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Pozo P, Isla J, Asiain A, Navarro D, Gortázar C. Contribution of herd management, biosecurity, and environmental factors to the risk of bovine tuberculosis in a historically low prevalence region. Animal 2024; 18:101105. [PMID: 38417216 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in certain historically low-prevalence regions remains elusive. A complete characterisation of the husbandry practices, biosecurity, and environment where farms are located is crucial to implement targeted in-farm risk mitigation protocols. Here, a detailed survey performed in 94 dairy cattle farms located in Navarra, a low-prevalence region of Spain between 2016 and 2020 was carried out. Data on 73 biosecurity, farm-, and environmental-level factors potentially associated with the risk of bTB occurrence were evaluated using an ordinal logistic regression model: farms were classified based on their prevalence index, a score linked to each farm to account for the severity and recurrence of bTB cases: 22.3% of the farms had a score of 1, 21.3% a score of 2, 26.6% a score of ≥ 3, and 29.8% were negative herds. A statistically significant association between a higher prevalence index and the frequency of badger sightings along with the lease of pastures to sheep during Winter was identified. Farms that detected badgers on a monthly to daily basis in the surroundings and those that leased pastures for sheep flocks during Winter were four [odds ratio, 95% CI (4.3; 1.1-17.5)] and three (3.1; 1.0-9.9) times more likely to have the highest prevalence index, respectively (predicted probabilityprevalence index≥3 = 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Conversely, farms that used a vehicle to transport animals from holdings to pastures were less likely (0.1; <0.1-0.3) to present higher levels of prevalence index compared with farms that used none (on foot). Results suggested that the combined effect of farm- and environmental-level risk factors identified here may be hampering disease eradication in Navarra, highlighting the need to implement targeted protocols on farms and grazing plots. An increased awareness of monitoring sheep and wildlife in direct or indirect contact with cattle herds in historically low bTB prevalence areas should be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pozo
- Grupo SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC. CSIC-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Isla
- Sabiotec. Edificio Polivalente UCLM, local 1.22, UCLM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Asiain
- Sección de Sanidad Animal. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente. Gobierno de Navarra, 31002 Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Navarro
- Negociado de Epizootiología-Servicio de Ganadería. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente. Gobierno de Navarra, 31002 Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- Grupo SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC. CSIC-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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2
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Pozo P, Lorente-Leal V, Robbe-Austerman S, Hicks J, Stuber T, Bezos J, de Juan L, Saez JL, Romero B, Alvarez J. Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing to Unravel the Genetic Diversity of a Prevalent Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype in a Multi-Host Scenario in Spain. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:915843. [PMID: 35898917 PMCID: PMC9309649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.915843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efforts invested in the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Spain, herd prevalence has remained constant in the country during the last 15 years (~1.5–1.9%) due to a combination of epidemiological factors impairing disease control, including between-species transmission. Here, our aim was to investigate the molecular diversity of Mycobacterium bovis isolates belonging to the highly prevalent SB0339 spoligotype in the cattle-wildlife interface in different regions of Spain using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic data of 136 M. bovis isolates recovered from different animal species (cattle, wild boar, fallow deer, and red deer) and locations between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed to investigate between- and within-species transmission, as well as within-herds. All sequenced isolates differed by 49–88 single nucleotide polymorphisms from their most recent common ancestor. Genetic heterogeneity was geographic rather than host species-specific, as isolates recovered from both cattle and wildlife from a given region were more closely related compared to isolates from the same species but geographically distant. In fact, a strong association between the geographic and the genetic distances separating pairs of M. bovis isolates was found, with a significantly stronger effect when cattle isolates were compared with wildlife or cattle-wildlife isolates in Spain. The same results were obtained in Madrid, the region with the largest number of sequenced isolates, but no differences depending on the host were observed. Within-herd genetic diversity was limited despite the considerable time elapsed between isolations. The detection of closely related strains in different hosts demonstrates the complex between-host transmission dynamics present in endemic areas in Spain. In conclusion, WGS results a valuable tool to track bTB infection at a high resolution and may contribute to achieve its eradication in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pozo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Pozo,
| | - Victor Lorente-Leal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jessica Hicks
