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da Cruz TA, Donatelli Muro BB, Machado Costa Lima E, Dos Santos Moreira V, de Carvalho JCC, Pospissil Garbossa CA, Batista Costa L. Aspartic protease supplementation enhancing the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and economic viability, without changing blood parameters and salivary cortisol of pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11238. [PMID: 38755406 PMCID: PMC11099141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aiming to study the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, salivary cortisol levels, and economic viability of pigs administered aspartic protease, a total of 135 pigs were housed in pens in a randomized block design, divided into five treatments with nine replications. The experimental diets were positive control (PC), basic diet with a 5.0% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; negative control (NC) with a 7.5% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; NC + 100 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC100); NC + 150 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC150); and NC + 200 g/mT of neutral serine protease (NC200). The inclusion of protease, independently of the source and amount, increased the average daily weight gain (P < 0.05) of animals compared with the control treatments (PC and NC), improved feed conversion (P < 0.05) in early stages, and improved diet digestibility (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Treatment with NC150 and NC200 resulted in greater carcass weights (P < 0.05) than treatment with the PC. NC100 led to a greater carcass yield than PC (P < 0.05), and NC150 resulted in a greater loin eye area than PC (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) in the blood parameters or salivary cortisol levels were found. Regarding economic viability, proteases increased the profitability, with NC150 leading to the best results. Thus, the use of aspartic proteases is recommended to improve performance and further facilitate pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Augusto da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Miller I, Gianazza E. Proteomic methods for the study of porcine acute phase proteins - anything new to detect? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1801-1815. [PMID: 37452983 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) reflect the health status of individuals and are important tools in diagnostics, as their altered levels are a sign of disturbed homeostasis. While, in most cases, quantitation of known serum APPs is routinely performed by immunoassays, proteomics is helpful in discovery of new biomarker candidates, especially in samples other than body fluids. Besides putting APP regulation into an overall context of differentially abundant proteins, this approach can detect further details or outright new features in protein structure or specific modifications, and help understand better their function. Thus, it can show up ways to make present diagnostic assays more sensitive and/or specific, or correlate regulations of disease-specific proteins. The APP repertoire is dependent on the species. The pig is both, an important farm animal and a model animal for human diseases, due to similarities in physiology. Besides reviewing existing literature, yet unpublished examples for two-dimensional electrophoresis in connection with pig APPs highlight some of the benefits of proteomics. Of further help would be the emerging targeted proteomics, offering the possibility to determine particular isoforms or proteoforms, without the need of specific antibodies, but this method is presently scarcely used in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Miller
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Wien, Austria.
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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Saco Y, Peña R, Matas-Quintanilla M, Ibáñez-López FJ, Piñeiro M, Sotillo J, Bassols A, Gutiérrez AM. Influence of the circadian cycle, sex and production stage on the reference values of parameters related to stress and pathology in porcine saliva. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37773175 PMCID: PMC10541711 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concentration of biomarkers in saliva could be influenced by several factors not related to the specific condition under analyses, which should be considered for proper clinical interpretation. In the present study, the circadian rhythm of C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), Pig-MAP, S100A12, Cu, Zn, Adenosine deaminase (ADA), total protein (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), cortisol and α-amylase in saliva of 20 female and 20 male pigs was investigated. Moreover, the influence of sex and production phase (post-weaning, fattening and finishing) on the concentrations of biomarkers in a total of 414 healthy pigs was studied and the reference intervals for all salivary biomarkers were calculated accordingly. RESULTS All parameters except Pig-MAP, OSI and α-amylase varied significantly along the daytime, and most of them peak around early afternoon (13-15 h). The cosinor analysis described the temporal dynamics of circadian rhythms for all parameters. The range values showed differences