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Bastos RG, Hassan A, Onzere CK, Herndon DR, Villarino NF, Laughery JM, Fry LM. Transient efficacy of buparvaquone against the US isolate of Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype in sub-clinically infected cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1421710. [PMID: 39132441 PMCID: PMC11310158 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1421710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Theileria orientalis, an economically significant tick-borne hemoparasite, infects cattle globally. The T. orientalis Ikeda genotype, transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, is associated with clinical manifestations characterized by anemia, abortions, and mortality, although subclinical infections prevail. Despite the common occurrence of subclinical infections, therapeutic interventions targeting T. orientalis Ikeda in such cases are currently lacking, impeding effective parasite control measures. To address this critical knowledge gap, we assessed the efficacy of buparvaquone (BPQ) in eliminating the T. orientalis Ikeda, US isolate, in sub-clinically infected cattle. Methods Twelve sub-clinically infected calves, identified by the presence of T. orientalis in peripheral blood alongside the absence of fever and anemia, were enrolled in the study. Six calves received two treatments of the BPQ label dose (2.5 mg/kg) at a 48-h interval, while additional three calves received the drug at a dosage of 6 mg/kg following the same regimen. Three untreated calves served as controls. Results and discussion Endpoint and quantitative PCR analyses revealed that BPQ exerted a transient effect on T. orientalis parasitemia. Parasites remained undetectable in peripheral blood until weeks 4 and 11 post-treatment in animals administered 2.5 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg of BPQ, respectively. Intriguingly, following recrudescence, administering 6 mg/kg to animals previously treated with 2.5 mg/kg did not result in a reduction in parasite load. Pharmacokinetic analysis data suggested that escalating the dosage led to a less than proportional increase in serum concentrations of BPQ. Moreover, a significant yet reversible decrease (p < 0.05) in blood urea nitrogen was observed in animals treated with the drug, irrespective of the dosage. Despite parasitemia relapse, animals treated with 6 mg/kg BPQ exhibited a noteworthy decrease (p < 0.05) in IgG levels specific to the T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein compared to controls and animals treated with 2.5 mg/kg of the drug. Conclusion BPQ did not demonstrate efficacy in clearing subclinical T. orientalis Ikeda infection. Future investigations are warranted to explore innovative therapeutic modalities that, in synergy with vaccines and diagnostic assays, can facilitate the development of comprehensive programs aimed at controlling and eradicating this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Amany Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cynthia K. Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David R. Herndon
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nicolas F. Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jacob M. Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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2
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East Coast Fever Carrier Status and Theileria parva Breakthrough Strains in Recently ITM Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Cattle in Iganga District, Eastern Uganda. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020295. [PMID: 36839567 PMCID: PMC9965312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is a tick-borne disease of cattle that hinders the development of the livestock industry in eastern, central and southern Africa. The 'Muguga cocktail' live vaccine, delivered by an infection and treatment method (ITM), remains the only immunisation strategy of controlling ECF. However, there are challenges of the live vaccine inducing ECF carrier status in immunised animals and the possibility of lack of protection from parasite strains that are antigenically different from the vaccine strains. In Uganda, there are insufficient data regarding the ECF carrier status and T. parva genetic diversity in vaccinated and associated non-vaccinated cattle to assess the effectiveness of ITM vaccination. Blood was collected from recently ECF vaccinated (98) and non-vaccinated (73) cattle from Iganga district in Eastern Uganda at 120 days post-vaccination. The p104 gene nested PCR was used to screen for T. parva DNA, 11 minisatellite and 3 microsatellite markers (SSR) were used for genotyping. Two minisatellite markers (MS7 and MS19) were used to determine whether ECF carrier status was due to the T. parva vaccine or local strains. The prevalence of T. parva based on p104 nPCR was 61.2% (60/98) (RR 2.234, 95% CI 1.49-3.35, p-value < 0.001) among recently vaccinated cattle and 27.4% (20/73) (RR 1.00) among associated non-vaccinated cattle. The Muguga cocktail vaccine strains were responsible for carrier status in 10 (58.8%) by MS7 and 11 (64.7%) by MS19 in vaccinated cattle. Genotypes of T. parva with different-sized alleles to the vaccine strains that could be potential 'breakthroughs' were detected in 2 (11.8%)) and 4 (23.5%) isolates from vaccinated cattle based on MS7 and MS19 minisatellite markers, respectively. Using 14 SSR markers, T. parva diversity was higher in vaccinated (Na = 2.214, Ne = 1.978, He = 0.465) than associated non-vaccinated (Na = 1.071, Ne = 1.048, He = 0.259) cattle. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed isolates from vaccinated cattle were closely related to those from non-vaccinated cattle. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation (96%) within T. parva isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle but low variation (4%) between vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. This study reveals the role of ITM in inducing the carrier status and higher T. parva genetic diversity in vaccinated cattle. The low genetic variation between T. parva isolates in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle may be suggestive of the protective role of vaccine strains against genetically related local strains in the study area.
