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de Jong MK, van Eijk D, Broere F, Piek CJ. Owners' experiences of administering meglumine antimoniate injections to dogs with leishmaniosis: An online questionnaire study. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e4089. [PMID: 38809570 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the experiences of owners of dogs with leishmaniosis who treated their dogs with daily subcutaneous meglumine antimoniate injections. The owners' perceived ease of administering the injections, the occurrence of problems and the effects on the owners and on the dog‒owner bond were evaluated. METHODS Dogs prescribed meglumine antimoniate as a treatment for leishmaniosis were identified using the database of the veterinary pharmacy of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. An online questionnaire was sent to the owners of these dogs to evaluate the perceived ease of administering the injections, the occurrence of problems and the effects on the owner and the dog-owner bond. RESULTS Responses were received from 64 dog owners. Most respondents (78%) reported that administering the injections was not difficult. Pain or the development of nodules at the injection site was reported in 50% and 40% of the dogs, respectively. Polyuria was reported in 44% of the dogs. Some owners reported that administering the injections had a negative impact on their psychological wellbeing (20%), and some would have liked more veterinary support (11%). LIMITATIONS Some questions were answered by a limited number of people, and their responses may not be representative. CONCLUSION Dog owners remain highly motivated to persevere with meglumine antimoniate treatment and are willing to administer the injections themselves. The availability of active support when needed during the therapy cycle may further improve their acceptance of and confidence in giving the injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja K de Jong
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Demy van Eijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine J Piek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Merino-Goyenechea J, Palacios-Alberti J, Yanes-Martínez T, Martínez-Valladares M, Balaña-Fouce R. Treatment and Healing of Leishmaniasis in a Wolf in Semi-Captivity Regime from an Educational Center of Zamora Province (Spain). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1436. [PMID: 38791654 PMCID: PMC11117261 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis in wild canids is a vector-borne disease caused in Europe by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. To date, there is limited information on clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities in wolves due to leishmaniasis. The current clinical case report described a female Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) housed in semi-captivity conditions at the Centro del Lobo Ibérico "Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente", in Robledo de Sanabria, Zamora (Spain), with an interdigital ulcerous wound at the right forepaw, hyper-gammaglobulinemia, and abnormal liver blood parameters. Definitive serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis was established using antileishmanial serum antibodies and PCR analysis of different biological samples. A gold-standard anti-L. infantum treatment protocol consisting in subcutaneous meglumine antimoniate and oral allopurinol combination was installed. However, the presence of pain at the site of injection due to meglumine antimoniate administration forced its substitution by oral miltefosine. A progressive reduction of the levels of anti-L. infantum serum antibodies and the concentrations of gamma-globulin fraction was detected after antileishmanial treatment as well as a decline of liver GPT. To our knowledge, this is the first case of leishmaniasis diagnosed in a wolf housed in semi-captivity conditions, with the condition subsequently treated and successfully cured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Merino-Goyenechea
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n., 24071 León, Spain;
- Centro del Lobo Ibérico “Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente” Robledo de Sanabria, Puebla de Sanabria, 49393 Zamora, Spain; (J.P.-A.); (T.Y.-M.)
| | - Jesús Palacios-Alberti
- Centro del Lobo Ibérico “Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente” Robledo de Sanabria, Puebla de Sanabria, 49393 Zamora, Spain; (J.P.-A.); (T.Y.-M.)
| | - Tomás Yanes-Martínez
- Centro del Lobo Ibérico “Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente” Robledo de Sanabria, Puebla de Sanabria, 49393 Zamora, Spain; (J.P.-A.); (T.Y.-M.)
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Ctra. León-Grulleros s/n., Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n., 24071 León, Spain;
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3
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Rösch S, Woitas J, Neumann S, Alef M, Kiefer I, Oechtering G. Diagnostic benefits of platelet-to-lymphocyte, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, and albumin-to-globulin ratios in dogs with nasal cavity diseases. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:44. [PMID: 38310231 PMCID: PMC10837884 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multimodal approach for diagnostic tests under anesthesia is required to diagnose nasal cavity pathology (NP) reliably in dogs. Blood test results may provide clues to the suspected NP. METHODS This prospective blinded study assessed 72 dogs with chronic nasal discharge due to NPs, and 10 healthy dogs as the control group (CG). NPs were diagnosed using whole-body computed tomography (CT), upper airway endoscopy, examination of nasal mucosal swabs by bacterial and fungal culture, and histopathological examination of nasal mucosa biopsies. The exclusion criteria were the presence of any additional diseases or corticosteroid pre-treatment. In consideration of these exclusion criteria, 55 dogs entered the study. Dogs were classified into benign (benign tumors, idiopathic rhinitis (IR), and others) and malignant (carcinomas and sarcomas) NP groups. Blood count and blood chemistry tests were performed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) were calculated and compared. RESULTS 25 dogs with malignant NP (13 and 12 with carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively) and 30 dogs with benign NP (seven with benign tumors,13 with IR, and 10 others) were included. In general, in dogs with NP there were only slight abnormalities in complete blood count. However, PLR was significantly higher in dogs with malignant NP (carcinoma and sarcoma) than in those with benign NP and in the CG. Compared with the CG, the NLR was significantly increased in all dogs with NP, and the AGR was mild but significantly lower, except in dogs with sarcomas and benign tumors. CONCLUSIONS In dogs with nasal disease alone, there are usually no marked abnormalities in blood count. However, while mildly increased NLR and decreased AGR can be observed in almost all NPs, an increased PLR may indicate a malignant NP and can be used as an additional screening tool in dogs with nasal discharge due to nasal cavity pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rösch
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany.
- Current affiliation: Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, NI, DE-30559, Germany.
| | - Julia Woitas
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany
| | - Stephan Neumann
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, Goettingen, NI, DE-37077, Germany
| | - Michaele Alef
- Small Animal Department, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE-04103, Germany
| | - Ingmar Kiefer
- Small Animal Department, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE-04103, Germany
| | - Gerhard Oechtering
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany.
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4
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A new immunochemotherapy schedule for visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2849-2860. [PMID: 35997843 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with a recombinant cysteine proteinase from Leishmania, rldccys1, associated with allopurinol or miltefosine on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi-infected hamsters. Golden Syrian hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi were treated with either miltefosine (46 mg/kg) or allopurinol (460 mg/kg) alone by oral route or associated with rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) by subcutaneous route for 30 days. Infected hamsters were also treated with miltefosine (46 mg/kg) plus rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) for 30 days (phase 1) followed by two additional doses of rldccys1 (250 µg/hamster) (phase 2). After the end of treatment, the animals were analyzed for parasite load, body weight, serum levels of immunoglobulins, cytokine expression, and drug toxicity. The data showed a significant decrease of parasite load in infected hamsters treated with allopurinol or miltefosine alone or associated with rldccys1, as well as in those treated with rldccys1 alone. Significantly lower levels of serum IgG were detected in hamsters treated with allopurinol plus rldccys1. The treatment with miltefosine associated with rldccys1 prevented relapse observed in animals treated with miltefosine alone. A significant loss of body weight was detected only in some hamsters treated with miltefosine for 1 month and deprived of this treatment for 15 days. There were no significant differences in transcript expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in any of treated groups. Neither hepatotoxicity nor nephrotoxicity was observed among controls and treated groups. These findings open perspectives to further explore this immunochemotherapeutic schedule as an alternative for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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5
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Morales-Yuste M, Martín-Sánchez J, Corpas-Lopez V. Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080387. [PMID: 36006301 PMCID: PMC9416075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.
