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Kawamoto H, Masuda K, Nagano S. Development of Immune Cell Therapy Using T Cells Generated from Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:207-217. [PMID: 38467982 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In the field of cancer immunotherapy, the effectiveness of a method in which patient-derived T cells are genetically modified ex vivo and administered to patients has been demonstrated. However, problems remain with this method, such as (1) time-consuming, (2) costly, and (3) difficult to guarantee the quality. To overcome these barriers, strategies to regenerate T cells using iPSC technology are being pursued by several groups in the last decade. The authors have been developing a method by which specific TCR genes are introduced into iPSCs and T cells are generated from those iPSCs (TCR-iPSC method). At present, our group is preparing this approach for clinical trial, where iPSCs provided from the iPSC project are transduced with WT1 antigen-specific TCR that had been already clinically tested, and killer T cells are generated from such TCR-iPSCs, to be administered to acute myeloid leukemia patients. While the adoptive T cell therapies have been mainly directed to be used in cancer immunotherapy, it is possible to apply these approaches to viral infections. Strategies by other groups to regenerate various types of T cells from iPSCs will also be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immunology, International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Masuda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Rahimi A, Malakoutikhah Z, Rahimmanesh I, Ferns GA, Nedaeinia R, Ishaghi SMM, Dana N, Haghjooy Javanmard S. The nexus of natural killer cells and melanoma tumor microenvironment: crosstalk, chemotherapeutic potential, and innovative NK cell-based therapeutic strategies. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:312. [PMID: 38057843 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of melanoma cells to regional lymph nodes and distant sites is an important contributor to cancer-related morbidity and mortality among patients with melanoma. This intricate process entails dynamic interactions involving tumor cells, cellular constituents, and non-cellular elements within the microenvironment. Moreover, both microenvironmental and systemic factors regulate the metastatic progression. Central to immunosurveillance for tumor cells are natural killer (NK) cells, prominent effectors of the innate immune system with potent antitumor and antimetastatic capabilities. Recognizing their pivotal role, contemporary immunotherapeutic strategies are actively integrating NK cells to combat metastatic tumors. Thus, a meticulous exploration of the interplay between metastatic melanoma and NK cells along the metastatic cascade is important. Given the critical involvement of NK cells within the melanoma tumor microenvironment, this comprehensive review illuminates the intricate relationship between components of the melanoma tumor microenvironment and NK cells, delineating their multifaceted roles. By shedding light on these critical aspects, this review advocates for a deeper understanding of NK cell dynamics within the melanoma context, driving forward transformative strategies to combat this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Rahimi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Malakoutikhah
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Dana
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Zhang Y, Xue W, Xu C, Nan Y, Mei S, Ju D, Wang S, Zhang X. Innate Immunity in Cancer Biology and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11233. [PMID: 37510993 PMCID: PMC10379825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies including adaptive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have developed the treatment of cancer in clinic, and most of them focus on activating T cell immunity. Although these strategies have obtained unprecedented clinical responses, only limited subsets of cancer patients could receive long-term benefits, highlighting the demand for identifying novel targets for the new era of tumor immunotherapy. Innate immunity has been demonstrated to play a determinative role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the clinical outcomes of tumor patients. A thorough comprehension of the innate immune cells that infiltrate tumors would allow for the development of new therapeutics. In this review, we outline the role and mechanism of innate immunity in TME. Moreover, we discuss innate immunity-based cancer immunotherapy in basic and clinical studies. Finally, we summarize the challenges in sufficiently motivating innate immune responses and the corresponding strategies and measures to improve anti-tumor efficacy. This review could aid the comprehension of innate immunity and inspire the creation of brand-new immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Xue
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caili Xu
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyang Nan
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuang Mei
- Shanghai Tinova Immune Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201413, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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Hadiloo K, Tahmasebi S, Esmaeilzadeh A. CAR-NKT cell therapy: a new promising paradigm of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:86. [PMID: 37158883 PMCID: PMC10165596 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, cancer treatment is one of the fundamental problems facing clinicians and researchers worldwide. Efforts to find an excellent way to treat this illness continue, and new therapeutic strategies are developed quickly. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a practical approach that has been emerged to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. In the ACT, one of the best ways to arm the immune cells against tumors is by employing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) via genetic engineering. CAR equips cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells and selectively eradicate them. Researchers have achieved promising preclinical and clinical outcomes with different cells by using CARs. One of the potent immune cells that seems to be a good candidate for CAR-immune cell therapy is the Natural Killer-T (NKT) cell. NKT cells have multiple features that make them potent cells against tumors and would be a powerful replacement for T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NKT cells are cytotoxic immune cells with various capabilities and no notable side effects on normal cells. The current study aimed to comprehensively provide the latest advances in CAR-NKT cell therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Wang W, Wu F, Mohammadniaei M, Zhang M, Li Y, Sun Y, Tang BZ. Genetically edited T-cell membrane coated AIEgen nanoparticles effectively prevents glioblastoma recurrence. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121981. [PMID: 36580721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are subpopulations of tumor-initiating cells responsible for glioblastoma (GBM) tumorigenesis and recurrence. Dual inhibition of vascular endothelium and GSCs is still a challenge due to their different pathological features. Here we present a combined all-in-control strategy to realize a local photothermal therapy (PTT). We designed T-cell-mimic nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics by coating the genetically engineered T cell membrane (CM) onto AIE nanoparticles (CM@AIE NPs). The CM shell was designed against CD133 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which provides the possibility to target both GBM cells and GSCs for cancer therapy. CM@AIE NPs can serve as the tight junction (TJ) modulators to trigger an intracellular signaling cascade, causing TJ disruption and actin cytoskeleton reorganization to allow CM@AIE NPs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) silently. The 980 nm excitation-triggered PTT can completely inhibit tumorigenesis and recurrence. The combination of CM-coating nanotechnology and genetic editing technique can inspire further development of synergetic techniques for preventing GBM recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Mohsen Mohammadniaei
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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6
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Cockey JR, Leifer CA. Racing CARs to veterinary immuno-oncology. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130182. [PMID: 36876006 PMCID: PMC9982037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have demonstrated remarkable promise in human oncology over the past two decades, yet similar strategies in veterinary medicine are still in development. CARs are synthetically engineered proteins comprised of a specific antigen-binding single chain variable fragment (ScFv) fused to the signaling domain of a T cell receptor and co-receptors. Patient T cells engineered to express a CAR are directed to recognize and kill target cells, most commonly hematological malignancies. The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved multiple human CAR T therapies, but translation of these therapies into veterinary medicine faces many challenges. In this review, we discuss considerations for veterinary use including CAR design and cell carrier choice, and discuss the future promise of translating CAR therapy into veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Cockey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Raza A, Rossi GR, Janjua TI, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Popat A. Nanobiomaterials to modulate natural killer cell responses for effective cancer immunotherapy. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:77-92. [PMID: 35840426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as a major target for cancer immunotherapies, particularly as cellular therapy modalities because they have relatively less toxicity than T lymphocytes. However, NK cell-based therapy suffers from many challenges, including problems with its activation, resistance to genetic engineering, and large-scale expansion needed for therapeutic purposes. Recently, nanobiomaterials have emerged as a promising solution to control the challenges associated with NK cells. This focused review summarises the recent advances in the field and highlights current and future perspectives of using nanobiomaterials to maximise anticancer responses of NK cells for safe and effective immunotherapy. Finally, we provide our opinion on the role of smart materials in activating NK cells as a potential cellular therapy of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Rossi
