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Gao T, Li M, Liu H, Fu S, Wang H, Liang G. Genome and evolution of Tibet orbivirus, TIBOV (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327780. [PMID: 38505291 PMCID: PMC10950067 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was first isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes in Xizang, China, in 2009. In recent years, more TIBOV strains have been isolated in several provinces across China, Japan, East Asia, and Nepal, South Asia. Furthermore, TIBOVs have also been isolated from Culex mosquitoes, and several midge species. Additionally, TIBOV neutralizing antibodies have been detected in serum specimens from several mammals, including cattle, sheep, and pigs. All of the evidence suggests that the geographical distribution of TIBOVs has significantly expanded in recent years, with an increased number of vector species involved in its transmission. Moreover, the virus demonstrated infectivity towards a variety of animals. Although TIBOV is considered an emerging orbivirus, detailed reports on its genome and molecular evolution are currently lacking. Thus, this study performed the whole-genome nucleotide sequencing of three TIBOV isolates from mosquitoes and midges collected in China in 2009, 2011, and 2019. Furthermore, the genome and molecular genetic evolution of TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and hosts (mosquitoes, midges, and cattle) was systematically analyzed. The results revealed no molecular specificity among TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and vectors. Meanwhile, the time-scaled phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of TIBOV appeared approximately 797 years ago (95% HPD: 16-2347) and subsequently differentiated at least three times, resulting in three distinct genotypes. The evolutionary rate of TIBOVs was about 2.12 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) (95% HPD: 3.07 × 10-5, 9.63 × 10-3), which is similar to that of the bluetongue virus (BTV), also in the Orbivirus genus. Structural analyses of the viral proteins revealed that the three-dimensional structures of the outer capsid proteins of TIBOV and BTV were similar. These results suggest that TIBOV is a newly discovered and rapidly evolving virus transmitted by various blood-sucking insects. Given the potential public health burden of this virus and its high infectious rate in a wide range of animals, it is significant to strengthen research on the genetic variation of TIBOVs in blood-feeding insects and mammals in the natural environment and the infection status in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Minghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Yang Z, He Y, Meng J, Li N, Wang J. Full-genome characterisation of a putative novel serotype of Yonaguni orbivirus isolated from cattle in Yunnan province, China. Virus Genes 2023; 59:223-233. [PMID: 36441333 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In July 2019, a novel viral strain (JH2019C603) was isolated from sentinel cattle in Jinghong City, in the subtropical region of Yunnan Province, China. The virus replicated and caused cytopathological effects in both Aedes albopictus (C6/36) and Baby Hamster Syrian Kidney (BHK-21) cells. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a viral genome comprised of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA, with a 1-2-2-1-1-1-1-1 migration pattern. Complete genome sequences of the JH2019C603 virus were determined through full-length cDNA amplification. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid (aa) sequences of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (Pol), Major subcore (T2) and Major core-surface (T13) showed that JH2019C603 clustered with Yonaguni orbivirus (YONOV) from Japan, with aa identities relative to YONOV of 97.7% (Pol), 99.0% (T2) and 98.5% (T13). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the aa sequences of the outer capsid protein one and two (OC1 and OC2) showed that JH2019C603 formed an independent branch in the phylogenetic tree, and its aa identity with YONOV was only 55.4% (OC1) and 80.8% (OC2), respectively. Compared with the prototype of YONOV, a notable sequence deletion was observed in the 3' non-coding region of NS1, with the NS1 of JH2019C603 encoded within segment 7 (Seg-7), in contrast to YONOV, which contains NS1 in Seg-6. These results indicate that JH2019C603 belongs to the YONOV lineage and might be a novel serotype or a highly variant strain of YONOV. These findings will facilitate the identification of new isolates and clarify their geographical distribution, epidemiology, genetic diversity and possible disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jinxin Meng
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Nan Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Yang QL, Zhang SW, Qiu SY, Zhang Q, Chen Q, Niu B. Spatio-temporal and trade export risk analysis of bluetongue disease in France: A case study of China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:955366. [PMID: 36406078 PMCID: PMC9669432 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.955366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue disease (BT) is a viral disease that can be introduced through imported animals and animal products, affecting local animal husbandry. In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of BT outbreaks (outbreak: a BT infection in cattle, sheep, or goats on a farm, involving at least one infected animal) in France were analyzed and the risk of introducing bluetongue virus (BTV) into countries through trade was assessed. A spatiotemporal analysis of BT reported during the study period (2015-2018) showed that there were clustered outbreaks of BT in France in 2016 and 2017, with outbreaks concentrated from August to December. The outbreak moved eastward from the center of mainland France to surrounding countries. A semi-quantitative risk analysis framework was established by combining the likelihood assessment and consequence analysis of introducing BTV into trading countries through trade. Exemplified by China, the research showed that in the analysis of the likelihood of BTV from France being introduced into trading countries through live cattle trade, China imports a large number of live cattle, bringing high risks. The likelihood of introducing bovine semen into trading countries was similar to that of live cattle, but the harm caused by the trade in live cattle was higher than that caused by the trade in bovine semen. This risk analysis framework can provide a reference for other countries to quickly assess the risk of bluetongue transmission in import and export trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-ling Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song-yin Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Technology Center of Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qin Chen
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,Bing Niu
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Kirkland PD, Farrugia B, Frost MJ, Zhang C, Finlaison DS. Multiplexed serotype-specific real time PCR assays - a valuable tool to support large scale surveillance for bluetongue virus infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2590-e2601. [PMID: 35621508 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, real time PCR has been increasingly adopted for bluetongue diagnosis with both broadly reactive and serotype-specific assays widely used. The use of these assays and nucleic acid sequencing technologies have enhanced bluetongue virus detection, resulting in the identification of a number of new serotypes. As a result, 27 different serotypes are officially recognised and at least 3 more are proposed. Rapid identification of the virus serotype is essential for matching of antigens used in vaccines and to undertake surveillance and epidemiological studies to assist risk management. However, it is not uncommon for multiple serotypes to circulate in a region either concurrently or in successive years. It is therefore necessary to have a large suite of assays available to ensure that the full spectrum of viruses is detected. Nevertheless, covering a large range of virus serotypes is demanding from both a time and resource perspective. To overcome these challenges, real time PCR assays were optimised to match local virus strains and then combined in a panel of quadriplex assays, resulting in 3 assays to detect 12 serotypes directly from blood samples from cattle and sheep. These multiplex assays have been used extensively for bluetongue surveillance in both sentinel animals and opportunistically collected samples. A protocol to adapt these assays to capture variations in local strains of bluetongue virus and to expand the panel is described. Collectively these assays provide powerful tools for surveillance and the rapid identification of bluetongue virus serotypes directly from animal blood samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - B Farrugia
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - M J Frost
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - C Zhang
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Yang H, Gu W, Li Z, Zhang L, Liao D, Song J, Shi B, Hasimu J, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhong Q, Li H. Novel putative bluetongue virus serotype 29 isolated from inapparently infected goat in Xinjiang of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2543-2555. [PMID: 33190404 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the 'type' species of the genus Orbivirus causing bluetongue (BT) in sheep, bovine and other ruminants. Twenty-four serotypes and several atypical serotypes of BTV were identified worldwide. In present study, a novel strain of BTV (V196/XJ/2014) was isolated from an asymptomatic sentinel goat in Yuli County, Xinjiang of China. Serotype identification of this isolate exhibited uniform negative results by serotype-specific conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for BTV-1 to BTV-27, and virus neutralization tests using reference sera of BTV-1 to BTV-24. Genomic analysis showed V196/XJ/2014 grouped with atypical serotypes of BTV-25 to BTV-28, BTV-X/XJ1407, BTV-X/ITL2015 and BTV-Y/TUN2017, while segment 2 and VP2 protein of V196/XJ/2014 shared <63.4%/61.4% nucleic acids and amino acids sequence identities with other recognized BTV serotypes and its segment 2 formed a separate 'nucleotype' in phylogenetic tree. These results indicated V196/XJ/2014 does not belong to any reported serotypes of BTV. Further studies of infectivity and pathogenicity showed that goats infected with V196/XJ/2014 did not exhibit observed clinical symptoms, but high level of virus amplification and homologous neutralization antibodies were detected post-infection. Our studies suggested a novel putative serotype of BTV-29 was isolated in Xinjiang of China, which expands our knowledge about the diversity of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenxi Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Baoxin Shi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiapaer Hasimu
