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Jacquay ET, Harris PA, Stowe CJ, McIntosh BJ, Adams AA. A survey of general road transportation: How and why horses are transported in the U.S. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105137. [PMID: 38909768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Horses are regularly transported in the United States (U.S.); however, how, and why horses travel by road has not been explored. Consequently, an online nationwide survey was conducted to understand 1) the most common reasons for travel; 2) the types of journeys undertaken when being transported by road in the U.S. and 3) the general management practices when transporting for 3 h or less. Responses were collected from 1294 participants with at least one response from every state in the continental U.S. The most common survey taker was a female (93.9 %), adult amateur (81.2 %), horse owner (64.6 %) who rode recreationally (33.1 %) and transported their own horse (79.4 %). The most common reasons for travel were for trail or leisure riding (34.2 %) followed by showing and competition (25.3 %); however, this varied by discipline. The most common trip duration was less than one hour (46.8 %), with only 12.4 % of the most common trip durations being 4 h or more. The most common specific horse transported by road for 3 h or less was an adult (age 5-15; 59.0 %), Quarter Horse (21.2 %), used for pleasure or trail riding (44.3 %). The biggest concern when transporting was injury to the horse (26.7 %), whilst the biggest factor when planning to travel was the weather (24.1 %). These results provide insight into why horses are being transported by road in the U.S. and that it is more common to transport horses for shorter durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Jacquay
- MARS Equestrian Scholar, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America.
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
| | - C Jill Stowe
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Amanda A Adams
- MARS Equestrian Research Fellow, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Felici M, Cogger N, Nanni Costa L, Riley CB, Padalino B. Analysis of current methods and Welfare concerns in the transport of 118 horses by commercial air cargo companies. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:158. [PMID: 38671444 PMCID: PMC11046973 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on equine air transport practices and consequences are scarce. This prospective study aimed to describe horse and air journey details and practices, document how horse behavior and health changed during the air transport phases, quantify the occurrence of welfare issues, and identify possible associations between horse and journey details, air transport practices, and welfare issues. RESULTS Data were collected from before departure to five days after arrival on 118/597 horses traveling on 32 commercial air journeys on different routes, varying in duration and conditions. Most horses were middle-aged warmblood females, 26% of which were pregnant, and being moved by air for sales. Before flying, most were quarantined (median: 18; IQR: 9-53 days), and their fitness for travel was certified by veterinarians. At the departure airports, external temperatures varied from - 6 °C to 33 °C, and horses were loaded by experienced flight grooms (median: 35; IQR: 15-40 years) into jet stalls (three-horse: 87%, two-horse: 13%). During the flights, horses were regularly watered (water intake median: 14 L) and fed ad libitum (feed consumption median: 8 kg). At the arrival airport, horses were unloaded from the jet stalls, and external temperatures ranged from - 5 °C to 32 °C. Then, all horses were transported to arrival quarantine by road. Air transport phases affected horses' health status and behavior; increased heart and respiratory rates and behaviors, such as pawing, head tossing, and vocalization, were mainly identified at departure and arrival. Horse interaction, nasal discharge, increased capillary refill time (CRT), and abnormal demeanor were observed more often one hour before landing while resting and normal capillary refill time were more often displayed five days after arrival (all P < 0.01). One hour before landing, horses with bad temperament and horses of unknown temperament were more likely to develop nasal discharge when transported in winter and autumn (P < 0.001). The likelihood of an increased CRT was associated with shorter flights in horses of unknown travel experience (P < 0.001). Ten horses were injured, and 11 developed pleuropneumonias (i.e., shipping fever). CONCLUSIONS Air transport is a complex procedure with several different phases affecting horse health and behavior. Therefore, experienced staff should carefully manage each horse before, during, and after air journeys to minimize welfare hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Felici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Naomi Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christopher Bruce Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Gharehaghajlou Y, Raidal SL, Freccero F, Padalino B. Effects of Transport and Feeding Strategies Before Transportation on Redox Homeostasis and Gastric Ulceration in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104268. [PMID: 36871793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Transportation may lead to oxidative stress (OS) and gastric ulceration in horses, and optimal feed management before, or during, transportation is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of transportation after three different feeding strategies on OS and to explore possible associations between OS and equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Twenty-six mares were transported by truck for 12 hours without food or water. Horses were randomly divided into 3 groups; (1) fed 1 hour before departure (BD), (2) fed 6 hours BD, (3) fed 12 hours BD. Clinical examinations and blood collections were performed at approximately 4 hours BD (T0), at unloading (T1), 8 hours (T2) and 60 hours (T3) after unloading. Gastroscopy was conducted prior to departure, and at T1 and T3. Although OS parameters remained in the normal range, transportation was associated with increased reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMS) at unloading (P=0.004), with differences between horses fed 1 hour and 12 hours BD (P < .05). The level of total antioxidant (PTAS) was affected by both transportation and feeding strategy (P = 0.019), with horses fed 1 hour BD demonstrating greater PTAS at T = 0, and a different response in comparison with the other groups and the literature. Nine horses demonstrated clinically significant ulceration of the squamous mucosa at T1 but, although weak correlations were evident between OS parameters and ulcer scores, univariate logistic regression showed no associations. This study suggests that feed management prior to a long journey (12 hours) may affect oxidative balance. Further studies are needed to understand the nexus between feed management before and during transport, transport-related OS and EGUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Gharehaghajlou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia,Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, Herskin M. Welfare of equidae during transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07444. [PMID: 36092762 PMCID: PMC9449990 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare legislation. This opinion deals with the protection of horses and donkeys during transport. While the opinion focuses primarily on road transport of horses, there are specific sections dealing with the transport of horses on roll-on-roll-off ferries, horses transported by air and the transport of donkeys. In addition, the opinion covers welfare concerns in relation to a specific scenario identified by the European Commission related to the transport of horses on long journeys to slaughterhouses. Current practices related to transport of horses during the different stages (preparation, loading and unloading, transit and the journey breaks) are described. Overall, 13 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of horses during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: gastro-enteric disorders, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, isolation stress, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, resting problems, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation and separation stress. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified related to factors such as inexperienced/untrained handlers, lack of horse training, structural deficiencies of vehicles/facilities, poor driving skills/conditions, horse separation/regrouping, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices. The opinion contains general and specific conclusions in relation to the different stages of transport. Recommendations to prevent hazards and correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and for space allowance. The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey time.
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Investigation of the use of serum amyloid A to monitor the health of recently imported horses to the USA. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oertly M, Gerber V, Anhold H, Chan DS, Pusterla N. The Accuracy of Serum Amyloid A in Determining Early Inflammation in Horses After Long-Distance Transportation by Air. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 97:103337. [PMID: 33478761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transportation of sporthorses increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Before, caretakers relied on rectal temperature together with their clinical impression to detect travel-associated infections. This study's aim was to assess and compare serum amyloid A (SAA) to rectal temperature as an indicator of early inflammation in sporthorses after air transportation. One hundred and twenty-two Warmblood horses were followed during the Longines Global Champions Tour 2016 to three destinations where the horses flew to compete. Clinical health checks and SAA measurements were performed before flying, upon arrival (0 hours), and 24 hours postarrival. Serum amyloid A was tested using a stall-side lateral flow immunoassay. Rectal temperature was measured twice a day using a commercially available digital thermometer. An SAA cutoff value of 23 μg/mL measured 24 hours postarrival was able to correctly distinguish between a healthy and sick horse with a sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 91.3%, respectively. Conversely, elevated rectal temperature had a sensitivity of only 3% to distinguish between the two horse groups. Monitoring SAA in traveling sporthorses is a more sensitive indicator of clinical health than monitoring body temperature and may aid in early identification of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oertly
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Anhold
- Epona Biotech Limited, Business Innovation Centre, Institute of Technology Campus, Co. Sligo, Ireland
| | - Di-Sien Chan