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Taskeen Iqbal Janjua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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8
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Role of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy-from bench to bed. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:29. [PMID: 36460881 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specific T cell subset known to express the αβ-T cell receptor (TCR) for antigens identification and express typical NK cell specifications, such as surface expression of CD56 and CD16 markers as well as production of granzyme. Human NKT cells are divided into two subgroups based on their cytokine receptor and TCR repertoire. Both of them are CD1-restricted and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Studies have demonstrated that these cells are essential in defense against malignancies. These cells secret proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines that stimulate or suppress immune system responses. In several murine tumor models, activation of type I NKT cells induces tumor rejection and inhibits metastasis's spread. However, type II NKT cells are associated with an inhibitory and regulatory function during tumor immune responses. Variant NKT cells may suppress tumor immunity via different mechanisms that require cross-talk with other immune-regulatory cells. NKT-like cells display high tumor-killing abilities against many tumor cells. In the recent decade, different studies have been performed based on the application of NKT-based immunotherapy for cancer therapy. Moreover, manipulation of NKT cells through administering autologous dendritic cell (DC) loaded with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and direct α-GalCer injection has also been tested. In this review, we described different subtypes of NKT cells, their function in the anti-tumor immune responses, and the application of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy from bench to bed.
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Wu L, Liu F, Yin L, Wang F, Shi H, Zhao Q, Yang F, Chen D, Dong X, Gu Y, Xing N. The establishment of polypeptide PSMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells for castration-resistant prostate cancer and the induction of ferroptosis-related cell death. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:768-783. [PMID: 35706368 PMCID: PMC9395313 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mortality of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is high due to lack of an effective treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐based therapy is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. Here, we aimed to design a novel CAR‐natural killer (NK) cells with a clinically significant tumoricidal effect on CRPC. Methods We constructed novel CAR‐NK92MI cells with a CD244‐based recombinant lentiviral vector. Different intracellular segments (CD244, NKG2D, or CD3ζ) were screened to identify the best candidate according to cell lysis assay and CD107a expression levels. To enhance the affinity of the CAR to the tumor antigen, we compared an antibody specific for prostate‐specific membrane antigen (anti‐PSMA) with PSMA‐targeted polypeptide (p‐PSMA), which was screened by phage display combinatorial library. Then, CAR‐NK92MI cells with both a high affinity for PSMA and a strong tumoricidal capacity were generated. In addition, we verified their tumor‐killing effect in vitro and in vivo. The release of cytokine by NK92MI cells was compared with that by CAR‐NK92MI cells through flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, ferroptosis‐related cell death was explored as a possible underlying mechanism. Results Three different CAR intracellular regions CAR1 (CD244), CAR2 (CD244, NKG2D) and CAR3 (CD244, NKG2D, and CD3ζ) were constructed. CAR2 was chosen to confer a stronger tumoricidal ability on CAR‐NK92MI cells. Compared with anti‐PSMA, p‐PSMA exhibited enhanced affinity for the tumor antigen. Thus, p‐PSMA‐CAR‐NK92MI cells, which expressed CAR with a polypeptide‐based antigen‐binding region, an intracellular CD244 and a NKG2D costimulatory domain, were generated. They could selectively and successfully kill PSMA+ target cells and exhibited specific lysis rate of 73.19% for PSMA‐positive C4‐2 cells and 33.04% for PSMA‐negative PC3 cells. Additionally, p‐PSMA‐CAR‐NK92MI cells had significantly higher concentrations of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and granzyme B than NK92MI cells. In a CRPC cancer xenograft model, p‐PSMA‐CAR‐NK92MI cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and exerted a more consistent killing effect than NK92MI cells. Moreover, ferroptosis is a potential mechanism through which CAR‐NK92MI cells attack cancer cells, and is triggered by IFN‐γ. Conclusions p‐PSMA‐CAR‐NK92MI cells can effectively kill CRPCPSMA+ cells in vitro and in vivo. This strategy may provide additional treatment options for patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Le Yin
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Research and Development Department, Allife Medicine Inc., Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | - Fangming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shi
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Research and Development Department, Allife Medicine Inc., Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | - Qinxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Feiya Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Xiying Dong
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Yuchun Gu
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Translation Medicine Research Group, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.,Research and Development Department, Allife Medicine Inc., Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, P. R. China
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10
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Chen Y, Pal S, Hu Q. Recent advances in biomaterial-assisted cell therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7222-7238. [PMID: 35612089 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the outstanding achievement of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in the clinic, cell-based medicines have attracted considerable attention for biomedical applications and thus generated encouraging progress. As the basic construction unit of organisms, cells harbor low immunogenicity, desirable compatibility, and a strong capability of crossing various biological barriers. However, there is still a long way to go to fix significant bottlenecks for their clinical translation, such as facile preparation, strict stability requirements, scale-up manufacturing, off-target toxicity, and affordability. The rapid development of biotechnology and engineering approaches in materials sciences has provided an ideal platform to assist cell-based therapeutics for wide application in disease treatments by overcoming these issues. Herein, we survey the most recent advances of various cells as bioactive ingredients and outline the roles of biomaterials in developing cell-based therapeutics. Besides, a perspective of cell therapies is offered with a particular focus on biomaterial-involved development of cell-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Samira Pal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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11
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Hong Y, Kim IS. The therapeutic potential of immune cell-derived exosomes as an alternative to adoptive cell transfer. BMB Rep 2022. [PMCID: PMC8810551 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.1.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsun Hong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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12
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Importance of T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK Cell Metabolic Fitness for Effective Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Continuous Learning Process Allowing the Optimization of T, NK and CAR-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010183. [PMID: 35008348 PMCID: PMC8782435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are evolving at a very rapid pace. Some of the most novel anti-cancer medicines under development rely on the modification of immune cells in order to transform them into potent tumor-killing cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with these harnessed immune cells and therefore paralyzes their metabolic effective and active anti-cancer activities. Here we describe strategies to overcome these hurdles imposed on immune cell activity, which lead to therapeutic approaches to enhance metabolic fitness of the patient’s immune system with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and CAR NK cell therapies opened new avenues for cancer treatment. Although original successes of CAR T and CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies were extraordinary, several obstacles have since been revealed, in particular their use for the treatment of solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with T and NK cells and their CAR-expressing counterparts, paralyzing their metabolic effective and active states. Consequently, this can lead to alterations in their anti-tumoral capacity and persistence in vivo. High glucose uptake and the depletion of key amino acids by the TME can deprive T and NK cells of energy and building blocks, which turns them into a state of anergy, where they are unable to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This is especially true in the context of an immune-suppressive TME. In order to re-invigorate the T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK cell-mediated antitumor response, the field is now attempting to understand how metabolic pathways might change T and NK responses and functions, as well as those from their CAR-expressing partners. This revealed ways to metabolically rewire these cells by using metabolic enhancers or optimizing pre-infusion in vitro cultures of these cells. Importantly, next-generation CAR T and CAR NK products might include in the future the necessary metabolic requirements by improving their design, manufacturing process and other parameters. This will allow the overcoming of current limitations due to their interaction with the suppressive TME. In a clinical setting, this might improve their anti-cancer effector activity in synergy with immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how the tumor cells and TME interfere with T and NK cell metabolic requirements. This may potentially lead to therapeutic approaches that enhance the metabolic fitness of CAR T and CAR NK cells, with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.