between male and female pigs in 8 out of the 13 biomarkers, with higher concentrations in females in comparison to male pigs. The influence of the production phase on the salivary concentrations was observed for all the biomarkers. The highest concentrations were observed for Pig-MAP, S100A12 and α-amylase in post-weaning animals, for TP in growing pigs and for OSI in finishing animals. Most of the sex-influenced biomarkers showed the highest concentrations at growing stages with some exceptions such as ADA or Hp that showed the peak at finishing and post-weaning stages respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to establish the optimal daytime for routine saliva sampling to avoid circadian variations and for that end, the time interval between 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. is highly recommended. The factors sex and production phase influence the concentration of biomarkers and should be considered for proper biomarker interpretation. The reference intervals presented here for each salivary biomarker will help to correctly interpret the results of these analytes and contribute to the use of saliva as a non-invasive sample for the diagnosis and monitoring of the health status of swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - R Peña
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - M Matas-Quintanilla
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - F J Ibáñez-López
- Department of Didactic of Maths and Social Sciences, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30008, Spain
| | - M Piñeiro
- Acuvet Biotech, C/Bari 25, Zaragoza, 50197, Spain
| | - J Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - A M Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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Saco Y, Bassols A. Acute phase proteins in cattle and swine: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:50-63. [PMID: 36526287 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The major acute phase proteins (APPs) in cattle are haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and in swine, are Hp, SAA, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Pig major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP). Many methodologic assays are presently available to measure these parameters, which are still being improved to increase their specificity, sensitivity, user-friendliness, and economic availability. In cattle, the main applications are the diagnosis and monitoring of frequent diseases such as mastitis and metritis in dairy cows and respiratory problems in young calves. In pigs, APPs are useful in the control of bacterial and viral infections, and they may be used at the slaughterhouse to monitor subclinical pathologies and improve food safety. The utility of APP in animal production must not be forgotten; optimization of protocols to improve performance, welfare, and nutrition may benefit from the use of APPs. Other sample types besides serum or plasma have potential uses; APP determination in milk is a powerful tool in the control of mastitis, saliva is a non-invasive sample type, and meat juice is easily obtained at the slaughterhouse. Increasing our knowledge of reference intervals and the influence of variables such as age, breed, sex, and the season is important. Finally, worldwide harmonization and standardization of analytical procedures will help to expand the use of APPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Botia M, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Evaluation of the Effect of Sampling Time on Biomarkers of Stress, Immune System, Redox Status and Other Biochemistry Analytes in Saliva of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162127. [PMID: 36009717 PMCID: PMC9404901 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the possible variations due to the sampling time in the day in 26 analytes of pigs’ saliva, related to stress, the immune system, redox status and other biomarkers related to metabolism and selected tissues and organs, in order to know the possible effects of the hour of the day in their interpretation. These analytes were measured in saliva obtained from a population of 40 clinically healthy pigs from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., every 4 h in the same day. In our experimental conditions, daily variations were observed in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, total esterase activity, butyrylcholinesterase, lipase, adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate and triglycerides. These changes appeared in both sexes, except for adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1 and superoxide dismutase which only showed differences in females. In conclusion, this report indicates that, in the experimental conditions of this trial, the time of the day and sex can influence the values obtained in various salivary analytes in pigs. These variations should thus be taken into consideration for an adequate interpretation of these analytes when used for the evaluation of health and welfare in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María D. Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Botia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868887082
