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Faraji P, Kühn H, Ahmadian S. Multiple Roles of Apolipoprotein E4 in Oxidative Lipid Metabolism and Ferroptosis During the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:62. [PMID: 38958788 PMCID: PMC11222241 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and has a great socio-economic impact. Modified oxidative lipid metabolism and dysregulated iron homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms still remain unclear. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-binding protein that occurs in large quantities in human blood plasma, and a polymorphism of the APOE gene locus has been identified as risk factors for AD. The human genome involves three major APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4), which encode for three subtly distinct apolipoprotein E isoforms (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4). The canonic function of these apolipoproteins is lipid transport in blood and brain, but APOE4 allele carriers have a much higher risk for AD. In fact, about 60% of clinically diagnosed AD patients carry at least one APOE4 allele in their genomes. Although the APOE4 protein has been implicated in pathophysiological key processes of AD, such as extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, modified oxidative lipid metabolism, and ferroptotic cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. As for all mammalian cells, iron plays a crucial role in neuronal functions and dysregulation of iron homeostasis has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Imbalances in iron homeostasis and impairment of the hydroperoxy lipid-reducing capacity induce cellular dysfunction leading to neuronal ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on APOE4-related oxidative lipid metabolism and the potential role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD. Pharmacological interference with these processes might offer innovative strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Faraji
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Krishnamurthy HK, Rajavelu I, Pereira M, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Wang T, Bei K, Rajasekaran JJ. Inside the genome: understanding genetic influences on oxidative stress. Front Genet 2024; 15:1397352. [PMID: 38983269 PMCID: PMC11231378 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1397352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetics is a key factor that governs the susceptibility to oxidative stress. In the body, oxidative burden is regulated by the balance between the prooxidant genes that orchestrate processes that produce oxidant species, while the antioxidant genes aid those involved in scavenging these species. Together, the two components aid in maintaining the oxidative balance in the body. Genetic variations can influence the expression and activity of the encoded proteins which can then affect their efficiency in regulating redox processes, thereby increasing the risk of oxidative stress. This review studies single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that bear relevance to oxidative stress by exploring the variations in the prooxidant genes, such as XDH, CYBA, CYP1A1, PTGS2, NOS, and MAO and antioxidant genes including SOD, CAT, GPX, GSS, GLUL, GSR, GSTM1, GSTM5, GSTP1, TXN and HMOX1. Early identification of individuals at the increased risk of oxidative stress is possible from the assessment of sequence of these genes. Integrating genetic insights into oxidative stress management measures can pave the way for personalized medicine that tailors' healthcare approaches to individual genetic profiles. Effective genetic assessment along with routine quantification of biological markers can improve and monitor treatment strategies, enhancing mitigation approaches that maintain cellular health and promote longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tianhao Wang
- Vibrant Sciences LLC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Kang Bei
- Vibrant Sciences LLC., San Carlos, CA, United States
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Mao N, Xie X. Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on treating rheumatoid arthritis explored by network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240967. [PMID: 38841174 PMCID: PMC11151399 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and disabling disease that imposes significant economic and social costs. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for treating joint disorders, and it has been shown to be cost-effective in treating RA, but its exact mechanism is unknown. Objective The goal of the network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking was to investigate the potential active compounds and associated anti-RA mechanisms of TwHF. Methods TCMSP and UniProt databases were searched for active compounds and related targets of TwHF. PharmGKB, DrugBank, OMIM, TTD, and the Human Gene Databases were used to identify RA-related targets. The intersected RA and TwHF targets were entered into the STRING database to create a protein-protein interaction network. R software was used for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Molecular docking technology was used to analyze the optimal effective components from TwHF for docking with the selected target gene. Results Following screening and duplicate removal, a total of 51 active compounds and 96 potential targets were chosen. The PPI network revealed that the target proteins are CXCL8, CXCL6, STAT3, STAT1, JUN, PPARG, TP53, IL14, MMP9, VEGFA, RELA, CASP3, PTGS2, IFNG, AKT1, FOS, ICAM1, and MAPK14. The results of the GO enrichment analysis focused primarily on the response to lipopolysaccharide, the response to molecules of bacterial origin, and the response to drugs. The KEGG results indicated that the mechanisms were closely related to lipid and atherosclerosis, chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation, Kaposi sarcoma-associated, herpesvirus infection, hepatitis B, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, IL-17 signaling pathways, Th17-cell differentiation, and so on, all of which are involved in angiogenesis, immune cell chemotaxis, and inflammatory responses. Molecular docking results suggested that triptolide was the appropriate PTGS1, PTGS2, and TNF inhibitors. Conclusion Our findings provide an essential role and basis for further immune inflammatory studies into the molecular mechanisms of TwHF and PTGS1, PTGS2, and TNF inhibitor development in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Mao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang C, Zheng L, Zhao M. Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Casein-Derived Tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro on Hepatic Glucose Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18802-18814. [PMID: 38011324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the molecular targets and mechanism of Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) on regulating glucose metabolism in hepatic cells and their in vivo hypoglycemic activities in mice. Results showed that both IPP and VPP (600 μM) significantly enhanced the glucose consumption in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes (p < 0.05). They also regulated activities of glucose metabolizing enzymes and increased the protein expression of p-AKT and GLUT2 in HepG2 cells. IPP directly interacted with the insulin receptor (IR) to activate the insulin/AKT signaling pathway. The activity of VPP on glucose consumption was not attributed to IR binding, and 76 potential antidiabetic targets were predicted by similarity ensemble and shape similarity approaches. Among them, the AKT and MAPK signaling pathway, in which two hub genes AKT1 and MAPK4 existed, were evaluated to make major contributions to the activity of VPP on glucose consumption. Moreover, both IPP and VPP (300 μmol/kg) could significantly reduce the blood glucose levels in mice (p < 0.05), with blood glucose area under the curve