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3
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Whittle L, Chapman R, van Diepen M, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL. Characterization of a Novel Chimeric Theileria parva p67 Antigen Which Incorporates into Virus-like Particles and Is Highly Immunogenic in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020210. [PMID: 35214669 PMCID: PMC8880696 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current method to protect cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) involves the use of live Theileria parva sporozoites. Although this provides immunity, using live parasites has many disadvantages, such as contributing to the spread of ECF. Subunit vaccines based on the sporozoite surface protein p67 have been investigated as a replacement for the current method. In this study, two DNA vaccines expressing recombinant forms of p67 designed to display on retrovirus-like particles were constructed with the aim of improving immunogenicity. The native leader sequence was replaced with the human tissue plasminogen activator leader in both vaccines. The full-length p67 gene was included in the first DNA vaccine (p67); in the second, the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail were replaced with those of an influenza A virus hemagglutinin 5 (p67HA). Immunofluorescent staining of fixed and live transfected mammalian cells showed that both p67 and p67HA were successfully expressed, and p67HA localised on the cell surface. Furthermore, p67HA was displayed on the surface of both bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) Gag and HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) made in the same cells. Mice vaccinated with DNA vaccines expressing p67 and p67HA alone, or p67HA with BLV or HIV-1 Gag, developed high titres of p67 and BLV Gag-binding antibodies. Here we show that it is possible to integrate a form of p67 containing all known antigenic domains into VLPs. This p67HA–VLP combination has the potential to be incorporated into a vaccine against ECF, as a DNA vaccine or as other vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Whittle
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (L.W.); (M.v.D.); (E.P.R.); (A.-L.W.)
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (L.W.); (M.v.D.); (E.P.R.); (A.-L.W.)
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Michiel van Diepen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (L.W.); (M.v.D.); (E.P.R.); (A.-L.W.)
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (L.W.); (M.v.D.); (E.P.R.); (A.-L.W.)
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (L.W.); (M.v.D.); (E.P.R.); (A.-L.W.)
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Latre de Late P, Cook EAJ, Wragg D, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Miyunga AA, Chepkwony MC, Mwaura S, Ndiwa N, Prettejohn G, Sitt T, Van Aardt R, Morrison WI, Prendergast JGD, Toye P. Inherited Tolerance in Cattle to the Apicomplexan Protozoan Theileria parva is Associated with Decreased Proliferation of Parasite-Infected Lymphocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751671. [PMID: 34804994 PMCID: PMC8602341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever and Corridor disease, which are fatal, economically important diseases of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. Improved methods of control of the diseases are urgently required. The parasite transforms host lymphocytes, resulting in a rapid, clonal expansion of infected cells. Resistance to the disease has long been reported in cattle from T. parva-endemic areas. We reveal here that first- and second-generation descendants of a single Bos indicus bull survived severe challenge with T. parva, (overall survival rate 57.3% compared to 8.7% for unrelated animals) in a series of five field studies. Tolerant cattle displayed a delayed and less severe parasitosis and febrile response than unrelated animals. The in vitro proliferation of cells from surviving cattle was much reduced compared to those from animals that succumbed to infection. Additionally, some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα or TGFβ which are usually strongly expressed in susceptible animals and are known to regulate cell growth or motility, remain low in tolerant animals. This correlates with the reduced proliferation and less severe clinical reactions observed in tolerant cattle. The results show for the first time that the inherited tolerance to T. parva is associated with decreased proliferation of infected lymphocytes. The results are discussed in terms of whether the reduced proliferation is the result of a perturbation of the transformation mechanism induced in infected cells or is due to an innate immune response present in the tolerant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latre de Late
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Aluoch Miyunga
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine C Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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5
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Allan FK, Peters AR. Safety and Efficacy of the East Coast Fever Muguga Cocktail Vaccine: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111318. [PMID: 34835249 PMCID: PMC8623010 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunisation of livestock with high quality vaccines is considered an essential approach to controlling many animal diseases. The only currently available commercial vaccine to protect cattle from East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria parva, is an unconventional “infection and treatment method” (ITM) involving administration of a combination of live T. parva isolates, referred to as the “Muguga cocktail”, and simultaneous treatment with long-acting oxytetracycline. Veterinary vaccine research and development typically involves studies designed to demonstrate vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy; however, as there were no such purpose-designed registration studies conducted for the Muguga cocktail, evidence for safety and efficacy is solely based on that which is available in the clinical literature. An extensive systematic review was conducted to analyse the evidence available in the literature in order to establish the safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. A combination of meta-analyses and narrative summaries was conducted. A total of 61 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review. The majority of studies demonstrated or reported in favour of the vaccine with regards to safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. Proximity to buffalo often resulted in reduced vaccine efficacy, and reports of shed and transmission of vaccine components affected the overall interpretation of safety. Better understanding of control options for this devastating livestock disease is important for policymakers and livestock keepers, enabling them to make informed decisions with regards to the health of their animals and their livelihoods.
