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera. The IV (Symbiter-Omega) groups received "Symbiter-Omega" combination of probiotic biomass supplemented with flax and wheat germ oil (250 mg of each, concentration of omega-3 fatty acids 1-5 %). In both interventional groups reduction in total NAS score was observed. Supplementation of alive probiotic mixture with omega-3 fatty acids lead to 20 % higher decrease in steatosis score (0.73 ± 0.11 vs 0.93 ± 0.22, p = 0.848) and reduction by 16.6 % of triglycerides content in liver as compared to probiotic alone. Our study demonstrated more pronounced reduction in hepatic steatosis and hepatic lipid accumulation after treatment with combination of alive probiotics and omega-3 as compared to probiotics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarii Kobyliak
- Bogomolets National Medical University, T. Shevchenko Boulevard, 13, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Tetyana Falalyeyeva
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Petro Bodnar
- Bogomolets National Medical University, T. Shevchenko Boulevard, 13, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Beregova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
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Nobili V, Putignani L, Mosca A, Del Chierico F, Vernocchi P, Alisi A, Stronati L, Cucchiara S, Toscano M, Drago L. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut microbiome of children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: which strains act as health players? Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:81-87. [PMID: 29379536 PMCID: PMC5778421 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.62150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children, can often progress from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is clear that obesity is one of the main risk factors involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, even if specific mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. We investigated the distribution of intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the stools of four groups of children: obese, obese with NAFL, obese with NASH, and healthy, age-matched controls (CTRLs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-one obese, NAFL and NASH children and 54 CTRLs were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were measured for all subjects. All children with suspected NASH underwent liver biopsy. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were analysed in children's faecal samples, during a broader, 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing analysis of the gut microbiome. RESULTS Three Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis) and five Lactobacillus spp. (L. zeae, L. vaginalis, L. brevis, L. ruminis, and L. mucosae) frequently recurred in metagenomic analyses. Lactobacillus spp. increased in NAFL, NASH, or obese children compared to CTRLs. Particularly, L. mucosae was significantly higher in obese (p = 0.02426), NAFLD (p = 0.01313) and NASH (p = 0.01079) than in CTRLs. In contrast, Bifidobacterium spp. were more abundant in CTRLs, suggesting a protective and beneficial role of these microorganisms against the aforementioned diseases. CONCLUSIONS Bifidobacteria seem to have a protective role against the development of NAFLD and obesity, highlighting their possible use in developing novel, targeted and effective probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Nobili
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Liver Research Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Mosca
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Liver Research Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Toscano
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Kanak MA, Shindo Y, SaiKumar P, Naziruddin B. Role of Inflammasomes in the Development of Gastrointestinal Diseases. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 108:235-268. [PMID: 30536174 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been attributed to chronic inflammation, and a few have identified the role of inflammasomes in their pathogenesis. Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes comprising of several intracellular proteins that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have implicated activation of several families of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) which are major components of inflammasomes in the development and exacerbation of many diseases of human systems. In this chapter, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in some of the most prevalent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and highlight potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar A Kanak
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
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48
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SCARF-1 promotes adhesion of CD4 + T cells to human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium under conditions of shear stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17600. [PMID: 29242513 PMCID: PMC5730566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident cells are constantly exposed to gut-derived antigens via portal blood and, as a consequence, they express a unique repertoire of scavenger receptors. Whilst there is increasing evidence that the gut contributes to chronic inflammatory liver disease, the role of scavenger receptors in regulating liver inflammation remains limited. Here, we describe for the first time the expression of scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (SCARF-1) on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC). We report that SCARF-1 shows a highly localised expression pattern and co-localised with endothelial markers on sinusoidal endothelium. Analysis of chronically inflamed liver tissue demonstrated accumulation of SCARF-1 at sites of CD4+ T cell aggregation. We then studied the regulation and functional role of SCARF-1 in HSEC and showed that SCARF-1 expression by HSEC is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, SCARF-1 expression by HSEC, induced by proinflammatory and gut-derived factors acts as a novel adhesion molecule, present in adhesive cup structures, that specifically supports CD4+ T cells under conditions of physiological shear stress. In conclusion, we show that SCARF-1 contributes to lymphocyte subset adhesion to primary human HSEC and could play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response during chronic liver disease.
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Diehl
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (A.M.D); and Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.D.)
| | - Christopher Day
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (A.M.D); and Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.D.)
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50
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Dietary Composition Independent of Weight Loss in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080800. [PMID: 28933748 PMCID: PMC5579594 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor dietary composition is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The majority of NAFLD patients follow diets with overconsumption of simple carbohydrates, total and saturated fat, with reduced intake of dietary fiber and omega-3 rich foods. Although lifestyle modifications including weight loss and exercise remain the keystone of NAFLD management, modifying dietary composition with or without a calorie-restricted diet may also be a feasible and sustainable strategy for NAFLD treatment. In the present review article, we highlight the potential therapeutic role of a “high quality healthy diet” to improve hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction in patients with NAFLD, independent of caloric restriction and weight loss. We provide a literature review evaluating the evidence behind dietary components including fiber-, meat- and omega-3-rich diets and, pending further evidence, we concur with the EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Guidelines recommendation of the Mediterranean diet as the diet of choice in these patients.
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