dropping by approximately 19% ± 0.09 and 21% ± 0.11%, respectively. This study provides a new theoretical support for the development of IPP and VPP as functional foods to regulate glucose metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, Henan, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Olivera I, Luri-Rey C, Teijeira A, Eguren-Santamaria I, Gomis G, Palencia B, Berraondo P, Melero I. Facts and Hopes on Neutralization of Protumor Inflammatory Mediators in Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4711-4727. [PMID: 37522874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In cancer pathogenesis, soluble mediators are responsible for a type of inflammation that favors the progression of tumors. The mechanisms chiefly involve changes in the cellular composition of the tumor tissue stroma and in the functional modulation of myeloid and lymphoid leukocytes. Active immunosuppression, proangiogenesis, changes in leukocyte traffic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and alterations in tumor-antigen presentation are the main mechanisms linked to the inflammation that fosters tumor growth and metastasis. Soluble inflammatory mediators and their receptors are amenable to various types of inhibitors that can be combined with other immunotherapy approaches. The main proinflammatory targets which can be interfered with at present and which are under preclinical and clinical development are IL1β, IL6, the CXCR1/2 chemokine axis, TNFα, VEGF, leukemia inhibitory factor, CCL2, IL35, and prostaglandins. In many instances, the corresponding neutralizing agents are already clinically available and can be repurposed as a result of their use in other areas of medicine such as autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belen Palencia
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Xie M. Graph regularized non-negative matrix factorization with [Formula: see text] norm regularization terms for drug-target interactions prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:375. [PMID: 37789278 PMCID: PMC10548602 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying drug-target interactions (DTIs) plays a key role in drug development. Traditional wet experiments to identify DTIs are costly and time consuming. Effective computational methods to predict DTIs are useful to speed up the process of drug discovery. A variety of non-negativity matrix factorization based methods are proposed to predict DTIs, but most of them overlooked the sparsity of feature matrices and the convergence of adopted matrix factorization algorithms, therefore their performances can be further improved. RESULTS In order to predict DTIs more accurately, we propose a novel method iPALM-DLMF. iPALM-DLMF models DTIs prediction as a problem of non-negative matrix factorization with graph dual regularization terms and [Formula: see text] norm regularization terms. The graph dual regularization terms are used to integrate the information from the drug similarity matrix and the target similarity matrix, and [Formula: see text] norm regularization terms are used to ensure the sparsity of the feature matrices obtained by non-negative matrix factorization. To solve the model, iPALM-DLMF adopts non-negative double singular value decomposition to initialize the nonnegative matrix factorization, and an inertial Proximal Alternating Linearized Minimization iterating process, which has been proved to converge to a KKT point, to obtain the final result of the matrix factorization. Extensive experimental results show that iPALM-DLMF has better performance than other state-of-the-art methods. In case studies, in 50 highest-scoring proteins targeted by the drug gabapentin predicted by iPALM-DLMF, 46 have been validated, and in 50 highest-scoring drugs targeting prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 predicted by iPALM-DLMF, 47 have been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics(LCSM) (Ministry of Education), School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - Minzhu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics(LCSM) (Ministry of Education), School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
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Cheng X, He Y, Bao W, Zhang Z, Chen L, Song G, Lan J, Xu F, Jia C, Dai T. Transcriptomic analysis of mRNA expression in giant congenital melanocytic nevi. Gene 2022; 850:146894. [PMID: 36174903 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE GCMN is a sporadic disease with an incidence ranging from 1/20,000 to 1/500000. So far, several studies have found that GCMN is related to somatic mutations, but most of them have focused on known pathogenic genes, and transcriptome sequencing based on large datasets is relatively uncommon. At present, the use of next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics platforms makes genomic information study more comprehensive and efficient. In this study, the transcriptome differences between GCMN lesions and surrounding normal skin tissues were investigated using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, and hub genes and pathways related to pathogenesis were identified, providing a theoretical foundation for further research into the pathogenesis of GCMN. METHODS Pathological skin tissue and surrounding normal skin tissue from GCMN patients, namely the pathological group (PG) and the control group (CG), were obtained. 1. All specimens were stained with HE to ensure that the samples met the experimental requirements. 2. Ten pairs of specimens were selected for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the PG and the CG were obtained. The DEGs were analyzed by clusterProfiler R software for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The function of the subnetwork was analyzed and the hub genes were identified by the STRING database and Cytoscape software. 3. The expression differences of hub genes PTGS2, EGF, and SOX10 in pathological skin tissues and normal skin tissues were verified by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS 1. HE staining revealed a lot of melanocytes in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. They were found around the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and blood vessel walls, or in a specific pattern. 2. The screening threshold was set at p<0.01 and |log2fc|<1, and a total of 1163 DEGs were discovered between the PG and CG, with 519 genes up-regulated and 644 genes down-regulated in the pathological tissues. According to the GO functional analysis, 29 biological processes, 18 cell compositions, and 17 molecular functions were significantly enriched, with the majority of them being related to keratinocytes and the extracellular matrix. There were 779 nodes and 2359 interactions in the protein interaction network. Using the MCODE plug-in, the network was divided into 25 functional clusters. According to ClueGO results, Cluster5 was involved in melanin biosynthesis and melanocyte proliferation. Using 11 operation methods in the Cytohubba plug-in, PTGS2, EGF, and SOX10 in Cluster5 were chosen as hub genes. 3. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining revealed that compared to normal skin tissue, the expression of SOX10 was significantly up-regulated, and the expression of PTGS2 and EGF was significantly down-regulated in pathological skin tissue(P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In GCMN, keratinocytes and extracellular matrix may directly and indirectly affect melanocyte activity. PTGS2, EGF, and SOX10 are important genes and significantly differentially expressed in pathological and normal skin tissues. These findings may serve as a springboard for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialin Cheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Yan He
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Wu Bao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Lingxi Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Ge Song
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang city, Henan Province.