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13
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Kawamoto H, Masuda K, Nagano S. Regeneration of antigen-specific T cells by using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Int Immunol 2021; 33:827-833. [PMID: 34661676 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In currently ongoing adoptive T-cell therapies, T cells collected from the patient are given back to the patient after ex vivo cell activation and expansion. In some cases, T cells are transduced with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T-cell receptor (TCR) genes during the ex vivo culture period. Although such strategies have been shown to be effective in some types of cancer, there remain issues to be solved; these methods (i) are time-consuming, (ii) are costly and (iii) it is difficult to guarantee the quality because the products depend on patient-derived T cells. To address these issues, several groups including ours have developed methods in which cytotoxic cells are mass-produced by using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. For the regeneration of T cells, the basic idea is as follows: iPSCs produced from T cells inherit rearranged TCR genes, and thus all regenerated T cells should express the same TCR. Based on this idea, various types of T cells have been regenerated, including conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), γδT cells, NKT cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. On the other hand, any cytotoxic cells can be used as the base cells into which CAR is introduced, and thus iPSC-derived NK cells have been developed. To apply the iPSC-based cell therapy in an allogeneic setting, the authors' group developed a method in which non-T-cell-derived iPSCs are transduced with exogenous TCR genes (TCR-iPSC method). This approach is being prepared for a clinical trial to be realized in Kyoto University Hospital, in which acute myeloid leukemia patients will be treated by the regenerated WT1 antigen-specific CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immunology, International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masuda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Hsu LJ, Liu CL, Kuo ML, Shen CN, Shen CR. An Alternative Cell Therapy for Cancers: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Natural Killer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1323. [PMID: 34680440 PMCID: PMC8533510 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is usually defined as the treatment or prevention of human disease by supplementation with cells that have been selected, manipulated, and pharmacologically treated or altered outside the body (ex vivo). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with their unique characteristics of indefinite expansion in cultures and genetic modifications, represent an ideal cell source for differentiation into specialized cell types. Cell therapy has recently become one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for cancers, and different immune cell types are selected as therapeutic platforms. Natural killer (NK) cells are shown to be effective tumor cell killers and do not cause graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), making them excellent candidates for, and facilitating the development of, "off-the-shelf" cell therapies. In this review, we summarize the progress in the past decade in the advent of iPSC technology and review recent developments in gene-modified iPSC-NK cells as readily available "off-the-shelf" cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Hsu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan;
- Biochemical Technology R&D Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Center of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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15
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Chaudhry K, Dowlati E, Bollard CM. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells: a promising cancer immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:643-659. [PMID: 33821731 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1911648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Widespread success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies have shifted the focus from conventional cancer treatments toward adoptive immunotherapy. There are major efforts to improve CAR constructs and to identify new target antigens. Even though the Food and Drug Administration has approved commercialization of some CD19 CART cell therapies, there are still some limitations that restrict their widespread clinical use. The manufacture of autologous products for individual patients is logistically cumbersome and expensive and allogeneic T cell products may pose an appreciable risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).Areas covered:Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive alternative for CART-based immunotherapies. They have the innate ability to detect and eliminate malignant cells and are safer in the 'off-the-shelf' setting. This review discusses the current progress within the CAR NK cell field, including the challenges, and future prospects. Gene engineered NK cells was used as the search term in PubMed and Google Scholar through to December 2020.Expert opinion:CAR NK cell therapies hold promise as an 'off-the-shelf' cell therapy for cancer. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of their immunobiology and molecular mechanisms of action will improve their in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Chaudhry
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Dowlati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
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16
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Kharkwal SS, Johndrow CT, Veerapen N, Kharkwal H, Saavedra-Avila NA, Carreño LJ, Rothberg S, Zhang J, Garforth SJ, Jervis PJ, Zhang L, Donda A, Besra AK, Cox LR, Almo SC, Howell A, Evans EE, Zauderer M, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. Serial Stimulation of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells with Covalently Stabilized Bispecific T-cell Engagers Generates Antitumor Immunity While Avoiding Anergy. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1788-1801. [PMID: 33483371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) mediate strong antitumor immunity when stimulated by glycolipid agonists. However, attempts to develop effective iNKT cell agonists for clinical applications have been thwarted by potential problems with dose-limiting toxicity and by activation-induced iNKT cell anergy, which limits the efficacy of repeated administration. To overcome these issues, we developed a unique bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) based on covalent conjugates of soluble CD1d with photoreactive analogues of the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide. Here we characterize the in vivo activities of iNKT cell-specific BiTEs and assess their efficacy for cancer immunotherapy in mouse models using transplantable colorectal cancer or melanoma tumor lines engineered to express human Her2 as a tumor-associated antigen. Systemic administration of conjugated BiTEs stimulated multiple iNKT cell effector functions including cytokine release, secondary activation of NK cells, and induction of dendritic cell maturation and also initiated epitope spreading for tumor-specific CD8+ cytolytic T-cell responses. The antitumor effects of iNKT-cell activation with conjugated BiTEs were further enhanced by simultaneous checkpoint blockade with antibodies to CTLA-4, providing a potential approach for combination immunotherapy. Multiple injections of covalently stabilized iNKT cell-specific BiTEs activated iNKT cells without causing iNKT cell anergy or exhaustion, thus enabling repeated administration for effective and nontoxic cancer immunotherapy regimens. SIGNIFICANCE: Covalently stabilized conjugates that engage the antigen receptors of iNKT cells and target a tumor antigen activate potent antitumor immunity without induction of anergy or depletion of the responding iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Sharma Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Elstar Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Kharkwal
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, New York
| | - Noemi A Saavedra-Avila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samantha Rothberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Scott J Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Peter J Jervis
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Alena Donda
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amareeta K Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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17
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Poels R, Drent E, Lameris R, Katsarou A, Themeli M, van der Vliet HJ, de Gruijl TD, van de Donk NWCJ, Mutis T. Preclinical Evaluation of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Modified with CD38 or BCMA Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1096. [PMID: 33499253 PMCID: PMC7865760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the CD1d restricted recognition of altered glycolipids, Vα24-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are excellent tools for cancer immunotherapy with a significantly reduced risk for graft-versus-host disease when applied as off-the shelf-therapeutics across Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) barriers. To maximally harness their therapeutic potential for multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, we here armed iNKT cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) directed against the MM-associated antigen CD38 and the plasma cell specific B cell maturation antigen (BCMA). We demonstrate that both CD38- and BCMA-CAR iNKT cells effectively eliminated MM cells in a CAR-dependent manner, without losing their T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cytotoxic activity. Importantly, iNKT cells expressing either BCMA-CARs or affinity-optimized CD38-CARs spared normal hematopoietic cells and displayed a Th1-like cytokine profile, indicating their therapeutic utility. While the costimulatory domain of CD38-CARs had no influence on the cytotoxic functions of iNKT cells, CARs containing the 4-1BB domain showed a better expansion capacity. Interestingly, when stimulated only via CD1d+ dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), both CD38- and BCMA-CAR iNKT cells expanded well, without losing their CAR- or TCR-dependent cytotoxic activities. This suggests the possibility of developing an off-the-shelf therapy with CAR iNKT cells, which might even be boostable in vivo by administration α-GalCer pulsed DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Poels