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Villanueva‐Saz S, Martinez‐Lostao L, Yzuel A, Fernández A, Verde M. Selective IgA deficiency and presumptive polyclonal spike in the beta fraction in a dog with leishmaniosis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva‐Saz
- Animal Pathology Department ‐ Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | | | - Andres Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department ‐ Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Animal Pathology Department ‐ Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
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7
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Humoral Responses and Ex Vivo IFN-γ Production after Canine Whole Blood Stimulation with Leishmania infantum Antigen or KMP11 Recombinant Protein. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030116. [PMID: 35324844 PMCID: PMC8954708 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Leishmania infantum soluble antigen (LSA) and recombinant Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein 11 (rKMP11) on the induction of ex vivo specific IFN-γ (n = 69) and antibody responses (n = 108) was determined in dogs. All dogs were tested for serological response to both antigens and divided into Group 1: healthy (Asturias, Spain, n = 26), Group 2: sick (n = 46), Group 3: healthy Ibizan hounds (Mallorca, Spain, n = 22) and Group 4: healthy (Bari, Italy, n = 14). Antibody levels were higher for LSA when compared to rKMP11 (p = 0.001). Ibizan hounds were all seronegative to rKMP11 and 18% were low seropositive to LSA. Sick dogs presented higher antibody response to both antigens compared to the rest of the groups (p < 0.0001). All groups showed higher IFN-γ levels after LSA compared to rKMP11 responses (p < 0.05). The highest response to LSA was found in Ibizan hounds (p < 0.05). IFN-γ to LSA and rKMP11 stimulation was observed in 34% and in 2.8% of the sick dogs, respectively. Here, we demonstrated that anti-rKMP11 antibodies are mainly present in dogs with moderate to severe disease. Furthermore, cellular immune response measured by specific ex vivo IFN-γ production was more intense to LSA than stimulated to rKMP11.
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8
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Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Steiner JM, Saridomichelakis MN, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis before and during treatment. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101686. [PMID: 34153612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypocobalaminemia in dogs is most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disorders leading to impaired absorption and utilization of cobalamin. The objectives of this study were to compare serum cobalamin concentrations between dogs with leishmaniosis and clinically healthy dogs, and to assess possible alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis at different timepoints during treatment. Fifty-five dogs with leishmaniosis and 129 clinically healthy dogs were prospectively enrolled. Diagnosis of leishmaniosis was based on clinical presentation, positive serology and microscopic detection of Leishmania amastigotes in lymph node aspiration smears. Twenty of the dogs with leishmaniosis were treated with a combination of meglumine antimonate and allopurinol for 28 days and serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples that were collected before initiation of treatment (timepoint 0) and on days 14 and 28. In order to estimate alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment, cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples from 20 out of 55 dogs with leishmaniosis at all timepoints. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis before treatment (median: 362 ng/L; IQR: 277-477 ng/L) compared to clinically healthy dogs (median: 470 ng/L; IQR: 367-632 ng/L; P = 0.0035). Serum cobalamin concentrations increased significantly in dogs with leishmaniosis on day 14 of treatment compared to timepoint 0 (P = 0.02). In the present study, serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis compared to clinically healthy dogs. In addition, there was an increase in serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment. The clinical significance of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with leishmaniosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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9
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Najafi L, Omidian M, Rezaei Z, Shahabi S, Ghorbani F, Arefkhah N, Mohebali M, Zaraei Z, Sarkari B. Molecular and serological evaluation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in a rural area of Fars province, southern Iran, as a source of Leishmania infantum infection. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1082-1089. [PMID: 33942557 PMCID: PMC8294383 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in the southern parts of Iran. The current study aimed at molecular and serological evaluation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Fars province, southern Iran. Blood samples were collected from 60 dogs in the three villages in Fars Province. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against L. infantum by direct agglutination test (DAT). DNA was extracted from each dog's buffy coat and tested by PCR, targeting the Leishmania ITS‐2 region. From a total of 60 studied dogs, 25 (41.7%) were female, and 35 (58.3%) were male. Dogs' age ranged from 1 to 7 years, with a mean age of 2.97 (±1.4) years. Anti‐Leishmania antibodies were detected in sera samples of 28 (46.7%) dogs, (titre ≥ 1:320). Out of 28 seropositive cases, 13 (46.4%) were female, and 15 (53.6%) were male. Association between seropositivity and dogs’ clinical signs was statistically significant (p < .05). Leishmania DNA was detected in the buffy coat of 3 of 60 studied dogs which were all seropositive by DAT. The PCR products were sequenced and molecular analysis showed that two of the isolates were Leishmania infantum, and one was L. tropica. The high proportion of seropositive dogs indicates the important role of these animals in the epidemiology of the disease in the region. Infected dogs with or without signs, especially those that are molecularly positive, can act as an active reservoir of the disease in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Najafi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghorbani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefkhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabiolla Zaraei
- Meshkin-Shahr Health Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Iarussi F, Paradies P, Foglia Manzillo V, Gizzarelli M, Caratozzolo MF, Navarro C, Greco B, Rubino GTR, Oliva G, Sasanelli M. Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Miltefosine, Both in Combination With Allopurinol, on Clinical and Parasitological Findings of Dogs With Leishmaniosis: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:577395. [PMID: 33381534 PMCID: PMC7767967 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.577395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Miltefosine (MIL)–allopurinol combination therapy administered at standard dosage is effective to treat canine leishmaniosis, nevertheless for some dogs the digestive tolerance of MIL is not acceptable. This study evaluates an alternative therapeutic protocol by using a modified dosage of MIL to increase its effectiveness and improve the digestive tolerance. Thirty-four Leishmania infantum owned naturally infected dogs were included and monitored for 180 days. The dogs were allocated in two randomized groups: Group X−18 dogs treated with MIL registered dose of 2 mg/kg, oral administration, once daily, for 28 days; Group Y−16 dogs treated with 1.2 mg/kg for 5 days followed by 2.5 mg/kg for 25 days. Both groups were also treated with allopurinol. Digestive tolerance was monitored by adverse events observation. Treatments effectiveness was evaluated by monitoring the reduction of clinical score, the improvement of clinicopathological abnormalities, the reduction of parasitological load by PCR and the number of relapses. 16.6% dogs of group X and 12.5% dogs of group Y showed treatment associated adverse events. The reduction of clinical score was 61.7% for group X and 71.6% for group Y. All dogs showed an improvement of laboratory parameters after treatment. Quantitative PCR showed better results in group Y compared to group X; relapses were only registered in four dogs of group X. The modified protocol demonstrates a better trend of results in term of tolerance, clinical effectiveness, parasitological load reduction and relapses control, suggesting it could be considered for new large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Iarussi
- Dipartimento Dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- Dipartimento Dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Foglia Manzillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Gizzarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Beatrice Greco
- Dipartimento Dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Oliva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Sasanelli
- Dipartimento Dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Hernandez-Bures A, Gillen J, Apostolidis K, Saridomichelakis M, Di Loria A, Santoro D. Evaluation of the cutaneous inflammatory cells in dogs with leishmaniosis and in dogs without the disease that were naturally infected by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi). Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:99-e19. [PMID: 33368749 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is associated with an aberrant cutaneous immune response. Few studies have compared cutaneous immune cells among dogs with leishmaniosis or infected without leishmaniosis, and noninfected dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Evaluate the number of neutrophils, histiocytes, T lymphocytes, T-bet-positive, GATA3-positive, FoxP3-positive and interleukin (IL)-17-positive cells, in lesional (Group A) and normal-looking (Group B) skin of nine dogs with stage II/III leishmaniosis; in normal-looking PCR-positive (Group C; n = 6) or PCR-negative (Group D; n = 6) skin of infected dogs; and in the normal-looking skin of 12 noninfected dogs (Group E). METHODS AND MATERIALS Diagnosis of CanL considered clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, detection of Leishmania amastigotes in lymph nodes, and/or bone marrow and positive serological results. Paraffin-embedded skin biopsies were processed for routine immunofluorescence and positive cells were identified using commercially available anti-canine antibodies. RESULTS In Group A, there was a significantly higher number of neutrophils (P < 0.001), histiocytes (P = 0.012), T lymphocytes (P = 0.011), GATA3-positive (P = 0.02) and IL-17A-positive (P = 0.002) cells compared to Group E. In Group B, there was a significantly higher number of histiocytes (P = 0.02), T lymphocytes (P = 0.004), GATA3-positive (P = 0.006) and FoxP3-positive (P = 0.028) cells compared to Group E. There was no difference in between groups A and B and between groups C or D and E. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In the lesional and/or normal-looking skin of dogs with moderate/severe CanL there is an infiltration of neutrophils, histiocytes, T lymphocytes, GATA3-, FoxP3- and IL17A-positive cells. By contrast, the number of these cells is not increased in the normal-looking skin of infected dogs without CanL compared to the skin of noninfected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hernandez-Bures
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - James Gillen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kosmas Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, Karditsa, GR-43132, Greece
| | - Manolis Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, Karditsa, GR-43132, Greece
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, Napoli, 80130, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Comparative study of the use of miltefosine, miltefosine plus allopurinol, and allopurinol in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107947. [PMID: 32628971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, an intracytoplasmic parasite that affects humans and other species of domestic and wild mammals. In Brazil, the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) with miltefosine has been implemented since 2016, and the reports on the clinical and immunological conditions of treated dogs are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to assess and monitor the clinical, laboratory, and immunological condition of dogs with CVL before (D0) and after (D29) using three pharmacotherapeutic protocols: miltefosine monotherapy (Milteforan™, Virbac) (G1), miltefosine plus allopurinol (G2), and allopurinol monotherapy (G3). Forty-five dogs with CVL were assigned to one of three treatment groups. The dogs were evaluated for clinical signs, was well as haematological, biochemical, serological, and cytokine levels. Significant reduction in clinical scores was observed in all protocols, with no differences between groups. We did not observe a clinical cure in any of the dogs in the groups. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed slow recovery, with better results observed in G2. Anti-Leishmania antibody titre remained increased in all groups. The quantification of serum cytokines demonstrated a mixed Th1/Th2 profile in CVL. The IL-2 levels decreased in all groups after treatment. Evaluation of IFN-y and IL-10 did not show changes in the groups analysed, and it did not contribute to short term therapeutic monitoring. All therapeutic protocols promoted, to varying degrees, an improvement in the general condition (clinical signs, haematological, and biochemical levels) of the animals. Through clinical-pathological exams, we found that the combination of miltefosine plus allopurinol promoted better effects in the short-term, representing the best choice for the treatment of CVL, even when compared to the only therapeutic protocol allowed in Brazil, miltefosine monotherapy. Through the quantification of cytokines, IL-2 proved to be a potential therapeutic marker for the monitoring and follow-up of dogs with CVL.