| | - Junhong Lan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Chiyu Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2000 East Xiang 'an Road, Xiang 'an District, Xiamen city, China.
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China 36 Xiyuan Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang city, Henan Province.
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Zhang X, Lian X, Li H, Zhao W, Li X, Zhou F, Zhou Y, Cui T, Wang Y, Liu C. Taxifolin attenuates inflammation via suppressing MAPK signal pathway in vitro and in silico analysis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:554-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Saliani M, Jalal R, Javadmanesh A. Differential expression analysis of genes and long non-coding RNAs associated with KRAS mutation in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7965. [PMID: 35562390 PMCID: PMC9106686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutation is responsible for 40–50% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). RNA-seq data and bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the transcriptional profiles of KRAS mutant (mtKRAS) in comparison with the wild-type (wtKRAS) cell lines, followed by in-silico and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validations. Gene set enrichment analysis showed overrepresentation of KRAS signaling as an oncogenic signature in mtKRAS. Gene ontology and pathway analyses on 600 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) indicated their major involvement in the cancer-associated signal transduction pathways. Significant hub genes were identified through analyzing PPI network, with the highest node degree for PTPRC. The evaluation of the interaction between co-expressed DEGs and lncRNAs revealed 12 differentially-expressed lncRNAs which potentially regulate the genes majorly enriched in Rap1 and RAS signaling pathways. The results of the qPCR showed the overexpression of PPARG and PTGS2, and downregulation of PTPRC in mtKRAS cells compared to the wtKRAS one, which confirming the outputs of RNA-seq analysis. Further, significant upregualtion of miR-23b was observed in wtKRAS cells. The comparison between the expression level of hub genes and TFs with expression data of CRC tissue samples deposited in TCGA databank confirmed them as distinct biomarkers for the discrimination of normal and tumor patient samples. Survival analysis revealed the significant prognostic value for some of the hub genes, TFs, and lncRNAs. The results of the present study can extend the vision on the molecular mechanisms involved in KRAS-driven CRC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Saliani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Razieh Jalal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran. .,Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
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Miao C, Fan D. Identification of differentially expressed genes and pathways in diquat and paraquat poisoning using bioinformatics analysis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:678-685. [PMID: 35392760 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2063095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
[Objective] In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways involved in diquat (DQ) and paraquat (PQ) poisoning were identified via bioinformatics analysis, in order to inform the development of novel clinical treatments. [Methods] Raw data from GSE153959 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. DEGs of the DQ vs. control (CON) and PQ vs. CON comparison groups were identified using R, and DEGs shared by the two groups were identified using TBtools. Subsequently, the shared DEGs were searched in the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and hub genes were identified using the cytoHubba plug-in in Cytoscape software. Finally, Circos and contrast plots showing the DEGs shared between mouse and human chromosomes were constructed using TBtools. [Results] Thirty- one DEGs shared by the DQ and PQ groups were identified. Enriched biological process terms included positive regulation of cell proliferation and translation. Enriched cellular component terms included extracellular region, intracellular membrane- bounded organelle and mitochondrion. Enriched molecular function terms included transcription factor activity and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding. Enriched KEGG pathways included the interleukin- 17 signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and human T- cell leukemia virus 1 infection. The top ten hub genes in the PPI network were Ptgs2, Cxcl2, Csf2, Mmp13, Areg, Plaur, Fosl1, Ereg, Atf3, and Tfrc. Cxcl2, Csf2, and Atf3 played important roles in the mitogen- activated protein kinase signaling pathway. [Conclusions] These pathways and DEGs may serve as targets for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Miao
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Abedi Z, MotieGhader H, Hosseini SS, Sheikh Beig Goharrizi MA, Masoudi-Nejad A. mRNA-miRNA bipartite networks reconstruction in different tissues of bladder cancer based on gene co-expression network analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5885. [PMID: 35393513 PMCID: PMC8991185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most important cancers worldwide, and if it is diagnosed early, its progression in humans can be prevented and long-term survival will be achieved accordingly. This study aimed to identify novel micro-RNA (miRNA) and gene-based biomarkers for diagnosing BC. The microarray dataset of BC tissues (GSE13507) listed in the GEO database was analyzed for this purpose. The gene expression data from three BC tissues including 165 primary bladder cancer (PBC), 58 normal looking-bladder mucosae surrounding cancer (NBMSC), and 23 recurrent non-muscle invasive tumor tissues (RNIT) were used to reconstruct gene co-expression networks. After preprocessing and normalization, deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and used to construct the weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA). Gene co-expression modules and low-preserved modules were extracted among BC tissues using network clustering. Next, the experimentally validated mRNA-miRNA interaction information were used to reconstruct three mRNA-miRNA bipartite networks. Reactome pathway database and Gene ontology (GO) was subsequently performed for the extracted genes of three bipartite networks and miRNAs, respectively. To further analyze the data, ten hub miRNAs (miRNAs with the highest degree) were selected in each bipartite network to reconstruct three bipartite subnetworks. Finally, the obtained biomarkers were comprehensively investigated and discussed in authentic studies. The obtained results from our study indicated a group of genes including PPARD, CST4, CSNK1E, PTPN14, ETV6, and ADRM1 as well as novel miRNAs (e.g., miR-16-5p, miR-335-5p, miR-124-3p, and let-7b-5p) which might be potentially associated with BC and could be a potential biomarker. Afterward, three drug-gene interaction networks were reconstructed to explore candidate drugs for the treatment of BC. The hub miRNAs in the mRNA-miRNA bipartite network played a fundamental role in BC progression; however, these findings need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abedi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib MotieGhader
