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Park S, Cho E, Senevirathne A, Chung HJ, Ha S, Kim CH, Kang S, Lee JH. Salmonella vector induces protective immunity against Lawsonia and Salmonella in murine model using prokaryotic expression system. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e4. [PMID: 38311319 PMCID: PMC10839175 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy and is associated with several outbreaks, causing substantial economic loss to the porcine industry. OBJECTIVES In this study, we focused on demonstrating the protective effect in the mouse model through the immunological bases of two vaccine strains against porcine proliferative enteritis. METHODS We used live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) secreting two selected immunogenic LI antigens (Lawsonia autotransporter A epitopes and flagellin [FliC]-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein-FliC) as the vaccine carrier. The constructs were cloned into a Salmonella expression vector (pJHL65) and transformed into the ST strain (JOL912). The expression of immunogenic proteins within Salmonella was evaluated via immunoblotting. RESULTS Immunizing BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously induced high levels of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin G and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A. In immunized mice, there was significant upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokine mRNA and an increase in the subpopulations of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ and CD 8+ T lymphocytes upon splenocytes re-stimulation with LI antigens. We observed significant protection in C57BL/6 mice against challenge with 106.9 times the median tissue culture infectious dose of LI or 2 × 109 colony-forming units of the virulent ST strain. Immunizing mice with either individual vaccine strains or co-mixture inhibited bacterial proliferation, with a marked reduction in the percentage of mice shedding Lawsonia in their feces. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella-mediated LI gene delivery induces robust humoral and cellular immune reactions, leading to significant protection against LI and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Eunseok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seungmin Ha
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Chae-Hyun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea.
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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Yeh JY. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: A serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1058113. [PMID: 36846246 PMCID: PMC9948251 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1058113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy, which is globally considered an important enteric disease in pigs and horses. Experimental studies suggest that the organism spreads by subclinical infection of many animals, including rabbits. Despite the importance of rabbits in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis, the extent of exposure to L. intracellularis in the rabbit population is poorly defined and remains unclear. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the seroprevalence and shedding of L. intracellularis in farmed rabbits. Furthermore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Sera from the rabbits were used to measure L. intracellularis-specific antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, and rectal swabs were used to detect L. intracellularis DNA using a real-time PCR assay. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected in 12.3% of farms (20/163) and 6.3% of rabbits (49/774). Lawsonia intracellularis DNA in rectal swabs was detected in 3.8% of farms (6/156) and 1.2% of rabbits (8/667). The risk factor analysis showed that the presence of pigs or horses on the farm or the neighboring farm was associated with an increase in the risk of seropositivity (p < 0.05). We observed significantly increased odds of positivity for L. intracellularis in rabbits with a history of digestive trouble (diarrhea) on the farm during the 3 months before the samples were obtained (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that L. intracellularis infection was evident among farmed rabbits and that rabbits might serve as an important reservoir for L. intracellularis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Research Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Jung-Yong Yeh ✉
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Baldasso DZ, Guizzo JA, Dazzi CC, Paraboni Frandoloso GC, Feronato C, von Berg S, Carvalho Guedes RM, Wilson HL, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Development and validation of a flow cytometry antibody test for Lawsonia intracellularis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145072. [PMID: 37033985 PMCID: PMC10073966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), an inflammatory bowel disease with a major economic impact on the pig industry. The serological diagnosis of PPE can be performed using Blocking or Indirect ELISA, Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) and Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT). Here, we designed a most sophisticated immunological method for the detection of porcine anti-L. intracellularis IgGs, named Flow Cytometry Antibody Test - FCAT. This assay uses whole, live-attenuated L. intracellularis bacteria derived from a commercial vaccine. For the assay, we set up the optimal antigen concentration (106 bacterium/assay), primary antibody dilution (1:100), time of incubation (20 min), antigen stability (15 days), precision (coefficient of variation - CV < 10%), reproducibility (CV ≤ 13%) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). When using a cut-off of >15.15% for FCAT, we determined that it showed a sensitivity of 98.8% and specificity of 100%. The rate of agreement with IPMA was 84.09% with a kappa index of 0.66. FCAT was used to screen 1,000 sera from non-vaccinated pigs housed in 22 different farms and we found that 730 pigs (73%) from 16 farms (72.7%) had L. intracellularis IgG. This high prevalence confirms that L. intracellularis is endemic on Brazilian pig farms. Finally, we determined that FCAT is an easy to perform diagnostic assay and we would highly recommend it for: i) seroepidemiological studies; ii) evaluation of infection dynamics; and iii) characterization of the humoral response profile induced by vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Zini Baldasso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Cerutti Dazzi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - César Feronato
- Swine Technical Department, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephan von Berg
- Global Marketing Swine, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Animal Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heather Lynne Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Frandoloso,
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Hankel J, Sander S, Muthukumarasamy U, Strowig T, Kamphues J, Jung K, Visscher C. Microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets under natural Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004506. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis is a widespread, economically important bacterium causing the porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). In this study, we evaluated intestinal microbiota of naturally exposed L. intracellularis-positive pigs under standardized conditions. To obtain three independent repetitions, 27 L. intracellularis-infected pigs (19.0 ± 1.50 kg body weight) from one farm were divided into three groups at an age of 7 to 8 weeks (nine pigs/group). Pigs were either vaccinated against L. intracellularis via oral drenching on their 21st day of life (attenuated live vaccine) or non-vaccinated and selected according to clinical findings (pigs without deviating fecal consistency or with moderate to soft fecal consistency). Comparison of the clinically inconspicuous piglets that differed regarding their vaccination status showed fewer significant differences in fecal microbiota composition. The vaccination led to an overall enrichment of bacterial species belonging to the order Clostridiales, while species of the genus Collinsella and Prevotella were decreased. Several bacterial species belonging to the order Bacteroidales, mainly of the family Prevotellacecae, often closely matching Prevotella copri differed significantly between non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets. Whether those bacterial species play a role in mitigating the severity of an L. intracellularis infection remains to be defined.