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13
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Coyner KS, Ward JG. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:813-817. [PMID: 30888276 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.7.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Villanueva‐Saz S, Peréz Sala C, Yzuel Estévez A, Fernández A, Verde MT. Antibodies to
Leishmania infantum
in peritoneal effusion from a dog with atypical signs of leishmaniosis: treatment and follow‐up. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva‐Saz
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
| | | | | | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Petanides T, Athanasiou LV, Xenoulis PG, Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Leontides LS, Saridomichelakis MN. A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2020; 214:107903. [PMID: 32360142 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allopurinol combination with that of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs without stage III or IV chronic kidney disease. Forty client-owned dogs were randomly assigned to group A [n = 20; aminosidine (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)] or group B [(n = 20; meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg SC, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)]. Clinical and clinicopathological evaluations, parasitic load measurement (lymph node and bone marrow microscopy, bone marrow real-time PCR), specific serology and leishmanin skin test (LST) were performed at baseline (time 1) and after 14 (time 2), 28 (time 3), 60 (time 4) and 180 (time 5) days. Both treatments were safe and resulted in significant clinical and clinicopathological improvement, reduction of parasitic load and of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) titer and induction of positive LST. There was no significant difference between groups with regards to the primary outcome measures of the trial that included the proportion of dogs that presented severe treatment-related side effects, were cured and were parasitologically negative at time 5. However, some (proportion of dogs that presented no clinical signs, no hyperglobulinemia and negative serology at time 5) secondary outcome measures showed significant differences in favor of the meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol treatment arm. Treatment-related death occurred in one dog in each group, while injection site reactions appeared at a similar frequency in both groups. Due to the differences in some secondary outcome measures in association with the low power of this trial, it cannot be definitively concluded that the two treatments are equally effective. Therefore, the aminisodine-allopurinol combination cannot be proposed as a first-line treatment of CanL but rather as a second-line treatment that may be particularly useful to avoid repeated administration of meglumine antimoniate and in countries where the latter is not available or registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic "St. Modestos", Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Mataragka
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - J Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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16
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Montoya A, Gálvez R, Checa R, Sarquis J, Plaza A, Barrera JP, Marino V, Miró G. Latest trends in L. infantum infection in dogs in Spain, Part II: current clinical management and control according to a national survey of veterinary practitioners. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:205. [PMID: 32317018 PMCID: PMC7175573 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a parasitic zoonotic disease, endemic in the Mediterranean basin including Spain. While knowledge about CanL, its management, treatment, prevention and control mounts, it remains unclear whether all clinical veterinarians follow the same international recommendations, such as those of the LeishVet group. This study was thus designed to assess recent trends in the clinical management of CanL in veterinary clinics across Spain through a questionnaire-based survey. Results were compared with those of a prior national multicenter questionnaire administered by our research team in 2005. Methods A questionnaire consisting of 28 questions about CanL was developed using Google Forms and distributed by email to 1428 veterinary clinics in Spain. Questions were designed to obtain data on common clinical signs, techniques and complementary exams used to diagnose the disease, and on its monitoring, treatment and control measures. Data were collected in a database for statistical analysis. Results Completed questionnaires were returned by 295 clinics. Compared to the situation in 2005, responses indicate that clinical signs of CanL have not changed significantly, cutaneous lesions being still the most prevalent sign observed by practitioners. Quantitative serological techniques are considered an adequate approach to diagnosis, provided their results are supported by the findings of a thorough physical exam, as well as complementary tests (complete blood count, biochemical profile, plasma protein electrophoretogram and complete urinalysis). Treatment protocols and check-ups follow international recommendations. Finally, a multimodal approach is being endorsed to adequately control CanL including preventive measures such as annual serological check-ups and the combination of repellents and vaccines. Additionally, owners are being better informed about CanL by veterinarians, which translates to the improved control of this zoonosis. Conclusions The clinical management of CanL has recently undergone significant changes owing to improvements in clinical knowledge of the disease, more unified international criteria, improved diagnostic techniques and their adequate interpretation, as well as a greater awareness of the disease transmitted to owners.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Montoya
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Sarquis
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Plaza
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Barrera
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Marino
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Grupo de investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Challenges in the serological evaluation of dogs clinically suspect for canine leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3099. [PMID: 32080327 PMCID: PMC7033258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a major veterinary issue and also a public health challenge due to its zoonotic potential. In this context, serological evaluation is essential for Canine leishmaniasis management. Several serological alternatives, such as rapid diagnostic tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), are well established. In fact, the capacity of distinct tests and antigens, evaluated by their sensitivity and specificity, to detect disease is normally considered sufficient for diagnosing Canine leishmaniasis. In this context, we evaluated the seropositivity using 8 different serological tests (ELISA with Leishmania recombinant proteins (rK39, LicTXNPx); soluble promastigote Leishmania antigens (SPLA); commercial ELISA test) in 82 clinically suspect animals from Northern Portugal. The obtained serological data originated 50% of inconclusive serological information with a mixture of seropositive and seronegative results for individual animals. Cut-off independent risk groups were then generated from the serological data to evaluate the clustering of the samples. This analysis originated risk groups that correlated with the most seropositive samples, suggesting that this method might be used, in a cut-off independent manner, to improve conventional serological evaluation. Ultimately, given that no test prioritization exists, the use of any single serological test increases the potential for misdiagnosis, along with all associated risks for the dog as well as public health. The use of a cut-off independent analysis has the potential to improve the predictive values of these tests, enabling a more accurate evaluation of the dog’s condition.