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sahar Sadat Hosseini
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Masoudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Türkez H, Arslan ME, Tatar A, Özdemir Ö, Sönmez E, Çadirci K, Hacimüftüoğlu A, Ceylan B, Açikyildiz M, Kahraman CY, Geyikoğlu F, Tatar A, Mardinoglu A. Molecular Genetics and Cytotoxic Responses to Titanium Diboride and Zinc Borate Nanoparticles on Cultured Human Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072359. [PMID: 35407693 PMCID: PMC9000154 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium diboride (TiB2) and zinc borate (Zn3BO6) have been utilized in wide spectrum industrial areas because of their favorable properties such as a high melting point, good wear resistance, high hardness and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the biomedical potentials of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 are still unknown because there is no comprehensive analysis that uncovers their biocompatibility features. Thus, the toxicogenomic properties of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures (HPAEpiC) by using different cell viability assays and microarray analyses. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) was used to associate differentially expressed gene probes. According to the results, up to 10 mg/L concentration of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 NPs application did not stimulate a cytotoxic effect on the HPAEpiC cell cultures. Microarray analysis revealed that TiB2 NPs exposure enhances cellular adhesion molecules, proteases and carrier protein expression. Furthermore, Zn3BO6 NPs caused differential gene expressions in the cell cycle, cell division and extracellular matrix regulators. Finally, STRING analyses put forth that inflammation, cell regeneration and tissue repair-related gene interactions were affected by TiB2 NPs application. Zn3BO6 NPs exposure significantly altered inflammation, lipid metabolism and infection response activator-related gene interactions. These investigations illustrated that TiB2 and Zn3BO6 NPs exposure may affect different aspects of cellular machineries such as immunogenic responses, tissue regeneration and cell survival. Thus, these types of cellular mechanisms should be taken into account before the use of the related NPs in further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (H.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (M.E.A.); (Ö.Ö.)
| | - Arzu Tatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Özlem Özdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (M.E.A.); (Ö.Ö.)
| | - Erdal Sönmez
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Kenan Çadirci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Hacimüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Bahattin Ceylan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (H.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Metin Açikyildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Kilis 7 Aralık University, 79000 Kilis, Turkey;
| | - Cigdem Yuce Kahraman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (C.Y.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Fatime Geyikoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; (C.Y.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kong J, Qiang W, Jiang J, Hu X, Chen Y, Guo Y, Liu H, Sun S, Gao H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liu X, Liu X, Li H. Safflower oil body nanoparticles deliver hFGF10 to hair follicles and reduce microinflammation to accelerate hair regeneration in androgenetic alopecia. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121537. [PMID: 35150848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects physical and mental health with limited therapeutic options. Novel materials and delivery methods have considerable potential to improve the current paradigm of treatment. In this study, we used a novel plant nanoparticle of safflower oil body (SOB) loaded with human fibroblast growth factor 10 (hFGF10) to target hair follicles and accelerate hair regeneration in AGA mice with few adverse effects. Our data revealed that the average particle size of SOB-hFGF10 was 226.73 ± 9.98 nm, with a spherical and uniform structure, and that SOB-hFGF10 was quicker to preferentially penetrate into hair follicles than hFGF2 alone. Using a mouse model of AGA, SOB-hFGF10 was found to significantly improve hair regeneration without any significant toxicity. Furthermore, SOB-hFGF10 inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 overproduction in macrophages in relation to hair follicle microinflammation, thereby enhancing the proliferation of dermal papilla cells. Overall, this study provides an applicable therapeutic method through targeting hair follicles and reducing microinflammation to accelerate hair regeneration in AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kong
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weidong Qiang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xingli Hu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yining Chen
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - YongXin Guo
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Siming Sun
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongtao Gao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiuming Liu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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14