- Epona Biotech Limited, Business Innovation Centre, Institute of Technology Campus, Co. Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Miranda-de la Lama GC, Gonzales-Castro CA, Gutierrez-Piña FJ, Villarroel M, Maria GA, Estévez-Moreno LX. Welfare of horses from Mexico and the United States of America transported for slaughter in Mexico: Fitness profiles for transport and pre-slaughter logistics. Prev Vet Med 2020; 180:105033. [PMID: 32464300 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Every year thousands of horses from Mexico and the United States of America (USA) are transported to slaughter in Mexico, but little is known about their welfare or pre-slaughter logistics. In this study, we recorded the origin, sex, age and condition of horses (121 journeys, 2648 animals) upon arrival to an abattoir in northern Mexico, including transport details. Horse welfare was measured indirectly via individual scores for body condition, coat quality, lameness, ocular and nasal discharge, as well as reactivity to a chute restraint test, all performed shortly after unloading. The average journey duration was 9.69 (±7.6) hours for horses from Mexico and 16.77 (±4.51) hours for horses from the USA (77 % of all journeys). The prevalence of ocular discharge, nasal discharge, skin wounds, lameness and diarrhoea, were 23 %, 12 %, 11 %, 9 %, 1 % (respectively) of all the horses observed, with no significant differences between Mexican and American horses (P ≥ 0.05). During the chute test the American horses were calmer than the Mexican ones (P < 0.001), who were more restless and aggressive (P = 0.001). Likewise, vocalizations in their three variants during the restraint, neigh/whinny (P = 0.018), nicker (P < 0.001), and snort (P = 0.018), were more common in horses from Mexico. In order to help characterize fitness for transport, a two-step cluster analysis was applied using the welfare indicators, suggesting the existence of four clusters (C) evaluated on arrival at the abattoir (from good to very poor fitness): good (profile C4, n = 769, 29.1 %), average (profile C1, n = 799 horses, 30.2 %), poor (profile C3, n = 586, 22.1 %) and very poor (profile C2, n = 494, 18.6 %). In fact, the C4 best welfare group had 0% lame, 0% nasal discharge, 16.4 % ocular discharge, 7.9 % skin wounds. Instead, the C2 poorest welfare group had 45.8 % lame, 61.1 % nasal discharge, 42.8 % ocular discharge, and 19.9 % skin wounds. Results show potential for using nasal discharge, lameness and ocular discharge as key indicators of horse fitness and welfare on abattoir. The study provides detailed scientific data to help establish strategies regarding optimal days of recovery post-transport and fattening for homogenization of weights between animals of different origins, logistic planning, and optimization of logistic resources to minimize the biological cost of long-distance transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro C Miranda-de la Lama
- Department of Animal Production & Food Science, Agri-Food Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Food Science, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM-Lerma), Lerma de Villada, State of México, Mexico.
| | - Cesar A Gonzales-Castro
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry, Autonomous University of Zacatecas (UAZ), El Cordobel, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gutierrez-Piña
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry, Autonomous University of Zacatecas (UAZ), El Cordobel, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Morris Villarroel
- CEIGRAM, ETSIAAB, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo A Maria
- Department of Animal Production & Food Science, Agri-Food Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura X Estévez-Moreno
- Department of Animal Production & Food Science, Agri-Food Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Padalino B, Riley CB. Editorial: The Implications of Transport Practices for Horse Health and Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:202. [PMID: 32373638 PMCID: PMC7186301 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Master Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christopher B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Johnston AS, Riggs CM, Cogger N, Benschop J, Rogers CW, Rosanowski SM. Using time-series analysis techniques to enhance the understanding of musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:699-708. [PMID: 31811658 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many racing jurisdictions monitor race-day musculoskeletal injury (MSI) but fail to evaluate injuries occurring during training. Additionally, previous risk factor analyses have failed to explore temporal trends in injury occurrence. OBJECTIVES To use time-series analysis techniques to identify trends, cyclicity and peaks in MSI incidence, in racehorses training and racing at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) from July 2010 to June 2018. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal study. METHODS The monthly incidence of all MSI, superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury, suspensory ligament injury and appendicular skeletal fracture occurring in training and racing were collected from veterinary records. The number of horses in training was collated monthly from trainer records. Time-series analysis techniques were used to describe trends and cyclical patterns for injury types. For each injury, incidence risks above the 90th percentile were identified as peaks in incidence. RESULTS A total of 1471 injuries were recorded over eight racing seasons; 605 fractures (41.1%), 550 SDFT injuries (37.4%), and 316 suspensory ligament injuries (21.5%). Evidence of seasonality was detected in fracture incidence risk; increasing from October (median 0.25 per 1000 horses) until May (median 0.71 per 1000 horses), coinciding with the racing season (ending mid-July). Elevated incidence of MSI occurred throughout 2012; however, the greatest incidence risks of SDFT (14.8 per 1000 horses) and fracture (1.3 per 1000 horses) occurred since 2017. MAIN LIMITATIONS Monthly (opposed to daily) incidence risk of injury reduced the resolution of the data. Additionally, fracture was not described according to bone or fracture type, which may have confounded overall trends. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for seasonal variation in the incidence of fracture occurrence has been demonstrated. Based on using time-series techniques, further epidemiological studies, retrospectively targeting periods of high peaks in injury incidence risk could be used to aid identification of risk factors for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Johnston