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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A long-term survey on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild mammals from a bovine tuberculosis low prevalence area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Blanco Vázquez C, Barral TD, Romero B, Queipo M, Merediz I, Quirós P, Armenteros JÁ, Juste R, Domínguez L, Domínguez M, Casais R, Balseiro A. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infection in Eurasian Badger ( Meles meles) and Cattle in Asturias, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051294. [PMID: 33946463 PMCID: PMC8147139 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of the present work was to investigate the prevalence, spatial distribution, and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in 673 free-ranging Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and cattle from Asturias (Atlantic Spain) during a 13-year follow-up. The study objective was to assess the role of badgers as a reservoir of tuberculosis for cattle and other sympatric wild species in the region. During the follow-up, 27/639 badgers (4.23%) were positive for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on bacterial isolation, while 160/673 (23.77%) were positive based on P22 ELISA. Badger infection was spatially and temporally associated with cattle herd infection. Abstract The present work investigated the prevalence, spatial distribution, and temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in free-ranging Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and cattle in Asturias (Atlantic Spain) during a 13-year follow-up. The study objective was to assess the role of badgers as a TB reservoir for cattle and other sympatric wild species in the region. Between 2008 and 2020, 673 badgers (98 trapped and 575 killed in road traffic accidents) in Asturias were necropsied, and their tissue samples were cultured for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolation. Serum samples were tested in an in-house indirect P22 ELISA to detect antibodies against the MTC. In parallel, data on MTC isolation and single intradermal tuberculin test results were extracted for cattle that were tested and culled as part of the Spanish National Program for the Eradication of Bovine TB. A total of 27/639 badgers (4.23%) were positive for MTC based on bacterial isolation, while 160/673 badgers (23.77%) were found to be positive with the P22 ELISA. The rate of seropositivity was higher among adult badgers than subadults. Badger TB status was spatially and temporally associated with cattle TB status. Our results cannot determine the direction of possible interspecies transmission, but they are consistent with the idea that the two hosts may exert infection pressure on each other. This study highlights the importance of the wildlife monitoring of infection and disease during epidemiological interventions in order to optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco Vázquez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario del Principado de Asturias (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (C.B.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Thiago Doria Barral
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40.110-100 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Manuel Queipo
- Servicio de Sanidad y Producción Animal del Principado de Asturias, 33007 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain;
| | - Isabel Merediz
- Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal del Principado de Asturias, 33201 Gijón, Asturias, Spain;
| | - Pablo Quirós
- Dirección General del Medio Natural y Planificación Rural del Principado de Asturias, 33007 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (P.Q.); (J.Á.A.)
| | - José Ángel Armenteros
- Dirección General del Medio Natural y Planificación Rural del Principado de Asturias, 33007 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (P.Q.); (J.Á.A.)
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.R.); (L.D.)
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario del Principado de Asturias (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (C.B.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Thomas J, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review. Vet Res 2021; 52:31. [PMID: 33627188 PMCID: PMC7905575 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Thomas
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía Y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas Y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica Y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Long-term molecular surveillance provides clues on a cattle origin for Mycobacterium bovis in Portugal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20856. [PMID: 33257726 PMCID: PMC7705689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is maintained in Portugal in a multi-host system, with cattle, red deer and wild boar, playing a central role. However, the ecological processes driving transmission are not understood. The main aim of this study was thus to contribute to the reconstruction of the spatiotemporal history of animal TB and to refine knowledge on M. bovis population structure in order to inform novel intervention strategies. A collection of 948 M. bovis isolates obtained during long-term surveillance (2002–2016, 15 years) of cattle (n = 384), red deer (n = 303) and wild boar (n = 261), from the main TB hotspot areas, was characterized by spoligotyping and 8 to 12-loci MIRU-VNTR. Spoligotyping identified 64 profiles and MIRU-VNTR distinguished 2 to 36 subtypes within each spoligotype, enabling differentiation of mixed or clonal populations. Common genotypic profiles within and among livestock and wildlife in the same spatiotemporal context highlighted epidemiological links across hosts and regions, as for example the SB0119-M205 genotype shared by cattle in Beja district or SB0121-M34 shared by the three hosts in Castelo Branco and Beja districts. These genomic data, together with metadata, were integrated in a Bayesian inference framework, identifying five ancestral M. bovis populations. The phylogeographic segregation of M. bovis in specific areas of Portugal where the disease persists locally is postulated. Concurrently, robust statistics indicates an association of the most probable ancient population with cattle and Beja, providing a clue on the origin of animal TB epidemics. This relationship was further confirmed through a multinomial probability model that assessed the influence of host species on spatiotemporal clustering. Two significant clusters were identified, one that persisted between 2004 and 2010, in Beja district, with Barrancos county at the centre, overlapping the central TB core area of the Iberian Peninsula, and highlighting a significant higher risk associated to cattle. The second cluster was predominant in the 2012–2016 period, holding the county Rosmaninhal at the centre, in Castelo Branco district, for which wild boar contributed the most in relative risk. These results provide novel quantitative insights beyond empirical perceptions, that may inform adaptive TB control choices in different regions.