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Ramírez L, de Moura LD, Mateus NLF, de Moraes MH, do Nascimento LFM, de Jesus Melo N, Taketa LB, Catecati T, Huete SG, Penichet K, Piranda EM, de Oliveira AG, Steindel M, Barral-Netto M, do Socorro Pires e Cruz M, Barral A, Soto M. Improving the serodiagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection in geographical areas of Brazil with different disease prevalence. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 8:e00126. [PMID: 31832561 PMCID: PMC6890974 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs relies on the detection of antibodies against leishmanial crude extracts or parasitic defined antigens. The expansion of canine leishmaniasis from geographical areas of Brazil in which the infection is endemic to regions in which the disease is emerging is occurring. This fact makes necessary the analysis of the serodiagnostic capabilities of different leishmanial preparations in distinct geographical locations. In this article sera from dogs infected with Leishmania and showing the clinical form of the disease, were collected in three distinct Brazilian States and were tested against soluble leishmanial antigens or seven parasite individual antigens produced as recombinant proteins. We show that the recognition of soluble leishmanial antigens by sera from these animals was influenced by the geographical location of the infected dogs. Efficacy of the diagnosis based on this crude parasite preparation was higher in newly endemic regions when compared with areas of high disease endemicity. We also show that the use of three of the recombinant proteins, namely parasite surface kinetoplastid membrane protein of 11 kDa (KMP-11), and two members of the P protein family (P2a and P0), can improve the degree of sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity of the diagnostic assays for canine leishmaniasis, independently of the geographical area of residence. In addition, sera from dogs clinically healthy but infected were also assayed with some of the antigen preparations. We demonstrate that the use of these proteins can help to the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infected animals with subclinical infections. Finally, we propose a diagnostic protocol using a combination of KMP-11, P2a y P0, together with total leishmanial extracts.
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Key Words
- Antibodies
- BB, blocking buffer
- CanL, Canine visceral leishmaniasis
- Canine leishmaniasis
- EDCB, ELISA denaturant coating buffer
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSP, Heat shock protein
- KMP-11, Kinetoplastid-membrane protein of 11 kDa
- LR, Likelihood ratio
- Leishmania
- MS, Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil)
- PBS, phosphate saline buffer
- PI, Piaui State (Brazil)
- ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic
- RR, Relative reactivity
- RT, Room temperature
- Recombinant proteins
- SC, Santa Catarina State (Brazil)
- SLA, Soluble leishmanial antigen
- Serodiagnosis
- VL, Visceral leishmaniosis
- WB, Washing buffer
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luana Dias de Moura
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Milene Hoehr de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nailson de Jesus Melo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bezerra Taketa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Catecati
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel G. Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Penichet
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane Mattos Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Giapitzoglou S, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides LS, Kasabalis D, Chatzis M, Apostolidis K, Theodorou K, Roumpeas E, Mylonakis ME. Evaluation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker of kidney disease in canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109015. [PMID: 31874403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL)-associated chronic kidney disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Mediterranean countries. Novel renal biomarkers, such as serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA), may be useful surrogates for the detection of renal functional impairment. The objectives of this study were to investigate sSDMA concentrations in dogs with CanL, with and without azotemia, and to establish any potential association with the prevalence and severity of proteinuria, with the prevalence of decreased urine specific gravity and with the LeishVet clinical stages of CanL. Serum samples from 68 dogs with CanL (50 nonazotemic and 18 azotemic) and 17 healthy dogs were retrospectively examined. Increased sSDMA was documented in 26 % of dogs with CanL without azotemia and in 83.3 % of dogs with azotemia. Serum SDMA was significantly higher in azotemic compared to nonazotemic dogs and was associated with the presence and severity of proteinuria, the decreased urine specific gravity and the advanced clinical stages of CanL. The results of the present study indicate that sSDMA may be a useful adjunct to serum creatinine and urine protein/creatinine ratio for the detection of CanL-associated nephropathy, but it is of limited value for distinguishing among the LeishVet clinical stages of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaro Giapitzoglou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly (CM-UTh), 224 Trikalon Str., 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Leonidas S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly (CM-UTh), 224 Trikalon Str., 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Manolis Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly (CM-UTh), 224 Trikalon Str., 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kosmas Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly (CM-UTh), 224 Trikalon Str., 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Konstantina Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios Roumpeas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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20
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Melendez-Lazo A, Jasensky AK, Jolly-Frahija IT, Kehl A, Müller E, Mesa-Sánchez I. Clonality testing in the lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to Leishmania infantum infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226336. [PMID: 31841533 PMCID: PMC6913964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In southern European countries, multicentric lymphoma and leishmaniosis are the main differential diagnoses in dogs presented with generalized lymphadenomegaly. The cytological examination is in some cases inconclusive and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) has become a common method to confirm or rule out a lymphoproliferative neoplasia. According to the literature, leishmaniosis may lead to clonal arrangements and therefore to a false diagnosis of lymphoma, but this assumption is made from a single leishmania infected dog. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate results from PARR in dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to clinical leishmaniosis at the moment of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis based on the LeishVet guidelines were included in the study. Samples from enlarged lymph nodes were taken for cytological examination, clonality testing and Leishmania infantum PCR. RESULTS All 31 dogs had medium to high positive antibody titers against Leishmania spp. and 30/31 had a positive Leishmania PCR from the lymph node. A polyclonal arrangement for B cells (immunoglobulin heavy chain gene) and T cells (T-cell receptor gamma chain gene) antigen receptors was found in 28/31 dogs. Two out of 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for Ig with high (1:2) and low (1:7) polyclonal background respectively; and one of the 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for T cell receptor with low (1:3) polyclonal background. CONCLUSION Infections with Leishmania infantum resulted in clonal rearrangement, and therefore in a possible false diagnosis of lymphoma, in 3 out of 31 dogs (9.7%). Although, PARR is a useful method to differentiate lymphoma from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs with leishmaniosis, mono-/biclonal results should be interpreted carefully, especially in the presence of any degree of polyclonal background, and together with other clinicopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Melendez-Lazo
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Laboratorio Veterinario LABOKLIN, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Puchol, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007698. [PMID: 31697673 PMCID: PMC6837287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, represents an important health problem in many regions of the world. Lack of effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests applicable in resources-limited endemic areas is a critical barrier to effective treatment and control of leishmaniasis. The development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has provided a new tool towards the development of a POC diagnostic test based on the amplification of pathogen DNA. LAMP does not require a thermocycler, is relatively inexpensive, and is simple to perform with high amplification sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the current technical developments, applications, diagnostic performance, challenges, and future of LAMP for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of Leishmania parasites. Studies employing the LAMP assay to diagnose human leishmaniasis have reported sensitivities of 80% to 100% and specificities of 94% to 100%. These observations suggest that LAMP offers a good molecular POC technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and is also readily applicable to screening at-risk populations and vector sand flies for Leishmania infection in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
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Guerra JM, Fernandes NCCA, Réssio RA, Magno JA, Kimura LM, Barbosa JEDR, Bertollo DMB, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Motoie G, Tolezano JE, Cogliati B. Evaluation of Cytopathological Techniques for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis with Lymph Node Samples. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:62-71. [PMID: 31690418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the parasite in cytological smears of lymph node aspirates is a widely applied technique for the direct diagnosis of Leishmania spp. infection, especially in endemic areas. Although very specific, this method has limited sensitivity, and improving the technique would be highly desirable. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of conventional smear cytology (SC), liquid-based cytology (LBC), cell block (CB) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), and formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue immunohistochemistry (FFPE-IHC) compared with serology and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) in lymphoid tissue. The use of a preservative medium and centrifugation for cytological samples reduced the number of unsatisfactory artefacts/background. Moreover, LBC allowed excellent cellular preservation and the application of ancillary techniques, such as CB and ICC. SC was the most accurate morphological diagnostic method (45.0%). CB-ICC alone or associated with SC demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (70.0% and 72.0%, respectively) when compared with SC alone (34.00%). CB-ICC was found to be more effective in the detection of infected animals with mild clinical signs, similar to FFPE-IHC. The specificity and positive predictive value were similar between all methods. Finally, the detection limit for CB-ICC and SC + CB-ICC was identical (18.46 amastigotes/mm2). Our study suggests that CB-ICC is a promising tool for improvement of the cytopathological diagnosis of CVL and may be applied in routine epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Guerra
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - N C C A Fernandes
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Réssio
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Magno
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Kimura
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E de R Barbosa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M B Bertollo
- Centro de Laboratório Regional Instituto Adolfo Lutz São José do Rio Preto, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Rua Alberto Sufredini Bertoni, 2325, Maceno, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H H Taniguchi
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Motoie