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
| | - Esther Drent
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
| | - Roeland Lameris
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Afroditi Katsarou
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
| | - Maria Themeli
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (T.D.d.G.)
- Lava Therapeutics, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Niels W. C. J. van de Donk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.P.); (E.D.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (N.W.C.J.v.d.D.)
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18
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Jafarzadeh L, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR. Biomarkers for predicting the outcome of various cancer immunotherapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 157:103161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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19
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Ruf B, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC: spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:112-127. [PMID: 33235387 PMCID: PMC7852696 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the systemic treatment of various cancer types. The therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies targeting inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CTLA-4 to cells of the adaptive immune system has recently been shown to generate meaningful improvement in the clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, current immunotherapeutic approaches induce durable responses in only a subset of HCC patients. Since immunologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation due to chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease play a crucial role in the initiation, development, and progression of HCC, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping the unique tumor microenvironment of liver cancer. The liver is an immunologic organ with large populations of innate and innate-like immune cells and is exposed to bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens through the gut-liver axis. Here, we summarize and highlight the role of these cells in liver cancer and propose strategies to therapeutically target them. We also discuss current immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC and outline recent advances in our understanding of how the therapeutic potential of these agents might be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Makaryan SZ, Finley SD. An optimal control approach for enhancing natural killer cells' secretion of cytolytic molecules. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:046107. [PMID: 33376936 PMCID: PMC7758091 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are immune effector cells that can detect and lyse cancer cells. However, NK cell exhaustion, a phenotype characterized by reduced secretion of cytolytic models upon serial stimulation, limits the NK cell's ability to lyse cells. In this work, we investigated in silico strategies that counteract the NK cell's reduced secretion of cytolytic molecules. To accomplish this goal, we constructed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the cytolytic molecules granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin-1 (PRF1) and calibrated the model predictions to published experimental data using a Bayesian parameter estimation approach. We applied an information-theoretic approach to perform a global sensitivity analysis, from which we found that the suppression of phosphatase activity maximizes the secretion of GZMB and PRF1. However, simply reducing the phosphatase activity is shown to deplete the cell's intracellular pools of GZMB and PRF1. Thus, we added a synthetic Notch (synNotch) signaling circuit to our baseline model as a method for controlling the secretion of GZMB and PRF1 by inhibiting phosphatase activity and increasing production of GZMB and PRF1. We found that the optimal synNotch system depends on the frequency of NK cell stimulation. For only a few rounds of stimulation, the model predicts that inhibition of phosphatase activity leads to more secreted GZMB and PRF1; however, for many rounds of stimulation, the model reveals that increasing production of the cytolytic molecules is the optimal strategy. In total, we developed a mathematical framework that provides actionable insight into engineering robust NK cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahak Z Makaryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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21
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Yilmaz A, Cui H, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 33287875 PMCID: PMC7720606 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the innate immune system. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) re-direct NK cells toward tumor cells carrying corresponding antigens, creating major opportunities in the fight against cancer. CAR NK cells have the potential for use as universal CAR cells without the need for human leukocyte antigen matching or prior exposure to tumor-associated antigens. Exciting data from recent clinical trials have renewed interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy due to the potential of CAR NK cells in the production of "off-the-shelf" anti-cancer immunotherapeutic products. Here, we provide an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in key areas of CAR NK cell research and identify under-investigated research areas. We summarize improvements in CAR design and structure, advantages and disadvantages of using CAR NK cells as an alternative to CAR T cell therapy, and list sources to obtain NK cells. In addition, we provide a list of tumor-associated antigens targeted by CAR NK cells and detail challenges in expanding and transducing NK cells for CAR production. We additionally discuss barriers to effective treatment and suggest solutions to improve CAR NK cell function, proliferation, persistence, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety in solid and liquid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yilmaz
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hanwei Cui
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, KCRB, Bldg. 158, 3rd Floor, Room 3017, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, KCRB, Bldg. 158, 3rd Floor, Room 3017, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
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22
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Anderson NR, Minutolo NG, Gill S, Klichinsky M. Macrophage-Based Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1201-1208. [PMID: 33203697 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with genetically modified T cells has generated exciting outcomes in hematologic malignancies, but its application to solid tumors has proven challenging. This gap has spurred the investigation of alternative immune cells as therapeutics. Macrophages are potent immune effector cells whose functional plasticity leads to antitumor as well as protumor function in different settings, and this plasticity has led to notable efforts to deplete or repolarize tumor-associated macrophages. Alternatively, macrophages could be adoptively transferred after ex vivo genetic modification. In this review, we highlight the role of macrophages in solid tumors, the progress made with macrophage-focused immunotherapeutic modalities, and the emergence of chimeric antigen receptor macrophage cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saar Gill
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Xu Y, Xiang Z, Alnaggar M, Kouakanou L, Li J, He J, Yang J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Hao J, Li J, Chen J, Li M, Wu Q, Peters C, Zhou Q, Li J, Liang Y, Wang X, Han B, Ma M, Kabelitz D, Xu K, Tu W, Wu Y, Yin Z. Allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy exhibits promising clinical safety and prolongs the survival of patients with late-stage lung or liver cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:427-439. [PMID: 32939032 PMCID: PMC8027668 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are promising candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. Due to their HLA-independent mode of action, allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be considered for clinical application. To apply allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, the methodology used to obtain adequate cell numbers with optimal effector function in vitro needs to be optimized, and clinical safety and efficacy also need to be proven. Therefore, we developed a novel formula to improve the expansion of peripheral γδ T cells from healthy donors. Then, we used a humanized mouse model to validate the therapeutic efficacy of expanded γδ T cells in vivo; furthermore, the expanded γδ T cells were adoptively transferred into late-stage liver and lung cancer patients. We found that the expanded cells possessed significantly improved immune effector functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and cancer cell killing, both in vitro and in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, a phase I clinical trial in 132 late-stage cancer patients with a total of 414 cell infusions unequivocally validated the clinical safety of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Among these 132 patients, 8 liver cancer patients and 10 lung cancer patients who received ≥5 cell infusions showed greatly prolonged survival, which preliminarily verified the efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy. Our clinical studies underscore the safety and efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy, which will inspire further clinical investigations and eventually benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Mohammed Alnaggar