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Ramos-Inza S, Ruberte AC, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK, Plano D. NSAIDs: Old Acquaintance in the Pipeline for Cancer Treatment and Prevention─Structural Modulation, Mechanisms of Action, and Bright Future. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16380-16421. [PMID: 34784195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current chemotherapeutic drugs are still a major issue in cancer treatment. Thus, targeted multimodal therapeutic approaches need to be strategically developed to successfully control tumor growth and prevent metastatic burden. Inflammation has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and progression of the disease. Several epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies have shown that traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit anticancer activities. This Perspective reports the most recent outcomes for the treatment and prevention of different types of cancers for several NSAIDs alone or in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, an extensive review of the most promising structural modifications is reported, such as phospho, H2S, and NO releasing-, selenium-, metal complex-, and natural product-NSAIDs, among others. We also provide a perspective about the new strategies used to obtain more efficient NSAID- or NSAID derivative- formulations for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramos-Inza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Zhang Z, Ghosh A, Connolly PJ, King P, Wilde T, Wang J, Dong Y, Li X, Liao D, Chen H, Tian G, Suarez J, Bonnette WG, Pande V, Diloreto KA, Shi Y, Patel S, Pietrak B, Szewczuk L, Sensenhauser C, Dallas S, Edwards JP, Bachman KE, Evans DC. Gut-Restricted Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors for Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11570-11596. [PMID: 34279934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have been extensively studied for colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. Celecoxib has been reported to reduce the incidence of colorectal adenomas and CRC but is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Here, we report a series of gut-restricted, selective COX-2 inhibitors characterized by high colonic exposure and minimized systemic exposure. By establishing acute ex vivo 18F-FDG uptake attenuation as an efficacy proxy, we identified a subset of analogues that demonstrated statistically significant in vivo dose-dependent inhibition of adenoma progression and survival extension in an APCmin/+ mouse model. However, in vitro-in vivo correlation analysis showed their chemoprotective effects were driven by residual systemic COX-2 inhibition, rationalizing their less than expected efficacies and highlighting the challenges associated with COX-2-mediated CRC disease chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuming Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Peter J Connolly
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Peter King
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Thomas Wilde
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jianyao Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Yawei Dong
- Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Daohong Liao
- Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Gaochao Tian
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Javier Suarez
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - William G Bonnette
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Vineet Pande
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karen A Diloreto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Yifan Shi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Shefali Patel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Beth Pietrak
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Lawrence Szewczuk
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Carlo Sensenhauser
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kurtis E Bachman
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - David C Evans
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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16
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Zhang H, Chi J, Hu J, Ji T, Luo Z, Zhou C, Huang L, Dai Z, Li J, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Intracellular AGR2 transduces PGE2 stimuli to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:180-195. [PMID: 34216690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) reportedly acts as an oncogene in multiple types of cancers. As a secreted protein, the oncogenic roles of extracellular AGR2 have been the focus of the increasing number of studies. In contrast, the oncological functions of intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) remain elusive. Here, we report that intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) is sufficient to promote CRC metastasis. iAGR2 binds to KDEL receptors (KDELRs) via its KTEL motif to activate downstream Gs-PKA signaling. Activated PKA upregulates the expression of NF-κB subunit c-Rel (REL) and acetylates histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) to promote the transcription of SNAIL and SLUG. AGR2 can be upregulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via EP4-PI3K-AKT pathway and is indispensable for PGE2-induced CRC metastasis. AGR2 knockdown enhances therapeutic effects of a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in CRC metastasis. Collectively, our study reveals a promoting role and molecular mechanisms of iAGR2 in CRC metastasis and uncovers a new tumor microenvironment signal regulating AGR2 expression, which may provide new targets for treating metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Systematically Deciphering the Pharmacological Mechanism of Fructus Aurantii via Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6236135. [PMID: 33542744 PMCID: PMC7843179 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6236135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fructus Aurantii (FA) is a traditional herbal medicine that has been widely used for thousands of years in China and possesses a variety of pharmacological effects. However, the active ingredients in FA and the potential mechanisms of its therapeutic effects have not been fully explored. Here, we applied a network pharmacology approach to explore the potential mechanisms of FA. We identified 5 active compounds from FA and a total of 209 potential targets to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6), caspase 3 (CASP3), apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) were identified as key targets of FA in the treatment of multiple diseases. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment demonstrated that FA was highly related to transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter, DNA-templated transcription, positive regulation of transcription, regulation of apoptosis process, and regulation of cell proliferation. Various signaling pathways involved in the treatment of FA were identified, including pathways in cancer and pathways specifically related to prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, PI3K-Akt, apoptosis, and non-small-cell lung cancer. TP53, AKT1, caspase 3, MAPK3, PTGS2, and BAX/BCL2 were related key targets in the identified enriched pathways and the PPI network. In addition, our molecular docking results showed that the bioactive compounds in FA can tightly bind to most target proteins. This article reveals via network pharmacology research the possible mechanism(s) by which FA exerts its activities in the treatment of various diseases and lays a foundation for further experiments and the development of a rational clinical application of FA.