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Christopher M Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naomi Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris W Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Rosanowski
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Tallon
- Bourton Vale Equine Clinic, Wyck Road, Lower Slaughter, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL54 2EX
| | - Kate McGovern
- American, European and RCVS Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine; Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Oxford Road, Newbury, Berks, RG14 2JB
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Rosanowski SM, MacEoin F, Graham RJTY, Riggs CM. Open standing castration in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong: Prevalence and severity of complications 30 days post-castration. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:327-332. [PMID: 28886223 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complications following open standing castration (OSC) in Thoroughbred racehorses are well recognised but variation in their prevalence and severity between populations is not well documented. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and severity of complications in the 30 days following OSC. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of veterinary clinical records relating to horses that underwent OSC between July 2007 and July 2012. METHODS Complications were graded on a severity score from N, no complications, to C3, severe complications. Additional data were accessed for each horse including age, import date, racing history, trainer and veterinarian performing the castration. Bacterial culture and antimicrobial sensitivities were performed on a limited number of castration wounds that became infected. RESULTS In total, 250 horses were castrated in Hong Kong using the OSC technique over the period of the study. Sixty percent (150/250) of horses experienced some type of post-castration complication, with eight horses experiencing a severe (C3) complication requiring intensive veterinary treatment. Scrotal swelling, funiculitis and seroma formation were present in 70.0%, 36.7% and 24.7% of cases respectively. Most horses experiencing complications required wound reopening (87.3%; 131/150), and/or an extended course of first-line antimicrobials and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (75/150; 50.0%). Eight horses had cultures submitted for bacterial sensitivity, with 17 bacterial isolates grown. In vitro, the bacteria cultured were sensitive to enrofloxacin (76%; 13/17) and ceftiofur (100%; 17/17). Resistance was detected to penicillin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. MAIN LIMITATIONS Differences in post-castration management cannot be accounted for in this study. CONCLUSIONS Complications following OSC in horses in Hong Kong were common. The majority were mild and were successfully treated using antimicrobials and simple wound management. Given the high rate of complications and antimicrobial usage identified in this study, a review of the technique is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rosanowski
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,City University of Hong Kong, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences - Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - F MacEoin
- Galway Equine Clinic, Galway, Ireland
| | - R J T Y Graham
- University of Edinburgh, Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies - Equine Hospital, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - C M Riggs
- Hong Kong Jockey Club - Veterinary Clinical Services, Equine Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
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12
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McGlinchey L, Hurley MJ, Riggs CM, Rosanowski SM. Description of the incidence, clinical presentation and outcome of proximal limb and pelvic fractures in Hong Kong racehorses during 2003-2014. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:789-794. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. McGlinchey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services; Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong China
| | - M. J. Hurley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services; Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong China
| | - C. M. Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services; Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong China
| | - S. M. Rosanowski
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group; Department of Pathobiology and Population Science; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
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13
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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