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Tongji Chibi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chibi, Hubei, PR China
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Junyi He
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiashuang Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingxia Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jibing Chen
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Man Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingling Wu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingqing Liang
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Baohui Han
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meili Ma
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Kecheng Xu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China. .,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China. .,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
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Makaryan SZ, Finley SD. Enhancing network activation in natural killer cells: predictions from in silico modeling. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 12:109-121. [PMID: 32409824 PMCID: PMC7480959 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and are capable of killing diseased cells. As a result, NK cells are being used for adoptive cell therapies for cancer patients. The activation of NK cell stimulatory receptors leads to a cascade of intracellular phosphorylation reactions, which activates key signaling species that facilitate the secretion of cytolytic molecules required for cell killing. Strategies that maximize the activation of such intracellular species can increase the likelihood of NK cell killing upon contact with a cancer cell and thereby improve efficacy of NK cell-based therapies. However, due to the complexity of intracellular signaling, it is difficult to deduce a priori which strategies can enhance species activation. Therefore, we constructed a mechanistic model of the CD16, 2B4 and NKG2D signaling pathways in NK cells to simulate strategies that enhance signaling. The model predictions were fit to published data and validated with a separate dataset. Model simulations demonstrate strong network activation when the CD16 pathway is stimulated. The magnitude of species activation is most sensitive to the receptor's initial concentration and the rate at which the receptor is activated. Co-stimulation of CD16 and NKG2D in silico required fewer ligands to achieve half-maximal activation than other combinations, suggesting co-stimulating these pathways is most effective in activating the species. We applied the model to predict the effects of perturbing the signaling network and found two strategies that can potently enhance network activation. When the availability of ligands is low, it is more influential to engineer NK cell receptors that are resistant to proteolytic cleavage. In contrast, for high ligand concentrations, inhibiting phosphatase activity leads to sustained species activation. The work presented here establishes a framework for understanding the complex, nonlinear aspects of NK cell signaling and provides detailed strategies for enhancing NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahak Z. Makaryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D. Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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CARs: Beyond T Cells and T Cell-Derived Signaling Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103525. [PMID: 32429316 PMCID: PMC7279007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When optimizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in terms of efficacy, safety, and broadening its application to new malignancies, there are two main clusters of topics to be addressed: the CAR design and the choice of transfected cells. The former focuses on the CAR construct itself. The utilized transmembrane and intracellular domains determine the signaling pathways induced by antigen binding and thereby the cell-specific effector functions triggered. The main part of this review summarizes our understanding of common signaling domains employed in CARs, their interactions among another, and their effects on different cell types. It will, moreover, highlight several less common extracellular and intracellular domains that might permit unique new opportunities. Different antibody-based extracellular antigen-binding domains have been pursued and optimized to strike a balance between specificity, affinity, and toxicity, but these have been reviewed elsewhere. The second cluster of topics is about the cellular vessels expressing the CAR. It is essential to understand the specific attributes of each cell type influencing anti-tumor efficacy, persistence, and safety, and how CAR cells crosstalk with each other and bystander cells. The first part of this review focuses on the progress achieved in adopting different leukocytes for CAR therapy.
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26
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de Macedo Abdo L, Barros LRC, Saldanha Viegas M, Vieira Codeço Marques L, de Sousa Ferreira P, Chicaybam L, Bonamino MH. Development of CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL using a point-of-care approach. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1752592. [PMID: 32363126 PMCID: PMC7185214 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1752592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently approved by the FDA and European Medicines Agency, CAR-T cell therapy is a new treatment option for B-cell malignancies. Currently, CAR-T cells are manufactured in centralized facilities and face bottlenecks like complex scaling up, high costs, and logistic operations. These difficulties are mainly related to the use of viral vectors and the requirement to expand CAR-T cells to reach the therapeutic dose. In this paper, by using Sleeping Beauty-mediated genetic modification delivered by electroporation, we show that CAR-T cells can be generated and used without the need for ex vivo activation and expansion, consistent with a point-of-care (POC) approach. Our results show that minimally manipulated CAR-T cells are effective in vivo against RS4;11 leukemia cells engrafted in NSG mice even when inoculated after only 4 h of gene transfer. In an effort to better characterize the infused CAR-T cells, we show that 19BBz T lymphocytes infused after 24 h of electroporation (where CAR expression is already detectable) can improve the overall survival and reduce tumor burden in organs of mice engrafted with RS4;11 or Nalm-6 B cell leukemia. A side-by-side comparison of POC approach with a conventional 8-day expansion protocol using Transact beads demonstrated that both approaches have equivalent antitumor activity in vivo. Our data suggest that POC approach is a viable alternative for the generation and use of CAR-T cells, overcoming the limitations of current manufacturing protocols. Its use has the potential to expand CAR immunotherapy to a higher number of patients, especially in the context of low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza de Macedo Abdo
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Saldanha Viegas
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luisa Vieira Codeço Marques
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Sousa Ferreira
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Chicaybam
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martín Hernán Bonamino
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Inhibitory effect of kaempferol on mouse melanoma cell line B16 in vivo and in vitro. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 38:498-504. [PMID: 34377134 PMCID: PMC8330872 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.94257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Melanoma is a malignant tumour and is the leading cause of death in patients with skin tumours. Aim Kaempferol belongs to a class of flavonoids, and is associated with many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-cancer. However, the inhibitory effect of kaempferol on melanoma still remains unclear. Material and methods The effect of kaempferol on melanoma was determined by conducting both in vitro and in vivo experiments using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Results The in vitro results revealed that kaempferol obviously inhibited cell viability of melanoma B16 cells, induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. The in vivo results showed that kaempferol effectively inhibited the growth of mice xenografts. More importantly, kaempferol down-regulated the number of MDSC cells and up-regulated the number of NKT cells and CD8 T cells in the spleen. Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that kaempferol might play an inhibitory role in the growth of melanoma by enhancing anti-tumour immunity of organisms.