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Won G, Chi NK, Park Y. The Effectiveness of Commercial Vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis in Mitigating the Reduction in ADWG, the Increased Mortality and Fecal Shedding of the Vaccinated Pigs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100536. [PMID: 36288149 PMCID: PMC9607650 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of commercial vaccines against PPE in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Of the 373 articles reviewed, 16 fulfilled the pre-specified inclusion criteria. Three independent reviewers extracted the data, and vaccine effectiveness was assessed using the outcomes of interest. The majority of studies had a low or unclear risk of bias as assessed using the ARRIVE guidelines. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the vaccination resulted in statistically significant reductions in bacterial fecal shedding (odds ratio, OR = 0.122, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.054−0.278) and mortality rate (risk ratio, RR = 0.199; 95% CI, 0.066−0.605). Furthermore, ADWG was significantly increased in the vaccinated pigs compared to the unvaccinated controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.606, 95% CI 0.243−0.969). In the subgroup analysis, the production phase and study type significantly influenced the effect size (p < 0.1). The Egger’s regression test showed no evidence of publication bias (p > 0.1). The effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against PPE-related weight loss, fecal shedding, and mortality suggests that the vaccines may help control PPE on affected swine farms.
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Xiao N, Li J, Li M, Zhou H, Lin H, Fan H. Isolation and In Vitro cultivation of Lawsonia intracellularis from China. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109457. [PMID: 35609389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that cannot be cultured by conventional bacteriological methods. Pigs infected with L. intracellularis suffer from decreased daily weight gain and poor feed conversion ratio. China is a large producer of pigs, but epidemiological investigation data of L. intracellularis has not been obtained in recent years. Additionally, there is no information about a L. intracellularis strain being successfully isolated and established in cell culture in China, and the above shortcomings limit understanding of the pathogenesis of L. intracellularis and alternative prevention and control methods. The aims of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis antibodies in eight major pig-producing provinces in China during 2019-2020, to isolate L. intracellularis from infected intestines and then to establish an infection model of L. intracellularis in mice. Our results showed that of the 3586 serum samples, 2837 (79.1%, 95% CI: 77.7%, 80.4%) were seropositive for the L. intracellularis antibody. Subsequently, the L. intracellularis strain LJS19051 from China was successfully isolated and established in cell culture. Furthermore, L. intracellularis DNA and antibodies could be detected in the feces and serum samples of infected mice, respectively. Moreover, infected crypts showed typical proliferative enteropathies (PE) lesions and L. intracellularis antigen was detected in infected mice by immunofluorescence at 28 days post inoculation. The results indicated that the new L. intracellularis strain LJS19051 was obtained and could successfully proliferate in ICR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minxue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Li M, Xiao N, Li J, Lin H, Fan H. Evaluation of immune efficacy of Omp2 protein against Lawsonia intracellularis in mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109274. [PMID: 34781192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis. Infection results in an enteric disease characterised by decreased growth performance of pigs, and presents a major economic burden for swine industries worldwide. Since vaccination is an effective technique for controlling PPE, novel effective vaccine platforms are need to be developed. In this study, five proteins of L. intracellularis were screened through animal experiments and the highly immunoprotective Omp2 protein was identified. Then, the immune efficacy of Omp2 was further evaluated based on humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses, faecal bacterial shedding, histopathological lesions, immune barrier function of intestinal mucosa as well as digestive and absorptive capacity following challenge of mice with L. intracellularis. Mice immunised with Omp2 had reduced faecal shedding, fewer histopathological lesions and reduced bacteria colonisation of the ileum. Additionally, Omp2 immunised mice showed stronger serum IgG and IFN-γ levels, up-regulated Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA levels, as well as increased numbers of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and levels of sIgA. On the contrary, the activities of LPS, α-AMS and AKP were significantly increased. Our investigation indicated that immunization with Omp2 reduced the severity of clinical signs and provided efficacious immunoprotection for target animals against L. intracellularis infection in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Sudden death associated with bleeding into digestive system of finishing pigs – a review. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sudden deaths of finishing pigs in modern pig herds cause economic losses and therefore draw constant attention worldwide. In the case of peracute mortality associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, pigs usually die during a short period without clinical manifestations. Necropsy can detect bleeding into various parts of the digestive system. Determining the exact aetiology of the sudden death can be difficult in many cases. Diseases and conditions such as gastric ulcers, abdominal torsion, haemorrhagic bowel syndrome and infectious diseases should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis. Because some of these diseases still have an unclear aetiology and pathogenesis, the aim of our work was to provide a summary of existing knowledge as well as to describe related pathognomonic pathological changes.
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Campillo M, Smith SH, Gally DL, Opriessnig T. Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:621-631. [PMID: 33739176 PMCID: PMC8225690 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium
associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss,
diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the
thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell
replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to
L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of
the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge.
We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly
understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection
as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the
pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar
clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and
several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and
surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a
conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L.
intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to
infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical
outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of
antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification
and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease,
given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes
to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campillo
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sionagh H Smith
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David L Gally
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Arnold M, Crienen A, Swam H, Berg SV, Jolie R, Nathues H. Correlation of Lawsonia intracellularis positivity in quantitative PCR and herd factors in European pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33482877 PMCID: PMC7821494 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is causing diarrhea, poor growth and sudden death in pigs. It can be found in most pig populations leading to large economic losses worldwide. Many potential risk factors for the occurrence of disease or seropositivity have been described. The current study therefore focused on herd characteristics in European countries associated with direct detection of the pathogen determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A median number of less than 30 nursery pigs per pen was correlated to less positive nursery pigs (p < 0.01) and generally less samples positive per herd (p < 0.05) as well as a lower median of genome equivalents determined per herd (p < 0.05). Routine use of zinc oxide at/ around weaning, which was mentioned by 41.0% of all farmers, was correlated to higher number of positive nursery pigs (p < 0.01) as well as higher median genome equivalents determined per herd (p < 0.05). Slatted flooring of more than 78.0% of the surface in nursery units was correlated to lower number of positive animals (p < 0.05) and a lower median of genome equivalents per herd (p < 0.05). A weight of more than 7.8 kg at weaning was correlated to a higher number of positive growing pigs (p < 0.05) as well as general higher number of positive samples/ herd (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Weaning and subsequent accommodation of nursery pigs seem to be of particular importance in prevention of infection with Lawsonia intracellularis and the spread of the pathogen within the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Crienen
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Hanny Swam
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rika Jolie
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109 a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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The Effects of a Phytogenic Additive on the Histomorphometric Characteristics of the Intestines in Weaned Pigs with a Subclinical Natural Infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy, also known as proliferative ileitis, is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases in pig production worldwide. The estimated losses per affected growing pig usually range from US $1 to $5. The disease is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium. Control of the disease can be achieved with the use of vaccines or antibiotics. Recently there has been an increase in the efforts in the control of certain pathologies of the digestive system with phytogenic additives. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a phytogenic additive on the histomorphometric characteristics of the intestines in weaned pigs with a subclinical infection with L. intracellularis acquired spontaneously. Histomorphometry analysis showed that crypt depth was significantly shorter (P<0.05), and the villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (P<0.05) significantly greater in the treatment group than the control. This improvement in the histological parameters of the intestine, considered to be indicators of its health, proved the positive effect of the tested additive on the digestive system in pigs.