- Yuli Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Yuli, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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A Duplex Fluorescent Microsphere Immunoassay for Detection of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Antibodies in Cattle Sera. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040682. [PMID: 33921013 PMCID: PMC8071417 DOI: 10.3390/v13040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes internationally reportable hemorrhagic disease in cattle, sheep, and white-tailed deer. The closely related, and often co-circulating, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus causes a clinically similar devastating disease in white-tailed deer, with increasing levels of disease in cattle in the past 10 years. Transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, together, they constitute constant disease threats to the livelihood of livestock owners. In cattle, serious economic impacts result from decreased animal production, but most significantly from trade regulations. For effective disease surveillance and accurate trade regulation implementation, rapid, sensitive assays that can detect exposure of cattle to BTV and/or EHDV are needed. We describe the development and validation of a duplex fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) to simultaneously detect and differentiate antibodies to BTV and EHDV in a single bovine serum sample. Performance of the duplex FMIA for detection and differentiation of BTV and EHDV serogroup antibodies was comparable, with higher sensitivity than commercially available single-plex competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA) for detection of each virus antibody separately. The FMIA adds to the currently available diagnostic tools for hemorrhagic orbiviral diseases in cattle as a sensitive, specific assay, with the benefits of serogroup differentiation in a single serum sample, and multiplexing flexibility in a high-throughput platform.
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Stokstad M, Coetzee P, Myrmel M, Mutowembwa P, Venter EH, Larsen S. Refined experimental design may increase the value of murine models for estimation of bluetongue virus virulence. Lab Anim 2020; 55:53-64. [PMID: 32588735 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220930056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a serious non-contagious vector-borne viral disease in ruminants, causing poor animal welfare and economic consequences globally. Concern has been raised about the development of novel bluetongue virus (BTV) strains and their possibly altered virulence through the process of viral reassortment. Virulence is traditionally estimated in lethal dose 50 (LD50) studies in murine models, but agreement with both in vitro and virulence in ruminants is questionable, and a refined experimental design is needed. Specific reassortants between wild-type and vaccine strains of BTV-1, -6 and -8 have previously been developed by reverse genetics. The aim of the present study was to rank the in vivo virulence of these parental and reassortant BTV strains by calculating LD50 in a murine model by using an experimental design that is new to virology: a between-patient optimised three-level response surface pathway design. The inoculation procedure was intracranial. Fifteen suckling mice were used to establish LD50 for each strain. Three parental and five reassortant virus strains were included. The LD50s varied from of 0.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0-0.20) to 3.3 (95% CI 2.96-3.72) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml. The results support the hypothesis that reassortment in BTV may lead to increased virulence in mice with potential negative consequences for the natural ruminant host. The ranking showed low agreement with in vitro properties and virulence in ruminants according to existing literature. Refined design such as response surface pathway design was found suitable for use in virology, and it introduces significant ethical and scientific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Virology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Agricultural Research Council - 71909Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Transboundary Animal Diseases), South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 8001James Cook University, Australia
| | - Stig Larsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Koltsov A, Tsybanov S, Gogin A, Kolbasov D, Koltsova G. Identification and Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 14 in Russia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:26. [PMID: 32181261 PMCID: PMC7059698 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a case of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in the Smolensk and Kaluga regions of Russia in 2011-2012. The virus was initially detected in heifers transferred in Russia from Germany through Poland and Belarus in 2011. On day 27 of quarantine, RNA and infectious viruses of BTV were detected in four heifers, but five were serologically positive. However, on day 3 before shipment, all heifers were seronegative and PCR-negative for BTV. Thus, a few animals from this consignment were viremic without any evident subclinical infection. Based on Seg-2 (VP2 gene) and Seg-5 (NS1 gene) sequencing, the recovered virus had 99.86-100% nucleotide identity with BTV-14-like viruses such as the vaccine BTV-14 strain RSArrrr/BTV 14 and the BTV-14 isolates detected in Lithuania and Poland in 2012. Subsequently, BTV-14 was also reported in local animals in two regions of Russia. During the monitoring survey, 1623 local animals within a 300-km radius were tested, of which 471 tested positive by ELISA and 183 by PCR for BTV-14 RNA. No other serotypes were identified in either imported or aboriginal animals within that radius. The Culicoides midges trapped at the site of the outbreak in May 2012 tested positive for the BTV-14 genome, indicating that the possible mechanism of spread most likely occurs via vector bites. However, further investigation is required to confirm this hypothesis, which would provide an improved understanding of the circulation and overwintering of BTV in northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Koltsov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Sodnom Tsybanov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Andrey Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
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Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z. Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:26-33. [PMID: 32288965 PMCID: PMC7104734 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many viral diseases are endemic in cattle populations worldwide. The ability of many viruses to cross the placenta and cause abortions and fetal malformations is well understood. There is also significant evidence that viral infections have additional actions in dairy cows, which are reflected in reduced conception rates. These effects are, however, highly dependent on the time at which an individual animal first contracts the disease and are less easy to quantify. This paper reviews the evidence relating to five viruses that can affect fertility, together with their potential mechanisms of action. Acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in mid-gestation increases abortion rates or causes the birth of persistently infected calves. BVDV infections closer to the time of breeding can have direct effects on the ovaries and uterine endometrium, which cause estrous cycle irregularities and early embryo mortality. Fertility may also be reduced by BVDV-induced immunosuppression, which increases the susceptibility to bacterial infections. Bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 is most common in pre-pubertal heifers, and can slow their growth, delay breeding, and increase the age at first calving. Previously infected animals subsequently show reduced fertility. Although this may be associated with lung damage, ovarian lesions have also been reported. Both BHV-1 and BHV-4 remain latent in the host following initial infection and may be reactivated later by stress, for example associated with calving and early lactation. While BHV-4 infection alone may not reduce fertility, it appears to act as a co-factor with established bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes to promote the development of endometritis and delay uterine repair mechanisms after calving. Both Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are transmitted by insect vectors and lead to increased abortion rates and congenital malformations. BTV-8 also impairs the development of hatched blastocysts; furthermore, infection around the time of breeding with either virus appears to reduce conception rates. Although the reductions in conception rates are often difficult to quantify, they are nevertheless sufficient to cause economic losses, which help to justify the benefits of vaccination and eradication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chike F Oguejiofor