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Orłowska B, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Kozińska M, Brzezińska S, Zabost A, Didkowska A, Welz M, Kaczor S, Żmuda P, Anusz K. Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:362. [PMID: 32993648 PMCID: PMC7526380 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of animal tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in wildlife in Poland over the past 20 years have concerned the European bison inhabiting the Bieszczady Mountains in Southeast Poland: an area running along the border of Southeast Poland. As no TB cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of TB in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of tuberculosis in the wildlife of the Bieszczady Mountains and determine the microbiological and molecular characteristics of any cultured strains. Lymph node samples were collected for analysis from 274 free-living animals, including European bison, red foxes, badgers, red deer, wild boar and roe deer between 2011 and 2017. Löwenstein–Jensen and Stonebrink media were used for culture. Molecular identification of strains was performed based on hsp65 sequence analysis, the GenoType®MTBC (Hain Lifescience, Germany) test, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR analysis. Results Mycobacterium caprae was isolated from the lymph nodes of 21 out of 55 wild boar (38.2%; CI 95%: 26.5%, 51.4%) and one roe deer. Since 2014, no new TB cases have been reported in the Bieszczady European bison population. Conclusions The identification of TB in wild boar in the Bieszczady is an alarming phenomenon, which requires further investigation. The Bieszczady mountains are a precious, unique area, home to many protected species. However, it is also the only area in Poland where TB cases have been reported in free-living animals. The occurrence of TB in wild boar inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and many of the protected species (for example European bison that can share feeding places with wild boar). Given this situation, ongoing monitoring of the prevalence of TB should be conducted, and protective measures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Krajewska-Wędzina
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kozińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Brzezińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, Wspólna 30, 00-930, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kaczor
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Młynarska 45, 38-500, Sanok, Poland
| | - Piotr Żmuda
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
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Balseiro A, Thomas J, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Development and Challenges in Animal Tuberculosis Vaccination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060472. [PMID: 32549360 PMCID: PMC7350370 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) constituted a major advance in the prevention of human tuberculosis (TB) in the beginning of the past century. BCG has also a clear potential for use in animals and, in particular, in the main domestic species subjected to TB control programs, cattle. Nowadays, the use of BCG vaccination against TB in cattle is not permitted by European Union legislation because BCG can induce a cellular immune response producing diagnostic interference in the eradication programs based on tuberculin single and comparative intradermal tests imposed worldwide. In this review we recall the history of TB vaccination as well as different vaccine trials and the response to vaccination in both domestic and wild animals. Promising potential inactivated vaccines are also reviewed. Research studies are mainly focused to improve vaccine efficacy, and at the same time to ensure its easy administration, safety and stability in the environment. Great challenges remain, particularly in terms of vaccine candidates and also in the acceptance of vaccination. Vaccination should be included in a strategic plan for integrated control of TB under a "one health" perspective, which also includes other measures such as improved biosafety on farms to avoid or decrease contact between domestic and wild animals or control of wildlife reservoirs to avoid overabundance that may favor infection maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98-729-1331
| | - Jobin Thomas
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
| | - María A. Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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9
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Martínez-Guijosa J, Romero B, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Díez E, Boadella M, Balseiro A, Veiga M, Navarro D, Moreno I, Ferreres J, Domínguez M, Fernández C, Domínguez L, Gortázar C. Environmental DNA: A promising factor for tuberculosis risk assessment in multi-host settings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233837. [PMID: 32470035 PMCID: PMC7259669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attaining and maintaining the Official Tuberculosis Free status continues to be a challenge when several domestic and wild hosts contribute to the maintenance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Local tuberculosis hotspots are sometimes identified in cattle in low-prevalence regions. We have, therefore, studied one such hotspot in depth in order to produce an epidemiological diagnosis. Host population size and MTC prevalence were estimated in selected wildlife and in livestock, while on-cattle environmental DNA detection was additionally used as a proxy for risk of exposure at the farm (herd) level. Positive skin test reactors were found on16 of the 24 cattle farms studied in the period 2012–2016. Although all goats tested negative to the skin test during this period, MTC was confirmed in four sheep at slaughter, thus indicating an unknown prevalence of infection in this host species. With regard to wildlife, the prevalence of MTC infection based on culture was 8.8% in the case of wild boar (Sus scrofa), and the only road-killed badger (Meles meles) submitted for culture tested positive. Two criteria were employed to divide the cattle farms into higher or lower risk: tuberculosis testing results and environmental DNA detection. Environmental MTC DNA detection yielded significant differences regarding “use of regional pastures” and “proximity to woodland”. This study suggests that on-animal environmental DNA sampling may help when assessing contact risk as regards MTC in livestock at the herd level. This tool opens up new avenues of epidemiological research in complex multi-host settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Díez