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Sánchez J, Matas M, Ibáñez-López FJ, Hernández I, Sotillo J, Gutiérrez AM. The Connection Between Stress and Immune Status in Pigs: A First Salivary Analytical Panel for Disease Differentiation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:881435. [PMID: 35782547 PMCID: PMC9244398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.881435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the association between stress and immune response activations in different diseases, based on the salivary analytics. Moreover, a first attempt to discriminate between diseases was performed by principal component analysis. The salivary analytics consisted of the measurement of psychosocial stress (cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase) indicators, innate (acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein and haptoglobin), and adaptive immune (adenosine deaminase, Cu and Zn) markers and oxidative stress parameters (antioxidant capacity and oxidative status). A total of 107 commercial growing pigs in the field were divided into six groups according to the signs of disease after proper veterinary clinical examination, especially, healthy pigs, pigs with rectal prolapse, tail-biting lesions, diarrhea, lameness, or dyspnea. Associations between stress and immune markers were observed with different intensities. High associations (r = 0.61) were observed between oxidative stress markers and adaptive immune markers. On the other hand, moderate associations (r = 0.31–0.48) between psychosocial stress markers with both innate and adaptive immune markers were observed. All pathological conditions showed statistically significant differences in at least 4 out of the 11 salivary markers studied, with no individual marker dysregulated in all the diseases. Moreover, each disease condition showed differences in the degree of activation of the analyzed systems which could be used to create different salivary profiles. A total of two dimensions were selected through the principal component analysis to explain the 48.3% of the variance of our data. Lameness and rectal prolapse were the two pathological conditions most distant from the healthy condition followed by dyspnea. Tail-biting lesions and diarrhea were also far from the other diseases but near to healthy animals. There is still room for improvements, but these preliminary results displayed a great potential for disease detection and characterization using salivary biomarkers profiling in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sánchez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Cefu SA, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Matas
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. J. Ibáñez-López
- Statistical Support Service (SAE), Scientific and Technological Research Area (ACTI), CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. Hernández
- Statistical Support Service (SAE), Scientific and Technological Research Area (ACTI), CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J. Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. M. Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: A. M. Gutiérrez
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A multi-herd study shows that saliva is more than a reflection of serum biomarkers in pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100413. [PMID: 34844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates if biomarkers of porcine health status in saliva samples is a mere reflection of serum to detect disease in pigs under field conditions. Four farms from the same commercial company were included to obtain samples from animals with different pathological conditions. A total of 10 healthy animals and 10-15 animals from each farm with clinical symptoms of the disease were sampled for paired saliva and blood during a veterinary clinical visit. The biomarker panel included acute-phase proteins (APPs), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the levels of essential trace elements, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and the measurement of the total protein content (TP). After detailed statistical analysis, the results showed that saliva could replace serum for APP measurements since a good agreement has been observed between the concentrations of APPs in both body fluids. For any other biomarker, no agreement between the concentrations quantified in serum and saliva samples was observed visually. However, salivary ADA and TP concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the diseased, whereas the statistical tests with serum concentrations were inconclusive. Furthermore, greater differentiation between healthy and diseased animals could be observed when the distribution of biomarkers was analysed in saliva than in other serum samples. The diagnostic power to discriminate between healthy and diseased pigs is similar in saliva and in serum samples. Preliminary regression models may offer an optimal combination of biomarkers for disease detection in saliva (Hp, CRP, and TAC) and serum (Hp, CRP, and Cu), which demands less labour, sample, and financial cost for saliva determinations. The contradictory results observed for TAC, Cu, and Zn levels between body fluids indicate a need for further studies. To sum up, saliva-based biomarkers instead of serum-based biomarkers could contribute to more efficient detection of diseased animals.