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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Hijazeen ZS, Ismail ZB, M Al-Majali A. Prevalence and risk factors of some arthropod-transmitted diseases in cattle and sheep in Jordan. Vet World 2020; 13:201-205. [PMID: 32158173 PMCID: PMC7020114 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.201-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in sheep and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) in dairy cattle in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A simple randomized study was designed to collect 600 serum samples from sheep and 300 serum samples from dairy cattle located in the Northwestern parts of Jordan. In addition, data regarding farm management were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire through personal interview to determine potential risk factors. The seroprevalences of BEF and BTVs were determined using serum neutralization test and BTV group-specific competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: The overall seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against BEFV in dairy cattle was 45.37%. The overall seroprevalence of BTV group-specific antibodies in sheep was 47.8% (54% true seroprevalence). Logistic regression analysis identified geographic location (Irbid) (odds ratio [OR]=1.0; confidence interval [CI]=0.5-2.1), no use of disinfectants on the farm (OR=1.0; CI=0.05-0.1), and lack of veterinary services (OR=10; CI=3.5-13.2) as risk factors associated with high seropositivity against BTV in sheep. Geographic location (Jarash) (OR=3; CI=1.0-5.5), age of the animal (1-2 years of age (OR=1; CI=0.3-1.9), and lack of veterinary services (OR=9; CI=4-11) were identified as risk factors associated with high seroprevalence against BEFV in dairy cattle. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that BEFV in dairy cattle and BTV in sheep are endemic in Northwestern regions of Jordan. Implementation of appropriate control measures is, therefore, required to reduce the adverse effects of these diseases on animal health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaidoun S Hijazeen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad M Al-Majali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Merrill MM, Boughton RK, Lollis LO, Sayler KA, Wisely SM. Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Beef Cattle on a Ranch in South-Central Florida. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:752-757. [PMID: 31135300 PMCID: PMC6765206 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) infect a variety of wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the United States, with outcomes ranging from subclinical infection to clinical disease resulting in mortality. Because cattle have been suggested as a temporary reservoir for both BTV and EHDV, ongoing national surveillance for these viruses may benefit from inclusion of domestic cattle as a supplement to current programs, such as surveillance of wild white-tailed deer. To better understand the prevalence of BTV and EHDV in cattle, we surveyed for viral RNA (vRNA) in the blood of 1,604 beef cattle on a south-central Florida cattle ranch over 3 years. While overall prevalence of vRNA in blood was low (<2% for either virus), the occurrence of vRNA was much higher in young animals: in 2016, 24% of animals 2 years old were positive by PCR for either BTV or EHDV. Our results suggest that cattle are a likely temporary reservoir for these viruses in Florida, and could provide additional information on the spatial distribution, viral diversity, and timing of emergence of these viruses, particularly if surveillance was restricted to cattle ≤2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Merrill
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, Florida
| | - Laurent O Lollis
- Buck Island Ranch, MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida
| | - Katherine A Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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13
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Analysis of bluetongue serotype 3 spread in Tunisia and discovery of a novel strain related to the bluetongue virus isolated from a commercial sheep pox vaccine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Spedicato M, Lorusso A, Salini R, Gennaro AD, Leone A, Teodori L, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Savini G. Efficacy of vaccination for bluetongue virus serotype 8 performed shortly before challenge and implications for animal trade. Prev Vet Med 2017; 136:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Breard E, Garnier A, Despres P, Blaise Boisseau S, Comtet L, Viarouge C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Pourquier P, Hudelet P, Vitour D, Rossi S, Belbis G, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Development of a Double-Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay for Simultaneous Group and Serotype Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1837-1847. [PMID: 27667484 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are arboviruses responsible for infections in ruminants. The confirmation of BTV infections is based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the BTV viral protein 7 (VP7) as antigen. The determination of the BTV serotype by serological analyses could be only performed by neutralization tests (VNT) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. VP2 protein is considered the major serotype-defining protein of BTV. To improve the serological characterization of BTV infections, the recombinant VP7 and BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) VP2 were synthesized using insect cells expression system. The purified antigens were covalently bound to fluorescent beads and then assayed with 822 characterized ruminant sera from BTV vaccinations or infections in a duplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA). The revelation step of this serological duplex assay was performed with biotinylated antigens instead of antispecies conjugates to use it on different ruminant species. The results demonstrated that MIA detected the anti-VP7 antibodies with a high specificity as well as a competitive ELISA approved for BTV diagnosis, with a better efficiency for the early detection of the anti-VP7 antibodies. The VP2 MIA results showed that this technology is also an alternative to VNT for BTV diagnosis. Comparisons between the VP2 MIA and VNT results showed that VNT detects the anti-VP2 antibodies in an early stage and that the VP2 MIA is as specific as VNT. This novel immunoassay provides a platform for developing multiplex assays, in which the presence of antibodies against multiple BTV serotypes can be detected simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Breard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Garnier
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Despres
- UMR PIMIT (I2T), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, technology platform CYROI, Saint-Clotilde, La Reunion, France
| | - S Blaise Boisseau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - C Viarouge
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bakkali-Kassimi
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - D Vitour
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Rossi
- Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Gap, France
| | - G Belbis
- Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Sailleau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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16
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Schulz C, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Jenckel M, Viarouge C, Vitour D, Palmarini M, Gallois M, Höper D, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Zientara S. Bluetongue virus serotype 27: detection and characterization of two novel variants in Corsica, France. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2073-2083. [PMID: 27435041 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the compulsory vaccination programme against bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) in Corsica (France) in 2014, a BTV strain belonging to a previously uncharacterized serotype (BTV-27) was isolated from asymptomatic goats. The present study describes the detection and molecular characterization of two additional distinct BTV-27 variants found in goats in Corsica in 2014 and 2015. The full coding genome of these two novel BTV-27 variants show high homology (90-93 % nucleotide/93-95 % amino acid) with the originally described BTV-27 isolate from Corsican goats in 2014. These three variants constitute the novel serotype BTV-27 ('BTV-27/FRA2014/v01 to v03'). Phylogenetic analyses with the 26 other established BTV serotypes revealed the closest relationship to BTV-25 (SWI2008/01) (80 % nucleotide/86 % amino acid) and to BTV-26 (KUW2010/02) (73-74 % nucleotide/80-81 % amino acid). However, highest sequence homologies between individual segments of BTV-27/FRA2014/v01-v03 with BTV-25 and BTV-26 vary. All three variants share the same segment 2 nucleotype with BTV-25. Neutralization assays of anti-BTV27/FRA2014/v01-v03 sera with a reassortant virus containing the outer capsid proteins of BTV-25 (BTV1VP2/VP5 BTV25) further confirmed that BTV-27 represents a distinct BTV serotype. Relationships between the variants and with BTV-25 and BTV-26, hypotheses about their origin, reassortment events and evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schulz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Mélanie Gallois
- Regional Federation of Corsican Animal Health Groups, FRGDSB20 Ajaccio, France
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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17
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Using shared needles for subcutaneous inoculation can transmit bluetongue virus mechanically between ruminant hosts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20627. [PMID: 26853457 PMCID: PMC4745043 DOI: 10.1038/srep20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important arbovirus of ruminants that is transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges. BTV infection of ruminants results in a high viraemia, suggesting that repeated sharing of needles between animals could result in its iatrogenic transmission. Studies defining the risk of iatrogenic transmission of blood-borne pathogens by less invasive routes, such as subcutaneous or intradermal inoculations are rare, even though the sharing of needles is common practice for these inoculation routes in the veterinary sector. Here we demonstrate that BTV can be transmitted by needle sharing during subcutaneous inoculation, despite the absence of visible blood contamination of the needles. The incubation period, measured from sharing of needles, to detection of BTV in the recipient sheep or cattle, was substantially longer than has previously been reported after experimental infection of ruminants by either direct inoculation of virus, or through blood feeding by infected Culicoides. Although such mechanical transmission is most likely rare under field condition, these results are likely to influence future advice given in relation to sharing needles during veterinary vaccination campaigns and will also be of interest for the public health sector considering the risk of pathogen transmission during subcutaneous inoculations with re-used needles.