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Ana Balseiro
- SERIDA, Regional Service for Agrifood Research and Development, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Veiga
- SaBio, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Area of Immunology, Microbial and Immunogenetic Immunology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Area of Immunology, Microbial and Immunogenetic Immunology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Fernández
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Crispell J, Benton CH, Balaz D, De Maio N, Ahkmetova A, Allen A, Biek R, Presho EL, Dale J, Hewinson G, Lycett SJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Skuce RA, Trewby H, Wilson DJ, Zadoks RN, Delahay RJ, Kao RR. Combining genomics and epidemiology to analyse bi-directional transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in a multi-host system. eLife 2019; 8:e45833. [PMID: 31843054 PMCID: PMC6917503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying pathogen transmission in multi-host systems is difficult, as exemplified in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) systems, but is crucial for control. The agent of bTB, Mycobacterium bovis, persists in cattle populations worldwide, often where potential wildlife reservoirs exist. However, the relative contribution of different host species to bTB persistence is generally unknown. In Britain, the role of badgers in infection persistence in cattle is highly contentious, despite decades of research and control efforts. We applied Bayesian phylogenetic and machine-learning approaches to bacterial genome data to quantify the roles of badgers and cattle in M. bovis infection dynamics in the presence of data biases. Our results suggest that transmission occurs more frequently from badgers to cattle than vice versa (10.4x in the most likely model) and that within-species transmission occurs at higher rates than between-species transmission for both. If representative, our results suggest that control operations should target both cattle and badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Crispell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences CentreUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Clare H Benton
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Balaz
- Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola De Maio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Assel Ahkmetova
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Adrian Allen
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleanor L Presho
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - James Dale
- Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesUniversity of AberystwythAberystwythUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robin A Skuce
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Wilson
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rowland Raymond Kao
- Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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11
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Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Badger ( Meles meles) Spatial Ecology in a Hot-Spot Area in Atlantic Spain. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040292. [PMID: 31835627 PMCID: PMC6963265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a temporal overview (from 2012 to 2018) of the outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in the cattle and badger populations in a hot-spot in Asturias (Atlantic Spain). We also study the badger’s spatial ecology from an epidemiological perspective in order to describe hazardous behavior in relation to TB transmission between cattle and badgers. Culture and single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT) were available for cattle as part of the National Program for the Eradication of TB. A field survey was also carried out in order to determine the paddocks and buildings used by each farm, and the information obtained was stored by using geographic information systems. Moreover, eighty-three badgers were submitted for necropsy and subsequent bacteriological studies. Ten badgers were also tracked, using global positioning system (GPS) collars. The prevalence of TB in cattle herds in the hot-spot increased from 2.2% in 2012 to 20% in 2016; it then declined to 0.0% in 2018. In contrast, the TB prevalence in badgers increased notably (from 5.55% in 2012–2015 to 10.64% in 2016–2018). Both cattle and badgers shared the same strain of Mycobacterium bovis. The collared badgers preferred paddocks used by TB-positive herds in spring and summer (when they were more active). The males occupied larger home ranges than the females (Khr95: males 149.78 ± 25.84 ha and females 73.37 ± 22.91 ha; Kcr50: males 29.83 ± 5.69 ha and females 13.59 ± 5.00 ha), and the home ranges were smaller in autumn and winter than in summer. The averages of the index of daily and maximum distances traveled by badgers were 1.88 ± (SD) 1.20 km and 1.99 ± 0.71 km, respectively. One of them presented a dispersive behavior with a maximum range of 18.3 km. The most preferred habitat was apple orchards in all seasons, with the exception of winter, in which they preferred pastures. Land uses and landscape structure, which have been linked with certain livestock-management practices, provide a scenario of great potential for badger–cattle interactions, thus enhancing the importance of the badgers’ ecology, which could potentially transmit TB back to cattle in the future.