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Rosuvastatin Enhances VSV-G Lentiviral Transduction of NK Cells via Upregulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:634-646. [PMID: 32300610 PMCID: PMC7150439 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapy is attaining promising clinical outcomes in recent years, but improvements are needed. Genetic modification of NK cells with a tumor antigen-specific receptor on their surface coupled to intracellular signaling domains may lead to enhanced cytotoxicity against malignant cells. One of the most common approaches is by lentivirus-mediated transduction. However, NK cells are difficult to transduce and various methods have been attempted with different success rates. Because the low-density lipoprotein-receptor (LDLR) is the receptor of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and is expressed only at low levels on NK cells, we tested the potential of 5 statins and 5 non-statin compounds to increase the LDLR expression, thereby facilitating viral transduction. We found that the transduction efficiency of VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus is augmented by statins that induced higher LDLR expression. In both NK-92 cells and primary NK cells, the transduction efficiency increased after treatment with statins. Furthermore, statins have been reported to suppress NK cell cytotoxicity; however, we showed that this can be completely reversed by adding geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). Among the statins tested, we found that the combination of rosuvastatin with GGPP most potently improved viral transduction without affecting the cytotoxic properties of the NK cells.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyze the possible role that the 'unconventional' T-cell populations mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) and iNKT cells play during HIV infection and following antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment. RECENT FINDINGS A substantial body of evidence now demonstrates that both MAIT and iNKT cells are depleted in blood during HIV infection. The depletion and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT cells are only partially restored by suppressive ART, potentially contributing to HIV-related comorbidities. SUMMARY The deficiency and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT T-cell subsets likely impact on immunity to important coinfections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This underscores the importance of research on restoring these unconventional T cells during HIV infection. Future studies in this field should address the challenge of studying tissue-resident cells, particularly in the gut, and better defining the determinants of MAIT/iNKT cell dysfunction. Such studies could have a significant impact on improving the immune function of HIV-infected individuals.
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Phung CD, Tran TH, Kim JO. Engineered nanoparticles to enhance natural killer cell activity towards onco-immunotherapy: a review. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:32-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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32
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer Cells: The Future of Cancer Immunotherapy. Ochsner J 2019; 19:186-187. [PMID: 31528126 DOI: 10.31486/toj.19.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are an innate-like T cell subset that expresses an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain and recognizes lipids presented on CD1d. They secrete diverse cytokines and can influence many types of immune responses. Despite having highly similar TCR specificities, iNKT cells differentiate in the thymus into distinct subsets that are analogous to T helper 1 (TH1), TH2 and TH17 cell subsets. Additional iNKT cell subsets that may require peripheral activation have also been described, including one that produces IL-10. In general, iNKT cells are non-circulating, tissue-resident lymphocytes, but the prevalence of different iNKT cell subsets differs markedly between tissues. Here, we summarize the functions of iNKT cells in four tissues in which they are prevalent, namely, the liver, the lungs, adipose tissue and the intestine. Importantly, we explain how local iNKT cell responses at each site contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from infection but can also contribute to tissue inflammation and damage.
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Frazao A, Rethacker L, Messaoudene M, Avril MF, Toubert A, Dulphy N, Caignard A. NKG2D/NKG2-Ligand Pathway Offers New Opportunities in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:661. [PMID: 30984204 PMCID: PMC6449444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor functions of NK cells are regulated by the integration of positive and negative signals triggered by numerous membrane receptors present on the NK cells themselves. Among the main activating receptors, NKG2D binds several stress-induced molecules on tumor targets. Engagement of NKG2D by its ligands (NKG2D-Ls) induces NK cell activation leading to production of cytokines and target cell lysis. These effects have therapeutic potential as NKG2D-Ls are widely expressed by solid tumors, whereas their expression in healthy cells is limited. Here, we describe the genetic and environmental factors regulating the NKG2D/NKG2D-L pathway in tumors. NKG2D-L expression is linked to cellular stress and cell proliferation, and has been associated with oncogenic mutations. Tumors have been found to alter their to NKG2D-L expression as they progress, which interferes with the antitumor function of the pathway. Nevertheless, this pathway could be advantageously exploited for cancer therapy. Various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, indirectly interfere with the cellular and soluble forms of NKG2D-Ls. In addition, NKG2D introduced into chimeric antigen receptors in T- and NK cells is a promising tumor immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Frazao
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Louise Rethacker
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,U1015 INSERM-CIC, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dulphy
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Abstract
CAR-T CELLS BIOLOGY, CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES: The development of new anti-tumor immunotherapy approaches has recently dramatically increased. Progresses made in molecular biology and the development of various genetic manipulation tools allow the "reprogrammation" of T cells in order to make them express a chimeric receptor including the variable part of an immunoglobulin capable of recognizing a tumor antigen along with the expression of molecules involved in T-lymphocyte activation signaling. Genetically modified T-cells, called "CAR (chimeric antigen receptors) -T cells", have yielded impressive clinical results in the treatment of relapsed or refractory lymphoid hematological malignancies after conventional treatments and are in development in solid tumors. Different generations of CAR-T cells have been developed and technological progress makes it possible to envisage modulations of gene constructs that could further optimize the efficacy and tolerance of CAR-T cells. The first challenge of these approaches concerns the identification of specific tumor antigen targets in order to limit the on-target/off-tumor effects and the loss of expression of the target. Approaches i) targeting several antigens or ii) limiting the duration of expression of CAR in lymphocytes or iii) destroying CAR-T cells by a suicide gene. Interesting approaches are the second objective of improvement concerns the accessibility of CAR-T cells to tumor sites and the control of the immune escape mechanisms of tumor cells to the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells. This issue is currently under the way of search of innovative strategies that should improve the clinical effectiveness of CAR-T cells, especially in solid tumors. Cet article fait partie du numéro supplément Les cellules CAR-T : une révolution thérapeutique ? réalisé avec le soutien institutionnel des partenaires Gilead : Kite et Celgene.