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18
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Nusinovici S, Madouasse A, Fourichon C. Quantification of the increase in the frequency of early calving associated with late exposure to bluetongue virus serotype 8 in dairy cows: implications for syndromic surveillance. Vet Res 2016; 47:18. [PMID: 26759309 PMCID: PMC4711031 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study evaluating whether reproductive data could be used for syndromic surveillance found an increased frequency of early calving (calving occurring a few days earlier than expected) in areas exposed to the Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in northern Europe. A high proportion of herds infected during the 2006–2009 European outbreak were not reported through the surveillance system. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the increase in the frequency of early calving associated with the exposure to BTV-8 in late gestation and (2) to determine whether this association could be found in populations exposed to BTV-8 but without reported clinical signs. Increases in frequency of early calving were quantified for cows in herds located in the 2007 outbreak area in France, reported or not as cases. Increases were detected for cows in both categories of herds with a larger effect in herds reported after clinical signs. Moreover, the largest effect was found for exposures occurring during the latest stage of pregnancy, suggesting that BTV infection could trigger calving in cows in late gestation, a few days earlier than expected. This is the first study quantifying the association between a viral infection and a shortened pregnancy length (still within a normal range). The high magnitude of the increase in frequency of early calving, their occurrence in herds from infected areas but not reported, and the short time interval between exposure and the occurrence of the event confirm the interest of using early calving as an indicator for syndromic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nusinovici
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France. .,LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France.
| | - Aurélien Madouasse
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France. .,LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France.
| | - Christine Fourichon
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France. .,LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, F-44307, Nantes, France.
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Hanon JB, Vandenberge V, Deruelle M, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Van Borm S, Koenen F, Liu L, Hoffmann B, Batten CA, Zientara S, Breard E, Van der Stede Y. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the performance parameters of a Lateral Flow Test device for the detection of Bluetongue virus-specific antibodies. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:140-50. [PMID: 26687976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral vector-borne disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. In this study, a commercial rapid immuno-chromatographic method or Lateral Flow Test (LFT) device, for the detection of BT virus-specific antibodies in animal serum, was evaluated in an international inter-laboratory proficiency test. The evaluation was done with sera samples of variable background (ruminant species, serotype, field samples, experimental infections, vaccinated animals). The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% (95% C.I. [90.5-100]) and the diagnostic specificity was 95.2% (95% C.I. [76.2-99.9]). The repeatability (accordance) and reproducibility (concordance) were 100% for seropositive samples but were lower for two of the seronegative samples (45% and 89% respectively). The analytical sensitivity, evaluated by testing positive sera at increasing dilutions was better for the BT LFT compared to some commercial ELISAs. Seroconversion of an infected sheep was detected at 4 days post infection. Analytical specificity was impaired by cross-reactions observed with some of the samples seropositive for Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV). The agreement (Cohen's kappa) between the LFT and a commercial BT competitive ELISA was 0.79 (95% CI [0.62-0.95]). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the BT LFT device is a rapid and sensitive first-line serological test that can be used in the field, especially in areas endemic for the disease where there is a lack of diagnostic facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Hanon
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Valerie Vandenberge
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Deruelle
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Molecular Platform Unit, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Koenen
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carrie Anne Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), UPE, UMR Anses, INRA, ENVA, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), UPE, UMR Anses, INRA, ENVA, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Agerholm JS, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Peperkamp K, Windsor PA. Virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:54. [PMID: 26399846 PMCID: PMC4581091 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing the cause of bovine congenital malformations (BCMs) is challenging for bovine veterinary practitioners and laboratory diagnosticians as many known as well as a large number of not-yet reported syndromes exist. Foetal infection with certain viruses, including bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), blue tongue virus (BTV), Akabane virus (AKAV), or Aino virus (AV), is associated with a range of congenital malformations. It is tempting for veterinary practitioners to diagnose such infections based only on the morphology of the defective offspring. However, diagnosing a virus as a cause of BCMs usually requires laboratory examination and even in such cases, interpretation of findings may be challenging due to lack of experience regarding genetic defects causing similar lesions, even in cases where virus or congenital antibodies are present. Intrauterine infection of the foetus during the susceptible periods of development, i.e. around gestation days 60-180, by BVDV, SBV, BTV, AKAV and AV may cause malformations in the central nervous system, especially in the brain. Brain lesions typically consist of hydranencephaly, porencephaly, hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia, which in case of SBV, AKAV and AV infections may be associated by malformation of the axial and appendicular skeleton, e.g. arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Doming of the calvarium is present in some, but not all, cases. None of these lesions are pathognomonic so diagnosing a viral cause based on gross lesions is uncertain. Several genetic defects share morphology with virus induced congenital malformations, so expert advice should be sought when BCMs are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Klaas Peperkamp
- Department of Pathology, GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A Windsor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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Chatzopoulos D, Valiakos G, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Sokos C, Vasileiou N, Papaspyropoulos K, Tsokana C, Spyrou V, Fthenakis G, Billinis C. Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Gaudreault NN, Jasperson DC, Dubovi EJ, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Wilson WC. Whole genome sequence analysis of circulating Bluetongue virus serotype 11 strains from the United States including two domestic canine isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:442-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715585156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-transmitted pathogen that typically infects and causes disease in domestic and wild ruminants. BTV is also known to infect domestic canines as discovered when dogs were vaccinated with a BTV-contaminated vaccine. Canine BTV infections have been documented through serological surveys, and natural infection by the Culicoides vector has been suggested. The report of isolation of BTV serotype 11 (BTV-11) from 2 separate domestic canine abortion cases in the states of Texas in 2011 and Kansas in 2012, were apparently unrelated to BTV-contaminated vaccination or consumption of BTV-contaminated raw meat as had been previously speculated. To elucidate the origin and relationship of these 2 domestic canine BTV-11 isolates, whole genome sequencing was performed. Six additional BTV-11 field isolates from Texas, Florida, and Washington, submitted for diagnostic investigation during 2011 and 2013, were also fully sequenced and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the BTV-11 domestic canine isolates are virtually identical, and both share high identity with 2 BTV-11 isolates identified from white-tailed deer in Texas in 2011. The results of the current study further support the hypothesis that a BTV-11 strain circulating in the Midwestern states could have been transmitted to the dogs by the infected Culicoides vector. Our study also expands the short list of available BTV-11 sequences, which may aid BTV surveillance and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Dane C. Jasperson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Edward J. Dubovi