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12
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Lesellier S, Boschiroli ML, Barrat J, Wanke C, Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Nunez A, Godinho A, Spiropoulos J, Palmer S, Dave D, Anderson P, Boucher JM, de Cruz K, Henault S, Michelet L, Gowtage S, Williams GA, Nadian AK, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Boué F, Chambers MA, Richomme C. Detection of live M. bovis BCG in tissues and IFN-γ responses in European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:445. [PMID: 31810466 PMCID: PMC6898942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) has provided protection against M. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. There is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live BCG within the host is important for maintaining protection against TB. Here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live BCG. The targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small intestine (ileum). Results We showed that significant quantities of live BCG persisted within badger in tissues of vaccinated badgers for at least 8 weeks following oral vaccination with only very mild pathological features and induced the circulation of IFNγ-producing mononuclear cells. The uptake of live BCG by tonsils and drainage to retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes was repeatable in the animal group vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation whereas those vaccinated directly in the ileum displayed a lower frequency of BCG detection in the enteric wall or draining mesenteric lymph nodes. No faecal excretion of live BCG was observed, including when BCG was delivered directly in the ileum. Conclusions The apparent local loss of BCG viability suggests an unfavorable gastro-enteric environment for BCG in badgers, which should be taken in consideration when developing an oral vaccine for use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK. .,Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France. .,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Christoph Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery B.V., High Tech Campus 10, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Alex Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Boué
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
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13
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Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Moreno I, Roy A, Risalde MA, Balseiro A, de Juan L, Romero B, Bezos J, Puentes E, Åkerstedt J, Tessema GT, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Domínguez M. Specificity of serological test for detection of tuberculosis in cattle, goats, sheep and pigs under different epidemiological situations. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:70. [PMID: 30823881 PMCID: PMC6397464 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum antibody detection has potential as a complementary diagnostic tool in animal tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly in multi-host systems. The objective of the present study was to assess the specificity (Sp) of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the new multiprotein complex P22 for the detection of specific antibodies against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in the four most relevant domestic animals acting as MTC hosts: cattle, goat, sheep and pig. We used sera from an officially TB-free (OTF) country, Norway, and from a non-OTF one, Spain. The samples included sera from goats that had been vaccinated against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and sheep from a herd in which Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis had been isolated. RESULTS In cattle, the Sp ranged from 92.5 (IC95% 90.7-94) to 99.4% (IC95% 98.3-99.8) depending on the cut-off used and the origin of the samples (Spain or Norway). Sp in cattle (cut-off point 100) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Norwegian samples. By contrast, Sp in goats was consistently low at the 100 cut-off [30.9 (CI95%23.4-39.5)-78% (CI95% 68.9-85)]. A higher cut-off of 150 improved Sp in Norwegian goats [97% (CI95% 91.6-99)], but still yielded a poor Sp of 56.1% (CI95% 47.3-64.6) in Spanish goats. In Norway at the 100 cut-off the Sp was 58.3 (CI95% 42.2-72.9) and 90.6% (CI95% 81-95.6) in MAP vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, respectively, indicating interference due to MAP vaccination. Sp in sheep was between 94.4 (CI95% 91.7-96.3) and 100% (CI95% 96.3-100) depending on the cut-off and country, and no diagnostic interference due to infection with C. pseudotuberculosis was recorded. Sp in pigs was 100%, regardless the cut-off point applied, and no significant differences were observed between pigs from Norway and from Spain. CONCLUSIONS Due to its excellent Sp in pigs and acceptable Sp in cattle and sheep, this ELISA may constitute a suitable option for TB screening at herd level, particularly in OTF-countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Roy
- CZ Veterinaria S.A., Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M. A. Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceia3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A. Balseiro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva-Gijón, Asturias Spain
| | - L. de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Puentes
- CZ Veterinaria S.A., Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J. Åkerstedt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, Oslo Norway
| | - G. T. Tessema
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, Oslo Norway
| | - C. Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L. Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Dave D, Moreno I, Anderson P, Lesellier S, Gormley E, Dominguez L, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Dominguez M, Salguero FJ. New serological platform for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in European badgers. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:61-69. [PMID: 30656864 PMCID: PMC6376137 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