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6
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Elnaggar MM, Knowles DP, Davis WC, Fry LM. Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Cytotoxic T-Cell Recall Response to Theileria parva in Cattle Following Vaccination by the Infection and Treatment Method. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060114. [PMID: 34207122 PMCID: PMC8259504 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan hemoparasite, Theileria parva, causes East Coast fever (ECF), a frequently fatal disease of African cattle. Vaccine development has been impeded by incomplete understanding of protective immunity following natural exposure or the infection and treatment method (ITM) of immunization. This is attributable to a paucity of methods to characterize the memory T-cell repertoire following infection. To overcome this impediment, assays developed to study the immune response to other intracellular pathogens were adapted for use in studies with T. parva to enable definition of the phenotype and function of effector T cells in T. parva-immune cattle, facilitating vaccine development. As reported herein, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ITM-immunized steers with irradiated, autologous, T. parva-infected cell lines elicited a proliferative recall response comprised of CD45R0+/CCR7− CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Subsequent co-incubation of stimulated cultures with infected cells demonstrated the presence of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) with the ability to kill infected cells. Comparison of CTL activity in cultures depleted of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells demonstrated CTL activity was primarily attributed to CD8+ T cells. Importantly, stimulation of PBMC from vaccinated steers always elicited proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This was the first important observation obtained from the use of the assay described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.M.E.); (D.P.K.); (W.C.D.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.M.E.); (D.P.K.); (W.C.D.)
| | - William C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.M.E.); (D.P.K.); (W.C.D.)
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.M.E.); (D.P.K.); (W.C.D.)
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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An alternative cold chain for storing and transporting East Coast fever vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109304. [PMID: 33161281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is an often fatal, economically important cattle disease that predominantly affects eastern, central, and southern Africa. ECF is controlled through vaccination by means of simultaneous injection of oxytetracycline and cryogenically preserved stabilate containing live, disease-causing parasites. Storage and transportation of the stabilate requires liquid nitrogen, a commodity that is commonly unreliable in low-resource settings. Here we show that storage of conventionally prepared stabilate at -80 °C for up to 30 days does not significantly affect its ability to infect cultured peripheral blood mononucleated cells or live cattle, suggesting an alternative cold chain that maintains these temperatures could be used to effectively manage ECF.