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Donna J. Johnson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Eileen N. Ostlund
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - William C. Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science Technology and Analytical Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
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23
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Bronner A, Morignat E, Hénaux V, Madouasse A, Gay E, Calavas D. Devising an indicator to detect mid-term abortions in dairy cattle: a first step towards syndromic surveillance of abortive diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119012. [PMID: 25746469 PMCID: PMC4352010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion surveillance is essential for human and animal health because it plays an important role in the early warning of several diseases. Due to the limited sensitivity of traditional surveillance systems, there is a growing interest for the development of syndromic surveillance. Our objective was to assess whether, routinely collected, artificial insemination (AI) data could be used, as part of a syndromic surveillance system, to devise an indicator of mid-term abortions in dairy cattle herds in France. A mid-term abortion incidence rate (MAIR) was computed as the ratio of the number of mid-term abortions to the number of female-weeks at risk. A mid-term abortion was defined as a return-to-service (i.e., a new AI) taking place 90 to 180 days after the previous AI. Weekly variations in the MAIR in heifers and parous cows were modeled with a time-dependent Poisson model at the département level (French administrative division) during the period of 2004 to 2010. The usefulness of monitoring this indicator to detect a disease-related increase in mid-term abortions was evaluated using data from the 2007-2008 episode of bluetongue serotype 8 (BT8) in France. An increase in the MAIR was identified in heifers and parous cows in 47% (n = 24) and 71% (n = 39) of the departements. On average, the weekly MAIR among heifers increased by 3.8% (min-max: 0.02-57.9%) when the mean number of BT8 cases that occurred in the previous 8 to 13 weeks increased by one. The weekly MAIR among parous cows increased by 1.4% (0.01-8.5%) when the mean number of BT8 cases occurring in the previous 6 to 12 weeks increased by one. These results underline the potential of the MAIR to identify an increase in mid-term abortions and suggest that it is a good candidate for the implementation of a syndromic surveillance system for bovine abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bronner
- ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Eric Morignat
- ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Viviane Hénaux
- ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Aurélien Madouasse
- INRA, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque en santé animale, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique, UMR BioEpAR, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Gay
- ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Didier Calavas
- ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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24
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Tago D, Hammitt JK, Thomas A, Raboisson D. Cost assessment of the movement restriction policy in France during the 2006 bluetongue virus episode (BTV-8). Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:577-89. [PMID: 25458706 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at evaluating the costs of the movement restriction policy (MRP) during the 2006 BTV-8 epidemic in France for the producers of 6-9 month old Charolais beef weaned calves (BWC), an important sector that was severely affected by the restrictions imposed. This study estimates the change in the number of BWC sold that was due to the movement restrictions, and evaluates the economic effect of the MRP. The change in BWC sold by producers located inside the restriction zone (RZ) was analyzed for 2006 by using a multivariate matching approach to control for any internal validity threat. The economic evaluation of the MRP was based on several scenarios that describe farms' capacity constraints, feeding prices, and the animal's selling price. Results show that the average farmer experienced a 21% decrease in animals sold due to the MRP. The economic evaluation of the MRP shows a potential gain during the movement standstill period in the case of no capacity constraint faced by the farm and food self-sufficiency. This gain remains limited and close to zero in case of a low selling price and when animals are held until they no longer fit the BWC market so that they cannot be sold as an intermediate product. Capacity constraints represent a tremendous challenge to farmers facing movement restrictions and the fattening profit becomes negative under such conditions. The timing and length of the movement standstill period significantly affect the profitability of the strategy employed by the farmer: for a 5.5 month-long standstill period with 3.5 months of cold weather, farmers with capacity constraints have stronger incentives to leave their animals outside during the whole period and face higher mortality and morbidity rates than paying for a boarding facility for the cold months. This is not necessarily true for a shorter standstill period. Strategies are also sensitive to the feed costs and to the food self-sufficiency of the farm. Altogether, the present work shows the farmer's vulnerability to animal movement restrictions and quantifies the costs of the standstill. These results should assist decision-makers who seek to calculate adequate subsidies/aid or to efficiently allocate resources to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Tago
- Toulouse School of Economics (LERNA, INRA), 21 Allée de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - James K Hammitt
- Toulouse School of Economics (LERNA, INRA), 21 Allée de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France; Department of Health Policy and Management and Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alban Thomas
- Toulouse School of Economics (LERNA, INRA), 21 Allée de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Raboisson
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), UMR1225, Interaction Hôte Agent Pathogène (IHAP), 31076 Toulouse, France; INRA, US0685, Observatoire du Développement Durable (ODR), 31326 Auzeville, France; INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
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25
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV 1) was first isolated in Australia from cattle blood collected in 1979 at Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF), Northern Territory (NT). From long-term surveillance programs (1977 to 2011), 2,487 isolations of 10 BTV serotypes were made. The most frequently isolated serotype was BTV 1 (41%, 1,019) followed by BTV 16 (17.5%, 436) and BTV 20 (14%, 348). In 3 years, no BTVs were isolated, and in 12 years, no BTV 1 was isolated. Seventeen BTV 1 isolates were sequenced and analyzed in comparison with 10 Australian prototype serotypes. BTV 1 showed an episodic pattern of evolutionary change characterized by four distinct periods. Each period consisted primarily of slow genetic drift which was punctuated from time to time by genetic shifts generated by segment reassortment and the introduction of new genome segments. Evidence was found for coevolution of BTV genome segments. Evolutionary dynamics and selection pressure estimates showed strong temporal and clock-like molecular evolutionary dynamics of six Australian BTV genome segments. Bayesian coalescent estimates of mean substitution rates clustered in the range of 3.5 × 10(-4) to 5.3 × 10(-4) substitutions per site per year. All BTV genome segments evolved under strong purifying (negative) selection, with only three sites identified as under pervasive diversifying (positive) selection. The obligate replication in alternate hosts (insect vector and vertebrate hosts) imposed strong evolutionary constraints. The dominant mechanism generating genetic diversity of BTV 1 at BHF was through the introduction of new viruses and reassortment of genome segments with existing viruses. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue disease in ruminants. It is a disease of concern globally and is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides species). Analysis of the evolutionary and selection pressures on BTV 1 at a single surveillance site in northern Australia showed strong temporal and clock-like dynamics. Obligate replication in alternate hosts of insect and vertebrate imposed strong evolutionary constraints, with all BTV genome segments evolving under strong purifying (negative) selection. Generation of genetic diversity of BTV 1 in northern Australia is through genome segment reassortment and the introduction of new serotypes.