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Arnold M, Crienen A, Swam H, von Berg S, Jolie R, Nathues H. Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in pig herds in different European countries. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:31. [PMID: 31890255 PMCID: PMC6918559 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis causes large economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Pigs suffer from reduced daily weight gain, poor feed conversion ratio and increased mortality. The number of affected animals and herds in Europe remains unknown. This study will provide an overview of the prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in herds with a history of diarrhoea in different European countries and thereby identify country specific differences. Results Out of the 144 herds sampled in Germany, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, 90.3% (79.2-100.0%) contained at least one positive faecal sample on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the 6450 nursery, growing and finishing pigs of the previously mentioned herds, 26.2% (15.9-41.5%) of the animals were tested positive in faecal samples. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results of 60 herds were 91.7% (70-100%) positive. The percentage of positive samples in these 1791 blood samples was 31.6% (20.3-51.0%). Herd prevalence did not differ significantly by qPCR or ELISA. Significant differences between the countries were found regarding: Within-herd prevalence- qPCR: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples of Spain or the United Kingdom. Within-herd prevalence- ELISA: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples from Spain and the Netherlands. Affected age category- qPCR: Nursery pigs in Denmark were more often positive and shed more genome equivalents than nursery pigs in the other countries. Concentration of detected genome equivalents- qPCR: The concentration of genome equivalents from Lawsonia intracellularis in herds in Denmark was higher compared to all other countries. Conclusion A widespread of Lawsonia intracellularis in the six European countries was confirmed, whereby a large part of the positive animals only excreted small amounts of genome equivalents. Country specific differences were found with Denmark in particular diagnosing more Lawsonia intracellularis then the other countries. Herd data collected in this study needs to be analysed to get more information about possible reasons for the differences found between the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Arnold
- 1Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Crienen
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Hanny Swam
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rika Jolie
- 4Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940 USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- 1Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Obradovic MR, Wilson HL. Immune response and protection against Lawsonia intracellularis infections in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109959. [PMID: 31710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that cause proliferative enteropathy (PE), an economically important disease for the pig industry. Numerous reviews have been published on the characteristics and pathogenesis of this bacterium since its isolation and taxonomic characterization, with most reviews only partially covering how the host immune response develops during infection and the immune correlates of protection. With the development of increasingly more sophisticated immunological assays and tools for the pig, the immune response against L. intracellularis at distinct stages of pathogenesis has been published. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the pig immune response against L. intracellularis and strategies to achieve immune protection. The immune response is presented in relation to chronological progression of pathological lesions and clinical symptoms, with emphasis on innate immunity and the adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The aim is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the host immune response with respect to the stage-dependent cellular and biochemical processes important during PE development. Also, strategies for development of immune protection and new vaccination technologies are discussed in the light of new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Beckler D, Ait-Ali T, Cubas-Atienzar A, Halbur PG. Bacillus pumilus probiotic feed supplementation mitigates Lawsonia intracellularis shedding and lesions. Vet Res 2019; 50:85. [PMID: 31640784 PMCID: PMC6806562 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of ileitis, Lawsonia intracellularis, is commonly associated with diarrhea and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. The effect of in-feed probiotics on L. intracellularis infection dynamics was evaluated. In brief, 70 2.5-week-old-pigs were randomly divided into six groups with 10–20 pigs each. All pigs were fed an age appropriate base ration for the duration of the study, which was supplemented with one of three Bacillus strains including B. amyloliquefaciens (T01), B. licheniformis (T02) and B. pumilus (T03). Another group was orally vaccinated with a commercial live L. intracellularis vaccine (VAC) at 3 weeks of age. At 7 weeks of age, T01-LAW, T02-LAW, T03-LAW, VAC-LAW and the POS-CONTROL groups were challenged with L. intracellularis while the NEG-CONTROL pigs were not challenged. All pigs were necropsied 16 days later. By the time of inoculation, all VAC-LAW pigs had seroconverted and at necropsy 10–65% of the pigs in all other challenged groups were also seropositive. The results indicate a successful L. intracellularis challenge with highest bacterial DNA levels in POS-CONTROL pigs, VAC-LAW pigs and T01-LAW pigs. There was a delay in onset of shedding in T02-LAW and T03-LAW groups, which was reflected in less severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions, reduced intralesional L. intracellularis antigen levels and a lower area under the curve for bacterial shedding. Under the study conditions, two of the probiotics tested suppressed L. intracellularis infection. The obtained findings show the potential of probiotics in achieving antibiotic-free control of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ana Cubas-Atienzar
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Jansen T, Weersink A, von Massow M, Poljak Z. Assessing the Value of Antibiotics on Farms: Modeling the Impact of Antibiotics and Vaccines for Managing Lawsonia intracellularis in Hog Production. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:364. [PMID: 31681817 PMCID: PMC6813653 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing awareness of antibiotic resistance has correspondingly increased efforts to identify and reduce the causal behaviors that led to this severe public health threat. The consequences of these efforts are regulatory and market pressures limiting antibiotic use by livestock farmers which may lead to significant financial and welfare challenges on the farm, even if antibiotics can be substituted by vaccines. The purpose of this study is to measure the relative cost-effectiveness of antibiotics vs. vaccines for controlling L. intracellularis on a Canadian farrow-to-finish pig farm. This is done by modeling the production and economic impact of different antibiotics and vaccines available for managing this disease, listed in the Canadian Compendium of Veterinary Products. The economic impacts (in Canadian dollars) of the disease are estimated and the net benefits of alternative prevention and treatment options are compared to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of each strategy. Of the 12 options analyzed, four were preventative (antibiotic and vaccine) and eight were antibiotic treatments. Prophylactic chlortetracycline (an antibiotic) is the most cost-effective option for managing L. intracellularis, while Porcilis Ileitis (a vaccine) is the least cost-effective strategy. This result remains robust considering sensitivity analysis of the production parameters, which indicates that preventative antibiotics are more cost-effective than vaccines. This implies that banning preventative antibiotic treatments harms the bottom line of farmers under current market conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Jansen