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Cogliati
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Xenoulis PG, Buono A, Petanides T, Leontides LS, Polizopoulou ZS, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Saridomichelakis MN. Evaluation of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination in dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum: A randomized, blinded, controlled study. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107768. [PMID: 31539540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease. Although aminosidine can be an effective treatment, current therapeutic recommendations do not advocate its use, mainly due to concerns regarding the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of this drug. The aim of this randomized, blinded, controlled study was to evaluate the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine-allopurinol combination and compare it with that of meglumine antimonate-allopurinol combination in non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis. Forty dogs with leishmaniosis were randomly assigned to be treated with either aminosidine at 15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group A) or with meglumine antimonate at 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group B). In addition to either drug, dogs in both groups were administered allopurinol at 10 mg/kg per os twice daily for 2 months. Kidney function was evaluated through measurement of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, and cystatin-c concentrations and complete urinalysis, including protein-to-creatinine ratio, at baseline and after 14, 28, and 60 days from the beginning of the treatment. At the same time points, vestibular and auditory functions were evaluated through neurological examination and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) recordings of wave I, wave V, inter-wave I-V latencies, and minimum hearing thresholds. None of the dogs developed clinicopathological evidence of kidney disease during the study. Serum creatinine concentration increased >0.3 mg/dl over baseline in 2 dogs in group A and in 5 dogs in group B. Parameters of kidney function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and the only difference between the two groups was the lower concentration of serum creatinine in group A. None of the dogs developed peripheral vestibular syndrome or hearing impairment. At the end of the study, parameters of auditory function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and there were no differences between the two groups. The results of this study show that the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine, when administered to non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis at 15 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily for 28 days along with allopurinol, is minimal and does not differ from that of meglumine antimonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic St. Modestos, Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Buono
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Z S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutira Str. 11, GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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Lima T, Martínez-Sogues L, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Solano-Gallego L, Ordeix L. Diagnostic performance of a qPCR for Leishmania on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:318-e89. [PMID: 31135082 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Leishmania in cutaneous lesions is possible by visualization of amastigotes. Detection of Leishmania DNA by PCR presents greater sensitivity, and PCR has been used to diagnose cutaneous leishmaniosis in humans using noninvasive clinical specimens. OBJECTIVES Study I: to determine if Leishmania DNA could be efficiently extracted and amplified from archived Diff-Quik® -stained slides of cytological specimens from canine cutaneous lesions. Study II: to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a Leishmania-quantitative (q)PCR on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions (FPI) obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis (CanL). ANIMALS Samples from cutaneous lesions of 54 dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study I: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on 19 glass slides (from nine dogs) with cytologically visible amastigotes. Fifteen slides with no visible amastigotes, obtained from 12 dogs seronegative for Leishmania by ELISA, served as controls. Study II: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on glass slides and FPI from cutaneous lesions compatible with clinical leishmaniosis in 33 dogs. RESULTS Study I: all slides with visible amastigotes had positive qPCR, whereas all control slides yielded negative results. Study II: of 13 dogs definitively diagnosed with clinical leishmaniosis, eight had visible amastigotes on cytology, whereas Leishmania-qPCR was positive on 11 glass slides and 13 FPI. Leishmaniosis was ruled out by standard methods in 20 dogs, four of which yielded positive qPCR on FPI and/or glass slides. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Leishmania-DNA can be detected efficiently by qPCR from cutaneous cytological specimens and FPI to diagnose Leishmania infection in dogs with cutaneous lesions suggestive of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Sogues
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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König ML, Howard J, Schmidhalter M, Hentrich B, Hettlich B. Leishmaniosis manifesting as osteomyelitis and monoarthritis in a dog and outcome following treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Laura König
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineSmall Animal ClinicVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Judith Howard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineClinical Diagnostic LaboratoryVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marta Schmidhalter
- Department of Clinical RadiologyVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Brigitte Hentrich
- Department of Veterinary ParasitologyVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Bianca Hettlich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineSmall Animal ClinicVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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26
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Hendrickx S, Bulté D, Van den Kerkhof M, Cos P, Delputte P, Maes L, Caljon G. Immunosuppression of Syrian golden hamsters accelerates relapse but not the emergence of resistance in Leishmania infantum following recurrent miltefosine pressure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 9:1-7. [PMID: 30562667 PMCID: PMC6296292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although miltefosine (MIL) has only been approved for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in 2002, its application in monotherapy already led to the development of two confirmed MIL-resistant isolates by 2009. Although liposomal amphotericin B is recommended as first-line treatment in Europe, MIL is still occasionally used in HIV co-infected patients. Since their immune system is incapable of controlling the infection, high parasite burdens and post-treatment relapses are common. Linked to the particular pharmacokinetic profile of MIL, successive treatment of recurrent relapses could in principle facilitate the emergence of drug resistance. This study evaluated the effect of immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide 150 mg/kg once weekly) on the development of MIL-resistance in Syrian golden hamsters infected with Leishmania infantum. The hamsters were treated with MIL (20 mg/kg orally for 5 days) whenever clinical signs of infection or relapse were observed. The immunosuppression resulted in a significant depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes and MHCII-expressing cells in peripheral blood, and a concomitant increase in tissue parasite burdens and shorter time to relapse, but the strain's susceptibility upon repeated MIL exposure remained unaltered. This study demonstrates that immunosuppression accelerates the occurrence of relapse without expediting MIL resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Van den Kerkhof
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Maia C, Campino L. Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:302. [PMID: 30237985 PMCID: PMC6136405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum species [syn. L. (L.) infantum chagasi species in the Americas] which is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly. This parasitosis is endemic and affect millions of dogs in Asia, the Americas and the Mediterranean basin. Domestic dogs are the main hosts and the main reservoir hosts for human zoonotic leishmaniosis. The outcome of infection is a consequence of intricate interactions between the protozoan and the immunological and genetic background of the host. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe disease. Early detection of infected dogs, their close surveillance and treatment are essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs, being also a pivotal element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniosis. Hence, the identification of biomarkers for the confirmation of Leishmania infection, disease and determination of an appropriate treatment would represent an important tool to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring and in giving a realistic prognosis to subclinical infected and sick dogs. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of Leishmania infantum biomarkers, focusing on those related to parasite exposure, susceptibility to infection and disease development. Markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to monitoring the evolution of leishmaniosis and treatment outcome are also summarized. Data emphasizes the complexity of parasite-host interactions and that a single biomarker cannot be used alone for CanL diagnosis or prognosis. Nevertheless, results are encouraging and future research to explore the potential clinical application of biomarkers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Meléndez-Lazo A, Ordeix L, Planellas M, Pastor J, Solano-Gallego L. Clinicopathological findings in sick dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum : Comparison of five different clinical classification systems. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Miró G, López-Vélez R. Clinical management of canine leishmaniosis versus human leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Putting "One Health" principles into practice. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:151-159. [PMID: 29657002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The initiative One World, "One Health" tries to rapidly detect emerging or reemerging human and animal infectious diseases and prevent epidemiological situations such as deforestation, some agricultural practices or the appearance of new foci of leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum with alternative reservoirs. With this objective in mind, we here consider leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean basin and compare its current clinical management from two perspectives: that of a veterinarian specialized in infectious and parasitic diseases, and that of a physician specialized in infectious tropical diseases. We thus prepared a list of 10 key questions from epidemiology to control of the disease in both species: dogs and humans. This issue requires a concise and clear response to help animal and human health clinicians to improve their clinical management and understanding of this important zoonosis. Our ultimate aim is to update and bring together the information available backed by sound scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRICYS, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Segarra S, Miró G, Montoya A, Pardo-Marín L, Teichenné J, Ferrer L, Cerón JJ. Prevention of disease progression in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs with dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:103. [PMID: 29467015 PMCID: PMC5822671 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in clinically healthy dogs can be several times higher than that of clinical disease in endemic areas. Although treatment is not recommended in dogs with subclinical infection, these animals should be managed to prevent disease progression and parasite transmission to human beings or to other dogs. Dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) have been shown to modulate the immune response. A recent study in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis receiving an initial 28-day course of methylglucamine antimoniate showed that six-month administration of a dietary supplement containing nucleotides plus AHCC achieves similar efficacy to allopurinol. Since the type of immune response plays a key role in the evolution of patients with leishmaniosis, the present study was aimed at evaluating the preventive effect of this supplement in avoiding or delaying disease progression in clinically healthy Leishmania-infected dogs. Methods Forty-six dogs were included in this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dogs received once-daily oral administration of a placebo or a dietary supplement containing nucleotides plus AHCC. Disease progression was monitored throughout the study in both groups. At 0, 60, 180 and 365 days of treatment, clinical signs were evaluated using a validated clinical scoring system, and several analytes were measured from blood, urine, and bone marrow samples. Results During the study, a significantly lower (P = 0.047) proportion of dogs changed their clinical status and became sick in the supplement group (3/20; 15%), compared to the placebo group (10/22; 45.5%). ELISA-determined antibody titers were significantly reduced compared to baseline at all time points with the supplement (P < 0.01), but not with the placebo. The mean clinical score of disease severity was significantly lower in the supplement group after 180 days (P = 0.014). No significant differences were observed for the other parameters. The dietary supplement was well tolerated. Conclusions Oral administration of nucleotides plus AHCC for 365 days in clinically healthy L. infantum-infected dogs is safe, allows a significant reduction in anti-Leishmania antibodies, and leads to a lower disease progression rate, hence exerting a preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U, pl. Francesc Macià 7, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joan Teichenné