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26
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Rao PP, Hegde NR, Reddy YN, Krishnajyothi Y, Reddy YV, Susmitha B, Gollapalli SR, Putty K, Reddy GH. Epidemiology of Bluetongue in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e151-64. [PMID: 25164573 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an insectborne endemic disease in India. Although infections are observed in domestic and wild ruminants, the clinical disease and mortality are observed only in sheep, especially in the southern states of the country. The difference in disease patterns in different parts of the country could be due to varied climatic conditions, sheep population density and susceptibility of the sheep breeds to BT. Over the five decades after the first report of BT in 1964, most of the known serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have been reported from India either by virus isolation or by detection of serotype-specific antibodies. There have been no structured longitudinal studies to identify the circulating serotypes throughout the country. At least ten serotypes were isolated between 1967 and 2000 (BTV-1-4, 6, 9, 16-18, 23). Since 2001, the All-India Network Programme on Bluetongue and other laboratories have isolated eight different serotypes (BTV-1-3, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21). Genetic analysis of these viruses has revealed that some of them vary substantially from reference viruses, and some show high sequence identity with modified live virus vaccines used in different parts of the world. These observations have highlighted the need to develop diagnostic capabilities, especially as BT outbreaks are still declared based on clinical signs. Although virus isolation and serotyping are the gold standards, rapid methods based on the detection of viral nucleic acid may be more suitable for India. The epidemiological investigations also have implications for vaccine design. Although only a handful serotypes may be involved in causing outbreaks every year, the combination of serotypes may change from year to year. For effective control of BT in India, it may be pertinent to introduce sentinel and vector traps systems for identification of the circulating serotypes and to evaluate herd immunity against different serotypes, so that relevant strains can be included in vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - N R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - Y N Reddy
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Y V Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Susmitha
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Hyderabad, India
| | - S R Gollapalli
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Putty
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Hyderabad, India
| | - G H Reddy
- Veterinary Biologicals Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
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27
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Borel N, Frey CF, Gottstein B, Hilbe M, Pospischil A, Franzoso FD, Waldvogel A. Laboratory diagnosis of ruminant abortion in Europe. Vet J 2014; 200:218-29. [PMID: 24709519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abortion in ruminants is a major cause of economic loss worldwide, and the management and control of outbreaks is important in limiting their spread, and in preventing zoonotic infections. Given that rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis is central to controlling abortion outbreaks, the submission of tissue samples to laboratories offering the most appropriate tests is essential. Direct antigen and/or DNA detection methods are the currently preferred methods of reaching an aetiological diagnosis, and ideally these results are confirmed by the demonstration of corresponding macroscopic and/or histopathological lesions in the fetus and/or the placenta. However, the costs of laboratory examinations may be considerable and, even under optimal conditions, the percentage of aetiological diagnoses reached can be relatively low. This review focuses on the most commonly occurring and important abortifacient pathogens of ruminant species in Europe highlighting their epizootic and zoonotic potential. The performance characteristics of the various diagnostic methods used, including their specific advantages and limitations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pospischil
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca D Franzoso
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Waldvogel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Gu X, Davis RJ, Walsh SJ, Melville LF, Kirkland PD. Longitudinal study of the detection of Bluetongue virus in bull semen and comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:18-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713516622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant impediment to the global movement of bovine semen. Repeat testing of blood from donor animals is specified in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Manual for the export of semen from regions where BTV may be present. Screening of blood or semen samples has usually been carried out by virus isolation (VI) either by inoculation of chicken embryos followed by passage onto insect and mammalian cell cultures or in vivo inoculation of sheep followed by serology to detect seroconversion. Direct testing of semen for BTV would enable earlier release of semen samples and avoid repeat testing of the donor, as well as provide an option for releasing batches of semen that were collected without certification of the donor. Quantitative (real-time) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays overcome most of the limitations of other methods and have the potential to provide higher sensitivity. The present study compared 5 qRT-PCR assays, including 2 commercially available kits, for the detection of BTV in semen serially collected from 8 bulls over a period of 90 days after experimental infection. The results of the study show that at least one of the qRT-PCR assays is extremely reproducible and has both very high sensitivity and specificity to reliably detect all available serotypes. The preferred qRT-PCR gave consistently superior results to VI, sheep inoculation, and conventional RT-PCR. Therefore, the assay can be recommended for the screening of bovine semen for freedom from BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnian Gu
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia (Gu, Davis, Kirkland)
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Walsh, Melville)
| | - Rodney J. Davis
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia (Gu, Davis, Kirkland)
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Walsh, Melville)
| | - Susan J. Walsh
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia (Gu, Davis, Kirkland)
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Walsh, Melville)
| | - Lorna F. Melville
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia (Gu, Davis, Kirkland)
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Walsh, Melville)
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia (Gu, Davis, Kirkland)
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Walsh, Melville)
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29
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A review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host. Virus Res 2014; 182:21-34. [PMID: 24462840 PMCID: PMC7132480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on experimental infections with bluetongue virus in mammalian hosts. The objectives and justification of experimental infections with bluetongue virus are discussed. Experimental infections to study the pathogenicity, virulence, pathogenesis, and transplacental infections of bluetongue are reviewed. At the molecular and cellular levels, risks associated with reassortment/recombination of bluetongue viruses are discussed. The review is concluded with animal welfare aspects of experimental infections.
Experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (BTV) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. Studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding BTV transmission, bluetongue (BT) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with BTV infection. These studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies with BTV in different cell types in tissue culture. Together these studies have formed the basis for the understanding of BTV-host interaction and have contributed to the design of successful control strategies, including the development of effective vaccines. This review describes some of the fundamental and contemporary infection studies that have been conducted with BTV in the mammalian host and provides an overview of the principal animal welfare issues that should be considered when designing experimental infection studies with BTV in in vivo infection models. Examples are provided from the authors’ own laboratory where the three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) have been implemented in the design of experimental infection studies with BTV in mice and goats. The use of the ARRIVE guidelines for the reporting of data from animal infection studies is emphasized.
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30
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van der Sluijs MTW, Schroer-Joosten DPH, Fid-Fourkour A, Vrijenhoek MP, Debyser I, Moulin V, Moormann RJM, de Smit AJ. Transplacental transmission of Bluetongue virus serotype 1 and serotype 8 in sheep: virological and pathological findings. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81429. [PMID: 24358112 PMCID: PMC3864790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) strain, which emerged in Europe in 2006, had an unusually high ability to cause foetal infection in pregnant ruminants. Other serotypes of BTV had already been present in Europe for more than a decade, but transplacental transmission of these strains had never been demonstrated. To determine whether transplacental transmission is a unique feature of BTV-8 we compared the incidence and pathological consequences of transplacental transmission of BTV-8 to that of BTV-1. Nine pregnant ewes were infected with either BTV-8 or BTV-1. The BTV strains used for the infection were field strains isolated on embryonated chicken eggs and passaged twice on mammalian cells. Blood samples were taken to monitor the viraemia in the ewes. Four weeks after the infection, the foetuses were examined for pathological changes and for the presence of BTV. BTV-8 could be demonstrated in 12 foetuses (43%) from 5 ewes (56%). %). BTV-1 was detected in 14 foetuses (82%) from 6 ewes (67%). Pathological changes were mainly found in the central nervous system. In the BTV-8 group, lympho-histiocytic infiltrates, gliosis and slight vacuolation of the neuropil were found. BTV-1infection induced a severe necrotizing encephalopathy and severe meningitis, with macroscopic hydranencephaly or porencephaly in 8 foetuses. In our experimental setting, using low passaged virus strains, BTV-1 was able to induce transplacental transmission to a higher incidence compared to BTV-8, causing more severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mieke P Vrijenhoek