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alfons Weersink
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael von Massow
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zvonomir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Montesino R, Gutiérrez N, Camacho F, Farnós O, Andrades S, González A, Acosta J, Cortez-San Martín M, Sánchez O, Ruiz A, Toledo J. Multi-antigenic recombinant subunit vaccine against Lawsonia intracellularis: The etiological agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Vaccine 2019; 37:1340-1349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spread of an Experimental Salmonella Derby Infection in Antibiotic-Treated or Lawsonia intracellularis Vaccinated Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110206. [PMID: 30424497 PMCID: PMC6262389 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis infections are a common reason for antibiotic treatment in pig production. Experimental studies in animals naturally infected with Lawsonia intracellularis comparing the course of an experimental Salmonella infection in piglets previously treated with tylosin or vaccinated against Lawsonia intracellularis are scarce. A total of 72 seven-week-old Salmonella-free pigs were taken from a herd with a Lawsonia intracellularis history in piglet rearing. The pigs were divided into two groups with three replicates each. Animals had either been previously treated with tylosin (10 mg/kg body weight) for seven days (AB⁺VAC-) or had been vaccinated as suckling pigs by drenching (Enterisol®Ileitis; AB-VAC⁺). Two animals per replicate were primarily infected with Salmonella Derby (1.04 × 10⁸ colony-forming units per animal). The detection of Salmonella in faeces (p < 0.0001, odds ratio: 3.8364) and in the ileocaecal lymph nodes (p = 0.0295, odds ratio: 3.5043) was significantly more frequent in AB⁺VAC- animals. Overall, the odds ratio for detecting Salmonella in any substrate or organ was significantly higher in the AB⁺VAC- group animals (p = 0.0004, odds ratio: 5.9091). Treatment with tylosin can significantly increase the spread of a Salmonella infection, which is not observed after early Lawsonia intracellularis vaccination.
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Visscher C, Mischok J, Sander S, Schmicke M, Peitzmeier EU, von dem Busche I, Rohn K, Kamphues J. Nutrient digestibility, organ morphometry and performance in vaccinated or non-vaccinated Lawsonia intracellularis infected piglets. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:323. [PMID: 30382876 PMCID: PMC6211558 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the world’s most important infectious diseases in pork production with regard to economic losses. So far, studies are missing that describe the effects of a natural infection of piglets on the digestibility of nutrients, possible effects on performance and the morphometrics of the intestine depending on whether piglets are vaccinated, clinically healthy or clinically affected with regard to Lawsonia intracellularis induced diarrhoea. Results Digestibility studies were performed on a total of 27 eight-week-old piglets with naturally occurring Lawsonia intracellularis infection in a trial with three repetitions. Nine out of 27 animals were vaccinated as suckling pigs with a commercial Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine (vac; Enterisol®Ileitis). Half of the remaining 18 animals were without clinical signs of infection (non-vac/cs-), half showed moderate clinical signs of Lawsonia intracellularis induced diarrhoea (non-vac/cs+). All three groups were fed one identical complete diet ad libitum. Faecal shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis was found in all groups (25 out of 27 animals). Numerically, the mean excretion in the group non-vac/cs + (7.69 ± 1.65 log10 copies/ g faeces) was higher in comparison to the group non-vac/cs- (5.83 ± 2.35 log10 copies/ g faeces) and vaccinated animals (vac: 6.00 ± 2.89log10 copies/ g faeces). The average daily weight gain (ADG; Ø 8.66 day period) differed significantly (vac: 894a ± 73.3, non-vac/cs-: 857ab ± 86.3, non-vac/cs+: 785b ± 137 g/day). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen was significantly lower in clinically affected animals (vac: 83.0a ± 1.72, non-vac/cs-: 83.9a ± 2.03, non-vac/cs+: 80.7b ± 2.57).The total length of the small intestine in clinically affected animals increased significantly (vac: 15.9ab ± 1.57, non-vac/cs-: 14.6b ± 1.12, non-vac/cs+: 16.2a ± 1.37 m). The relative body weight depending on the length of the small intestine was lower for clinically affected animals (vac: 1.72a ± 0.21, non-vac/cs-: 1.83a ± 0.17, non-vac/cs+: 1.56b ± 0.12 kg/m). Conclusion These studies show that clinically moderate L. intracellularis infections lead to significantly lower ADGs in comparison to vaccinated animals. The disease is also found in altered intestinal morphometry and reduced total N digestibility if clinical signs occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Mischok
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saara Sander
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
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Park S, Won G, Kim J, Kim HB, Lee JH. Potent O-antigen-deficient (rough) mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium secreting Lawsonia intracellularis antigens enhance immunogenicity and provide single-immunization protection against proliferative enteropathy and salmonellosis in a murine model. Vet Res 2018; 49:57. [PMID: 29976253 PMCID: PMC6034208 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis (LI), the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), poses a substantial economic loss in the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we genetically engineered an O-antigen-deficient (rough) Salmonella strain secreting four selected immunogenic LI antigens, namely OptA, OptB, LfliC, and Lhly. The genes encoding these antigens were individually inserted in the expression vector plasmid pJHL65, and the resultant plasmids were transformed into the ∆asd ∆lon ∆cpxR ∆rfaL Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) strain JOL1800. The individual expression of the selected LI antigens in JOL1800 was validated by an immunoblotting assay. We observed significant (P < 0.05) induction of systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses against each LI antigen or Salmonella outer membrane protein in mice immunized once orally with a mixture of four JOL1800-derived strains. Further, mRNA of IL-4 and IFN-γ were highly upregulated in splenic T cells re-stimulated in vitro with individual purified antigens. Subsequently, immunized mice showed significant protection against challenge with 106.9 TCID50 LI or 2 × 109 CFU of a virulent ST strain. At day 8 post-challenge, no mice in the immunized groups showed the presence of LI-specific genomic DNA (gDNA) in stool samples, while 50% of non-immunized mice were positive for LI-specific gDNA. Further, all the immunized mice survived the virulent ST challenge, compared to a 20% mortality rate observed in the control mice. Collectively, the constructed rough ST-based LI vaccine candidate efficiently elicited LI and ST-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity and conferred proper dual protection against PE and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Visscher C, Kruse A, Sander S, Keller C, Mischok J, Tabeling R, Henne H, Deitmer R, Kamphues J. Experimental studies on effects of diet on Lawsonia intracellularis infections in fattening boars in a natural infection model. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:22. [PMID: 29650043 PMCID: PMC5898007 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the most economically important pathogens in swine production. This study tested the hypothesis that the composition of diets for pigs has an impact on the excretion of L. intracellularis in a natural infection model. Results Fifty boars (~ 90 kg BW) from a SPF-farm with a strict hygiene and management regime for reducing the spread of an L. intracellularis infection up to the beginning of the final fattening period were transported, regrouped and randomly allotted to groups of five animals each at the research facility. After a 1-week acclimatisation period groups were fed one of five diets 4 weeks before slaughter. These were either a finely ground pelleted diet (FP) or a coarsely ground meal diet (CM), both consisting of wheat (40.0%), barley (39.3%), soybean meal (16.0%), soybean oil (2.0%) and minor components. In the other meal diets parts of wheat, barley and soybean meal were substituted either with 22% cracked corn (CORN), 16.9% dried whey (WHEY) or 30% raw potato starch (RPS). The animals had a comparable serological status in a blocking-ELISA immediately before the start and at the end of the feeding experiment. Values increased significantly during the trial. In all subgroups (FP/CM/CORN/WHEY/RPS), shedding was detected in week 0 (genome equivalents = GE; log10 GE L. intracellularis/g faeces: 2.46 ± 2.64/3.58 ± 2.54/3.43 ± 2.37/2.30 ± 3.16/2.58 ± 2.73). The average number of L. intracellularis microbes in faeces during the trial period did not differ between the groups (log10 GE L. intracellularis/g faeces: 3.40 ± 1.53/3.01 ± 1.41/3.80 ± 1.71/3.98 ± 2.20/4.08 ± 2.13). In animals fed the WHEY-diet, significantly lower counts of L. intracellularis were found in the caecal content. The acetate content in the caecum was negatively correlated with the serological results at the end of the trial (r = − 0.36; P = 0.010). Butyrate concentrations in the caecal content were negatively correlated with the number of L. intracellularis in the caecum (r = − 0.32; P = 0.023). Conclusion Therefore, this study provides preliminary evidence that there might be specific dietary effects on the course of a L. intracellularis infection.
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Visscher C, Kruse A, Sander S, Keller C, Mischok J, Tabeling R, Henne H, Deitmer R, Kamphues J. Dietary approaches reducing boar taint-Importance ofLawsonia intracellulariscolonisation for interpreting results. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102 Suppl 1:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - A. Kruse
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Sander
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - C. Keller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG; Hannover Germany
| | - J. Mischok
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - R. Tabeling
- Veterinärgesellschaft im BHZP; Uelzen Germany
| | - H. Henne
- BHZP GmbH; Dahlenburg-Ellringen Germany
| | - R. Deitmer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH; Ingelheim am Rhein Germany
| | - J. Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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Fablet C, Rose N, Grasland B, Robert N, Lewandowski E, Gosselin M. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29588859 PMCID: PMC5863451 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing and finishing performances of pigs strongly influence farm efficiency and profitability. The performances of the pigs rely on the herd health status and also on several non-infectious factors. Many recommendations for the improvement of the technical performances of a herd are based on the results of studies assessing the effect of one or a limited number of infections or environmental factors. Few studies investigated jointly the influence of both type of factors on swine herd performances. This work aimed at identifying infectious and non-infectious factors associated with the growing and finishing performances of 41 French swine herds. Results Two groups of herds were identified using a clustering analysis: a cluster of 24 herds with the highest technical performance values (mean average daily gain = 781.1 g/day +/− 26.3; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.5 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 4.1% +/− 0.9; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 121.2 kg +/− 5.2) and a cluster of 17 herds with the lowest performance values (mean average daily gain =715.8 g/day +/− 26.5; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.6 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 6.8% +/− 2.0; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 117.7 kg +/− 3.6). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify factors associated with the level of technical performance. Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and the porcine circovirus type 2 were infectious factors associated with the cluster having the lowest performance values. This cluster also featured farrow-to-finish type herds, a short interval between successive batches of pigs (≤3 weeks) and mixing of pigs from different batches in the growing or/and finishing steps. Inconsistency between nursery and fattening building management was another factor associated with the low-performance cluster. The odds of a herd showing low growing-finishing performance was significantly increased when infected by PRRS virus in the growing-finishing steps (OR = 8.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.8–41.7) and belonging to a farrow-to-finish type herd (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.1–23.8). Conclusions Herd management and viral infections significantly influenced the performance levels of the swine herds included in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Rose
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- 2Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Robert
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - E Lewandowski
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - M Gosselin
- Univet Santé Elevage, rue Monge, 22600 Loudéac, France
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Won G, Lee JH. Antigenic and functional profiles of a Lawsonia intracellularis protein that shows a flagellin-like trait and its immuno-stimulatory assessment. Vet Res 2018; 49:17. [PMID: 29448958 PMCID: PMC5815190 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular Lawsonia intracellularis (LI), the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), is an economically important disease in the swine industry. Due to extreme difficulty of in vitro culture of the pathogen, molecular characterization of protein components of LI that are targets of the immune system, is difficult; thus, the scientific evidence to drive the development of preventive measures is lacking. In this work, we investigated the antigenic and functional characteristics of a putative flagellar-associated protein, LI0570, using in silico computational approaches for epitope prediction and an in vitro protein-based molecular assay. The amino acid sequence of LI0570 exhibited similarities to flagellar-associated proteins in four different bacterial strains. The presence of B cell linear confirmative epitopes of the protein predicted by a bioinformatics tool was validated by western blot analysis using anti-LI mouse hyperimmune serum, which implied that LI0570 induced production of antigen-specific antibodies in vivo. Further, TLR5-stimulating activity and IL-8 cytokine expression produced via downstream signaling were observed in HEK-Blue™-hTLR5 cells stimulated with LI0570. This result indicates that the LI0570 protein can trigger an innate immune response followed by a T-cell-related adaptive immune response in an infected host. Collectively, the data presented here support that the LI0570 protein which shows the antigenic potential could be a useful component of a recombinant vaccine against PE, providing progress toward an effective prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