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8
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Bishop RP, Odongo D, Ahmed J, Mwamuye M, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Nanteza A, Lubega G, Gwakisa P, Clausen PH, Obara I. A review of recent research on Theileria parva: Implications for the infection and treatment vaccination method for control of East Coast fever. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 1:56-67. [PMID: 32174044 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The infection and treatment (ITM) live vaccination method for control of Theileria parva infection in cattle is increasingly being adopted, particularly in Maasai pastoralist systems. Several studies indicate positive impacts on human livelihoods. Importantly, the first detailed protocol for live vaccine production at scale has recently been published. However, quality control and delivery issues constrain vaccination sustainability and deployment. There is evidence that the distribution of T. parva is spreading from endemic areas in East Africa, North into Southern Sudan and West into Cameroon, probably as a result of anthropogenic movement of cattle. It has also recently been demonstrated that in Kenya, T. parva derived from cape buffalo can 'breakthrough' the immunity induced by ITM. However, in Tanzania, breakthrough has not been reported in areas where cattle co-graze with buffalo. It has been confirmed that buffalo in northern Uganda national parks are not infected with T. parva and R. appendiculatus appears to be absent, raising issues regarding vector distribution. Recently, there have been multiple field population genetic studies using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences and sequencing of antigen genes encoding targets of CD8+ T-cell responses. The VNTR markers generally reveal high levels of diversity. The antigen gene sequences present within the trivalent Muguga cocktail are relatively conserved among cattle transmissible T. parva populations. By contrast, greater genetic diversity is present in antigen genes from T. parva of buffalo origin. There is also evidence from several studies for transmission of components of stocks present within the Muguga cocktail, into field ticks and cattle following induction of a carrier state by immunization. In the short term, this may increase live vaccine effectiveness, through a more homogeneous challenge, but the long-term consequences are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jabbar Ahmed
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Micky Mwamuye
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anne Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - George Lubega
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- Genome Science Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Obara I, Githaka N, Nijhof A, Krücken J, Nanteza A, Odongo D, Lubembe D, Atimnedi P, Mijele D, Njeri A, Mwaura S, Owido G, Ahmed J, Clausen PH, Bishop RP. The Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick vector of Theileria parva is absent from cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations and associated ecosystems in northern Uganda. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2363-2367. [PMID: 32500369 PMCID: PMC7308261 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is the major tick vector of Theileria parva, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that causes the most economically important and lethal disease of cattle in East and central Africa. The African cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the major wildlife host of T. parva from southern Uganda and Kenya to southern Africa. We show herein that R. appendiculatus appears to be absent from the two largest national parks in northern Uganda. Syncerus caffer is common in both of these national parks, specifically Murchison falls (MFNP) and Kidepo Valley (KVNP). We re-confirmed the previously reported absence of T. parva in buffalo sampled in the two northern parks based on RLB data using a nested PCR based on the T. parva p104 gene. By contrast, T. parva-infected R. appendiculatus ticks and parasite-infected buffalo were present in Lake Mburo (LMNP) in South central Uganda. This suggests that the distribution of R. appendiculatus, which is predicted to include the higher rainfall regions of northern Uganda, may be limited by additional, as yet unknown factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Obara
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - N Githaka
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - D Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D Lubembe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Atimnedi
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - D Mijele
- Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Njeri
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G Owido
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Ahmed
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - P H Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - R P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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10
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Bastos RG, Franceschi V, Tebaldi G, Connelley T, Morrison WI, Knowles DP, Donofrio G, Fry LM. Molecular and Antigenic Properties of Mammalian Cell-Expressed Theileria parva Antigen Tp9. Front Immunol 2019; 10:897. [PMID: 31110506 PMCID: PMC6501543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle of sub-Saharan Africa. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently the only vaccine available to control T. parva. Although ITM elicits levels of protection, its widespread adoption is limited by costs, laborious production process, and antibiotic co-treatment requirement, necessitating the development of a more sustainable vaccine. To this end, efforts have been concentrated in the identification of new T. parva vaccine antigens and in the development of suitable platforms for antigen expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular and antigenic properties of T. parva antigen Tp9 expressed by mammalian cells. Data indicate that Tp9 contains a signal peptide that is weakly functional in mammalian cells. Thus, Tp9 secretion from mammalian cells increased 10-fold after the native signal peptide was replaced with the human tissue plasminogen activator signal peptide (tPA). Sera from all T. parva-immune cattle recognized this recombinant, secreted Tp9. Additionally, PBMC from ITM-immunized cattle produced significant (p < 0.05) amounts of IFNγ following ex vivo exposure to Tp9, but this response varied between cattle of different MHC class I and class II genotypes. In addition, depletion experiments demonstrated that IFNγ to Tp9 was primarily produced by CD4+ T cells. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Tp9 presents a signal peptide that is weakly functional in mammalian cells, suggesting that it remains within lymphocytes during infection. Tp9 secretion from mammalian cells was substantially increased when the tPA secretion signal sequence was substituted for the native secretion signal sequence. Using full-length, recombinant Tp9 secreted from mammalian cells, we demonstrated that T. parva-immune cattle develop both humoral and cellular immune responses to this antigen. Collectively, these results provide rationale for further evaluation of Tp9 as a component of a T. parva subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo G Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Royal School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Royal School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