European badgers (Meles meles) have been identified as wildlife reservoirs for Mycobacterium bovis in the UK and Ireland, and may also have a role in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis in other European regions. Thus, detection of M. bovis‐infected badgers may be required for the purposes of surveillance and monitoring of disease levels in infected populations. Current serological assays to detect M. bovis infection in live badgers, while rapid and inexpensive, show limited diagnostic sensitivity. Here we describe and evaluate new ELISA platforms for the recognition of the P22 multiprotein complex derived from the purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. bovis. The recognition of IgG against P22 multiprotein complex derived from PPD‐B was tested by ELISA in the serum of badgers from the UK, Ireland and Spain. TB infection in the badgers was indicated by the presence of M. bovis in tissues by culture and histology at post‐mortem examination and TB‐free status was established by repeated negativity in the interferon γ release assay (IGRA). In experimentally infected badgers, humoral antibody responses against P22 developed within 45 days post‐infection. The ELISA tests showed estimated sensitivity levels of 74–82% in experimentally and naturally infected badgers with specificities ranging from 75% to 100% depending on the badger population tested. The P22 multi‐antigen based ELISAs provide a sensitive and specific test platform for improved tuberculosis surveillance in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipesh Dave
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Immaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Anderson
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva-Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dominguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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15
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Gormley E, Corner LAL. Wild Animal Tuberculosis: Stakeholder Value Systems and Management of Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:327. [PMID: 30622951 PMCID: PMC6308382 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When human health is put at risk from the transmission of animal diseases, the options for intervention often require input from stakeholders whose differing values systems contribute to decisions on disease management. Animal tuberculosis (TB), caused principally by Mycobacterium bovis is an archetypical zoonotic pathogen in that it can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Although elimination of zoonotic transmission of TB to humans is frequently promoted as the raison d'être for TB management in livestock, in many countries the control strategies are more likely based on minimizing the impact of sustained infection on the agricultural industry. Where wild animals are implicated in the epidemiology of the disease, the options for control and eradication can require involvement of additional stakeholder groups. Conflict can arise when different monetary and/or societal values are assigned to the affected animals. This may impose practical and ethical dilemmas for decision makers where one or more species of wild animal is seen by some stakeholders to have a greater value than the affected livestock. Here we assess the role of stakeholder values in influencing TB eradication strategies in a number of countries including Ireland, the UK, the USA, Spain, France, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. What it reveals is that the level of stakeholder involvement increases with the complexity of the epidemiology, and that similar groups of stakeholders may agree to a set of control and eradication measures in one region only to disagree with applying the same measures in another. The level of consensus depends on the considerations of the reservoir status of the infected host, the societal values assigned to each species, the type of interventions proposed, ethical issues raised by culling of sentient wild animals, and the economic cost benefit effectiveness of dealing with the problem in one or more species over a long time frame. While there is a societal benefit from controlling TB, the means to achieve this requires identification and long-term engagement with all key stakeholders in order to reach agreement on ethical frameworks that prioritize and justify control options, particularly where culling of wild animals is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Lesellier S. Immunological responses of European badgers (Meles Meles) to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 61:9-15. [PMID: 30502833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including European badgers (Meles meles) in the UK Ireland. Following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent M. bovis and the attenuated M. bovis BCG (Bacille of Calmette and Guérin) strain are similar to those seen in other animal hosts infected with M. bovis. However, badgers also appear to have developed specific immunological responses to M. bovis infection which may be associated with mild inflammatory responses. Badgers may therefore represent an interesting natural host for M. bovis that can provide a more thorough understanding of efficient immunological responses to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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17