- Animal Services and Pathology, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Isolde Debyser
- CoVeToP, Consultancy in Veterinary and Toxicological Pathology, Enghien, Belgium
| | - Véronique Moulin
- Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands ; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J de Smit
- Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
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31
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Logue DN, Mayne CS. Welfare-positive management and nutrition for the dairy herd: a European perspective. Vet J 2013; 199:31-8. [PMID: 24360757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As European dairy farms become larger and diverge between grass-based and fully housed systems, interest in the welfare of the dairy cow and related environmental issues by consumers and legislators is increasing. These pressures mean that good nutrition and management, which underpin much dairy cow welfare, is critical. Despite considerable research into the management and nutrition of the dairy cow from calf to adulthood there is much on-farm variability in its application. While the incidences of many endemic diseases are reduced most are still significant, for example lameness. In addition, trade and climate change are bringing a more diverse range of pathogens, parasites and pests into Northern Europe. Housing aspects are limited in application by economics and in most cases still do not match grazing for welfare in temperate climates. Genomic technologies offer increased opportunities to breed for 'robustness' but like 'precision animal management systems' have still to be fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Logue
- Large Animal Division, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - C Sinclair Mayne
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, 18a NewForge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
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32
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Pérez de Diego AC, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pedrera M, Martínez-López B, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The use of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for fever detection in sheep infected with bluetongue virus. Vet J 2013; 198:182-6. [PMID: 24053993 PMCID: PMC7110885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fever, which is closely linked to viraemia, is considered to be both the main and the earliest clinical sign in sheep infected with bluetongue virus (BTV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of infrared thermography (IRT) for early detection of fever in sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) and serotype 8 (BTV-8). This would reduce animal stress during experimental assays and assist in the development of a screening method for the identification of fever in animals suspected of being infected with BTV. Rectal and infrared eye temperatures were collected before and after BTV inoculation. The two temperature measures were positively correlated (r=0.504, P<0.05). The highest correlation between rectal and infrared temperatures was observed when temperatures were above physiological levels. IRT discriminated between febrile and non-febrile sheep with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 97%. The results showed that eye temperature measured using IRT was a useful non-invasive method for the assessment of fever in sheep infected with BTV under experimental conditions. Further research is required to evaluate the use of IRT under field conditions to identify potentially infected animals in bluetongue surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Dal Pozzo F, Martinelle L, Thys C, Sarradin P, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Clercq K, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Experimental co-infections of calves with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Nusinovici S, Seegers H, Joly A, Beaudeau F, Fourichon C. Quantification and at-risk period of decreased fertility associated with exposure to bluetongue virus serotype 8 in naïve dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3008-20. [PMID: 22612937 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental effect of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) on fertility was quantified in seroconverting cows. Although the effect on individual cows provides information regarding the potential biological burden of infection, losses at a herd level are also dependent on the proportion of infected cows within the herd. The objectives of this study were to quantify the average effect of BTV-8 exposure in field conditions on the fertility of dairy cows in previously naïve herds, and to determine the at-risk period of decreased fertility related to the date of detection of the disease in the herd. The effect of BTV-8 exposure on fertility was assessed using the 90-d-return-to-service rates after the first artificial insemination (AI) calculated for cows in exposed herds (during the 2007 epizootic in France) and compared with that for cows in unexposed herds. Only herds with a confirmed detection that were reported after clinical suspicion were included. To determine the at-risk period of decreased fertility, variations of fertility in exposed herds were quantified according to the time interval between the date of AI for individual cows and the date that disease was detected in the herd. Survival analyses were used to assess the risk of decreased fertility associated with BTV-8 exposure, adjusting for the main factors known to influence fertility. The episode at risk for decreased fertility depended on the month of disease detection in the herd. For herds detected early in the epizootic, fertility was decreased for cows inseminated from 1 mo before to 1 mo after the date of disease detection in the herd. Depending on time interval between the date of AI of cows and the date of detection in the herd, the increase of return-to-service rate associated with BTV-8 exposure varied from 8 to 21 percentage points of 90-d return to service. The episode of decreased fertility is likely due to a combination of the effect of the infection at different stages of conception and early pregnancy and the delayed exposure of cows due to the spreading of the virus within herds. For herds detected during the second half of the epizootic, fertility was decreased for cows inseminated more than 2 mo before detection, which suggests a delay in the detection of clinical signs following virus introduction in the herd. No correlation was observed between the effect of BTV-8 exposure on fertility and the incidence of BTV-8 in the local geographical area. Given the duration of the period that cows were at risk for decreased fertility and the magnitude of the effect, the average BTV-8 exposure in naïve herds led to major losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nusinovici
- Oniris, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque, La Chantrerie, BP 40706, F-44307 Nantes, France
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Coetzee P, Stokstad M, Venter EH, Myrmel M, Van Vuuren M. Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa. Virol J 2012; 9:198. [PMID: 22973992 PMCID: PMC3492172 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the Orbivirus genus in the family Reoviridae. Bluetongue was first described in South Africa, where it has probably been endemic in wild ruminants since antiquity. Since its discovery BT has had a major impact on sheep breeders in the country and has therefore been a key focus of research at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in Pretoria, South Africa. Several key discoveries were made at this Institute, including the demonstration that the aetiological agent of BT was a dsRNA virus that is transmitted by Culicoides midges and that multiple BTV serotypes circulate in nature. It is currently recognized that BT is endemic throughout most of South Africa and 22 of the 26 known serotypes have been detected in the region. Multiple serotypes circulate each vector season with the occurrence of different serotypes depending largely on herd-immunity. Indigenous sheep breeds, cattle and wild ruminants are frequently infected but rarely demonstrate clinical signs, whereas improved European sheep breeds are most susceptible. The immunization of susceptible sheep remains the most effective and practical control measure against BT. In order to protect sheep against multiple circulating serotypes, three pentavalent attenuated vaccines have been developed. Despite the proven efficacy of these vaccines in protecting sheep against the disease, several disadvantages are associated with their use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
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Cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in South American camelids in Germany (2008/2009). Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:35-42. [PMID: 22704245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a major disease of ruminant livestock that can have a substantial impact on income and animal welfare. In South American camelids (SAC), fatalities related to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection were reported in Germany and France during the recent BTV-8 and BTV-1 epizootics, which raised concern about the role of SAC in the epidemiology of BTV. Therefore, a large-scale serological and virological study was conducted in Germany from autumn 2008 to spring 2009. Risk factors associated with BTV infection were analysed by multiple logistic regression. These included age, species, gender and housing arrangements of SAC as well as the location of the herds and the presence of ruminants on farms.Altogether, 249 (14.3%) of 1742 SAC were found seropositive by BTV ELISA, and 43 (47.3%) of the 91 herds had at least one BTV-seropositive SAC. However, no BTV RNA was detected in any of the seropositive samples. Seroprevalence depended on the sampling region and probably on age, but not on any other analysed risk factors associated with BTV infection in ruminants. The highest seroprevalence was found in the west of Germany where the BTV-8 epizootic started in 2006. Recorded BTV-8 related disease and fatalities are discussed. Although the prevalence of BTV-8 antibodies was high in some regions, the virological results indicate that SAC play a negligible role in the epidemiology of this virus infection.