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Sali V, Veit C, Valros A, Junnikkala S, Heinonen M, Nordgreen J. Dynamics of Salivary Adenosine Deaminase, Haptoglobin, and Cortisol in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Growing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698628. [PMID: 34722692 PMCID: PMC8551609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory conditions are common especially in growing pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important antigenic structure of Gram-negative bacteria and can be used to induce inflammation experimentally. As pigs are usually group-housed in commercial conditions, it is difficult to detect sick individuals, particularly at an early stage of illness. Acute phase proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp) are known indicators of an activated innate immune system whereas adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a relatively novel inflammatory biomarker in pigs. Both parameters can be measured in saliva and could be used as indicators of inflammation. Compared with blood sampling, saliva sampling is a less stressful procedure that is rapid, non-invasive and easy to perform both at group and at individual level. In this blinded randomized clinical trial, 32 female pigs at their post-weaning phase were allocated to one of four treatments comprising two injections of the following substance combinations: saline-saline (SS), ketoprofen-saline (KS), saline-LPS (SL), and ketoprofen-LPS (KL). First, ketoprofen or saline was administered intramuscularly on average 1 h before either LPS or saline was given through an ear vein catheter. In all groups, saliva was collected prior to injections (baseline) and at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection for determination of ADA, Hp, and cortisol concentrations. A multivariate model was applied to describe the dynamics of each biomarker. Pairwise relationships between ADA, Hp, and cortisol responses from baseline to 4 h post-injection within the SL group were studied with Spearman correlations. A significant increase in the SL group was seen in all biomarkers 4 h post-injection compared to baseline and other time points (pairwise comparisons, p < 0.01 for all) and ketoprofen alleviated the LPS effect. We found a significant positive correlation between ADA and Hp within the SL group (r = 0.86, p < 0.05). The primary and novel findings of the present study are the response of ADA to LPS, its time course and alleviation by ketoprofen. Our results support the evidence that ADA and Hp can be used as inflammatory biomarkers in pigs. We suggest further studies to be conducted in commercial settings with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Sali
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Christina Veit
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Sami Junnikkala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Sánchez J, Montilla M, Gutiérrez-Panizo C, Sotillo J, Fuentes P, Montes A, Gutiérrez AM. Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:27. [PMID: 32000745 PMCID: PMC6993390 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study is focused on the measurement of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in the saliva of pigs in order to study their levels on different porcine pathological conditions in the field. The experiment involved 15 pigs without clinical signs of disease and 42 diseased pigs (suffering from lameness, rectal prolapse, fatigue or growth rate retardation). Individual saliva samples were collected, allowing the pigs to chew a sponge each for trace element quantifications through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Since this is the first report on the measurements of trace elements in porcine saliva, a routine analytical validation study was performed for the quantification of all the studied elements. Moreover, the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoblobin (Hp), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were quantified in the saliva samples for the animal’s health status assessment. Results Modifications in the levels of acute phase proteins or ADA were only recorded in animals with lameness and rectal prolapse and those with fatigue respectively. Moreover, TAC level changes were observed in pigs with growth-rate retardation. However, alterations in the levels of two or more trace elements were reported for all the different groups of diseased pigs with evident variations within pathologies. Conclusions The salivary quantification of trace elements could be considered as a complementary tool to acute phase proteins, TAC and ADA determinations for disease detection and differentiation in the pig and should be explored in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sánchez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Cefu S.A., 30840, Alhama de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Montilla
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cándido Gutiérrez-Panizo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Cefu S.A., 30840, Alhama de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Montes
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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10
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Towards Understanding Non-Infectious Growth-Rate Retardation in Growing Pigs. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7030031. [PMID: 31514421 PMCID: PMC6789591 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For growth-rate retardation in commercial growing pigs suffering from non-infectious diseases, no biomarker is available for early detection and prevention of the condition or for the diagnosis of affected animals. The point in question is that the underlying pathological pathway of the condition is still unknown and multiple nutritional or management issues could be the cause of the disease. Common health status markers such as acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase activity or total antioxidant capacity did not show any alteration in the saliva of animals with growth-rate retardation, so other pathways should be affected. The present study investigates saliva samples from animals with the same commercial crossbreed, sex and age, comparing control pigs and pigs with growth-rate retardation. A proteomics approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis including mass spectrometry together with validation experiments was applied for the search of proteins that could help understand disease mechanisms and be used for early disease detection. Two proteins were detected as possible markers of growth-rate retardation, specifically S100A12 and carbonic anhydrase VI. A decrease in innate immune response was confirmed in pigs with growth-rate retardation, however further studies should be necessary to understand the role of the different CA VI proteoforms observed.