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Allen AR, Skuce RA, Byrne AW. Bovine Tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland - A Perfect Storm? the Confluence of Potential Ecological and Epidemiological Impediments to Controlling a Chronic Infectious Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 29951489 PMCID: PMC6008655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication schemes for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) have been implemented in a number of European and other countries over the last 50 years. However, the islands of Britain and Ireland remain a significant aberration to this trend, with the recent exception of Scotland. Why have eradication schemes failed within these countries, while apparently similar programs have been successful elsewhere? While significant socio-economic and political factors have been discussed elsewhere as key determinants of disease eradication, here we review some of the potential ecological and epidemiological constraints that are present in these islands relative to other parts of Europe. We argue that the convergence of these potential factors may interact additively to diminish the potential of the present control programs to achieve eradication. Issues identified include heterogeneity of diagnostic testing approaches, the presence of an abundant wildlife reservoir of infection and the challenge of sustainably managing this risk effectively; the nature, size, density and network structure of cattle farming; potential effects of Mycobacterium bovis strain heterogeneity on disease transmission dynamics; possible impacts of concurrent endemic infections on the disclosure of truly infected animals; climatological differences and change coupled with environmental contamination. We further argue that control and eradication of this complex disease may benefit from an ecosystem level approach to management. We hope that this perspective can stimulate a new conversation about the many factors potentially impacting bTB eradication schemes in Britain and Ireland and possibly stimulate new research in the areas identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. A. Skuce
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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18
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Gortázar C, Fernández-Calle L, Collazos-Martínez J, Mínguez-González O, Acevedo P. Animal tuberculosis maintenance at low abundance of suitable wildlife reservoir hosts: A case study in northern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Courcoul A, Jabert P, Richomme C, Durand B. Environmental determinants of the Mycobacterium bovis concomitant infection in cattle and badgers in France. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Ní Bhuachalla D, Corner LA, More SJ, Gormley E. The role of badgers in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection (tuberculosis) in cattle in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland: current perspectives on control strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 6:27-38. [PMID: 30101094 PMCID: PMC6067767 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s53643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a persistent problem in cattle herds in Ireland and the United Kingdom, resulting in hardship for affected farmers and substantial ongoing national exchequer expenditure. There is irrefutable scientific evidence that badgers are a reservoir of M. bovis infection and are implicated in the transmission of infection to cattle. A range of options for the control of TB in badgers is currently available or under development including culling of badgers, vaccination of badgers and cattle, and improved biosecurity to limit contact between the two species. It is unlikely that the eradication of TB from cattle will be achieved without the reservoir of M. bovis infection in badgers being controlled. The chances of success will, however, improve with greater knowledge of the disease in both species and an understanding of the epidemiological drivers of the transmission of infection between badgers and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Al Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - Simon J More
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, .,Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,
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21
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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Pinto ML, Matos M, Coelho AC. New Insights into Mycobacterium bovis Prevalence in Wild Mammals in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e313-22. [PMID: 25484245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A survey to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in wild mammals in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from hunted animals and those found dead between 2009 and 2013. In this study, we investigated 2116 wild mammals. Post-mortem examinations were performed, and tissues were collected from wild mammals representing 8 families and 11 different species, with a total of 393 animals analysed. Cultures were performed, and acid-fast isolates were identified by PCR. Tissues were also screened for Mycobacterium bovis by directly extracting DNA and testing for the Mycobacterium bovis-specific sequences. Mycobacterium bovis prevalence was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.8-31.5%). Mycobacterium bovis was recorded in 106 of the 393 studied species: prevalence by species were 26.9% (95% CI: 16.8-40.2%) in red foxes, 20.0% (95% CI: 7.0-45.2%) in Egyptian mongooses, 21.4% (95% CI: 16.2-27.7%) in wild boar and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.9-47.4%) in red deer. Mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in six of eight taxonomic families. For some species, the small sample sizes obtained were a reflection of their restricted range and low abundance, making estimates of infection prevalence very difficult (1 beech marten of 4; 1 Eurasian otter of 3; 2 common genet of 3). Infection was not detected in European badgers, hedgehog, wild rabbits and hare. The results of this study confirm the presence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Matos
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - L Figueira
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M H Martins
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M L Pinto
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Matos
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Centro de Genómica e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A C Coelho