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Draskovic V, Bosnjak-Neumuller J, Vasiljevic M, Petrujkic B, Aleksic N, Kukolj V, Stanimirovic Z. Influence of phytogenic feed additive on Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. Prev Vet Med 2018; 151:46-51. [PMID: 29496105 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is known to cause proliferative enteropathy (PE), one of the economically most important swine diseases with global distribution. Not unlike other enteric diseases, PE is a frequent indication for antibiotic therapy. However, their unjustified use leads to an emerging problem - antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the aim of this research was to assess if a phytogenic additive may replace antibiotics in the control of PE in 144 weaned piglets (72 treated and 72 controls) naturally infected with L. intracellularis. The quantity of L. intracellularis faecal shedding was monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in faecal samples on day 0, 14 and 28, whilst the level of the ileum damage was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay performed on gut sections. Real-time PCR assay revealed that cycle-threshold (Ct) values in the treatment group increased significantly over time and were higher than in the control. These results indicate that the use of the phytogenic additive decreases the faecal excretion of L. intracellularis both throughout the experiment and in comparison to the control. The expression of the L. intracellularis antigen in IHC assay was lower in treated animals, implying that the additive leads to the decrease in the pathogen quantity in the ileum. Significantly higher feed conversion ratio was recorded in the treatment group. The results indicate that the phytogenic additive may be beneficial in the control of PE, but additional research is necessary to assess its use in various pig categories and define the optimum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Draskovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | - Branko Petrujkic
- Department of Nutrition and Botany, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Aleksic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Kukolj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Yeh JY, Ga AR. Systemic cytokine response in pigs infected orally with a Lawsonia intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:13-19. [PMID: 29142159 PMCID: PMC5797853 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the swine industry, Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the main enteric pathogens; it causes acute intestinal hemorrhage (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) in naïve adult pigs and a wasting
disease (proliferative enteropathy) in growing pigs. Among many kinds of cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has previously been reported to play a significant role in limiting intracellular infection and increasing cellular
proliferation associated with L. intracellularis. However, the levels of various circulating inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, in animals infected with L. intracellularis is still
an area of considerable interest for understanding immunity against this bacterium. In addition, there has been no information on cytokine response in animals infected with any L. intracellularis isolate
of South Korean origin or Asian origin. To determine the relationship between the changes in the systemic inflammatory cytokine response in the peripheral blood of the host after L. intracellularis
infection, we measured the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β)), and a chemokine (IL-8) in pigs infected with L. intracellularis isolated from South Korea. This study demonstrated that a L. intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin
induced cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) responses in infected animals within 15 days post-infection although the circulating levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-8 and TGF-β were induced relatively late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Ga
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Won G, Park S, Lee JH. Identification of Lawsonia intracellularis putative hemolysin protein A and characterization of its immunoreactivity. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent global increase in fatal endemic outbreaks of proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracelluralis (LI) in the swine industry, development of effective prevention strategies or immunodiagnostic tests has been delayed due to the difficulty of cultivating this pathogen in vitro. Although several genetic analyses have been performed at the level of gene transcription after the complete genome sequence of LI was made available, the mechanism of LI infection and virulence genes remain unidentified. In the present study, we assessed the antigenic features of the LI0004 protein, which we putatively defined as Lawsonia hemolysin A (LhlyA), by employing bioinformatics tools and in vivo and in vitro protein-based molecular assays. The amino acid sequence of LhlyA showed approximately 60% homology to the hemolysin-like proteins of Bilophila wadsworthia and Desulfovibrio piger. Presence of computationally predicted linear antigenic B-cell epitopes on the LhlyA protein was demonstrated by immunoblotting; a band with a molecular mass corresponding to the predicted size of the protein was strongly recognized by sera collected from artificially infected mice. Further, in an in vivo cytotoxicity assay, no splenomegaly was observed in mice inoculated with purified LhlyA. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that the LhlyA protein is a highly immuno-reactive antigen of L. intracellullaris and can potentially be used to develop effective protection strategies against PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Li H, Zhang M, Zheng E. Comprehensive miRNA expression profiles in the ilea of Lawsonia intracellularis-infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:282-289. [PMID: 27916787 PMCID: PMC5326932 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the miRNA expression profiles in Lawsonia
intracellularis-infected porcine intestines, infected pigs were first identified
using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Then, RNA from infected intestines and control
tissues were isolated and subjected to microarray analysis and RT-PCR. Results showed that
a total of 83 miRNAs were differentially expressed between the infected samples and
controls, out of which 53 were upregulated and 30 were downregulated. Validation using
RT-PCR showed a high degree of confidence for the obtained data. Using the current miRBase
release 21.0, nine groups of miRNAs were located in the same cluster, and three groups of
miRNAs were found to belong to the same family. Interestingly, except for ssc-miR-10a-5p,
all clustered miRNAs and the family members exhibited the same expression patterns.