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Prims S, Van Raemdonck G, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C. On the characterisation of the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome. J Proteomics 2019; 196:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sánchez J, García A, Ruiz JM, Montes AM, Cabezas-Herrera J, Ros-Lara S, De la Cruz E, Gutiérrez AM. Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 30838222 PMCID: PMC6382678 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of several factors such as breed, sex, and production stage over the normal range values of salivary biomarkers of health status was evaluated in pigs. A total of 409 pigs of 2 different breeds (conventional Large White × Duroc and Iberian pigs) were included in the study. Animals were divided into different groups according to their sex (male or female) and the stage of the production cycle they were in (post-weaning, nursery, fattening, and finishing). The levels of an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and two acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in saliva samples. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) was quantified for the first time in porcine saliva; therefore, an analytical validation and stability analysis during storage at −80°C were also performed. Differences according to breed were observed for all the markers studied; thus, the influence of age and sex on the normal range values were studied separately for conventional and Iberian pigs. In Large White × Duroc pigs the overall median values of ADA, CRP, Hp and TAC were 282 U/L, 10.49 ng/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, and 21.73 μM Trolox equivalents, respectively. However, higher values of inflammatory marker and acute phase proteins were observed in males at the initial stages of the production cycle, while females presented higher values when they had reached sexual maturity. In Iberian pigs the overall median values observed were 585 U/L, 4.81 ng/mL, 0.63 μg/mL, and 21.21 μM Trolox equivalents for ADA, CRP, Hp, and TAC respectively with slight differences in the influence of the studied factors. Sex differences were not observed in the levels of acute phase proteins in Iberian pigs, probably due to the castration of males during the first days of life; however, ADA levels were found to be higher in male pigs at the end of the production cycle. It could be concluded that breed, sex, and production stage influence the range values of salivary markers of health status in pigs and should be taken into account to further establish reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana García
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María Ruiz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Montes
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Ros-Lara
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Gutiérrez AM, Montes A, Gutiérrez-Panizo C, Fuentes P, De La Cruz-Sánchez E. Gender influence on the salivary protein profile of finishing pigs. J Proteomics 2017; 178:107-113. [PMID: 29199151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A study on gender differences in the normal range of biomarkers in porcine saliva samples has the scope for further attention. In the present study, the salivary protein profiles of age-matched healthy male and female finishing pigs were compared. The levels of salivary adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been quantified in 32 male and 32 female pigs to ensure the presence of gender effect on the median levels of salivary biomarkers. Moreover, the total salivary protein content was quantified and compared. The overall salivary protein distribution was compared with SDS-PAGE in 14 male and 14 female pigs and the possible gender influence in the salivary protein profile was analysed by 2DE in 6 male and 6 female pigs. Statistically significant differences were observed in the median values of Hp, CRP, and ADA between male and female pigs (p<0.005). Although the total salivary protein content was not different between the sexes, the salivary protein distribution and profile showed specific gender differences in three proteins of the lipocalin family: the odorant-binding protein, salivary lipocalin and lipocalin 1. These proteins have been related to animal immune status and should be further explored as possible porcine salivary biomarkers. SIGNIFICANCE The biological relevance of the reported research is based on the possible gender influence on the discovery of salivary biomarkers in porcine production. As differences have been reported in the salivary protein distribution in male pigs in comparison to that of female pigs, the normal-range values, according to gender, of the newly discovered biomarkers should be explored and defined prior to its application in the porcine production system. A hormonal sexual influence is highly hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Montes
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cándido Gutiérrez-Panizo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ernesto De La Cruz-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