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18
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Mi B, Li Q, Li T, Marshall J, Sai J. A network pharmacology study on analgesic mechanism of Yuanhu-Baizhi herb pair. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:284. [PMID: 32948176 PMCID: PMC7501664 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are suffering from chronic pain conditions, such as headache, arthritis, cancer. Apart from western medicines, traditional Chinese medicines are also well accepted for pain management, especially in Asian countries. Yuanhu-Baizhi herb pair (YB) is a typical herb pair applied to the treatment of stomach pain, hypochondriac pain, headache, and dysmenorrhea, due to its effects on analgesia and sedation. This study is to identify potentially active compounds and the underlying mechanisms of YB in the treatment of pain. METHODS Compounds in YB were collected from 3 online databases and then screened by bioavailability and drug likeness parameters. Swiss target prediction was applied to obtain targets information of the active compounds. Pain-related genes were conducted for Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the genes were constructed using Cytoscape software. In addition, the hub genes were screened using maximal clique centrality (MCC) algorithm. RESULTS In total, 31 compounds from Yuanhu were screened out with 35 putative target genes, while 26 compounds in Baizhi with 43 target genes were discovered. Hence, 78 potential target genes of YB were selected for further study. After overlap analysis of the 78 genes of YB and 2408 pain-associated genes, we finally achieved 34 YB-pain target genes, as well as 10 hub genes and 23 core compounds. Go enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that YB had a strong integration with neuro system, which might significantly contribute to antinociceptive effect. CONCLUSION Our data provide deep understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of YB in attenuating pain. The discovery shed new light on the development of active compounds of YB for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiushi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Integrative Medicine Emergency Medical Center, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jessica Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiayang Sai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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19
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Abstract
Over sixty percent of all mammalian protein-coding genes are estimated to be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), and unsurprisingly miRNA dysregulation has been linked with cancer. Aberrant miRNA expression in cancer cells has been linked with tumourigenesis and drug resistance. In the past decade, increasing number of studies have demonstrated that cholesterol accumulation fuels tumour growth and contributes to drug resistance, therefore, miRNAs controlling cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis are obvious hypothetical targets for investigating their role in cholesterol-mediated drug resistance in cancer. In this review, we have collated published evidences to consolidate this hypothesis and have scrutinized it by utilizing computational tools to explore the role of miRNAs in cholesterol-mediated drug resistance in breast cancer cells. We found that hsa-miR-128 and hsa-miR-223 regulate genes mediating lipid signalling and cholesterol metabolism, cancer drug resistance and breast cancer genes. The analysis demonstrates that targeting these miRNAs in cancer cells presents an opportunity for developing new strategies to combat anticancer drug resistance.
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20
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Venè R, Costa D, Augugliaro R, Carlone S, Scabini S, Casoni Pattacini G, Boggio M, Zupo S, Grillo F, Mastracci L, Pitto F, Minghelli S, Ferrari N, Tosetti F, Romairone E, Mingari MC, Poggi A, Benelli R. Evaluation of Glycosylated PTGS2 in Colorectal Cancer for NSAIDS-Based Adjuvant Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030683. [PMID: 32168749 PMCID: PMC7140631 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational/retrospective studies indicate that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2) inhibitors could positively affect colorectal cancer (CRC) patients' survival after diagnosis. To obtain an acceptable cost/benefit balance, the inclusion of PTGS2 inhibitors in the adjuvant setting needs a selective criterion. We quantified the 72 kDa, CRC-associated, glycosylated form of PTGS2 in 100 frozen CRC specimens and evaluated PTGS2 localization by IHC in the same tumors, scoring tumor epithelial-derived and stroma-derived fractions. We also investigated the involvement of interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) in PTGS2 induction, both in vitro and in CRC lysates. Finally, we used overall survival (OS) as a criterion for patient selection. Glycosylated PTGS2 can be quantified with high sensibility in tissue lysates, but the expression in both tumor and stromal cells limits its use for predictive purposes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicates that stromal PTGS2 expression could exert a protective role on patient OS. Stromal PTGS2 was prevalently expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts exerting a barrier function near the gut lumen, and it apparently favored the antitumor M1 macrophage population. IL1β was directly linked to gPTGS2 expression both in vitro and in tumors, but its activity was apparently prevalent on the stromal cell population. We suggest that stromal PTGS2 could exert a positive effect on patients OS when expressed in the luminal area of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Delfina Costa
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Augugliaro
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Carlone
- OU Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Scabini
- OU Oncologic Surgery and Implantable Systems, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Casoni Pattacini
- OU Oncologic Surgery and Implantable Systems, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Boggio
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Zupo
- OU Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pitto
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Minghelli
- Clinical and Experimental Immunology lab, Ospedale G. Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Romairone
- Department of General Surgery, Asl3, Ospedale Villa Scassi, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Mingari
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Mastuo T, Miyata Y, Yuno T, Mukae Y, Otsubo A, Mitsunari K, Ohba K, Sakai H. Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-Cancer Effects of Isothiocyanates from Cruciferous Vegetables in Bladder Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030575. [PMID: 32013065 PMCID: PMC7037050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a representative of urological cancer with a high recurrence and metastasis potential. Currently, cisplatin-based chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are used as standard therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic BC. However, these therapies often show severe adverse events, and prolongation of survival is unsatisfactory. Therefore, a treatment strategy using natural compounds is of great interest. In this review, we focused on the anti-cancer effects of isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, which are widely cultivated and consumed in many regions worldwide. Specifically, we discuss the anti-cancer effects of four ITC compounds—allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, sulforaphane, and phenethyl isothiocyanate—in BC; the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-cancer effects; current trends and future direction of ITC-based treatment strategies; and the carcinogenic potential of ITCs. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each ITC in BC treatment, furthering the consideration of ITCs in treatment strategies and for improving the prognosis of patients with BC.