- Eurecat - Health and Nutrition Unit, TECNIO, CEICS, av. Universitat 1, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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Corpas-López V, Merino-Espinosa G, Acedo-Sánchez C, Díaz-Sáez V, Navarro-Moll MC, Morillas-Márquez F, Martín-Sánchez J. Effectiveness of the sesquiterpene (-)-α-bisabolol in dogs with naturally acquired canine leishmaniosis: an exploratory clinical trial. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:121-130. [PMID: 29453596 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural products is a promising approach for treating visceral leishmaniosis. (-)-α-Bisabolol is a sesquiterpene that have been proved active in vivo on Leishmania infantum-infected mice without showing toxicity. A single-centre, parallel-group, randomized, exploratory study was designed to assess its efficacy in a canine leishmaniosis model involving naturally infected dogs. In this clinical trial, 12 dogs were allocated into two groups and were treated with either meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg) through subcutaneous route or (-)-α-bisabolol (30 mg/kg) through oral route for two treatment series of 30 days, separated by a 30-day interval. A 4-month follow-up period was established as well. Parasite loads in bone marrow, lymph node and blood were estimated through quantitative PCR. Antibody titres were determined through immunofluorescence antibody test and cytokine expression values were estimated through real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Treatment safety was assessed through the evaluation of weight, gastrointestinal alterations and hematological and biochemical parameters in blood. Analyses were performed before and after treatment, and after a 4-months follow-up period. Treatment with the sesquiterpene was effective at decreasing parasite loads and increasing gamma-interferon expression level. Dogs treated with (-)-α-bisabolol did not show any toxicity sign. These results were better than those obtained using the reference drug, meglumine antimoniate. The natural compound seemed to induce a Th1 immune response that led to parasitological and clinical improvement without showing any safety issue, suggesting a high potential for the treatment of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Corpas-López
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain.
| | - G Merino-Espinosa
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain
| | - C Acedo-Sánchez
- ANLAVE Laboratorio de Análisis Veterinario, Avenida de Pulianas 15, 18013, Granada, Spain
| | - V Díaz-Sáez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain
| | - M C Navarro-Moll
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain
| | - F Morillas-Márquez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain
| | - J Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18011, Spain.
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Martínez-Orellana P, Marí-Martorell D, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Ordeix L, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Leishmania infantum-specific IFN-γ production in stimulated blood from dogs with clinical leishmaniosis at diagnosis and during treatment. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:39-47. [PMID: 29173539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is limited data regarding Leishmania infantum specific T cell mediated immunity in naturally infected sick dogs at the time of diagnosis and during anti-Leishmania treatment. Our aim was to investigate the kinetics of L. infantum specific IFN-γ production in dogs with leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment and to correlate it with specific L. infantum antibodies, blood parasitemia and clinicopathological findings. Thirty-four dogs were diagnosed with leishmaniosis based on physical examination, routine laboratory tests and L. infantum-specific antibody levels by quantitative ELISA. Heparinized whole blood was stimulated with L. infantum soluble antigen (LSA) and concanavalin A (ConA) and incubated for 5days. IFN-γ concentration was evaluated in supernatants of stimulated blood using a commercial sandwich ELISA. Leishmania real-time PCR was also performed for assessing blood parasitemia. Dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Sixteen dogs were classified as IFN-γ non-producers after LSA stimulation (mean±SD: 0±0pg/mL) and 18 dogs as IFN-γ producers (mean±SD: 2885.3±4436.1pg/mL) at the time of diagnosis (P<0.0001). IFN-γ non-producers were classified in a more severe clinical staging than IFN-γ producers that presented a mild to moderate clinical staging (P=0.03). In the IFN-γ non-producer group, production of IFN-γ after LSA stimulation was significantly increased during treatment especially at day 365 (P=0.018) together with clinical improvement when compared with day 0. In contrast, IFN-γ producers maintained their IFN-γ production after LSA stimulation and no statistically significant changes were found during treatment follow-up. At diagnosis, IFN-γ non-producers showed a significantly higher blood parasitemia versus IFN-γ -producers (P=0.005). IFN-γ non-producers drastically reduced blood parasitemia to minimum values at day 365 when compared with day 0 (P=0.017). No significant differences were found at day 365 in blood parasitemia of IFN-γ producers compared to pre-treatment. At diagnosis, L. infantum specific antibodies were higher in IFN-γ non-producers than IFN-γ producers (P=0.014). A marked reduction of antibody levels was found at day 365 when compared with day 0 in IFN-γ non-producers (P=0.005) and producers (P=0.001). These results demonstrate that IFN-γ concentration increases with long-term anti-Leishmania treatment together with clinical improvement in dogs that do not produce IFN-γ at diagnosis. Together with clinical recovery, reduction in blood parasitemia and L. infantum specific antibodies, tracking IFN-γ concentration could constitute an important prognostic tool for immune monitoring in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Marí-Martorell
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Magalhães FB, Castro Neto AL, Nascimento MB, Santos WJT, Medeiros ZM, Lima Neto AS, Costa DL, Costa CHN, dos Santos WLC, Pontes de Carvalho LC, Oliveira GGS, de Melo Neto OP. Evaluation of a new set of recombinant antigens for the serological diagnosis of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184867. [PMID: 28957332 PMCID: PMC5619722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for the control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) rely on its efficient diagnosis in both human and canine hosts. The most promising and cost effective approach is based on serologic assays with recombinant proteins. However, no single antigen has been found so far which can be effectively used to detect the disease in both dogs and humans. In previous works, we identified Leishmania infantum antigens with potential for the serodiagnosis of VL. Here, we aimed to expand the panel of the available antigens for VL diagnosis through another screening of a genomic expression library. Seven different protein-coding gene fragments were identified, five of which encoding proteins which have not been previously studied in Leishmania and rich in repetitive motifs. Poly-histidine tagged polypeptides were generated from six genes and evaluated for their potential for diagnosis of VL by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) with sera from infected humans and dogs. None of those was valid for the detection of human VL (26–52% sensitivity) although their performance was increased in the canine sera (48–91% sensitivity), with one polypeptide useful for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. Next, we assayed a mixture of three antigens, found to be best for human or canine VL, among 13 identified through different screenings. This “Mix” resulted in similar levels of sensitivity for both human (84%) and canine (88%) sera. With improvements, this validates the use of multiple proteins, including antigens identified here, as components of a single system for the diagnosis of both forms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur L. Castro Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marilia B. Nascimento
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wagner J. T. Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Zulma M. Medeiros
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Dorcas L. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella (IDTNP), Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. N. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella (IDTNP), Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo G. S. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Bahia), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo P. de Melo Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The use of Escherichia coli total antigens as a complementary approach to address seropositivity to Leishmania antigens in canine leishmaniosis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1384-1393. [PMID: 28534448 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a major veterinary concern and a public health issue. Serological data are essential for disease management. Several antigens used in serological assays have specificity related problems preventing relevant seropositivity values establishment. Herein we report significant seropositivity level disparity in a study cohort with 384 dogs from eight countries, for antigens traditionally used in CanL - soluble promastigote Leishmania antigens (SPLA) and K39 recombinant protein (rK39): 43·8 and 2·9% for SPLA and rK39, respectively. To better understand the reasons for this disparity, CanL-associated serological response was characterized using, for complement serological evaluation, a ubiquitous antigen - soluble Escherichia coli antigens (SECAs). Using cohorts of CanL dogs and dogs without clinical evidences of CanL from non-endemic regions of Portugal, the serological response of CanL animals followed specific trend of seropositivity rK39 > SPLA > SECA absent in non-diseased animals. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, these characteristic trends were converted in ratios, SPLA/SECA, rK39/SECA and rK39/SPLA, that presented high predictive for discriminating the CanL cohort that was potentiated when applied in a scoring system involving positivity to four out of five predictors (rK39, SPLA, SPLA/SECA, rK39/SECA and rK39/SPLA). In fact, this approach discriminated CanL with similar sensitivity/specificity as reference antigens, diminishing seropositivity in European cohort to 1·8%. Ultimately, non-related antigens like SECA and seropositivity ratios between antigens enable different perspectives into serological data focusing on the search of characteristic serological signatures and not simple absolute serology values contributing to comprehensive serological status characterization.