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Gutiérrez AM, De La Cruz-Sánchez E, Montes A, Sotillo J, Gutiérrez-Panizo C, Fuentes P, Tornel PL, Cabezas-Herrera J. Easy and non-invasive disease detection in pigs by adenosine deaminase activity determinations in saliva. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179299. [PMID: 28594948 PMCID: PMC5464646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in porcine saliva samples has been analyzed for its use as a marker of disease. First, an analytical validation of the enzymatic assay used for ADA measurements was performed. Afterwards, saliva samples were collected from 50 healthy animals and 64 animals with different symptoms of disease, which were divided into local inflammation, gastrointestinal disorder, respiratory disorder and growth retardation. To optimize ADA measurements, total ADA (tADA), specific ADA (sADA) and ADA isoforms 1 and 2 activities were calculated. Moreover, to preliminarily estimate the diagnostic value of tADA activity measurements for disease detection, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses was performed and compared to the results obtained for salivary acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The salivary levels of tADA activity were significantly elevated in animals with local inflammation, gastrointestinal disorder and respiratory disorder. The calculation of the different ADA activities did not provide additional information to tADA activity quantification for disease detection. The diagnostic value of tADA activity was superior to those observed for Hp and CRP measurements in the present study. It might be concluded that ADA analysis in saliva could be used as a simple, rapid, economic and non-invasive diagnostic tool in porcine production in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ernesto De La Cruz-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Montes
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Sotillo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cándido Gutiérrez-Panizo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Luis Tornel
- Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Sassu EL, Frömbling J, Duvigneau JC, Miller I, Müllebner A, Gutiérrez AM, Grunert T, Patzl M, Saalmüller A, von Altrock A, Menzel A, Ganter M, Spergser J, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Verspohl J, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I. Host-pathogen interplay at primary infection sites in pigs challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:64. [PMID: 28245826 PMCID: PMC5329957 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia and causes significant losses in the pig industry worldwide. Early host immune response is crucial for further progression of the disease. A. pleuropneumoniae is either rapidly eliminated by the immune system or switches to a long-term persistent form. To gain insight into the host-pathogen interaction during the early stages of infection, pigs were inoculated intratracheally with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 and humanely euthanized eight hours after infection. Gene expression studies of inflammatory cytokines and the acute phase proteins haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein were carried out by RT-qPCR from the lung, liver, tonsils and salivary gland. In addition, the concentration of cytokines and acute phase proteins were measured by quantitative immunoassays in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum and saliva. In parallel to the analyses of host response, the impact of the host on the bacterial pathogen was assessed on a metabolic level. For the latter, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR-) spectroscopy was employed. Results Significant cytokine and acute phase protein gene expression was detected in the lung and the salivary gland however this was not observed in the tonsils. In parallel to the analyses of host response, the impact of the host on the bacterial pathogen was assessed on a metabolic level. For the latter investigations, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR-) spectroscopy was employed. The bacteria isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract showed distinct IR spectral patterns reflecting the organ-specific acute phase response of the host. Conclusions In summary, this study implies a metabolic adaptation of A. pleuropneumoniae to the porcine upper respiratory tract already during early infection, which might indicate a first step towards the persistence of A. pleuropneumoniae. Not only in lung, but also in the salivary gland an increased inflammatory gene expression was detectable during the acute stage of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-0979-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Müllebner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tom Grunert
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Patzl
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra von Altrock
- Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Menzel
- Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Detection and first characterization of an uncommon haptoglobin in porcine saliva of pigs with rectal prolapse by using boronic acid sample enrichment. Animal 2017; 11:845-853. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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17
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Schrödl W, Büchler R, Wendler S, Reinhold P, Muckova P, Reindl J, Rhode H. Acute phase proteins as promising biomarkers: Perspectives and limitations for human and veterinary medicine. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1077-1092. [PMID: 27274000 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are highly conserved plasma proteins that are increasingly secreted by the liver in response to a variety of injuries, independently of their location and cause. APPs favor the systemic regulation of defense, coagulation, proteolysis, and tissue repair. Various APPs have been applied as general diagnostic parameters for a long time. Through proteomic techniques, more and more APPs have been discovered to be differentially altered. Since they are not consistently explainable by a stereotypic hepatic expression of sets of APPs, most of these results have unfortunately been neglected or attributed to the nonspecificity of the acute phase reaction. Moreover, it appears that various extrahepatic tissues are also able to express APPs. These extrahepatic APPs show focally specific roles in tissue homeostasis and repair and are released primarily into interstitial and distal fluids. Since these focal proteins might leak into the circulatory system, mixtures of hepatic and extrahepatic APP species can be expected in blood. Hence, a selective alteration of parts of APPs might be expected. There are several hints on multiple molecular forms and fragments of tissue-derived APPs. These differences offer the chance for multiple selective determinations. Thus, specific proteoforms might indeed serve as tissue-specific disease indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Büchler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Sindy Wendler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich Loeffler Institut', Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Muckova