Pathway analysis of the putative gene targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs
showed that they were involved in the immune response, amino acid metabolism and cell
communication/growth/motility. Thus, the results indicate that altered miRNA expression
profiles can affect immunity, metabolism and cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Fujian, 364012, China
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Backhans A, Sjölund M, Lindberg A, Emanuelson U. Antimicrobial use in Swedish farrow-to-finish pig herds is related to farmer characteristics. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:18. [PMID: 28405444 PMCID: PMC5382483 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem and reducing AM use is critical in limiting its severity. The underlying causes of antimicrobial use at pig farm level must be understood to select effective reduction measures. We previously showed that antimicrobial use on Swedish pig farms is comparatively low but varies between farms, although few farms are high users. In the present survey of a convenience sample of 60 farrow-to-finish herds in Sweden, we investigated farmers’ attitudes to antimicrobials and the influence of information provided by veterinarians about antimicrobial resistance. Farm characteristics were also recorded. We had previously quantified antimicrobial use for different age categories of pigs during one year, as well as external and internal biosecurity. Risk factors based on hypothetical causal associations between these and calculated treatment incidence (TI) for the different age categories were assessed here in a linear regression model. Results There were no significant associations between biosecurity and TI for any pig age category. Increasing farmer age was associated with higher TI for suckling piglets and fatteners. For suckling piglets, the age group with the highest frequency of treatment, TI was also significantly associated with farmer and education of the staff, where female farmers, and university educated staff was associated with a higher TI. Larger farms were associated with a higher TI in fatteners. Conclusions In the investigated Swedish pig farms, factors that influenced antimicrobial usage were more related to characteristics of the individual farmer and his/her staff than to biosecurity level, other management factors or farmers’ attitudes to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Backhans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Sjölund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Lindberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Borewicz KA, Kim HB, Singer RS, Gebhart CJ, Sreevatsan S, Johnson T, Isaacson RE. Changes in the Porcine Intestinal Microbiome in Response to Infection with Salmonella enterica and Lawsonia intracellularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139106. [PMID: 26461107 PMCID: PMC4604083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food borne illness. Recent studies have shown that S. enterica is a pathogen capable of causing alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. A recent prospective study of French pork production farms found a statistically significant association between Lawsonia intracellularis and carriage of S. enterica. In the current study the composition of the gut microbiome was determined in pigs challenged with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and or L. intracellularis and compared to non-challenged control pigs. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that there was a disruption in the composition of the gut microbiome in the colon and cecum of pigs challenged with either pathogen. The compositions of the microbiomes of challenged pigs were similar to each other but differed from the non-challenged controls. There also were statistically significant increases in Anaerobacter, Barnesiella, Pediococcus, Sporacetigenium, Turicibacter, Catenibacterium, Prevotella, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Xylanibacter in the challenged pigs. To determine if these changes were specific to experimentally challenged pigs, we determined the compositions of the fecal microbiomes of naturally infected pigs that were carriers of S. enterica. Pigs that were frequent shedders of S. enterica were shown to have similar fecal microbiomes compared to non-shedders or pigs that shed S. enterica infrequently. In a comparison of the differentially abundant bacteria in the naturally infected pigs compared to experimentally challenged pigs, 9 genera were differentially abundant and each exhibited the same increase or decrease in abundance between the two groups. Thus, there were similar changes in the GI microbiome associated with carriage of S. enterica regardless of whether the pigs were experimentally challenged with S. enterica or acquired it naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna A. Borewicz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Riber U, Heegaard PM, Cordes H, Ståhl M, Jensen TK, Jungersen G. Vaccination of pigs with attenuated Lawsonia intracellularis induced acute phase protein responses and primed cell-mediated immunity without reduction in bacterial shedding after challenge. Vaccine 2015; 33:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Magtoto RL, Vegi A, Wang C, Johnson JK, Ramamoorthy S. Evaluation and use of a serological assay for the detection of antibodies to Lawsonia intracellularisin swine. Int J Vet Sci Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo L. Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anuradha Vegi
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Statistics College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John K. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Statistics College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Moura-Alvarez J, Nuñez LFN, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Knöbl T, Chacón JL, Moreno AM, Jones RC, Ferreira AJP. Detection of enteric pathogens in Turkey flocks affected with severe enteritis, in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1051-8. [PMID: 24817479 PMCID: PMC7089275 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two flocks of turkeys affected by enteric problems, with ages between 10 and 104 days and located in the Southern region of Brazil, were surveyed for turkey by PCR for turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), rotavirus, reovirus, Salmonella spp., and Lawsonia intracellularis (Li) infections. Eleven profiles of pathogen combination were observed. The most frequently encountered pathogen combinations were TCoV-Li, followed by TCoV-TAstV-2-Li, TCoV-TastV-2. Only TCoV was detected as the sole pathogen in three flocks. Eight and 19 flocks of the 22 were positive for TAstV-2 and TCoV, respectively. Six were positive for Salmonella spp. and L. intracellularis was detected in 12 turkey flocks. Reovirus and HEV were not detected in this survey. These results throw new light on the multiple etiology of enteritis in turkeys. The implications of these findings and their correlation with the clinical signs are comprehensively discussed, illustrating the complexity of the enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma Moura-Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis Infections. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:465-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. The disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. Furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. Cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and replication in the intestinal epithelium. As a result, mild to severe diarrhea is the major clinical sign described in infected animals. The dynamics of L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo have been well characterized, but little is known about the genetic basis for the pathogenesis or ecology of this organism. The present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of L. intracellularis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Bae J, Wieland B, Sait M, Longbottom D, Smith D, Alarcon P, Wheelhouse N. Risk factors associated with Lawsonia intracellularis in English pig farms. Vet J 2013; 197:707-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Viott ADM, França SA, Vannucci FA, Cruz Jr EC, Costa MC, Gebhart CJ, Guedes RM. Infection of sparrows (Passer domesticus) and different mice strains with Lawsonia intracellularis. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of sparrows (Passer domesticus) and strains of mice (Swiss, BALB/c, C-57 and DB-A) to Lawsonia intracellularis infection was studied. Thirty-two sparrows were inoculated with pure culture of L. intracellularis and eleven received sham inoculum. Feces were collected on -1, 7, 14 and 21 days post infection (dpi) for detection of L. intracellularis by PCR. After 21 days, all sparrows were euthanized and the tissues processed for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). One hundred sixty mice of four different strains (n=40, per strain) were used. For each mouse strain, 16 animals received mucosa homogenate from a pig infected with L. intracellularis, 16 received pure culture of L. intracellularis and eight animals received sham inoculum. Two control and four inoculated mice from each group were euthanized on 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi. Sections of intestine were collected for histologic analysis and IHC and pooled feces were collected for L. intracellularis PCR. None of the sparrows had any histologic lesions characteristic of proliferative enteropathy or antigen labeling by IHC. All sparrow fecal samples were negative by PCR. All mice strains studied had histopathological lesions typical of PE and IHC labeling consistent with L. intracellularis infection, especially those animals inoculated with pure culture. The most severe lesions were observed in DB-A and Swiss mice. Fecal shedding was detected in all mice strains, with peak at 14 dpi. We conclude that sparrows do not seem to be relevant in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis. The results showed variations in the lesions among the four mice strains used.