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Skin diseases affecting the nasal planum and footpads of dogs. IN PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.j1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Segarra S, Miró G, Montoya A, Pardo-Marín L, Boqué N, Ferrer L, Cerón J. Randomized, allopurinol-controlled trial of the effects of dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:50-56. [PMID: 28495197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
First-line treatment for canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is N-methylglucamine antimoniate (MGA) combined with allopurinol. However, in some dogs allopurinol may induce hyperxanthinuria leading to urolithiasis. Moreover, allopurinol resistance has recently been described in Leishmania infantum isolates from treated dogs with a relapse of the disease. Alternative treatments are thus needed. Since the type of host immune response strongly influences CanL progression and prognosis, dogs could benefit from treatments targeted at modulating such response, such as nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound (AHCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral combination of nucleotides and AHCC in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Sixty-nine dogs with naturally-occurring clinical leishmaniosis were included in this multicenter, open-label, positively-controlled clinical trial and randomized to receive 10mg/kg allopurinol PO BID (allopurinol group) or 17mg/kg AHCC plus 32mg/kg nucleotides PO SID (supplement group) for 180 days. All dogs were also given 50mg/kg MGA SC BID during the first 28 days. At the time points 0, 30, and 180 days of the trial, dogs underwent a clinical examination, and blood, urine, and bone marrow samples were submitted for analytical tests. Final data analyses (allopurinol group: n=29; supplement group: n=24) revealed a significant improvement in both groups in clinical scores and ELISA-determined antibody titers after treatment. However, the supplement group showed a significantly lower clinical score (P=0.005) and significantly higher antibody titers (P=0.032) after 180 days, compared to the allopurinol group. RT-PCR parasite loads were reduced in groups (mean±SD supplement: 0.38±0.56 vs 5.23±18.9; allopurinol: 0.45±1.47 vs 3.09±8.36 parasites/ng of DNA), but there were no significant differences over time or between groups. During the study, 12 dogs in the allopurinol group developed xanthinuria (41%) compared to no dogs (0%) in the supplement group (P=0.000). Both treatments led to significantly increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and improvements in protein electrophoretic pattern and acute phase response. In conclusion, 6-month oral treatment with nucleotides and AHCC in addition to MGA showed similar efficacy to the current first-line treatment for CanL, without producing xanthinuria. This combination could be a good alternative to MGA-allopurinol combination treatment for CanL, especially for dogs suffering allopurinol-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Animal Health Bioiberica S.A.U., Pça. Francesc Macià 7, 08029 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, 43204 Reus, Spain.
| | - Lluis Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - José Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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Abstract
For decades antimonials were the drugs of choice for the treatment of visceral
leishmaniasis (VL), but the recent emergence of resistance has made them redundant as
first-line therapy in the endemic VL region in the Indian subcontinent. The application of
other drugs has been limited due to adverse effects, perceived high cost, need for
parenteral administration and increasing rate of treatment failures. Liposomal
amphotericin B (AmB) and miltefosine (MIL) have been positioned as the effective
first-line treatments; however, the number of monotherapy MIL-failures has increased after
a decade of use. Since no validated molecular resistance markers are yet available,
monitoring and surveillance of changes in drug sensitivity and resistance still depends on
standard phenotypic in vitro promastigote or amastigote susceptibility
assays. Clinical isolates displaying defined MIL- or AmB-resistance are still fairly
scarce and fundamental and applied research on resistance mechanisms and dynamics remains
largely dependent on laboratory-generated drug resistant strains. This review addresses
the various challenges associated with drug susceptibility and -resistance monitoring in
VL, with particular emphasis on the choice of strains, susceptibility model selection and
standardization of procedures with specific read-out parameters and well-defined threshold
criteria. The latter are essential to support surveillance systems and safeguard the
limited number of currently available antileishmanial drugs.
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Paltrinieri S, Gradoni L, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:552-578. [PMID: 27805725 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although several reviews on canine leishmaniasis have been published, none thoroughly described clinicopathologic abnormalities and their clinical usefulness. The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or α2 - and/or γ-globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo- or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector-borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine-needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology/immunohistochemistry or PCR on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and PCR may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high-titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
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Tangalidi MK, Oikonomidis IL, Psalla D, Papadimitriou S, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Mylonakis ME. Nodular granulomatous glossitis as the sole clinical sign in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:710-714. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni K. Tangalidi
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Ioannis L. Oikonomidis
- Diagnostic Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Dimitra Psalla
- Laboratory of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Serafim Papadimitriou
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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Rubio CP, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Hernández-Ruiz J, Pardo-Marin L, Segarra S, Ceron JJ. Changes in serum biomarkers of oxidative stress after treatment for canine leishmaniosis in sick dogs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:51-57. [PMID: 27865264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease being endemic in several parts of the world. In this study we investigated the behavior of a panel of biomarkers of oxidative stress in 12 sick dogs naturally infected by CanL before and at days 30 and 180 of a successful therapy with a standard treatment. The assays total oxidant status (TOS), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), serum thiol and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were included in the panel. In addition, correlations between biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin) and urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) were calculated. Serum CUPRAC, thiol and PON1 significantly increased after treatment and were negatively correlated with CRP, ferritin and UPC. This study demonstrates that biomarkers of oxidative stress, not previously studied in leishmaniosis such as CUPRAC and thiol, can change after a successful treatment for CanL showing a potential for use in monitoring the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Pardo-Marin
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Joaquín Ceron
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Montserrat-Sangrà S, Alborch L, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. TLR-2 and TLR-4 transcriptions in unstimulated blood from dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up treatment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:172-179. [PMID: 27692322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, in particular, the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), has not been extensively studied in canine L. infantum infection. The main aim of this study was to determine the transcription of TLR2 and TLR4 in the blood of dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up and subsequently correlate these findings with clinical, serological and parasitological data. Forty-six Leishmania-seropositive sick dogs with a high antibody level at the time of diagnosis were studied and compared with 34 healthy seronegative dogs. Twenty-two of these sick dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol and followed-up at 30, 180 and 365days following the start of treatment. Clinical status was defined by a thorough physical examination, complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrophoresis of serum proteins, and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC). EDTA blood was stored in RNAlater® solution before RNA extraction and cDNA production were performed. TLR2, TLR4 and three reference genes (HPRT-1, CG14980 and SDHA) were studied in each blood sample by real time PCR. The relative quantification of TLR2 was higher (mean 3.5) in sick dogs when compared with seronegative healthy dogs (mean 1.3; P=0.0001) while the relative quantification of TLR4 was similar in both groups. In addition, the relative quantification of TLR2 significantly decreased during follow-up at all time points compared with day 0 whereas no changes were observed with TLR4 transcription. A significant positive correlation was noted between TLR2 and UPC, total protein, beta and gamma globulins, specific L. infantum antibodies and blood parasite load while a negative correlation was observed with albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, hematocrit and hemoglobin. TLR4 transcript did not correlate with any parameter. These findings indicate an up-regulation of TLR2 transcription in unstimulated blood in naturally infected sick dogs as compared to healthy dogs suggesting active innate immune and proinflammatory responses. In addition, TLR2 transcription is reduced with clinical improvement during treatment. In contrast, TLR4 transcription appears to be similar among groups at the time of diagnosis with no changes during treatment follow-up suggesting a less important role for this TLR in clinical canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lorena Alborch
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, García-Estrada C, Balaña-Fouce R. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:98-114. [PMID: 27523945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a parasite-borne disease mainly induced by Leishmania infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi (infantum) in the New World. CanL is a zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected Phlebotominae flies that act as vectors. CanL is a very serious disease that usually produces death when remains untreated and can be a focus of transmission to other dogs or humans. Infected dogs and other domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs and are a real threat to uninfected/healthy dogs and humans in endemic areas where the sand flies are present. Prevention of new infections in dogs can help to stop the current increase of the disease in humans, reinforcing the concept of "One Health" approach. The management of CanL is being performed using prophylactic measures in healthy dogs - insecticides impregnated in collars or immunostimulants applied by spot-on devices - and chemotherapy in animals that suffer from the disease. Antimonials as first-line monotherapy have proven efficacy in reducing most of the clinical signs of CanL, but they need to be administered during several days, and no complete parasite clearance is achieved, favouring the presence of relapses among treated dogs. Therefore, new drugs, such as miltefosine, or combinations of this drug or antimonials with allopurinol are in the pipeline of clinical treatment of CanL. Recently, there has been an emergence of protective - prophylactic - and curative - autogenous vaccines - immunotherapy tools to face CanL, whose results are still under study. This review highlights the current use of preventive and eradicative weapons to fight against this disease, which is a scourge for dogs and a continuous threat to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Morán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain.