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11
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Patel E, Mwaura S, Di Giulio G, Cook EAJ, Lynen G, Toye P. Infection and treatment method (ITM) vaccine against East Coast fever: reducing the number of doses per straw for use in smallholder dairy herds by thawing, diluting and refreezing already packaged vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:46. [PMID: 30704455 PMCID: PMC6357393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Infection and Treatment Method (ITM) of vaccination is the only immunization procedure currently available to protect cattle against East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-transmitted disease responsible for losses of several hundreds of millions of dollars per year in sub-Saharan Africa. The vaccine comprises a homogenized preparation of infected ticks packaged in straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. The current manufacturing protocol results in straws containing 30–40 doses (ILRI 0804), which is impractical for immunizing small herds as found in dairy and smallholder farming systems. The ILRI 0804 SD stabilate was prepared as a 1:5 dilution of the parent stabilate, with the aim of producing vaccine stabilate straws containing between four to eight doses and thus suitable for smallholder farming systems. Infectivity of the diluted stabilate was assessed and the protective efficacy of the diluted stabilate was determined by performing experimental and field immunizations. Results Two groups of six cattle were inoculated with 1 ml of the diluted stabilate at 1:20 (equivalent to the recommended field dose for ILRI 0804, assuming no loss of sporozoite viability during thawing and refreezing) and 1:14 (assuming 30–35% loss of sporozoite viability). Schizonts were detected in all 12 animals, showing viability of sporozoites. Ten animals from the infectivity study and two control animals not previously exposed to T. parva were challenged with the parental ILRI 0804 stabilate. The results show that the two control animals displayed severe ECF reactions and were treated 14 days after challenge. Of the previously infected animals, only one underwent a severe reaction following challenge, a result in accord with the challenge experiments performed previously with the parent stabilate [Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 7:306-314, 2016]. The animal that displayed a severe reaction had no detectable schizonts and did not seroconvert following the initial inoculation with ILRI 0804 SD. In addition, 62 animals immunized under field conditions showed a mean seroconversion rate of 82%. Conclusion The results presented in this article demonstrate that it is possible to prepare straws suitable for use in smallholder herds by thawing, diluting and refreezing already packaged vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Patel
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709-00100, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709-00100, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709-00100, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godelieve Lynen
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709-00100, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709-00100, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya.
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12
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Tayebwa DS, Vudriko P, Tuvshintulga B, Guswanto A, Nugraha AB, Gantuya S, Batiha GES, Musinguzi SP, Komugisha M, Bbira JS, Okwee-Acai J, Tweyongyere R, Wampande EM, Byaruhanga J, Adjou Moumouni PF, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Molecular epidemiology of Babesia species, Theileria parva, and Anaplasma marginale infecting cattle and the tick control malpractices in Central and Eastern Uganda. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1475-1483. [PMID: 30017724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis are the major tick-borne diseases affecting cattle productivity in Uganda. The emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks is suspected to have caused a rise in hemoparasites. This study sought to detect and characterize hemoparasites among farms in acaricide-failure hotspots of central as compared to the acaricide-failure naïve areas in Eastern Uganda. Nested PCR assays were performed to determine the prevalences of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria parva, and Anaplasma marginale in cattle blood samples sourced from randomly selected farms. Randomly selected isolates were sequenced to determine the genetic diversity of the parasites using the following marker genes: B. bovis spherical body protein 4, B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a, T. parva 104 kDa microneme-rhoptry antigen, and A. marginale major surface protein 5. Furthermore, partially and fully engorged adult ticks were collected for taxonomy, and tick-control practices were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The prevalences of B. bigemina, T. parva, and A. marginale in cattle were 17.2, 65.1, and 22.0%, and 10.0, 26.5, and 3% in the central and eastern region, respectively. Whilst, B. bovis was not detected in the farms involved. The sequences for B. bigemina, T. parva, and A. marginale from the central region showed 99% identity with those from the eastern region. Of the 548 ticks collected, 319, 147, 76, and 6 were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum, and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, respectively. The Rhipicephalus ticks were more abundant in the central region, whereas A. variegatum ticks were more abundant in the eastern region. Tick control malpractices were found in both Central and Eastern Uganda, and 42 of the 56 surveyed farms lacked appropriate restraining facilities and so they utilized either ropes or a 'boma' (enclosure). In summary, B. bigemina, T. parva, A. marginale and their co-infections were more prevalent in the central than eastern region; even though, tick control malpractices were observed in both regions. Therefore, an urgent tick and TBD control strategy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Arifin Budiman Nugraha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Sambuu Gantuya
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511, Albeheira, Egypt.