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Genomic sequences of Australian bluetongue virus prototype serotypes reveal global relationships and possible routes of entry into Australia. J Virol 2012; 86:6724-31. [PMID: 22514341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00182-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). It causes disease mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and other species. BTV has spread into northern Europe, causing disease in sheep and cattle. The introduction of new serotypes, changes in vector species, and climate change have contributed to these changes. Ten BTV serotypes have been isolated in Australia without apparent associated disease. Simplified methods for preferential isolation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and template preparation enabled high-throughput sequencing of the 10 genome segments of all Australian BTV prototype serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis reinforced the Western and Eastern topotypes previously characterized but revealed unique features of several Australian BTVs. Many of the Australian BTV genome segments (Seg-) were closely related, clustering together within the Eastern topotypes. A novel Australian topotype for Seg-5 (NS1) was identified, with taxa spread across several serotypes and over time. Seg-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9, and -10 of BTV_2_AUS_2008 were most closely related to the cognate segments of viruses from Taiwan and Asia and not other Australian viruses, supporting the conclusion that BTV_2 entered Australia recently. The Australian BTV_15_AUS_1982 prototype was revealed to be unusual among the Australian BTV isolates, with Seg-3 and -8 distantly related to other BTV sequences from all serotypes.
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Saegerman C, Humblet MF, Porter SR, Zanella G, Martinelle L. Evidence-Based Early Clinical Detection of Emerging Diseases in Food Animals and Zoonoses: Two Cases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:121-31, x. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Sarradin P, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Thys C, Ziant D, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Two alternative inocula to reproduce bluetongue virus serotype 8 disease in calves. Vaccine 2011; 29:3600-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Falconi C, López-Olvera JR, Gortázar C. BTV infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:209-19. [PMID: 21411246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. Vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout Europe to control BT expansion. The high density of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in some European regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated European wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. Most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to BTV infection, although frequently asymptomatically. The red deer population density in Europe is similar to that of domestic livestock in some areas, and red deer could account for a significant percentage of the BTV-infection susceptible ruminant population in certain regions. High serum antibody prevalence has been found in red deer, and BTV RNA (BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8) has been repeatedly detected in naturally infected European red deer by means of RT-PCR. Moreover, red deer may carry the virus asymptomatically for long periods. Epidemiological studies suggest that there are more BT cases in domestic ungulates in those areas where red deer are present. Vector and host density and environmental factors are implicated in the spatial distribution of BT. As in domestic ruminants, BTV transmission among wild ruminants depends almost exclusively on Culicoides vectors, mainly C. imicola but also members of the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complex. However, BTV transmission from red deer to the vector remains to be demonstrated. Transplacental, oral, and mechanical transmissions are also suspected. Thus, wild red deer contribute to the still unclear epidemiology of BTV in Europe, and could complicate BTV control in domestic ruminants. However, further research at the wildlife host-vector-pathogen interface and regarding the epidemiology of BT and BT vectors in wildlife habitats is needed to confirm this hypothesis. Moreover, red deer could be used as BT sentinels. Serum and spleen tissue of calves sampled from late autumn onwards should be the target samples when establishing a BTV surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Falconi
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Di Gialleonardo L, Migliaccio P, Teodori L, Savini G. The length of BTV-8 viraemia in cattle according to infection doses and diagnostic techniques. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:316-20. [PMID: 21324498 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four groups of BTV free Frisian and cross bred calves were used to determine the length of viraemia following infection with different doses of BTV-8 Italian isolate. The first group of five animals was infected with 10 TCID(50) of BTV-8, the second group of four animals with 10(3) TCID(50) and the third group, which also included four animals, was infected with 10(6) TCID(50). A placebo containing uninfected tissue culture medium was given to the four animals of the fourth group. The viraemia was evaluated by real time RT-PCR and virus isolation. In all infected groups, virus isolation was able to detect infectious virus up to 39 days post infection (dpi) while RT-PCR was positive up to 151-157dpi. Infectious dose did influence neither the length nor the pattern of BTV-8 viraemia and confirmed that real time RT-PCR remains positive although no circulating virus is detectable in the peripheral circulation.
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Perrin JB, Ducrot C, Vinard JL, Morignat E, Gauffier A, Calavas D, Hendrikx P. Using the National Cattle Register to estimate the excess mortality during an epidemic: application to an outbreak of Bluetongue serotype 8. Epidemics 2010; 2:207-14. [PMID: 21352791 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
National Cattle Registers have been widely used to examine animal movements and their role in disease transmission, but less frequently for other epidemiological applications. Our study shows how routinely collected identification data can be used to evaluate the population impact of an epidemic in cattle and to derive an indirect estimate of the associated mortality. We adapted a method developed by Human health agencies, based on the modelling of historical mortality fluctuations, to analyze the evolution of mortality in a cattle population subjected to a Bluetongue serotype 8 (BT8) outbreak. Between 01/07/2007 and 01/07/2008, 21,017 cattle died in the considered population whereas 16,691 deaths were expected according to the model. 43% of the 4326 extra deaths were found in calves less than 7 days of age, but excess mortality was found in each age group. The temporal distribution of extra-deaths, described at a weekly scale, suggests that they were related to the BT8 epidemic. The presented method could be an appreciable tool for estimating the global burden of epidemics since it is based on data already routinely collected in each European Member State. This study was conducted retrospectively but considering the promptness of the notification system, the method could be used to monitor the evolution of epidemics in near-real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Perrin
- Epidemiology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), 31, avenue Tony Garnier, F69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Eschbaumer M, Hoffmann B, Moss A, Savini G, Leone A, König P, Zemke J, Conraths F, Beer M. Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 6 in Europe—German field data and experimental infection of cattle. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zanolari P, Bruckner L, Fricker R, Kaufmann C, Mudry M, Griot C, Meylan M. Humoral response to 2 inactivated bluetongue virus serotype-8 vaccines in South American camelids. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:956-9. [PMID: 20492489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) has caused disease in domestic ruminants in several countries of northern Europe since 2006. In 2008 a mass-vaccination program was launched in most affected countries using whole virus inactivated vaccines. OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2 inactivated vaccines (Bovilis BTV 8; BTVPUR AlSap8) for immunogenicity and safety against BTV-8 in South American camelids (SAC) in a field trial. ANIMALS Forty-two SAC (25 Alpacas, 17 Llamas) aged between 1 and 16 years. METHODS The animals were vaccinated twice at intervals of 21 days. They were observed clinically for adverse local, systemic, or both reactions throughout the trial. Blood samples collected on days 0, 14, 21, 43, and 156 after vaccination were tested for the presence of BTV-8 virus by real time-polymerase chain reaction and of specific antibodies by competitive ELISA and a serum neutralization test. RESULTS All vaccinated animals developed antibodies to BTV-8 after the 2nd administration of the vaccine. No adverse effects were observed except for moderate local swellings at the injection site, which disappeared within 21 days. Slightly increased body temperatures were only observed in the first 2 days after vaccination. The BTV was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The administration of the 2 inactivated commercial vaccines was safe and induced seroconversion against BTV-8 in all vaccinated animals. The results of this study suggest that 2 doses injected 3 weeks apart is a suitable vaccination regimen for SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse, Berne, Switzerland.
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Neutralising antibody responses in cattle and sheep following booster vaccination with two commercial inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 8 vaccines. Vet J 2010; 188:193-6. [PMID: 20466568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cattle and sheep that had received a primary course of vaccination with an inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) vaccine were booster vaccinated 6 or 12 months later with the homologous vaccine or an alternative inactivated BTV-8 vaccine and neutralising antibody responses were determined. Antibody titres to the alternative vaccine were significantly higher than to the homologous vaccine (P=0.013) in cattle. There was no significant difference between the antibody responses to alternative and homologous vaccines in sheep. These data indicate that cattle and sheep primed with one inactivated BTV-8 vaccine may be effectively boosted with an alternative commercial inactivated BTV-8 vaccine.
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