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22
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Lai ZZ, Yang HL, Ha SY, Chang KK, Mei J, Zhou WJ, Qiu XM, Wang XQ, Zhu R, Li DJ, Li MQ. Cyclooxygenase-2 in Endometriosis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2783-2797. [PMID: 31853218 PMCID: PMC6909960 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is the most common gynecological disease in women of reproductive age, and it is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and infertility. As a consequence of genetic, immune and environmental factors, endometriotic lesions have high cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis compared with the normal endometrium. The transcription of the PTGS2 gene for COX-2 is associated with multiple intracellular signals, which converge to cause the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). COX-2 expression can be regulated by several factors, such as estrogen, hypoxia, proinflammatory cytokines, environmental pollutants, metabolites and metabolic enzymes, and platelets. High concentrations of COX-2 lead to high cell proliferation, a low level of apoptosis, high invasion, angiogenesis, EMS-related pain and infertility. COX-2-derived PGE2 performs a crucial function in EMS development by binding to EP2 and EP4 receptors. These basic findings have contributed to COX-2-targeted treatment in EMS, including COX-2 inhibitors, hormone drugs and glycyrrhizin. In this review, we summarize the most recent basic research in detail and provide a short summary of COX-2-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Lai
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yao Ha
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Kai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - We-Jie Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Min Qiu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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Huang XM, Yang ZJ, Xie Q, Zhang ZK, Zhang H, Ma JY. Natural products for treating colorectal cancer: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Hamada T, Nowak JA, Milner DA, Song M, Ogino S. Integration of microbiology, molecular pathology, and epidemiology: a new paradigm to explore the pathogenesis of microbiome-driven neoplasms. J Pathol 2019; 247:615-628. [PMID: 30632609 PMCID: PMC6509405 DOI: 10.1002/path.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is an integrative transdisciplinary field that addresses heterogeneous effects of exogenous and endogenous factors (collectively termed 'exposures'), including microorganisms, on disease occurrence and consequences, utilising molecular pathological signatures of the disease. In parallel with the paradigm of precision medicine, findings from MPE research can provide aetiological insights into tailored strategies of disease prevention and treatment. Due to the availability of molecular pathological tests on tumours, the MPE approach has been utilised predominantly in research on cancers including breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal carcinomas. Mounting evidence indicates that the microbiome (inclusive of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites) plays an important role in a variety of human diseases including neoplasms. An alteration of the microbiome may be not only a cause of neoplasia but also an informative biomarker that indicates or mediates the association of an epidemiological exposure with health conditions and outcomes. To adequately educate and train investigators in this emerging area, we herein propose the integration of microbiology into the MPE model (termed 'microbiology-MPE'), which could improve our understanding of the complex interactions of environment, tumour cells, the immune system, and microbes in the tumour microenvironment during the carcinogenic process. Using this approach, we can examine how lifestyle factors, dietary patterns, medications, environmental exposures, and germline genetics influence cancer development and progression through impacting the microbial communities in the human body. Further integration of other disciplines (e.g. pharmacology, immunology, nutrition) into microbiology-MPE would expand this developing research frontier. With the advent of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies, researchers now have increasing access to large-scale metagenomics as well as other omics data (e.g. genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) in population-based research. The integrative field of microbiology-MPE will open new opportunities for personalised medicine and public health. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Kosumi K, Hamada T, Zhang S, Liu L, da Silva A, Koh H, Twombly TS, Mima K, Morikawa T, Song M, Nowak JA, Nishihara R, Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Ou FS, Zemla T, Mayer RJ, Baba H, Ng K, Giannakis M, Zhang X, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Ogino S. Prognostic association of PTGS2 (COX-2) over-expression according to BRAF mutation status in colorectal cancer: Results from two prospective cohorts and CALGB 89803 (Alliance) trial. Eur J Cancer 2019; 111:82-93. [PMID: 30826660 PMCID: PMC6436990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway promotes tumour progression. Considering evidence suggesting increased PGE2 synthesis by BRAF mutation in tumour cells, we hypothesised that the association of tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer mortality might be stronger in BRAF-mutated tumours than in BRAF-wild-type tumours. METHODS Using 1708 patients, including 1200 stage I-IV colorectal carcinoma cases in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and 508 stage III colon cancer cases in a National Cancer Institute-sponsored randomised controlled trial of adjuvant therapy (CALGB/Alliance 89803), we evaluated tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression status using immunohistochemistry. We examined the prognostic association of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in strata of BRAF mutation status by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to adjust for potential confounders, including disease stage, tumour differentiation, microsatellite instability status and KRAS and PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS In NHS and HPFS, the association of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer-specific survival differed by BRAF mutation status (Pinteraction = 0.0005); compared with PTGS2 (COX-2)-negative/low carcinomas, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for PTGS2 (COX-2)-high carcinomas were 2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-4.28) in BRAF-mutated cases and 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.04) in BRAF-wild-type cases. Differential prognostic associations of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in strata of BRAF mutation status were similarly observed in CALGB/Alliance 89803 trial (Pinteraction = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The association of tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer mortality is stronger in BRAF-mutated tumours than in BRAF-wild-type tumours, supporting interactive roles of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression and BRAF mutation statuses in prognostication of patients with colorectal cancer; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT00003835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Koh
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tyler S Twombly
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonard B Saltz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Niedzwiecki
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fang-Shu Ou
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tyler Zemla