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Mariam Komugisha
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jonh Son Bbira
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - James Okwee-Acai
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-11, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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13
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Nyagwange J, Nene V, Mwalimu S, Henson S, Steinaa L, Nzau B, Tijhaar E, Pelle R. Antibodies to in silico selected GPI-anchored Theileria parva proteins neutralize sporozoite infection in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:8-14. [PMID: 29678234 PMCID: PMC5956992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) caused by Theileria parva kills cattle in East, Central and Southern Africa leading to significant economic losses. Vaccination is used as a control strategy against ECF and is presently dependent on deliberate infection with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting oxytetracycline. Although effective, this method has serious limitations; the immunity is parasite strain specific and immunized cattle can become life-long asymptomatic carriers of the parasite, posing risk for the spread of the disease. In efforts to develop a subunit vaccine, the role of antibodies in the neutralization of T. parva sporozoites infection of host cells has been investigated and a circumsporozoite protein, p67, is able to induce such neutralizing antibodies. However, the p67 protein only protects a proportion of immunized cattle against T. parva challenge and such protection might be improved by inclusion of additional parasite antigens that neutralize sporozoite infection. In an attempt to identify such antigens, we searched the re-annotated T. parva genome for genes predicted to contain GPI anchor signals, since they are likely to be located on the cell surface, and expressed fragments of six of the selected genes in E. coli. The recombinant proteins were used to raise antisera in mice. Antisera to two proteins, TpMuguga_01g00876 and TpMuguga_01g00939, neutralized sporozoite infectivity to a high degree, while antisera to two additional proteins, TpMuguga_01g00095 and TpMuguga_04g00437, exhibited moderate neutralizing capacity. We conclude that these four antigens are potential vaccine candidates, which should be evaluated further in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sonal Henson
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Nzau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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14
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Olds CL, Mason KL, Scoles GA. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks transmit Theileria parva from persistently infected cattle in the absence of detectable parasitemia: implications for East Coast fever epidemiology. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:126. [PMID: 29499743 PMCID: PMC5834894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background East Coast fever (ECF) is a devastating disease of cattle and a significant constraint to improvement of livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. The protozoan parasite causing ECF, Theileria parva, undergoes obligate sexual stage development in its tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Tick-borne acquisition and transmission occurs transstadially; larval and nymphal ticks acquire infection while feeding and transmit to cattle when they feed after molting to the next stage. Much of the current knowledge relating to tick-borne acquisition and transmission of T. parva has been derived from studies performed during acute infections where parasitemia is high. In contrast, tick-borne transmission during the low-level persistent infections characteristic of endemic transmission cycles is rarely studied. Methods Cattle were infected with one of two stocks of T. parva (Muguga or Marikebuni). Four months post-infection when parasites were no longer detectable in peripheral blood by PCR, 500 R. appendiculatus nymphs were fed to repletion on each of the cattle. After they molted to the adult stage, 20 or 200 ticks, respectively, were fed on two naïve cattle for each of the parasite stocks. After adult ticks fed to repletion, cattle were tested for T. parva infection by nested PCR and dot blot hybridization. Results Once they had molted to adults the ticks that had fed as nymphs on Muguga and Marikebuni infected cattle successfully transmitted Theileria parva to all naïve cattle, even though T. parva infection was not detectable by nested PCR on salivary gland genomic DNA of a sample of individual ticks. However, a salivary gland homogenate from a single Marikebuni infected tick was able to infect primary bovine lymphocytes. Infection was detected by nested p104 PCR in 3 of 4 calves and detected in all 4 calves by T. parva 18S nested PCR/dot blot hybridization. Conclusion We show that R. appendiculatus ticks are able to acquire T. parva parasites from infected cattle even in the absence of detectable parasitemia. Although infection was undetectable in a sample of individual ticks, cumulatively as few as 20 ticks were able to transmit T. parva to naïve cattle. These results have important implications for our understanding of T. parva transmission by R. appendiculatus in ECF endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Olds
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Present Address: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kathleen L Mason
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Glen A Scoles
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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15
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Nyagwange J, Tijhaar E, Ternette N, Mobegi F, Tretina K, Silva JC, Pelle R, Nene V. Characterization of the Theileria parva sporozoite proteome. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:265-273. [PMID: 29258832 PMCID: PMC5854367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2007 Theileria parva proteins expressed in the sporozoite were identified. Proteins include known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules were identified. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of P. falciparum invasion organelle proteins were identified. Proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation were identified.