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Du Y, Wei Y. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Killer Cells in Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3095. [PMID: 30719024 PMCID: PMC6348255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers, with a high incidence of cancer death. Despite various therapeutic approaches, the cures and prognosis of advanced GC remain poor. Natural killer (NK) cells, which are known as important lymphocytes in innate immunity, play vital roles in suppressing GC initiation, progression, and metastases. A wide range of clinical settings shows that increasing the number of NK cells or improving NK cell antitumor activity is promising in GC patients. NK cell adoptive therapy (especially expanded NK cells) is a safe and well-tolerated method, which can enhance NK cell cytotoxicity against GC. Meanwhile, cytokines, immunomodulatory drugs, immune checkpoint blockades, antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapy have been found to directly or indirectly activate NK cells to improve their killing activity toward GC. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the relationship between NK cells and GC and point out all the innovative strategies that can enhance NK cells' function to inhibit the growth of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang K, Han Y, Cho WC, Zhu H. The rise of human stem cell-derived natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 19:141-148. [PMID: 30583701 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1559293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cell therapy has been proven to be safe and clinically effective for the treatment of multiple cancers, in particular blood cancers. Most of the clinical trials use primary NK cells from peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood, or NK-92 cells. Each cell source is confined by limitations, such as donor dependence, low persistence in vivo, and its difficulty to genetically modify. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore novel NK cell sources for clinical use. AREAS COVERED This article highlights the recent progress in utilizing stem cell-derived NK cells as anticancer therapies and strategies to improve their antitumor activities. EXPERT COMMENTARY Stem cell-derived NK cells are homogenous, easy to genetically modify on a clonal level, and can be expanded to clinical scale. They may therefore arise as an ideal population for developing off-the-shelf, standardized adoptive NK cell therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Wang
- a Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation at The Third Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yue Han
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - William C Cho
- c Department of Clinical Oncology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Huang Zhu
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
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38
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Kriegsmann K, Kriegsmann M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Cremer M, Witzens-Harig M. NKT cells - New players in CAR cell immunotherapy? Eur J Haematol 2018; 101:750-757. [PMID: 30187578 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of peripheral blood natural killer T (NKT) cells in cancer patients and a favorable outcome associated with a high number of tumor-infiltrating NKT cells demonstrated in several studies indicated the important role of these immune cells in the antitumor response. With effective antitumor immunity via direct tumor lysis, cytokine modulation of effector cells and regulation of immunosuppressive cells, type I NKT cells display interesting features/properties for the rapidly developing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. Due to their restriction to the monomorphic HLA-like molecule CD1d, but not to the polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA), NKT CAR cells show potential for enabling autologous and allogeneic/off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy. Promising results were obtained in preclinical NKT CAR cell studies, but clinical trials have not yet been conducted. In this review, we summarize the biological features of NKT cells, their role in antitumor immunity and recent advances in the development of NKT CAR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Cremer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Witzens-Harig
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Li Y, Hermanson DL, Moriarity BS, Kaufman DS. Human iPSC-Derived Natural Killer Cells Engineered with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Enhance Anti-tumor Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:181-192.e5. [PMID: 30082067 PMCID: PMC6084450 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) significantly enhance the anti-tumor activity of immune effector cells. Although most studies have evaluated CAR expression in T cells, here we evaluate different CAR constructs that improve natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing. We identified a CAR containing the transmembrane domain of NKG2D, the 2B4 co-stimulatory domain, and the CD3ζ signaling domain to mediate strong antigen-specific NK cell signaling. NK cells derived from human iPSCs that express this CAR (NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells) have a typical NK cell phenotype and demonstrate improved anti-tumor activity compared with T-CAR-expressing iPSC-derived NK cells (T-CAR-iPSC-NK cells) and non-CAR-expressing cells. In an ovarian cancer xenograft model, NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with PB-NK cells, iPSC-NK cells, or T-CAR-iPSC-NK cells. Additionally, NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells demonstrate in vivo activity similar to that of T-CAR-expressing T cells, although with less toxicity. These NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells now provide standardized, targeted "off-the-shelf" lymphocytes for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David L Hermanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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40
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Fang F, Xiao W, Tian Z. Challenges of NK cell-based immunotherapy in the new era. Front Med 2018; 12:440-450. [PMID: 30047028 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NKs) have a great potential for cancer immunotherapy because they can rapidly and directly kill transformed cells in the absence of antigen presensitization. Various cellular sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), stem cells, and NK cell lines, have been used for producing NK cells. In particular, NK cells that expanded from allogeneic PBMCs exhibit better efficacy than those that did not. However, considering the safety, activities, and reliability of the cell products, researchers must develop an optimal protocol for producing NK cells from PBMCs in the manufacture setting and clinical therapeutic regimen. In this review, the challenges on NK cell-based therapeutic approaches and clinical outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, 230027, China.