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Reindl
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Heidrun Rhode
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
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18
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Huang Y, Liu W, Yin C, Ci L, Zhao R, Yang X. Response to lipopolysaccharide in salivary components and the submandibular gland of pigs. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Salivary testosterone measurements in growing pigs: validation of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay and its possible use as an acute stress marker. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Ott S, Soler L, Moons CPH, Kashiha MA, Bahr C, Vandermeulen J, Janssens S, Gutiérrez AM, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Berckmans D, Tuyttens FAM, Niewold TA. Different stressors elicit different responses in the salivary biomarkers cortisol, haptoglobin, and chromogranin A in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:124-8. [PMID: 24957408 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most commonly, salivary cortisol is used in pig stress assessment, alternative salivary biomarkers are scarcely studied. Here, salivary cortisol and two alternative salivary biomarkers, haptoglobin and chromogranin A were measured in a pig stress study. Treatment pigs (n = 24) were exposed to mixing and feed deprivation, in two trials, and compared to untreated controls (n = 24). Haptoglobin differed for feed deprivation vs control. Other differences were only found within treatment. Treatment pigs had higher salivary cortisol concentrations on the mixing day (P < 0.05). Chromogranin A concentrations were increased on the day of refeeding (P < 0.05). Haptoglobin showed a similar pattern to chromogranin A. Overall correlations between the salivary biomarkers were positive. Cortisol and chromogranin A were moderately correlated (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001), correlations between other markers were weaker. The present results indicate that different types of stressors elicited different physiological stress responses in the pigs, and therefore including various salivary biomarkers in stress evaluation seems useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ott
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Animal Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Soler
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C P H Moons
- Animal Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M A Kashiha
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Bahr
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Vandermeulen
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Janssens
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Berckmans
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - F A M Tuyttens
- Animal Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - T A Niewold
- Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Escribano D, Gutiérrez AM, Fuentes-Rubio M, Cerón JJ. Saliva chromogranin A in growing pigs: a study of circadian patterns during daytime and stability under different storage conditions. Vet J 2014; 199:355-9. [PMID: 24507880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salivary chromogranin A (CgA) is considered to be a biomarker of activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system, and has recently been proposed as a useful indicator of the acute stress response in pigs. The aim of the present study was to determinate whether salivary CgA concentrations in healthy growing pigs exhibits any circadian pattern during the daytime, and to evaluate its stability under different storage conditions. A total of 80 pigs (40 in spring and another 40 in autumn) of two different ages and genders were used. To establish the circadian pattern, saliva samples were collected at 07.00, 11.00, 15.00 and 19.00 h on two consecutive days. Pooled samples were used for the stability study and were measured on the day of sampling and periodically for up to 360 days later. Samples were stored at 4 °C, -20 °C or -80 °C and the effect of repeated freezing and thawing was also evaluated. No circadian pattern was detected for salivary CgA in either season and there were no significant effects of gender or age. However, mean salivary CgA concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.0001) in the pigs sampled in autumn, compared to those sampled in the spring. Short term storage at 4 °C is recommended for up to 2 days, whereas frozen samples can be stored for 1 year at -20 °C or -80 °C, without substantial reduction in CgA values. In addition, samples can be frozen and thawed up to seven times without significant loss of the biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana M Gutiérrez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Fuentes-Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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