East Coast fever is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The sporozoite stage of this parasite, harboured and released from the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus during feeding, invades and establishes infection in bovine lymphocytes. Blocking this initial stage of invasion presents a promising vaccine strategy for control of East Coast fever and can in part be achieved by targeting the major sporozoite surface protein p67. To support research on the biology of T. parva and the identification of additional candidate vaccine antigens, we report on the sporozoite proteome as defined by LC–MS/MS analysis. In total, 4780 proteins were identified in an enriched preparation of sporozoites. Of these, 2007 were identified as T. parva proteins, representing close to 50% of the total predicted parasite proteome. The remaining 2773 proteins were derived from the tick vector. The identified sporozoite proteins include a set of known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells from cattle that are immune to East Coast fever. We also identified proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules and invasion organelle proteins, and proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation. Overall, these data establish a protein expression profile of T. parva sporozoites as an important starting point for further study of a parasitic species which has considerable agricultural impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrick Mobegi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kyle Tretina
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Pelle
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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16
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Targeting Protein Translation in Organelles of the Apicomplexa. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:953-965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Perry BD. The control of East Coast fever of cattle by live parasite vaccination: A science-to-impact narrative. One Health 2016; 2:103-114. [PMID: 28616483 PMCID: PMC5441314 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in determining the impact of vaccine technologies developed using public funding targeted at international development, and understanding the factors and ingredients which contribute to the success and impacts of such vaccines. This paper chronicles the development of a live vaccine against East Coast fever, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Theileria parva. The paper describes the technological innovation, commonly known as infection-and-treatment, which was developed some 40 years ago, explores the institutional settings in which the vaccine was developed and refined, and discusses the political dynamics of both during the decades from first development to field deployment and impacts. The paper also analyses the direct and indirect indicators of success of ITM and the many qualifiers of these, the impacts that the emerging technology has had, both in positive and negative terms, and maps the key contributors and milestones on the research-to-impact pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Perry
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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18
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Hemmink JD, Weir W, MacHugh ND, Graham SP, Patel E, Paxton E, Shiels B, Toye PG, Morrison WI, Pelle R. Limited genetic and antigenic diversity within parasite isolates used in a live vaccine against Theileria parva. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:495-506. [PMID: 27080723 PMCID: PMC4935670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An infection and treatment protocol is used to vaccinate cattle against Theileria parva infection. Due to incomplete cross-protection between different parasite isolates, a mixture of three isolates, termed the Muguga cocktail, is used for vaccination. While vaccination of cattle in some regions provides high levels of protection, some animals are not protected against challenge with buffalo-derived T. parva. Knowledge of the genetic composition of the Muguga cocktail vaccine is required to understand how vaccination is able to protect against field challenge and to identify the potential limitations of the vaccine. The aim of the current study was to determine the extent of genetic and antigenic diversity within the parasite isolates that constitute the Muguga cocktail. High throughput multi-locus sequencing of antigen-encoding loci was performed in parallel with typing using a panel of micro- and mini-satellite loci. The former focused on genes encoding CD8(+) T cell antigens, believed to be relevant to protective immunity. The results demonstrate that each of the three component stocks of the cocktail contains limited parasite genotypic diversity, with single alleles detected at many gene/satellite loci and, moreover, that two of the components show a very high level of similarity. Thus, the vaccine incorporates very little of the genetic and antigenic diversity observed in field populations of T. parva. The presence of alleles at low frequency (<10%) within vaccine component populations also points to the possibility of variability in the content of vaccine doses and the potential for loss of allelic diversity during tick passage. The results demonstrate that there is scope to modify the content of the vaccine in order to enhance its diversity and thus its potential for providing broad protection. The ability to accurately quantify genetic diversity in vaccine component stocks will facilitate improved quality control procedures designed to ensure the long-term efficacy of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanneke D Hemmink
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - William Weir
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Niall D MacHugh
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon P Graham
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ekta Patel
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Brian Shiels
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Philip G Toye
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Roger Pelle
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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