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Genome Sequence of Lawsonia intracellularis Strain N343, Isolated from a Sow with Hemorrhagic Proliferative Enteropathy. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00027-13. [PMID: 23472224 PMCID: PMC3587925 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00027-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), causing mild or acute hemorrhagic diarrhea in infected animals. Here we report the genome sequence of strain N343, isolated from a sow that died of hemorrhagic PE. N343 contains 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 90 indels compared to the reference strain PHE/MN1-00.
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Pedersen KS, Skrubel R, Stege H, Angen Ø, Ståhl M, Hjulsager C, Larsen LE, Nielsen JP. Association between average daily gain, faecal dry matter content and concentration of Lawsonia intracellularis in faeces. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:58. [PMID: 23013807 PMCID: PMC3533900 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to investigate the association between average daily gain and the number of Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in faeces of growing pigs with different levels of diarrhoea. Methods A longitudinal field study (n = 150 pigs) was performed in a Danish herd from day 29 to 47 post weaning. Every third day all pigs were weighed, subjected to a clinical examination and faecal samples were obtained. Faecal samples were subjected to dry matter determination and absolute quantification by PCR for L. intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Association between average daily gain, faecal dry matter content, numbers of L. intracellularis bacteria and PCV2 genome copies in faeces was investigated in a multilevel mixed-effects linear model. Results Increasing numbers of L. intracellularis log10 bacteria/g faeces were significantly associated with decreasing average daily gain (P < 0.001). The association was decreasing with increasing faecal dry matter content (P < 0.01). The number of PCV2 log10 copies/g faeces was not significantly associated with average daily gain of the pigs (P > 0.5). Conclusion The results suggest a potential application of a PCR quantifying L. intracellularis in growing pigs. Faecal dry matter content must be taken into consideration in interpretation of such test results.
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Pusterla N, Vannucci FA, Mapes SM, Nogradi N, Collier JR, Hill JA, DiFrancesco M, White AM, Akana NK, Simonek G, Gebhart CJ. Efficacy of an avirulent live vaccine againstLawsonia intracellularisin the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:741-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.5.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cordes H, Riber U, Jensen TK, Jungersen G. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Res 2012; 43:9. [PMID: 22316065 PMCID: PMC3313852 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate immune responses upon re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. Pigs were orally inoculated with virulent L. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (RE) at the age of 12 weeks. Treatment control (TC) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (CC) pigs received only the secondary inoculation at 12 weeks of age. Following this regimen, all RE pigs were protected against the re-infection as defined by reduced colonisation and pathology of intestinal mucosa, absence of bacterial shedding and without increase in serum acute phase protein response. In the protected RE pigs, serum IgG responses were variable with both high and low responders. Serum IgA responses were not boosted by the re-inoculation, since identical intestinal IgA responses developed in response to the inoculation in both the susceptible CC pigs and the protected RE pigs. A memory recall cell-mediated immune response developed in RE pigs which was significantly stronger compared to the primary response in age-matched CC pigs as assessed by whole blood IFN-γ assay and by calculation of IFN-γ integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) after flow cytometry. The major IFN-γ producing cells were identified as CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double positive lymphocytes. The results indicate that cell-mediated immune responses are likely mediators of protective immunity against L. intracellularis, with CD8+ effector cells and CD4+CD8+ double positive memory T cells as main contributors to the antigen-specific IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Cordes
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Opriessnig T, Halbur PG. Concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease. Virus Res 2011; 164:20-32. [PMID: 21959087 PMCID: PMC7114432 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential component of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) as the disease syndrome is referred to in Europe and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) as it is referred to in North America. Singular PCV2 infection rarely results in clinical disease; however, PCVAD is often accelerated in onset, enhanced in severity and prolonged in duration by concurrent viral or bacterial infections. Due to its effect on the immune system, PCV2 has also been shown to enhance protozoal, metazoal, and fungal infections. Several retrospective or cross-sectional studies have investigated the presence and prevalence of various infectious agents associated with PCVAD under field conditions. Experimental models confirm that PCV2 replication and associated lesions can be enhanced by concurrent infection with other viruses or bacteria. The exact mechanisms by which concurrent pathogens upregulate PCV2 are unknown. Co-infections may promote PCV2 infection by increasing immune host cell replication and accumulation in tissues thereby enhancing targets for PCV2 replication. It has also been proposed that co-infections interfere with PCV2 clearance by alteration of cytokine production and profiles. The outcome of differences in timing of co-infections in PCV2-infected pigs is also likely very important and is an area where more research is needed. Given the current knowledge base, it is important that veterinarians do a thorough diagnostic investigation on herds where PCVAD is a recurrent problem in order to implement the most appropriate and cost effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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A novel Lawsonia intracellularis autotransporter protein is a prominent antigen. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1282-7. [PMID: 21697340 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05073-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of antigenic determinants of the microaerophilic obligate intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis using a mass spectrometry approach identified a novel bacterial protein present in an extract of cell culture medium aspirated from heavily infected in vitro cell cultures. Western immunoblotting analysis of SDS-PAGE-resolved proteins using immune sera pooled from L. intracellularis-infected pigs revealed the presence of a strongly immunoreactive band of ∼ 72 kDa. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of this component and database mining using a fully annotated L. intracellularis genome sequence and the comprehensive GenBank prokaryotic genomic database highlighted the presence of a protein that shares little sequence similarity with other prokaryotic proteins and appears to be highly species specific. Detailed bioinformatic analyses identified the protein as member of the autotransporter protein family of surface-exposed proteins, and the designation LatA (Lawsonia autotransporter protein A) is suggested. Recognition of recombinant LatA on Western blots by a panel of sera from infected and control pigs corresponded 100% with a commercial serodiagnostic that relies on in vitro culture of this fastidious organism. LatA therefore represents a potential candidate for the development of a rapid and species-specific serodiagnostic reagent.
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Riber U, Cordes H, Boutrup TS, Jensen TK, Heegaard PM, Jungersen G. Primary infection protects pigs against re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis in experimental challenge studies. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:406-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McOrist S, Mellits KH. The important lifetime effects of intestinal gut health of pigs at weaning. Vet J 2010; 184:253-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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