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Schwarzbach SV, Melo CF, Xavier PLP, Roballo KC, Cordeiro YG, Ambrósio CE, Fukumasu H, Carregaro AB. Morphine, but not methadone, inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated horse synoviocytes. Biochimie 2019; 160:28-33. [PMID: 30763639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main locomotor disorders in horses. Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment for OA, opioids could also be used. In previous studies, opioids showed promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of two opioids (morphine and methadone) against inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated synoviocytes by analyzing microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression. Synoviocytes were obtained from the joints at the distal limbs of dead animals. The cytotoxic effects of LPS, morphine, and methadone were investigated by using a cell viability assay with crystal violet dye. Synoviocytes were treated with LPS, LPS plus morphine, or LPS plus methadone for 3, 6, and 12 h, and mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. LPS, and morphine did not affect the viability of synoviocytes, even at high concentrations. LPS treatment increased mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression, whereas morphine inhibited the increase in mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Methadone did not inhibit mPGES-1 or PTGS2 expression. These results suggest that morphine may exhibit anti-inflammatory effect; therefore, it might be beneficial for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Schwarzbach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C F Melo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - P L P Xavier
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - K C Roballo
- Innovative Therapies Group (GDTI), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Y G Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C E Ambrósio
- Innovative Therapies Group (GDTI), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - H Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - A B Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Ogino S, Nowak JA, Hamada T, Milner DA, Nishihara R. Insights into Pathogenic Interactions Among Environment, Host, and Tumor at the Crossroads of Molecular Pathology and Epidemiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:83-103. [PMID: 30125150 PMCID: PMC6345592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that diet, nutrition, lifestyle, the environment, the microbiome, and other exogenous factors have pathogenic roles and also influence the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of tumor and nonneoplastic cells, including immune cells. With the need for big-data research, pathology must transform to integrate data science fields, including epidemiology, biostatistics, and bioinformatics. The research framework of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) demonstrates the strengths of such an interdisciplinary integration, having been used to study breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The MPE research paradigm not only can provide novel insights into interactions among environment, tumor, and host but also opens new research frontiers. New developments-such as computational digital pathology, systems biology, artificial intelligence, and in vivo pathology technologies-will further transform pathology and MPE. Although it is necessary to address the rarity of transdisciplinary education and training programs, MPE provides an exemplary model of integrative scientific approaches and contributes to advancements in precision medicine, therapy, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA;
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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28
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Jaén RI, Prieto P, Casado M, Martín-Sanz P, Boscá L. Post-translational modifications of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in colorectal cancer: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5454-5461. [PMID: 30622375 PMCID: PMC6319129 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of prostanoids is involved in both physiological and pathological processes. The expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; also known as COX-2) has been traditionally associated to the onset of several pathologies, from inflammation to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and oncologic events. For this reason, the search of selective PTGS2 inhibitors has been a focus for therapeutic interventions. In addition to the classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective and specific PTGS2 inhibitors, termed coxibs, have been generated and widely used. PTGS2 activity is less restrictive in terms of substrate specificity than the homeostatic counterpart PTGS1, and it accounts for the elevated prostanoid synthesis that accompanies several pathologies. The main regulation of PTGS2 occurs at the transcription level. In addition to this, the stability of the mRNA is finely regulated through the interaction with several cytoplasmic elements, ranging from specific microRNAs to proteins that control mRNA degradation. Moreover, the protein has been recognized to be the substrate for several post-translational modifications that affect both the enzyme activity and the targeting for degradation via proteasomal and non-proteasomal mechanisms. Among these modifications, phosphorylation, glycosylation and covalent modifications by reactive lipidic intermediates and by free radicals associated to the pro-inflammatory condition appear to be the main changes. Identification of these post-translational modifications is relevant to better understand the role of PTGS2 in several pathologies and to establish a correct analysis of the potential function of this protein in diseases progress. Finally, these modifications can be used as biomarkers to establish correlations with other parameters, including the immunomodulation dependent on molecular pathological epidemiology determinants, which may provide a better frame for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael I Jaén
- Department of Metabolism and Physiopathology of Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Department of Metabolism and Physiopathology of Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Department of Biomedicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (CSIC), Valencia 46010, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, y Hepáticas y Digestivas, ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, y Hepáticas y Digestivas, ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unidad Asociada IIBM-ULPGC, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35001, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Department of Metabolism and Physiopathology of Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, y Hepáticas y Digestivas, ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unidad Asociada IIBM-ULPGC, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35001, Spain
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Dong BW, Zhang WB, Qi SM, Yan CY, Gao J. Transactivation of PTGS2 by PAX5 signaling potentiates cisplatin resistance in muscle-invasive bladder cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2293-2300. [PMID: 29964012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP)-based systematic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, acquired resistance to CDDP, a multifactorial process governed by an array of signals acting at different levels, is the major problem in BC treatment. Here, we report for the first time that, expression of Paired-box gene 5 (PAX5), a B-cell essential transcription factor, was significantly induced in CDDP-resistant BC tissues and in experimentally-induced CDDP-resistant BC cells. Inhibition of PAX5 expression by shRNA treatment effectively improved CDDP sensitivity in BC cells, whereas overexpression of PAX5 potentiated CDDP resistance through supporting BC cell survival. Mechanistically, using luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we identified prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, also called COX2), a potent enzyme responsible for prostanoids formation and inflammatory response, as the direct down-stream target of PAX5. PAX5 exerted its oncogenic function during the pathogenesis of CDDP resistance via stimulation of PTGS2 transcription. These observations collectively suggest that dysregulation of PAX5/PTGS2 cascade plays a causal role in the induction of CDDP resistance and gene silencing approaches targeting this pathway may therefore provide a novel therapeutic strategy for overcoming CDDP resistance in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xian Yang, 712000, China.
| | - Wei-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xian Yang, 712000, China
| | - Shu-Min Qi
- Department of Pathology, Xian Yang Rainbow Hospital, Xian Yang, 712000, China
| | - Chang-You Yan
- Family Planning Service Stations of Health and Family Planning Commission of Chengcheng County, Weinan City, 714000, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
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