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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22
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Cowie CE, Marreos N, Gortázar C, Jaroso R, White PCL, Balseiro A. Shared risk factors for multiple livestock diseases: a case study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:491-7. [PMID: 25267287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock diseases can result in reduced farm productivity. The bacterial diseases tuberculosis (TB) and brucellosis may share some transmission characteristics which, if managed in common, would result in more cost-effective management. Here, we identify risk factors shared between these diseases using a case-control approach and information theoretic modelling. One-hundred cattle farmers in Atlantic Spain were interviewed about farm characteristics and management practices. The risk factor shared between both diseases was intra- and inter-herd contact between cattle. Disease-specific risk factors were the presence of wildlife for TB, and cattle movement between farms for brucellosis. An integrated approach to disease management needs to consider cattle movement and farm biosecurity, reinforced by an education campaign to increase farmer awareness. This would be likely to bring benefits in reducing both diseases and improve the efficiency of any interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cowie
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - N Marreos
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R Jaroso
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco, 1225, La Olla, Deva, Gijón, Asturias 33394, Spain
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23
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Acevedo P, González-Quirós P, Prieto JM, Etherington TR, Gortázar C, Balseiro A. Generalizing and transferring spatial models: A case study to predict Eurasian badger abundance in Atlantic Spain. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Hardstaff JL, Marion G, Hutchings MR, White PCL. Evaluating the tuberculosis hazard posed to cattle from wildlife across Europe. Res Vet Sci 2013; 97 Suppl:S86-93. [PMID: 24423727 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and other closely related members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) infects many domestic and wildlife species across Europe. Transmission from wildlife species to cattle complicates the control of disease in cattle. By determining the level of TB hazard for which a given wildlife species is responsible, the potential for transmission to the cattle population can be evaluated. We undertook a quantitative review of TB hazard across Europe on a country-by-country basis for cattle and five widely-distributed wildlife species. Cattle posed the greatest current and potential TB hazard other cattle for the majority of countries in Europe. Wild boar posed the greatest hazard of all the wildlife species, indicating that wild boar have the greatest ability to transmit the disease to cattle. The most common host systems for TB hazards in Europe are the cattle-deer-wild boar ones. The cattle-roe deer-wild boar system is found in 10 countries, and the cattle-red deer-wild boar system is found in five countries. The dominance of cattle with respect to the hazards in many regions confirms that intensive surveillance of cattle for TB should play an important role in any TB control programme. The significant contribution that wildlife can make to the TB hazard to cattle is also of concern, given current population and distribution increases of some susceptible wildlife species, especially wild boar and deer, and the paucity of wildlife TB surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3HH, UK
| | | | - Piran C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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25
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Muñoz-Mendoza M, Marreros N, Boadella M, Gortázar C, Menéndez S, de Juan L, Bezos J, Romero B, Copano MF, Amado J, Sáez JL, Mourelo J, Balseiro A. Wild boar tuberculosis in Iberian Atlantic Spain: a different picture from Mediterranean habitats. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:176. [PMID: 24010539 PMCID: PMC3844463 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with Mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are shared between livestock, wildlife and sporadically human beings. Wildlife reservoirs exist worldwide and can interfere with bovine tuberculosis (TB) eradication efforts. The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a MTC maintenance host in Mediterranean Iberia (Spain and Portugal). However, few systematic studies in wild boar have been carried out in Atlantic regions. We describe the prevalence, distribution, pathology and epidemiology of MTC and other mycobacteria from wild boar in Atlantic Spain. A total of 2,067 wild boar were sampled between 2008 and 2012. Results The results provide insight into the current status of wild boar as MTC and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) hosts in temperate regions of continental Europe. The main findings were a low TB prevalence (2.6%), a low proportion of MTC infected wild boar displaying generalized TB lesions (16.7%), and a higher proportion of MAC infections (4.5%). Molecular typing revealed epidemiological links between wild boar and domestic – cattle, sheep and goat – and other wildlife – Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) – hosts. Conclusions This study shows that the likelihood of MTC excretion by wild boar in Atlantic habitats is much lower than in Mediterranean areas. However, wild boar provide a good indicator of MTC circulation and, given the current re-emergence of animal TB, similar large-scale surveys would be advisable in other Atlantic regions of continental Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Muñoz-Mendoza
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva-Gijón, Asturias, 33394, Spain.
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