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41
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Zhou D, Xu L, Huang W, Tonn T. Epitopes of MUC1 Tandem Repeats in Cancer as Revealed by Antibody Crystallography: Toward Glycopeptide Signature-Guided Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061326. [PMID: 29857542 PMCID: PMC6099590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally O-glycosylated MUC1 tandem repeat glycopeptide epitopes expressed by multiple types of cancer have long been attractive targets for therapy in the race against genetic mutations of tumor cells. Glycopeptide signature-guided therapy might be a more promising avenue than mutation signature-guided therapy. Three O-glycosylated peptide motifs, PDTR, GSTA, and GVTS, exist in a tandem repeat HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA, containing five O-glycosylation sites. The exact peptide and sugar residues involved in antibody binding are poorly defined. Co-crystal structures of glycopeptides and respective monoclonal antibodies are very few. Here we review 3 groups of monoclonal antibodies: antibodies which only bind to peptide portion, antibodies which only bind to sugar portion, and antibodies which bind to both peptide and sugar portions. The antigenicity of peptide and sugar portions of glyco-MUC1 tandem repeat were analyzed according to available biochemical and structural data, especially the GSTA and GVTS motifs independent from the most studied PDTR. Tn is focused as a peptide-modifying residue in vaccine design, to induce glycopeptide-binding antibodies with cross reactivity to Tn-related tumor glycans, but not glycans of healthy cells. The unique requirement for the designs of antibody in antibody-drug conjugate, bi-specific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lan Xu
- Laboratory of Antibody Structure, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Medical Faculty, Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Lin C, Zhang J. Reformation in chimeric antigen receptor based cancer immunotherapy: Redirecting natural killer cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:200-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Krijgsman D, Hokland M, Kuppen PJK. The Role of Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer-A Phenotypical and Functional Approach. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535734 PMCID: PMC5835336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune system. NKT cells can be subdivided into functional subsets that respond rapidly to a wide variety of glycolipids and stress-related proteins using T- or natural killer (NK) cell-like effector mechanisms. Because of their major modulating effects on immune responses via secretion of cytokines, NKT cells are also considered important players in tumor immunosurveillance. During early tumor development, T helper (TH)1-like NKT cell subsets have the potential to rapidly stimulate tumor-specific T cells and effector NK cells that can eliminate tumor cells. In case of tumor progression, NKT cells may become overstimulated and anergic leading to deletion of a part of the NKT cell population in patients via activation-induced cell death. In addition, the remaining NKT cells become hyporesponsive, or switch to immunosuppressive TH2-/T regulatory-like NKT cell subsets, thereby facilitating tumor progression and immune escape. In this review, we discuss this important role of NKT cells in tumor development and we conclude that there should be three important focuses of future research in cancer patients in relation with NKT cells: (1) expansion of the NKT cell population, (2) prevention and breaking of NKT cell anergy, and (3) skewing of NKT cells toward TH1-like subsets with antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Krijgsman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Harrer DC, Dörrie J, Schaft N. Chimeric Antigen Receptors in Different Cell Types: New Vehicles Join the Race. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:547-558. [PMID: 29320890 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy has evolved into a powerful force in the battle against cancer, holding promise for curative responses in patients with advanced and refractory tumors. Autologous T cells, reprogrammed to target malignant cells via the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) represent the frontrunner in this approach. Tremendous clinical regressions have been achieved using CAR-T cells against a variety of cancers both in numerous preclinical studies and in several clinical trials, most notably against acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and resulted in a very recent United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the first CAR-T-cell therapy. In most studies CARs are transferred to conventional αβT cells. Nevertheless, transferring a CAR into different cell types, such as γδT cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and myeloid cells has yet received relatively little attention, although these cell types possess unique features that may aid in surmounting some of the hurdles CAR-T-cell therapy currently faces. This review focuses on CAR therapy using effectors beyond conventional αβT cells and discusses those strategies against the backdrop of developing a safe, powerful, and durable cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Harrer
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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Shissler SC, Lee MS, Webb TJ. Mixed Signals: Co-Stimulation in Invariant Natural Killer T Cell-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1447. [PMID: 29163518 PMCID: PMC5671952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an integral component of the immune system and play an important role in antitumor immunity. Upon activation, iNKT cells can directly kill malignant cells as well as rapidly produce cytokines that stimulate other immune cells, making them a front line defense against tumorigenesis. Unfortunately, iNKT cell number and activity are reduced in multiple cancer types. This anergy is often associated with upregulation of co-inhibitory markers such as programmed death-1. Similar to conventional T cells, iNKT cells are influenced by the conditions of their activation. Conventional T cells receive signals through the following three types of receptors: (1) T cell receptor (TCR), (2) co-stimulation molecules, and (3) cytokine receptors. Unlike conventional T cells, which recognize peptide antigen presented by MHC class I or II, the TCRs of iNKT cells recognize lipid antigen in the context of the antigen presentation molecule CD1d (Signal 1). Co-stimulatory molecules can positively and negatively influence iNKT cell activation and function and skew the immune response (Signal 2). This study will review the background of iNKT cells and their co-stimulatory requirements for general function and in antitumor immunity. We will explore the impact of monoclonal antibody administration for both blocking inhibitory pathways and engaging stimulatory pathways on iNKT cell-mediated antitumor immunity. This review will highlight the incorporation of co-stimulatory molecules in antitumor dendritic cell vaccine strategies. The use of co-stimulatory intracellular signaling domains in chimeric antigen receptor-iNKT therapy will be assessed. Finally, we will explore the influence of innate-like receptors and modification of immunosuppressive cytokines (Signal 3) on cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C Shissler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael S Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Lam PY, Nissen MD, Mattarollo SR. Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Immune Regulation of Blood Cancers: Harnessing Their Potential in Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29109728 PMCID: PMC5660073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique innate T lymphocyte population that possess cytolytic properties and profound immunoregulatory activities. iNKT cells play an important role in the immune surveillance of blood cancers. They predominantly recognize glycolipid antigens presented on CD1d, but their activation and cytolytic activities are not confined to CD1d expressing cells. iNKT cell stimulation and subsequent production of immunomodulatory cytokines serve to enhance the overall antitumor immune response. Crucially, the activation of iNKT cells in cancer often precedes the activation and priming of other immune effector cells, such as NK cells and T cells, thereby influencing the generation and outcome of the antitumor immune response. Blood cancers can evade or dampen iNKT cell responses by downregulating expression of recognition receptors or by actively suppressing or diverting iNKT cell functions. This review will discuss literature on iNKT cell activity and associated dysregulation in blood cancers as well as highlight some of the strategies designed to harness and enhance iNKT cell functions against blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Yeng Lam
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael D. Nissen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Yu H, Chen W, Li C, Lin D, Liu J, Yang Z, Yang J, Sun Y, Ma D. Large scale ex vivo expansion of clinical-grade effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5678-5686. [PMID: 29285110 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of various cancer types has attracted the attention of scientists. However, due to the absence of unitary standard protocols to produce large quantities of clinical-grade effector cells, it remains challenging to translate the experimental findings into clinical applications. The present study used methods complying with good manufacturing practice to induce effector cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors by interleukin-2 and anti-Her-2 antibody with or without anti-CD3 antibodies (OKT3). The results indicated that the addition of OKT3 resulted in a greater expansion of the total cells and CD8+ T cells, and primarily induced the PBMCs to differentiate into CD3+ T cells. Regardless of the presence of OKT3, the expression of activating receptor of natural killer (NK) group 2, member D, and the inhibitory receptors of CD158a and CD158b on NK cells and NKT cells was increased, while the expression of NKp46 was inhibited on NK cells, but not on NKT cells. Furthermore, OKT3 did not affect the toxicity of the effector cells. Subgroup analysis indicated that although a variation of the composition of effector cells was present in different individuals under identical culture conditions, consistent marker expression on effector cells and target cell-killing effects were observed in different subgroups treated with or without OKT3. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that OKT3, apart from its involvement in cell cycle regulation, affects transcription and protein translation during processes of proliferation and differentiation. The present study provided experimental data regarding the production of effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy as a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Changling Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Di Lin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Junde Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zien Yang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jingang Yang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Dongchu Ma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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