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Wallborn F, Söffler C, Winkels P, Hess M, Engelhardt P. [Leishmania infantum induced bone lesions in a dog]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:278-82. [PMID: 27304984 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old Labrador Retriever originating from Spain was presented with a left-sided hind limb lameness for several months. The orthopedic examination revealed a pain response when palpating the left tarsal joint. Radiographic and computed tomographic studies showed polyostotic, aggressive osteolytic bone lesions with mild erosive arthritis. The diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis was confirmed by bone biopsy and the detection of the pathogen by PCR. Three weeks after initiation of therapy with allopurinol, the dog presented no signs of lameness. Eight months after start of therapy, radiographic examination revealed moderate regression of the osteolytic bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wallborn
- Felix Wallborn, Tierklinik Neandertal, Landstraße 51, 42781 Haan, E-Mail:
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Silvestrini P, Batchelor D, Allenspach K, Maunder C, Seth M, Mas A, Hill T, Serrano G, Roura X, Planellas M, German AJ, Pastor J. Clinical leishmaniasis in dogs living in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:453-8. [PMID: 27251904 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs in the UK and to describe clinical presentation, clinicopathological abnormalities, therapeutic protocols and outcome in this non-endemic country. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with leishmaniasis at seven referral centres in the UK were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence was between 0·007 and 0·04% with a higher number of cases in southern England. All dogs had a history of travel to or from an endemic country. Lethargy, dermatological disease, decreased appetite and lameness were the most common reasons for presentation. Allopurinol was used alone for treatment in the majority of cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although rare, leishmaniasis should be considered in dogs in the UK if they have compatible clinical signs and history of travel to or from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvestrini
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - D Batchelor
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Royal Veterinary College of London, North Mymms, Herts NW1 0TU
| | - C Maunder
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - M Seth
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
| | - A Mas
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists Ltd, Winchester SO212LL
| | - T Hill
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - G Serrano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Planellas
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A J German
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - J Pastor
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Solano-Gallego L, Di Filippo L, Ordeix L, Planellas M, Roura X, Altet L, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat S. Early reduction of Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia during treatment in dogs with moderate or severe disease. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:235. [PMID: 27160317 PMCID: PMC4862152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies are used extensively for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in canine leishmaniosis. Different views have been described for the measurement of L. infantum antibody levels for the monitoring of anti-leishmanial treatment. In addition, molecular techniques using blood are frequently employed in the clinical setting. However, there are not enough studies to prove the usefulness of PCR in diagnosis, treatment monitoring and in assessing the prognosis of the disease. The objectives of this study were to evaluate L. infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia at the time of diagnosis and during treatment and to correlate these with the dog's clinical status. METHODS Thirty-seven dogs were diagnosed and followed-up during treatment (days 30, 180 and 365). The treatment protocol consisted of a combination of meglumine antimoniate for one month and allopurinol for at least one year. Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia were assessed by an end point sera dilution ELISA and by real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS The majority of dogs were classified as LeishVet stage II (moderate disease) at the time of diagnosis (86 %) and the rest as stage III. Results showed variable levels of specific antibodies at the time of diagnosis [median ± interquartile range (IQR): 1372 ± 8803 ELISA units (EU)]. Twenty-three seropositive dogs (64 %) were detected as PCR-positive at the time of diagnosis. Interestingly, a rapid significant antibody level reduction was observed by day 30 of treatment (median ± IQR: 604 ± 2168 EU). A continuing significant decrease of specific antibodies was also found at days 180 (median ± IQR: 201 ± 676 EU) and 365 (median ± IQR: 133 ± 329 EU) in association with clinical improvement. A significant blood parasitemia reduction was also observed at all time points studied. Mean parasites/ml ± SD were 19.4 ± 79.1 on day 0, 2.2 ± 11.7 on day 30, 0.9 ± 2.9 on day 180, and 0.3 ± 0.7 on day 365. CONCLUSIONS This study reports a significant reduction of L. infantum antibodies measured by an end point sera dilution ELISA method after 30 days of treatment associated with clinical improvement. A low proportion of sick dogs with moderate disease were negative by blood real-time PCR at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Di Filippo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Planellas
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, PRUAB, 08193, Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Torres M, Pastor J, Roura X, Tabar MD, Espada Y, Font A, Balasch J, Planellas M. Adverse urinary effects of allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniasis. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:299-304. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Torres
- Servei d'Urgències i Medecina Interna, Hospital Veterinari Balmes; Carrer Balmes 81 08008 Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Pastor
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - X. Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. D. Tabar
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Centro Policlínico Veterinario Raspeig, Calle Veterinario Manuel Isidro Rodríguez Rodriguez; 17, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig Alicante Spain
| | - Y. Espada
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - A. Font
- Servei de Medecina Interna, Hospital Ars Veterinària; Carrer Cardedeu 3 08023 Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Balasch
- Servei d'Urgències i Medecina Interna, Hospital Veterinari Balmes; Carrer Balmes 81 08008 Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Planellas
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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Ceccarelli M, Galluzzi L, Diotallevi A, Gasparini E, Migliazzo A, Magnani M. The relevance of molecular diagnosis in a dog vaccinated against leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-3425-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ruiz G, Laloy E, Benchekroun G. Chronic gastritis and enterocolitis associated with Leishmania infection in an 18-month-old, intact female dog. Vet Q 2015; 35:236-9. [PMID: 25966358 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ruiz
- a Internal Medicine Department, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort , Universite Paris-Est , 7 avenue du general de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort , Cedex 94704 , France
| | - Eve Laloy
- b Pathology Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort , Université Paris-Est , 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort , Cedex 94704 , France
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- a Internal Medicine Department, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort , Universite Paris-Est , 7 avenue du general de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort , Cedex 94704 , France
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Intracellular amastigote replication may not be required for successful in vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2561-5. [PMID: 25877390 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although miltefosine (MIL) has only recently been positioned as a first-line therapeutic option for visceral leishmaniasis, field reports note an increasing trend in treatment failures. Study of laboratory selected MIL-resistant strains is needed in the absence of confirmed resistant clinical isolates. In contrast to promastigotes, experimental in vitro selection of MIL-resistance on intracellular amastigotes has not yet been documented. This study reports for the first time the selection of MIL-resistance in Leishmania infantum LEM3323, a strain which clearly shows active intracellular replication. Starting from the hypothesis that active multiplication may be essential in the resistance selection process; several other L. infantum strains were evaluated. Although strain LEM5269 showed only marginally lower intracellular multiplication, selection for resistance failed, as was also the case for several other strains showing poor or no intracellular replication. These results suggest that intracellular multiplication may not be an absolute prerequisite for the outcome of experimental in vitro MIL-resistance selection in clinical field isolates.
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